Oasis School Science and Technology 10 New

Approved by the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education, Curriculum Development Centre, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur as an additional material for school Anamnagar, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: 0977-01-4313205 Author Subodh Kumar Upadhyaya M.Sc. Ph.D. Editor Chinta Mani Panthee M.Sc. Ph.D. 10

Publisher and Distributor: Oasis Publication Pvt. Ltd. Tel: 00977-1-4313205 Author: Subodh Kumar Upadhyaya Editor: Chinta Mani Panthee Language Editor: Romharsh Panthi Edition: First : 2080 Copyright : Author and Editor Price : Rs. 684 /– Print Quantity : 10,000 Computer layout: Zeeta Computer Service Pvt. Ltd. Printed in Nepal 10

Oasis School Science and Technology for Grade 10 is an attempt to make learning a joyful experience. This textbook has been written in strict conformity with the latest syllabus prescribed by the Curriculum Development Centre, Sano Thimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal. This book has been designed to help students develop their conceptual thinking and scientific skills. I think this book is an excellent introduction to experimentation and practical application of Science. I hope it will greatly facilitate teaching learning process in an easy and enjoyable manner. The beauty of this textbook lies in having high resolution pictures, attractive layout, and clear illustrations with lucid language. It emphasises concept building rather than merely focusing on providing and collecting information without critical thinking. I expect this book will assist students to make them eager and quizzical learners that reinforces their conceptual learning in the classroom. Alongside the learning process of the students, this book will help teachers with their teaching in the class. Each unit of this book presents the subject matter in an interesting, understandable and enjoyable manner. The exercise at the end of each unit includes a variety of questions to facilitate the integration of various concepts taught. Above all, I sincerely believe that this book will be helpful in imparting the understanding of science among students in an interesting manner. It is not a hidden fact that modern era is the era of science and technology. Science is a part of the world we live in and an avenue to the technology we use. A good textbook in science should assist the learners to realise different activities and events around us that encourage them for further discovery and innovation. I strongly believe that students should enjoy science and this book will be a means of enjoying and learning science in the modern era of science and technology. I wish to express our sincere gratitude to Mr. Surendra Karki, Managing director of Oasis Publication Pvt. Ltd. for publishing this book. Similarly, thanks are due to Mr. Deepak Bahadur Bista, Ashim (Indra) Rijal, Deepak Banjade, Dilip Belbase, Srijan Pasachhe and Srijan Adhikari for their valuable help during the preparation and content editing of the book. In my opinion, the real judges of a book are the teachers concerned and the students for whom it is meant. Despite all my efforts, there might be textual as well as technical errors. Therefore, constructive suggestions for rectification and improvement of the book would be gratefully acknowledged and incorporated in further editions. Author Kathmandu, Nepal. Preface

1 Scientific Study 5-19 2 Classification of Living Beings 20-58 3 Lifecycle of Honey Bee 59-72 4 Heredity 73-123 5 Physiological structure and Life Process 124-153 6 Nature and Environment 154-168 7 Force and Motion 169-198 8 Pressure 199-221 9 Heat 222-245 10 Wave 246-297 11 Electricity and Magnetism 298-321 12 Universe 322-333 13. Information and Communication Technology 334-357 14 Classification of Elements 358-378 15 Chemical Reaction 379-391 16 Some Gases 392-412 17 Metals 413-427 18 Hydrocarbons and its Compounds 428-447 19 Chemicals Used in Daily Life 448-468 Table of Contents

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 5 Key terms and terminologies 1. Variables : Variables are the features, traits, or circumstances that are taken into account during an experiment. 2. Independent variable: The variable which can be changed by the researcher throughout the experiment is referred to as an independent variable. 3. Dependent variables : Dependent variables are those variables that are tested in a scientific experiment to determine their values. 4. Controlled variable : Controlled variables are those variables which are maintained constant throughout the experiment. 5. Physical quantities : The quantities which can be measured are called physical quantities. 6. Measurement : Measurement is the comparison of an unknown physical quantity with a known standard quantity of the same kind. UNIT 1 SCIENTIFIC STUDY Estimated teaching periods Theory 4 Practical 1 • Variables of scientific research: independent variables, dependent variables and controlled variables • Importance of controlled variables • Fundamental and derived units: introduction and examples, units involved in derived units, unit-wise analysis of equation The Sequence of Curriculum Issued by CDC Galileo Galilei is well known as the father of observational astronomy, modern physics, scientific method and modern science. He was born in Italy on 15th February 1564 and died on 8th January 1642. He was an astronomer, physicist and engineer. He is popular for analytical dynamics, heliocentrism, kinematics and observational astronomy. He graduated from the University of Pisa. About the Scientist Galileo Galilee

6 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 7. Unit : The standard quantity which is used for the comparison with an unknown quantity is called unit. 8. Fundamental quantities: Those physical quantities which are independent of each other are called fundamental physical quantities. 9. Derived quantities : Those physical quantities which are derived from the fundamental physical quantities are called derived physical quantities. 10. Fundamental units : Those units which are independent of each other are called fundamental units, e.g. metre (m), kilogram(kg) and second (s). 11. Derived units : Those units which are formed by the combination of two or more fundamental units are called derived units, e.g.m2 , m3 , m/s, N, Pa, etc. 12. Unit analysis : Unit analysis is the study of the relationship between physical equations with the help of basic units of measurement. 13. Principle of homogeneity:According to the principle of homogeneity, if the units of the various terms on either side of the equation are the same, the equation is correct in terms of units. Introduction Science is the study of nature and the events that take place around us. It is the systematic and organized approach to learn about these events and phenomena. It involves making observations, asking questions, coming up with hypotheses, running experiments, collecting data, evaluating data, drawing conclusions, and writing a useful report. All scientific studies are based on experiments that are carefully planned and done in order to get useful information. There are many things that can change the results of a scientific experiment. They are called variables. Variables Activity 1 Take an earthworm and put it somewhere dark. Take a flashlight and shine it over an earthworm's head. Do not shine a steady light on the earthworm. Instead, change the intensity of the light and watch how the earthworm reacts. Variables are the features, traits, or circumstances that are taken into account during an experiment. For example, pressure, temperature, humidity, duration of light, duration of experiment, height, weight, and so on. The outcome of an experiment is the sum of all the governing variables. For example, light, temperature, humidity, fertilizers and other factors, influence the growth of plant. If we want to see how a variable affects the result, we keep all variables constant except the desired variable. For example, all other factors such as temperature, Fact File Science is the systematic study of nature and its phenomena. Fact File The things that change the experiment are called variables.

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 7 humidity, fertilizers, etc. must be held constant in order to observe how light affects growth of plant. This means that we can only look at the effects of one variable at a time in an experiment. As a result, we alter one variable at a time while keeping the other variables constant. We should change one variable at a time in the experiment to ensure a fair test. At the time of experiment, we keep some variables constants and alter only one variable. As a result, we obtain a new variable, known as the resultant variable. This fact leads to the division of variables into three groups. They are given below: i. Independent variables ii. Dependent variables iii. Controlled variables Independent Variable The variable which can be changed by the researcher throughout the experiment is referred to as an independent variable. In order to study how light affects the behavior of an earthworm, a scientist run an experiment changing the amount of light. He keeps switching a light on and off to accomplish this experiment. In this experiment, the response of an earthworm is the dependent variable while the amount of light is an independent variable. In the same way, a girl turns a knob to fill a bucket with water. In this case, turning the knob is an independent variable. Dependent Variable Dependent variables are those that are tested in a scientific experiment to determine their values. Clearly, the dependent variable is dependent on independent variable. In the above experiment of the earthworm, the dependent variable is the response of an earthworm to change in the intensity of light. Similar to this experiment, all other factors such as light, fertilizer, humidity, altitude, etc. must be held constant in order to observe relation between the temperature and the growth of a plant. The different variables in the relation between temperature and growth of a plant Independent variable Dependent variable Controlled variables Amount of temperature Growth of a plant light, fertilizer, humidity, altitudes, etc. Fact File In an experiment, there is only one independent variable and one dependent variable. But there are more than one controlled variables. Fact File The value of an independent variable can keep changing throughout the experiment. Fig. Exposing light on the earth worm Fig. Plants growing inside a tunnel Fact File The value of the dependent variable changes due to the effect of independent variable.

8 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 Reasonable Fact How do you distinguish the independent and dependent variables? There is an easy way to understand independent and dependent variables. It is necessary to remember that during an experiment, the independent variable is always the one we alter, and the dependent variable is the one that changes as a result of the independent variable. According to this concept, the independent variable works as a causative factor, whereas the dependent variable acts an effect. Controlled Variables Controlled variable are those variables which are maintained constant throughout the experiment. The controlled variable is significant even though it is not a component of the experiment. This is because it has the potential to affect the outcome of an experiment. For example, other factors like light, fertilizer, humidity, altitudes, etc. are held constant except for the amount of temperature used if we want to observe the impact of temperature on the growth of a plant. There are a lot of control variables in every experiment. It is essential for a scientist to make maximum effort in order to keep all variables constant, except the independent variable. Example 1 Sohan wants to find out how long a dry cell will last. He used wires with different diameters to connect each one at a time to a bulb. What are the different variables in this experiment and why? The diameter of the wire is an independent variable. This is because Sohan kept changing it. Life of the cell is a dependent variable because its value depends on how big the wire is. Temperature, length of time, and other things are controlled variables because they are same during the experiment. Importance of the Controlled Variables Despite the fact that control variables are not measured or recorded, they can still significantly affect the result of an experiment. The lack of awareness of control variables may lead to inaccurate results. When controlled variables are recorded, it is therefore easy to establish the relationship between independent and dependent variables. For example, consider the situation where we are trying to determine whether a specific fertilizer affects growth of plant or not. Here, the presence or absence of fertilizer acts as the independent variable, and the height of the plant or rate of growth of plant acts as the dependent variable. We might not get the exact result if we perform some portions of the experiment in the summer and some portions in the winter without controlling the amount of light. Fact File To determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, all other variables (controlled variables) must be held constant. Fact File Independent variable is a cause and dependent variable is an effect.

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 9 Some more examples of variables in different experiment S.N. Research Independent variable (what is going to change) Dependent variable (what is going to measure) Controlled variable (what are kept constant) 1. Relation between rate of reaction and surface area Surface area of the reactant Rate of reaction Temperature, pressure, amount of substance, etc. 2. Relation between magnetism and current in a solenoid Amount of current passed Magnetic power of solenoid Number of turns in a coil, thickness of wire, etc. 3. Relation between solubility and temperature Temperature Amount of solute dissolved (solubility) Amount of water, shape and size of container, etc. 4. Relation between heart beat and exercise Rate of exercise Heart beat Type of exercise Example 2 Imran wants to see how different colors absorb heat. He brought twelve equal-sized colored jugs (three black, three blue, three white, and three red). He filled them with water and placed them in the sun for two hours. He then brought a thermometer and measured the temperature. Answer the following questions based on this experiment. a) What are dependent variable, independent variable and controlled variables in this experiment? In this experiment, the independent variable is color, the dependent variable is temperature, and the controlled variables are the size of the jugs, the amount of water, and the time duration. b) Why did he bring equal size of jugs and kept them in the sunlight for equal time? In this experiment, he wants to study the relation between colours and heat absorbed (change in temperature). So, size of jugs, amount of water and time duration are kept constant as they are controlled variables. c) Why did he bring three jugs of each colour? We should not depend entirely on one reading for accurate measurement. The mean value of multiple readings provides the correct measurement. Imran brought three jugs of each colour for the same purpose. Some Facts about Variables 1. We should not change more than one independent variable at a time for the best outcome. 2. In a mathematical equation, dependent variable is kept on the left side and independent variable is kept on the right side. For example

10 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 distance (d) = speed (s) × time (t). Here, distance is a dependent variable time is an independent variable, and speed is a controlled variable. Reasonable Fact Why is the independent variable referred to as the right variable and the dependent variable as the left variable? This is due to the fact that in a mathematical equation, the dependent variable is kept on the lefthand side and the independent variable is kept on the right-hand side. 3. If one variable produces two or more effects, we cannot explain the actual cause-andeffect relationship. As a result, only one dependent variable should be studied at a time. For example, heating the air in the flexible container increases its volume and pressure. Here, it is difficult to explain the relationship between heat and pressure or heat and volume. 4. In graphic representation, dependent variable is kept in y-axis and independent variable is kept in x-axis. Reasonable Fact Why is independent variable called x-variable and dependent variable y- variable? In graphic representation, dependent variable is kept in y-axis and independent variable is kept in x-axis. So, sometime dependent variable is called as y-variable and independent variable is called as x-variable. Measurement In Physics, we study those quantities which can be measured. For example, the length of a book can be measured, the mass of a piece of stone can be measured and the time taken by a person to cover a distance of 500m can also be measured. The quantities which can be measured are called physical quantities. Length, mass, time, volume, density, temperature, force, speed, work, energy, power, electric current, etc. are some examples of physical quantities. To understand the relationship between the matter and energy, their measurement is very necessary. Thus, we need to express and compare the magnitudes of different measurable quantities, called physical quantities. For measurement of a physical

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 11 quantity, we choose a constant quantity of the same nature as a standard. Then we find a number which expresses how many times the standard quantity is contained in the given physical quantity. So, measurement is the comparison of an unknown physical quantity with a known standard quantity of the same kind. Classification of Physical Quantities In Physics, we have to measure a very large number of physical quantities. So, it is difficult to have separate units for each of them. Units of a few selected quantities are chosen and all other quantities are expressed in terms of these quantities. So, lengths, mass and time are the three fundamental physical quantities. Fundamental physical quantities are those quantities which are independent of each other and other physical quantities can be compared with them. In this regard, we can classify the physical quantities into two groups. a. Fundamental physical quantities b. Derived physical quantities a. Fundamental physical quantities Physical quantities like length, mass, time, etc. are independent of each other and not definable in terms of other physical quantities. Those physical quantities which are independent of each other are called fundamental physical quantities. In SI system, there are seven fundamental or basic physical quantities, viz. length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, luminous intensity and amount of substance. All other physical quantities can be obtained from these fundamental quantities. b. Derived physical quantities Some physical quantities like area, force, velocity, density, etc. depend on one or more fundamental physical quantities. Those physical quantities which are derived from the fundamental physical quantities are called derived physical quantities, e.g. area, volume, velocity, force, speed, work, power, pressure, etc. These physical quantities can be expressed in terms of fundamental physical quantities. Unit A physical quantity is represented by a number, followed by a unit. The standard quantity which is used for the comparison with an unknown quantity is called unit. In other words, unit is a fixed quantity in terms of which other similar quantities are measured. So to find the complete measurement, we must know the following: i. the proper unit in which the quantity is measured. ii. the numerical value which expresses how many times the above unit is contained in the physical quantity to be measured. For example, if the mass of a cabbage is 2 kg, it means that unit of mass is kilogram (kg) and this unit is contained 2 times in the mass of cabbage. Thus, we can say: Physical quantity = Numerical value × Unit

12 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 a. Fundamental units Those units w h i c h a r e independent of each other are called fundamental units, e.g. metre (m), kilogram (kg) and second (s). These units are not definable in terms of other units. Fundamental units are the units of fundamental physical quantities. There are seven fundamental units in SI system. They are: metre (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), kelvin (K), ampere (A), candela (Cd) and mole (mol.). S. N. Fundamental quantities SI units Symbol 1. Length metre m 2. Mass kilogram kg 3. Time second s 4. Temperature kelvin K 5. Current ampere A 6. Luminous intensity candela Cd 7. Amount of substance mole mol Reasonable Fact The unit of length is called a basic or fundamental unit. Why? The SI unit of length is metre (m). This unit is independent of other units. So the unit of length is called a basic or fundamental unit. b. Derived units Those units which are formed by the combination of two or more fundamental units are called derived units, e.g. m2 , m3 , m/s, N, Pa, etc. These units can be expressed in terms of fundamental units. Reasonable Fact Why is the unit of power called a derived unit? The unit of power (i.e. watt) is called a derived unit because this unit is obtained from three basic units: kilogram × metre2 × second-3 Following table shows some derived physical quantities with their units. S. N. Physical quantities Formulae SI units Symbols Fundamental units involved 1. Area length × breadth metre × metre m² m×m 2. Volume length × breadth × height metre × metre × metre m³ m×m×m 3. Density mass / volume kilogram / metre³ kg/ m³ kg/(m×m×m) 4. Velocity displacement / time metre/second m/s m/s 5. Acceleration change in velocity / time metre/second² m/s² m/(s×s)

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 13 6. Force mass × acceleration kilogram×metre/ second2 kg m/s2 kg m/(s × s) 7. Work/Energy force × displacement newton-metre Nm or J kg × m × m /( s × s) 8. Power work / time joule /second or watt J/s or W kg × m × m/(s × s × s) 9. Pressure force/area newton/metre or pascal Nm–2 or Pa kg/(m × s × s) 10. Momentum mass × velocity kilogram×metre/ second kg m/s kg×(m/s) 11. Frequency 1/time 1/second or Hz s–1 or Hz s–1 Differences between Fundamental units and Derived units S.N. Fundamental units S.N. Derived units 1. Fundamental units are independent of each other. 1. Derived units depend on fundamental units. 2. They are the units of fundamental physical quantities. 2. They are the units of derived physical quantities. 3. There are seven fundamental units in SI system. Examples: m, kg, s, K, etc. 3. There are many derived units in SI system. Examples: m/s, N, W, J, etc. Unit-wise Analysis of Physical Equation Many physical expressions or equations are established in the scientific experiment. They are used to solve various physical quantities. Physical units and dimensions can be used to verify these equations. Such equations are referred to as homogenous equations. The physical equations are only correct if the units are the same on the left hand side and right hand side. For example, in the equation v = u + at , the units for the L.H.S and R.H.S are the same and it is metre (ms-1). Unit analysis is the study of the relationship between physical equations with the help of basic units of measurement. The Principle of Homogeneity of Equations In a physical equation, there are two sides. They are left side and right side. According to the principle of homogeneity, if the units of various terms on either side of the equation are same, the equation is correct in terms of units. Based on the principle of homogeneity, we can convert units of equations from one form to another. Let's study the following examples to understand the principle of homogeneity. Example 3 On the basis of principle of homogeneity, examine the physical equation v2 = u2 + 2as for its accuracy. In the equation, s represents displacement, u represents initial velocity, v represents final velocity, ‘a’ represents acceleration, and t represents time. Solution: We know that L.H.S = v2 and R.H.S = u2 + 2as

14 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 The units for the L.H.S can be written as v2 = metre2 per second 2 (m2 s-2) ………..(1) We know that R.H.S is u2 + 2as Simply, we can write R.H.S as u2 + a × s (Since numerical coefficient does not matter) or, m2 s-2 + ms-2 × m or, m2 s-2+ m2 s-2……….…….……..(2) Keeping equation (1) and (2) together, we have, m2 s-2 = m2 s-2 + m2 s-2 From equation (1) and (2), we have L.H.S = R.H.S Hence, by the principle of homogeneity, the given equation is unit-wise correct and homogenous. Example 4 With the help of units, check the correctness of the physical equation s = ut + 1 2 at2 . In the equation, s represents displacement, u represents initial velocity, v represents final velocity, a represents acceleration, and t represents time. Solution: We know that L.H.S = s and R.H.S = ut + 1 2 at2 The units for the L.H.S can be written as s = metre (m) ………..(1) We know that R.H.S is ut + 1 2 at2 , Simply, we can write R.H.S as u × t + a × t2 (Since numerical coefficient does not matter) or, ms-1 × s + ms-2 × s2 or, m+ m……….…….……..(2) Keeping equation (1) and (2) together, we have, m = m + m From equation (1) and (2), we have L.H.S = R.H.S Hence, by the principle of homogeneity, the given equation is unit-wise correct. Example 5 Examine the physical equation v2 = u2 + 2as2 for accuracy Solution: We know that L.H.S = v2 and R.H.S = u2 + 2as2

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 15 The units for the L.H.S can be written as v2 = metre2 per second 2 (m2 s-2) ………..(1) We know that R.H.S is u2 + 2as2 Simply, we can write R.H.S as u2 + a × s2 (Since numerical coefficient does not matter) or, m2 s-2 + ms-2 × m2 or, m2 s-2 + m3 s-2……….…….……..(2) Keeping equation (1) and (2) together, we have, m2 s-2 ≠ m2 s-2 + m3 s-2 From equation (1) and (2), we do not have L.H.S = R.H.S Hence, by the principle of homogeneity, the given equation is unit-wise incorrect and non-homogenous. Reasonable Fact Why do we use unit-wise analysis? i) We use unit-wise analysis of an equation to check the correctness of the equation, ii) It is used to establish the relation between physical quantities in physical phenomena. iii) It is used to change units from one system to another. Applications of Unit-wise Analysis Unit-wise analysis is a fundamental aspect of measurement. It is applied in real-life physics. It is used for following reasons: (i) It is used to check the reliability of a physical equation. (ii) It is used to derive the relation between physical quantities in physical equation. (iii) It is used to change units from one system to another. Example 6 Can physical quantities with different basic units be added and subtracted? Solution: No, we cannot add and subtract physical quantities with different fundamental units. It means that only physical quantities with the same units can be added or subtracted. For example, u and v can be added or subtracted because they have the same basic unit, ms-1. Similarly, s+at is not possible because ‘s’ has the fundamental unit ‘m’ and ‘at’ has the fundamental unit ms-1.

16 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 Limitations of Unit-wise Analysis Some limitations of unit-wise analysis of physical equations are: I. It does not provide any additional information regarding the equational constant. ii. It does not provide any information regarding the coefficient of the equation. iii. It does not indicate whether a physical quantity is a vector or a scalar in its description. Reasonable Thinking Skill Reasonable Thinking Skill R T S 1. Controlled variables are also called explanatory variables. Controlled variables are also called explanatory variables because they can be changed or manipulated by the researcher. Its changes will affect other variables of the experiment. 2. Dependent variables are also called the effect variable or responding variable. Dependent variables are also called effect variables or responding variables because they respond to changes in other variables. 3. Compare between dependent and independent variables. The comparison between dependent variables and independent variables are: SN Dependent variables SN Independent variables 1 Dependent variables are those that are tested in a scientific experiment to determine their values. 1 The variable that the researcher modifies throughout the experiment is an independent variable. 2 It depends upon independent variables. 2 It determines the value of dependent variable. 3 It is an effect. 3 It is a cause. 4. Velocity is called a derived physical quantity. We know that, velocity = displacement time Here, velocity is expressed with the help of two fundamental quantities i.e., displacement and time. Therefore, velocity is a derived physical quantity. 5. The unit of work, joule, is a derived unit. Joule is the SI unit of work. So, work = force × distance = mass × acceleration × distance = kg × m/s2 × m = kgm2 /s2 Here, we can see that joule is made up of three fundamental units. They are kilogram, metre and second. Therefore, joule is a derived unit. 6. Is the given equation, v = u + at, homogeneous? In this equation, v is the final velocity, and its SI unit is m/s. u is initial velocity, its SI unit is m/s. a is acceleration its SI unit is m/s2 . t is time. Its SI unit is second.

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 17 Now, Left-hand side Velocity (v) = m/s Right-hand side = u + at = m/s + (m/s²) x s = m/s + m/s Now putting RHS and LHS together m/s = m/s + m/s We have L.H.S = R.H.S. Hence, by the principle of homogeneity, the given equation is unit-wise correct and homogeneous. 7. Mass is called a fundamental physical quantity. Mass is called a fundamental physical quantity because it is measureable quantity that does not depend upon other physical quantities to be expressed. 8. SI units are based on the MKS system of units. In the MKS system, only three fundamental quantities, i.e. length, mass and time are considered. Whereas in the SI units, all seven fundamental quantities, i.e. length, mass, time, temperature, luminous intensity, current and amount of substances are considered. It shows that the SI system of units is the extended version of the MKS system of units. So, SI units are based on the MKS system of units. 9. Magnitude of one-meter length is same all over the world. The magnitude of a one-meter length is the same all over the world because it is a standard quantity. 10. Explain the role that a variable play in a scientific experiment. The role that a variable play in a scientific experiment is: i. Variable is a basic unit of information that is studied during the research. ii. Variable is observed and interpreted in research studies. iii. It is observed and used to relate many variables together to make sense of the experiment. iv. It helps in the descriptive study of the experiment. Exercises 1. Select the best answer from the given alternatives. a. With the help of units, check the correct one from the given equations. i. s = ut2 + 1 2 at ii. s = ut + 1 2 at, iii. s = ut + 1 2 at2 iv. s2 = ut + 1 2 at2 b. Based on units, v2 = u2 + 2as is called? i. homogenous equation ii. non-homologous equation iii. analogous equation iv. variable equation c. Identify the unit analysis for v2 = u2 + 2as. i. ms-2 = m2 s-2 + m2 s-2 ii. m2 s = m2 s-2 + m2 s-2

18 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 iii. m2 s-2 = m2 s-2 + m2 s iv. m2 s-2 = m2 s-2 + m2 s-2 d. If we water the plant every day, to grow its height, what is the dependent variable? i. amount of water ii. quantity of soil iii. height of plant iv. size of the water pot e. What type of unit is watt? i. fundamental unit ii. local unit iii. derived unit iv. SI unit 2. Define the following terms with required examples. a. Variables b. Independent variables c. Dependent variables d. Controlled variables e. Unit f. Fundamental unit g. Derived unit h. Physical quantity 3. Answer the following questions in very short. a. What is the independent variable if a scientist is turning bulb on and off to check behaviour of the earthworm? b. What is the type of variable if its magnitude is constant throughout the experiment? c. What are the quantities that can be measured called? d. What is the standard reference quantity of a physical quantity called? e. What type of physical quantity is area? f. Which physical quantity is represented by kgm/s2 ? g. Which variable is changed by the scientist during the experiment? h. Which physical quantity is the ratio of mass to volume? i. What is the name given to the factors, traits or conditions that are considered during an experiment? 4. Give reasons. a. In an experiment, controlled variables are important. b. Unit of the mass is called the fundamental unit. c. Unit-wise analysis is broadly used to test the physical equation. d. SI unit of power, watt, is a derived unit. 5. Differentiate between the following. a. Dependent variables and independent variables b. Controlled variables and dependent variables c. Fundamental units and derived units

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 19 6. Answer the following questions in short. a. Examine the physical equation s = u + at where ‘a’ is acceleration, ‘u’ is initial velocity, ‘s’ is distance and ‘t’ is time. b. Is time a physical quantity? Support your answer with a suitable reason. c. What do you mean by principle of homogeneity of equations? d. Write down the applications of unit-wise analysis. e. Explain the limitations of unit-wise analysis. f. Write the basic units involved in the units of work, force and power. g. Can unit-wise analysis tell about the equational constant? What are the other limitations of unit-wise analysis? h. Find out the fundamental units present in given derived unit. i. Newton ii. Watt iii. Joule iv. Pascal 2. Answer the following long questions a. What are variables? List and describe them. b. What kinds of variables are called controlled variables? Write down their importance. c. State principle of homogeneity of equation? Check the correctness of physical equation s = ut + ½ at. d. Write any two differences between fundamental and derived units. Which units are involved in joule and watt? e. How is the homogeneity of an equation tested? Explain with an example. f. Write the SI unit of power. Why is the SI unit of pressure called a derived unit? Give reason. g. Based on units, check whether the following equations are correct or not. i. v2 = u2 + 2as ii. v = u + at iii. s2 = ut + 1 2 at2 iv. s = ut + 1 2 at2 v. v = u2 + 2as vi. s = u + at h. Manahor wants to observe the growth of plants in different fertilizers like urea, compost fertilizer and wooden ash. He brought three vases and filled each with an equal amount of urea, compost fertilizer, and wood ash. He sowed seeds of the same plant and left them out in the open. He measured the height of the seeds each day after they germinated and kept a record of it. Answer the following questions based on this experiment. i. In this experiment, what are the independent variables, dependent variables, and controlled variables? Also give the suitable reason. ii. Why did he bring equal-sized vases and keep an equal amount of fertilizers?

20 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 Key terms and terminologies 1. Classification of organisms: Classification is the process of grouping of organisms on the basis of their similarities and differences. 2. Taxonomy: Taxonomy is the branch of biology which deals with identification, classification and nomenclature of organisms. 3. Genus: A genus is the group of closely related species resembling each other. 4. Species: A species is the group of similar organisms that are able to breed together and produce fertile offspring. 5. Unicellular organisms: Organisms which have a single cell in their body to perform life functions are called unicellular organisms. 6. Multicellular organisms:Organisms having more than one cell in their body are known as multicellular organisms. 7. Prokaryotes: The organisms that lack a well-organized nucleus and membrane covered structures in their cells are known as prokaryotes. 8. Eukaryotes: The organisms having a well-organized nucleus and membrane bound structures in their cells are known as eukaryotes. UNIT 2 CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING BEINGS Estimated teaching periods Theory 6 Practical 3 • Classification of living beings: based on five kingdom system • Classification of plant kingdom: features and examples upto division • Sub-division Angiosperm: features and examples of upto class • Classification of animals: features and examples upto phylum • Sub-phylum Vertebrata: features and examples upto class • Relation of evolution with the classification of organisms The Sequence of Curriculum Issued by CDC Robert Harding Whittaker is an American Plant ecologist known for introducing five kingdoms taxonomic classification. He was born on 27th December 1920 and died on 20th October 1980. His work fivekingdom system of classification was better to explain the evolutionary relations among the organisms than the two kingdom systems of classifications. About the Scientist Robert Harding Whittaker

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 21 9. Autotrophs: The organisms that can prepare own food by themselves are known as the autotrophs. 10. Heterotrophs: The organisms that cannot prepare own food by themselves are termed as heterotrophs. 11. Saprophytes: The heterotrophs that depend on dead and decayed organic matter are called saprophytes, e.g. mushroom, mucor etc. 12. Parasites: The heterotrophs that live in the body of host organism for their food are known as parasitic organisms, e.g. puccinia, leech, roundworm etc. 13. Algae: Algae are green small thallophytes that are autotrophic in nature. 14. Bryophytes: Bryophytes are the non-flowering (cryptogams) green plants that grow in moist, shady, damp and watery places. 15. Tracheophyta: Tracheophyta is the division which includes vascular plants. 16. Closed circulatory system: Closed circulatory system is the type of circulation in which the blood is transported throughout the body through the blood vessels from and to the heart. 17. Open circulatory system: The circulatory system in which blood is transported directly into the tissues without blood vessels is called open circulatory system. 18. Diploblastic animals: An organism which is developed from two germ layers is called diploblastic animals. 19. Triploblastic animals: The animal developed from three germ layers is called triploblastic animals. 20. Hermaphrodites: The animals that have both male and female reproductive systems in the same body are called hermaphrodites. Example, earthworm 21. Invertebrates: Invertebrates are the groups of animals which do not have vertebral column in their body. 22. Chordates: Chordates are those animals which bear notochord in some stages of their life. 23. Vertebrates: Vertebrates are those animals that have notochord in their embryonic stage which modifies into backbone or vertebral column. 24. Cold blooded animals: The animals whose body temperature changes according to the surrounding temperature are called cold-blooded animals. Examples, pisces, amphibian and reptiles. 25. Warm blooded animals: The animals whose body temperature does not change according to the surrounding temperature are called warm-blooded animals. Example, birds and mammals. 26. Oviparous animals: Animals that reproduce by laying eggs are called oviparous animals. 27. Viviparous animals: Animals that reproduce by directly giving birth to the young ones are called viviparous animals. Introduction There are a lot of plants and animals living on the earth. It is thought that there are about ten million species of living things on the earth, but only about a third of them have been found and named so far. Not only are there a huge number of organisms, but they also have very different body shapes, habits, and ways of living. Since there are so many plants and animals, it would be nearly impossible to study one by one. So, different kinds of organisms are put into different groups such as species based on what they have in common and what makes them different. Then, species are put into higher and

22 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 higher groups, such as genera, families, orders, classes, phyla, etc. We call this process "classification." Thus, classification can be defined as the method of arranging living organisms into various groups on the basis of similarities and differences. In classification, the similarities and differences between organisms are identified and then the organisms having similar characters are placed in the same group. Biological classification attempts to group living organisms on the basis of how closely related they are. In fact, there is no need of knowing each and everything about all living organisms for understanding the living world. We can look at a few individuals from each group to get an idea of what all the individuals in that group are like. Importance of Classification 1. It helps us recognize how to name and group various living organisms. It makes it easy and arranged to study living things. 2. It helps us understand the relationship among different groups of organisms. 3. Classification projects a picture of all life forms at a glance. 4. It gives us the idea about the evolution of organisms. Taxonomy Taxonomy is defined as the branch of biological science that deals with the nomenclature and classification. Taxonomy is concerned with naming and systematically arranging different species of organisms into closely related groups on the basis of their relationship. A Swedish scientist Carolus Von Linnaeus (1707-1778 AD) is considered as the father of taxonomy because he developed the Binomial System of Nomenclature and system of classification. In 1735 AD, he published a book, Systema Nature, in which he mentioned the binomial names and the method of classification. The tenth edition of this book published in 1758 AD is still the basis of modern classification. Nomenclature Nomenclature is the way of providing a scientific name for every living organism. Common vernacular names for the same organism vary from place to place. For example, the bird which is known as 'Bhangero' in Nepal is known by different names in different countries. It is called 'Gauraiya' in India, House sparrow in England, Suzune in Japan, Pardal in Spain, Musch in Holland and so on. These names may not be understood elsewhere. Thus, a need was felt to assign a particular organism with an internationally acceptable name. Therefore, a simplified system of naming organisms known as 'Binomial System of Nomenclature' was proposed by Carolus Linnaeus. Binomial System of Nomenclature In Biology, every living being is given two proper names. The first name is the genus to which the organism belongs to whereas the second name is the species to which it belongs to. For example, the scientific name of frog in binomial system is Rana tigrina in which Rana is the genus, i.e. generic name and tigrina is the species, i.e. specific name. Thus, Binomial System of Nomenclature can be defined as the scientific method of assigning two names, i.e. generic name and specific name to an organism.

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 23 In Binomial system, both names are usually Greek (Gk.) or Latin (L.) or have Latin endings. The scientific names are unique, understood and followed all over the world. They are not changed easily and are guided by a set of rules stated in the International Code of Biological Nomenclature (ICBN). S.N. Organisms Scientific names (in Binomial system) 1. Human being Homo sapiens 2. Frog Rana tigrina 3. Mustard plant Brassica campestris 4. Maize plant Zea mays 5. Tiger Panthera tigris 6. Mango Mangifera indica Rules of writing scientific names in Binomial System 1. The name of the genus is written first with its first letter in capital and the name of the species is written after the generic name with its first letter in small. 2. The binomial should be printed in italics or underlined separately if handwritten. For example, the scientific name of lion can be written as Panthera leo or Panthera leo. Genus A genus is the group of closely related species resembling each other. For example, all true cats like lion, tiger and domestic cat are kept in the same genus Panthera or Felis. Species A species is the group of closely related organisms which are almost identical in their anatomy, physiology and behaviour and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. Members of a species also often resemble each other very closely in appearance. For example, all types of human beings throughout the world are kept in same species sapiens. Thus, a species is the group of similar organisms that are able to breed together and produce fertile offspring. Hierarchy in Classification Classification of living organisms is done by arranging all organisms into various groups or categories called taxa on the basis of their similarities or differences. First of all, living organisms are split into kingdoms like Plant Kingdom or Animal Kingdom. Those kingdoms are divided into a large number of smaller groups called phyla (singularphylum). Then the phyla are further divided into classes, classes into orders, orders into families, families into genera and genera into various species. Taxa Human being Potato Kingdom Animalia Plantae Phylum / Division Chordata Spermatophyta

24 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 Sub-phylum / Sub-division Vertebrata Angiospermae Class Mammalia Dicotyledonae Order Primates Polemoniales Family Hominidae Solanaceae Genus Homo Solanum Species sapiens tuberosum Five Kingdom System of Classification 5 Kingdom System Monera Unicellular prokaryotes Plantae Multicellular autotrophic eukaryotes Animalia Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotics Fungi Non-green uni/ multicellular eukaryotes Protista Unicellular eukaryotes In previous classes we have studied two kingdom system of classification, viz. Plant Kingdom and Animal Kingdom. In this unit, we will study five kingdom system of classification of living beings. The concept of Five Kingdom System of Classification was introduced by an American Biologist Robert H. Whittaker in 1969 A.D. Five Kingdom System of Classification is more appropriate and scientific than two Kingdom System of Classification. It can be justified by the following facts: i) Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are separated. ii) Unicellular and multicellular organisms are separated. iii) Green plants and non-green plants like algae and fungi are kept in separate kingdoms. iv) This system of classification is related to evolution of organisms. So it helps to get clear concept of life style of living beings. According to the concept of 'Five Kingdom System of Classification', living beings are classified as follows: Reasonable Fact Why is the five kingdom classification system most accepted? In five kingdom classification system, grouping of diverse organisms is done into five kingdoms. This system groups organisms on the basis of complexity of Cell Structure (Prokaryote or Eukaryote), Complexity of the Organism’s Body (Unicellular or Multicellular and Complex) and Mode of their Nutrition (Photosynthesis, Absorption or Ingestion). So, five kingdom classification is the most accepted system of classification. Robert H. Whittaker

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 25 1. Kingdom Monera This kingdom includes unicellular prokaryotic microscopic organisms. Their cell contains DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) as a nucleus. They may be autotrophs or parasites. Examples: Bacteria, Azotobacter, Blue-green algae, etc. Bacteria Azotobacter Blue-green algae Fig : Examples of monera 2. Kingdom Protista This kingdom includes eukaryotic unicellular organisms. Their cells contain well developed nucleus. Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, etc. 3. Kingdom Fungi This kingdom includes unicellular and multicellular non-green saprophytic organisms. Their body is thalloid (without root, stem and leaf). They derive their food from dead and decaying organic matter. Their mode of nutrition is either saprophytic or parasitic. They reserve food in the form of glycogen. Their cell wall is made of the mixture of chitin and cellulose. Examples: Mushroom, Yeast, Mucor, etc. Fig : Examples of fungi Mushroom Yeast Mucor 4. Kingdom Plantae This kingdom includes different types of non-flowering and flowering plants. Characteristics of Plant Kingdom i. They may be unicellular or multicellular. ii. Their cells contain cell wall which is made up of cellulose. iii. They prepare their own food by photosynthesis. So they are called autotrophs. Fig : Examples of protista Amoeba Paramecium Euglena

26 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 iv. They store food in the form of carbohydrates such as starch. v. They appear green due to the presence of chlorophyll. vi. They may be non-flowering or flowering. Kingdom Plantae is divided into three divisions which are as follows: a. Division Algae – thalloid colourful plants b. Division Bryophyta – mosses c. Division Tracheophyta – plants bearing xylem and phloem a. Division Algae [L., alga–sea weed] Division algae includes green thallophytes. Most algae are aquatic (both fresh water and marine water) whereas some are found on moist land. Characteristics i. The plant body is a thallus which may be unicellular or multicellular. ii. They usually contain green pigment, i.e. chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Some algae contain red, brown, blue-green, yellow-green and purple pigments. iii. They are autotrophic due to the presence of chlorophyll. Reserve food is generally starch. iv. The cell wall is made up of cellulose. v. They reproduce asexually or sexually. Examples: Green algae (Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, etc.), Bluegreen algae (Anabaena, Nostoc), Red algae (Batra), Brown algae (Laminaria), etc. Reasonable Fact Why do some sea-coasts and pond look colourful? In some sea-costs and ponds, there is a growth of various types of algae having different pigments in their cells. So, some sea-coasts and ponds look colourful. Fig : Some algae Spirogyra Anabaena Chlamydomonas Nostoc Ulothrix Batra Volvox Lamnaria

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 27 Differences between Algae and Fungi S.N. Algae S.N. Fungi 1 Chlorophyll is present. 1 Chlorophyll is absent. 2 The mode of nutrition is autotrophic. 2 The mode of nutrition is either saprophytic or parasitic. 3 Cell wall is made up of cellulose. 3 Cell wall is made up of chitin and cellulose. 4 Reserve food is starch (glucose). 4 Reserve food is glycogen. b. Division Bryophyta [Gk., Bryon-a moss, a liverwort] Bryophytes are a group of higher cryptogams. They grow on old damp walls, on moist ground and on bark of trees; however, they need water for reproduction. Therefore, bryophytes are also called amphibians of Plant Kingdom. The plant body of bryophytes is more advanced and complicated than that of algae. Reasonable Fact Bryophytes are called amphibian plants, why? Most of the bryophytes like riccia are found in terrestrial habitat but they depend on water for completion of their sexual reproduction. So, bryophytes are also called amphibian plants. Characteristics i. The plant body is multicellular which may be thalloid (in primitive forms like liverworts) or leafy (in advanced forms like moss). ii. True roots, stem and leaves are absent. iii. In bryophytes, the main plant body is a gametophyte which bears sex organs. iv. Gametophyte is attached to the substratum by means of hair-like outgrowths called rhizoids, which absorb water and minerals from the soil. v. Vascular tissues, i.e. xylem and phloem are absent. vi. They possess alternation of generations in their life cycle. Spores are produced by sporophyte in a capsule and gametes are produced by gametophyte. Examples: Marchantia (liverworts), Riccia, Moss, etc. Marchantia Riccia Irish moss Fig. Some bryophytes Fact File Bryophytes are more advanced than green algae but more primitive than ferns.

28 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 Reasonable Fact Marchantia and fucus look similar but marchantia belongs to bryophytes and fucus belongs to algae, why? This is because fucus is a brown algae which grows in deep water and have dominant sporophyte. Whereas marchantia grows in shady place and have dominant gametophyte. c. Division Tracheophyta This division includes well developed plants having vascular tissues, i.e. xylem and phloem tissues. Various types of pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms are kept in this division. Division Tracheophyta is further divided into three sub-divisions. They are as follows: i) Sub-division Pteridophyta : feather like plants Seed lacking plants ii) Sub-division Gymnosperms : cone bearing plants Seed bearing plants iii) Sub-division Angiosperms : flower, fruit and seed bearing plants Fruit and seed bearing plants Reasonable Fact Plants with xylem and phloem are called vascular plants, why? Xylem and phloem are the vascular bundles in the plants that help in the transportation of water and minerals throughout the body. So, the plants with xylem and phloem are called vascular plants. i. Sub-division Pteridophyta Sub-division pteridophyta includes the highest group of cryptogams, i.e. nonflowering plants in which the plant body is differentiated into root, stem and leaves. Pteridophytes are more advanced than bryophytes as the plant body contains vascular tissues, roots, stem and leaves. Pteridophytes are mostly found in damp, cool and shady places. Characteristics i. The plant body can be differentiated into roots, stem (rhizome) and leaves. ii. They have well developed vascular tissues, i.e. xylem and phloem tissues. iii. Flowers and seeds are absent. iv. The ventral surface of leaf contains numerous spots called sori (singular-sorus) which produce spores and help in asexual reproduction. v. Spore germinates and forms gametophyte which helps in sexual reproduction. vi. Sex organs are multicellular. Alternation of generations is common in the life cycle. Sporophyte is more advanced than gametophyte. Examples: Fern, Lycopodium, Equisetum (Horsetail), Selaginella (club moss), Marsilea, etc. Fact File Fern is an advanced crotyptogam. Its body is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves.

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 29 Fig : Some pteridophytes Fern Lycopodium Equisetum Selaginella Marsilea Reasonable Fact Why is fern classified in the division tracheophyta and sub-division pteridophyta? Fern consists xylem and phloem which is the characteristic feature of tracheophyta. On the other hand it has feather like leaves which is the characteristic feature of pteridophyta. So, fern is classified in the division tracheophyta and sub-division pteridophyta. Differences between Bryophytes and Pteridophytes S.N. Bryophytes S.N. Pteridophytes 1 The plant body may be thalloid with rhizoids or having rhizoids, stem (seta) and leaves. 1 The plant body is clearly differentiated into roots, stem and leaves. 2 Gametophyte is larger and more complicated than sporophyte. 2 Sporophyte is larger and more complicated than gametophyte. 3 Vascular system is absent. 3 Vascular system is present. Activity 1 • Visit a forest with your science teacher and observe various types of cryptogams. • Collect some fungi, bryophytes and pteridophytes. • Study their morphology and differentiate among them. • Classify them with well labelled figures. • Also, write at least two important features of each which helped you in deciding the group in which the plant should be kept. Fact File Club-moss is more developed than moss because club moss has vascular bundel with sporophytic stage but moss do not.

30 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 ii. Sub-division Gymnosperms [Gk., gymno-naked, sperma-seed] Sub-division Gymnosperms includes cone-bearing plants having naked seeds. These plants grow in cold and dry places. The salient features of the plants belonging to this sub-division are mentioned below: i. Cones are present instead of true flowers. Male cones and female cones are separate. ii. Seeds are not enclosed in fruit. They develop in the woody scales of cones. iii. Needle-shaped leaves are present. iv. There is no fruit due to the absence of ovary. v. Pollination takes place with the help of air. Examples: Cycas, pine, cedar, fir, etc. Cycas Pine Female cones of a pine tree Male cones of pine tree Fig : Some gymnosperms Cedar Reasonable Fact Why do gymnosperm have naked seed? Gymnosperms are the plants that do not bear fruits but they have naked seeds. Instead of flowers, they bear woody scales called the cones. They do not have ovary. So, the seeds are naked and not enclosed inside fruits or seed covering. iii. Sub-division Angiosperms [Gk., angion - case, sperma - seed] Sub-division Angiosperms includes well developed flowering plants having seeds enclosed within fruit. These plants grow on land and in water. The salient features of the plants belonging to this sub-division are mentioned below: i. Well developed flowers are present. The reproductive organs are aggregated in a flower. Fact File Gymnosperms grow on dry places. They have long roots to search water, pointed leaves to reduce transpiration and dry scales to prevent loss of water.

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 31 ii. Seeds are enclosed inside the fruit. iii. The plant body is made of root, stem and leaves. iv. Vascular system is present. v. Flowers contain ovary and ovule which develop into fruit and seed. vi. Pollination takes place with the help of air, water, insects, etc. vii. Their stems may be hollow or woody. Examples: Grass, banana, lotus, wheat, papaya, mustard, rice, maize, bamboo, pea, orange, mango, soyabean, bean, pumpkin, etc. On the basis of number of cotyledons in a seed, sub-division Angiosperms is further divided into two classes, viz. Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons. Class Monocotyledons (Monocot) This class includes flowering plants having only one cotyledon in their seeds. They are found in water and on land. The salient features of the plants belonging to this class are as follows: i. The seed of these plants bears only one cotyledon. ii. Fibrous or adventitious root system is present. iii. Distinct nodes and internodes are present in the stem. iv. Leaves are elongated having parallel venation. v. The flowers are trimerous, i.e. having three petals or multiples of three. vi. Vascular bundles are closed and scattered. vii. They usually have hollow stem. Examples: Bamboo, grass, maize, wheat, rice, barley, sugarcane, onion, lemna, pistia, water hyacinth, banana, coconut, etc. Maize Oats Rice Pistia Water hyacinth Fig: Some monocot plants Class Dicotyledons (Dicot) This class includes well developed flowering plants having two cotyledons in their seeds. The salient features of the plants belonging to this class are as follows: Fact File Pteridophyta have feather like leaves, gymnosperm have needle like leaves and angiosperm flat leaves with veins. Fact File Angiosperms are more advanced than gymnosperms. The seeds of angiosperms are enclosed inside fruits or seed covering, whereas gymnosperms do not possess this structure.

32 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 i. The seeds of these plants contain two cotyledons. ii. Leaves are broad having reticulate venation. iii. Tap root system is present. iv. The flowers are usually pentamerous, i.e. having five petals or multiples of five. v. The vascular bundles are open and arranged in a ring. vi. They have solid and strong stem. Examples: Pea, sunflower, mango, rose, orange, neem, bean, lettuce, mustard, gram, soyabean, pumpkin, orange, papaya, lotus, etc. Mustard Rose Mango Fig. Some dicot plants Activity 2 • Visit a park and observe various types of gymnosperms and angiosperms. Study their external morphology and differentiate between them. • Visit a crop field and collect some angiosperms. Study their external morphology and separate them in terms of monocots and dicots. Differences between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms S.N. Gymnosperms S.N. Angiosperms 1. Cones are present instead of true flowers. 1. Well developed flowers are present. 2. Seeds are naked. 2. Seeds are enclosed inside the fruit. 3. Generally, leaves are elongated and pointed. 3. Generally, leaves are flat and broad. Reasonable Fact The seeds of angiosperms are enclosed inside fruits or seed covering, why? Angiosperms bear flowers with ovule inside an ovary. The ovary changes into fruit and the ovule changes into seed. So, the seeds of angiosperms are enclosed inside fruits or seed covering. Fact File Cycas belongs to gymnosperm whereas coconut belongs to angiosperm. So, coconut is more developed plant than cycas as it has closed seed.

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 33 Differences between Dicot and Monocot S.N. Dicot S.N. Monocot 1. A seed contains two cotyledons. 1. A seed contains only one cotyledon. 2. Tap root system is present. 2. Fibrous root system is present. 3. Leaves contain reticulate venation. 3. Leaves contain parallel venation. 4. Flowers are usually pentamerous. 4. Flowers are usually trimerous. 5. Distinct nodes and internodes are absent. 5. Distinct nodes and internodes are present. Activity 3 To observe root, stem and leaves of plants • Uproot some small plants in your surroundings and observe their roots, stem and leaves. • Collect leaves of some tall plants and observe them . • Classify these plants in terms of monocot and dicot. • Draw a neat and labelled figure of each and submit to your science teacher. Kingdom Plantae Algae e.g. Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, etc. Tracheophyta e.g. Fern, Cycas, Bamboo, Mango, etc. Bryophyta e.g. Marchantia, Moss, etc. Pteridophyta e.g. Fern, Lycopodium, etc. Angiosperms e.g. Sugarcane, Pea, etc. Dicotyledon e.g. Mustard, Rose, etc. Gymnosperms e.g. Cycas, Pine, etc. Monocotyledon e.g. Paddy, Banana, etc. Division Sub-division Class 5. Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia includes different types of multicellular invertabrates and vertebrates.

34 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 Invertebrates Invertebrates are the animals without a backbone or vertebral column inside the body. More than 90% of all species of animals are invertebrates and they include sponges, coelenterates, worms, insects, molluscs, echinoderms, etc. Many invertebrates do not contain skeleton, however some invertebrates contain tough skeleton called exoskeleton on the outer surface of their bodies. Note: Invertebrates do not possess 'Notochord'. So, they are also called Non-chordates. On the basis of structure and development, Invertebrates are divided into eight phyla (singular : phylum). Phylum 1. Porifera [Gk., porus—pore, ferre—to bear] Phylum Porifera includes the primitive multicellular invertebrates having numerous pores in their bodies. They are sedentary (attached to the substratum) mostly found in marine water but some are found in fresh water. They are commonly known as sponges. Characteristics i. The shape of the body may be vase-like, sac-like, rounded or branched. ii. The body contains numerous small pores called ostia (singular-ostium) that open into a canal system and one or more large pores called oscula (singular-osculum). iii. The body remains attached to the substratum with the help of basal disc. iv. They are the simplest multicellular and diploblastic animals, i.e. body tissue differentiates from two embryonic germ layers. v. The body may be asymmetrical or radially symmetrical. vi. Most of them are endoparasite but some are freeliving. Digestive tract, respiratory organs and excretory organs are absent. vii. Breathing takes place through the body surface and excretion takes place through osculum/oscula. viii. They reproduce asexually by budding and regeneration and sexually by the fusion of gametes. Examples: Sycon, Spongilla, Euspongia, Leucosolenia, etc. Fact File All chordates have blood enclosed in blood vessels, although they may not have blood cells. Fact File In Porifera, water along with food and oxygen enters into their body through ostia. Oxygen and food get absorbed by the body whereas remaining things come out from the osculum. This is called water canal system. It is also a kind of digestion.

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 35 Fig. Some sponges Sycon Spongilla Euspongia Leucosolenia Phylum 2. Coelenterata or Cnidaria [Gk., koils—hollow, enteron--gut] Phylum Coelenterata includes aquatic invertebrates having hollow body cavity called coelenteron. This phylum includes hydras, sea anemones, jelly fishes and corals. Most of the coelenterates are found in marine water while some are found in fresh water. Characteristics i. The body contains a hollow cavity called coelenteron where digestion of food takes place. ii. Mouth is present but anus is absent. iii. Mouth remains surrounded by a ring of tentacles. iv. Locomotion takes place with the help of tentacles. v. Their body is diploblastic and radially symmetrical. vi. Breathing takes place through the general body surface. vii. They reproduce by both asexual and sexual methods. Examples: Hydra, Jellyfish, Coral, Sea anemone, etc. Reasonable Fact Why is hydra called a coelentrate? Hydra is called a coelenterate because it has hollow cavity called coelenteron in it. Fig. Some coelenterates Hydra Jelly fish Coral Sea anemone Phylum 3. Platyhelminthes [Gk., platys – flat, helmins – worm] Phylum Platyhelminthes includes invertebrates having dorsoventrally flattened body. The animals belonging to this phylum are commonly known as flatworms. Most of the flatworms are endoparasites of animals whereas some are free living in moist soil. The body measures from a few millimeters to a few centimeters in length.

36 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 Characteristics i. The body is dorsoventrally flattened and bilaterally symmetrical. ii. Suckers or hooks or both are present for attachment to the body of host. iii. Digestive tract is incomplete. Mouth is present but anus is absent. iv. They are first triploblastic animals, i.e. body tissue differentiates from three embryonic germ layers. v. They are hermaphrodite or bisexual animals, i.e. both male and female sex organs occur in the same organism. vi. Respiratory system and circulatory system are absent. vii. The body is soft, thin, leaf-like, tape-like or ribbon-like. viii. Excretory system consists of protonephridia or flame cells. ix. Nervous system is present. x. Most of them reproduce by sexual method. xi. Most of them are endoparasite but some are freeliving. Examples: Tapeworm (Taenia), Liverfluke (Fasciola), Planaria, etc. Reasonable Fact Why is tapeworm called hermaphrodite? Tapeworm is called hermaphrodite because it contains both male reproductive system and female reporductive system. Fig. Some flatworms Tapeworm Liver fluke Planaria Phylum 4. Nemathelminthes or Aschelminthes [Gk., ascus-a bladder, helmins-worm] Phylum Nemathelminthes includes unsegmented invertebrates having a round body. The animals belonging to this phylum are commonly called nematodes or round worms. Most of the nematodes live as parasites of plants and animals whereas some are free living in soil or in water. Characteristics i. The body is round, slender, unsegmented, cylindrical and tapering at the two ends. ii. The body is triploblastic and bilaterally symmetrical. iii. Body is covered with a tough and thick cuticle. iv. The alimentary canal is complete, with a mouth and anus.

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 37 v. Respiratory and circulatory systems are absent. vi. They are unisexual animals, i.e. sexes are separate. Males are smaller than females. vii. Nervous system and reproductive system are present. viii. They reproduce by sexual method. Examples: Ascaris (roundworm), Ancylostoma (hookworm), Wuchereria (filarial worm), Enterobius (pinworm), etc. Fig. Some roundworms Ascaris Ascaris Hookworm Wuchereria Enterobius male female Reasonable Fact Roundworm is an aschelminth but not annelid, why? Roundworm is called an aschelminth but not annelid because it has unsegmented cylindrical long body. An annelid must have metamerically segmented body which is absent in a roundworm. Phylum 5. Annelida [L., annelus – ring, segmented worms] Phylum Annelida includes invertebrate animals having numerous segmented rings in their bodies. Earthworms, leeches and sandworms are kept in this phylum. The members of this phylum are commonly called annelids. Their bodies appear as if made up of a series of rings. Annelids may be free-living or parasitic. Most of them are aquatic (marine or fresh water) while some are terrestrial found in moist soil. Characteristics i. The body is soft, elongated and cylindrical having numerous circular rings. ii. The body is triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical and metamerically segmented (made up of a series of similar segments having similar pattern of organs). iii. The body is covered with a thin cuticle. iv. Locomotion takes place with the help of setae (e.g. earthworm), sucker (e.g. leech) or parapodia (e.g. Nereis). v. Alimentary canal is complete which extends from mouth to anus. vi. Closed blood vascular system is present. vii. Excretory and nervous systems are present. viii. Sexes may be united (hermaphrodite) or separated (unisexual). ix. They reproduce by sexual method. Examples: Earthworm (Pheretima), Leech (Hirudinaria) Sandworm (Nereis), etc.

38 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 Fig. Some annelids Earthworm Leech Nereis Phylum 6. Arthropoda [Gk., arthros – jointed, podos – foot] Phylum Arthropoda includes invertebrate animals having jointed appendages (legs and antennae). The members of this phylum are commonly known as arthropods. This is the largest phylum of the animal kingdom. About 900,000 species of arthropods are known. Arthropods are cosmopolitan in distribution. They are widely distributed on land and in water. They may be free living, commensals or parasitic in nature. Characteristics i. The body is triploblastic and bilaterally symmetrical having jointed appendages. ii. The segmented body can be differentiated into two regions – cephalothorax and abdomen or three regions – head, thorax and abdomen. iii. The head contains brain and sensory organs. iv. The body is covered with a thick chitinious and jointed exoskeleton. v. Locomotion takes place with the help of legs or wings or both. vi. Alimentary canal is complete. vii. Breathing takes place through the general body surface, by gills, trachea or book-lungs. viii. Circulatory and excretory systems are present. ix. Sexes are usually separate. They reproduce by sexual method. Examples: Crab, Crayfish (prawn), Centipede, Millipede, Mosquito, Butterfly, Grasshopper, Honeybee, Scorpion, Spider, Ant, etc. Reasonable Fact Why is the arthropoda largest phylum? Arthropoda is the largest phylum of invertebrates because arthropods have high rate of reproduction, adaptation and survival. So, they are billions in number and found all over the earth in any climate and habitat. Phylum Arthropoda is further divided into following four classes: Class 1. Crustacea i The body can be divided into cephalothorax and abdomen. ii. Breathing takes place by means of gills. iii. They are found in water. iv. They have five or more pairs of legs. Examples: Prawn (Crayfish), Crab, etc.

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 39 Prawn Crab Fig. Some crustaceans Class 2. Myriopoda i. Body is elongated and metamerically segmented. ii. They have many legs. Each segment of the body contains one or two pairs of jointed legs. iii. They are found on land. iv. Breathing takes place with the help of trachea. Examples: Centipede, Millipede, etc. Fig. Some myriopods Centipede Millipede Class 3. Insecta i. The body can be divided into head, thorax and abdomen. ii. Head contains mouthparts, compound eyes and antennae. Thorax contains two pairs of wings and three pairs of jointed legs. Abdomen lacks appendages. iii. Breathing takes place with the help of trachea. iv. They are mostly terrestrial. Examples: Butterfly, Mosquito, Silverfish, Cockroach, Housefly, etc. Fig. Some insects Mosquito Butterfly Silverfish Reasonable Fact A mosquito is called an insect, why? A mosquito has three pairs of legs and one pair of antennae which is the characteristic feature of the class insecta. So, a mosquito is called an insect.

40 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 Class 4 : Arachnida i. The body can be divided into cephalothorax and abdomen. ii. Antennae and true jaws are absent. iii. Four pairs of jointed legs are present. iv. Breathing takes place with the help of tracheae or book-lungs. v. They are terrestrial arthropods. Examples: Spider, Scorpion, etc. Phylum 7. Mollusca [L., molluscus – soft] Phylum Mollusca includes unsegmented invertebrates having soft and unsegmetned body which is often covered by one or two hard shells. Most of the molluscs are aquatic (mostly marine) and some are terrestrial. Characteristics i. The body is soft, unsegmented and generally protected by a hard shell made up of calcium carbonate. ii. The body can be divided into head, visceral mass and muscular foot. iii. Locomotion takes place with the help of muscular foot or cephalic arms. iv. Breathing takes place with the help of gills or lungs. v. The body is triploblastic and bilaterally symmetrical. vi. Digestive system, excretory system, blood vascular system, nervous system and reproductive system are present. vii. Sexes are generally separate. They reproduce by sexual method. Examples: Snail, Slug, Pila, Unio, Octopus (devil fish), Sepia (cuttle fish), Squid, etc. Snail Slug Pila Octopus Sepia Squid Fig: Some molluscs Scorpion Spider Fig: Some arachnids

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 41 Phylum 8. Echinodermata [Gk., echinos-spiny, derma-skin] Phylum echinodermata includes aquatic invertebrates having spiny skin. These are exclusively marine animals and are largely bottom dwellers. Characteristics i. The body remains covered with spiny skin. ii. Locomotion takes place with the help of tube feet. iii. The body may be star shaped, globular or cylindrical. iv. Distinct head is absent. Mouth is present on the ventral surface. v. Water vascular system is present. vi. The body is unsegmented, triploblastic and radially symmetrical. vii. Sexes are separate. They can also reproduce asexually by regeneration. Examples: Starfish, Sea urchin, Sea cucumber, Brittle star, etc. Starfish Sea urchin Sea cucumber Brittle star Fig. Some echinoderms Activity 4 • Collect some invertebrates from your surroundings and observe their structure carefully. • Classify them on the basis of their characteristics and write their salient features. Fact File Starfish (echinoderm), jellyfish (coelenteron), cuttlefish (mollusca), crayfish (arthropod), devilfish (mollusk) and silverfish (arthropod) are not fishes because they are all invertebrates and do not possess backbone.

42 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 Kingdom Animalia Phylum Sub-phylum 1. Porifera, e.g. Ameoeba, Paramecium, etc. 2. Coelenterata, e.g. Hydra, Coral, etc. 3. Platyhelminthes, e.g. Tapeworm, Liver fluke, etc. 4. Nemathelminthes, e.g. Ascaris, Pinworm, etc. 5. Annelida, e.g. Crab, Mosquito, etc. 6. Arthropoda, e.g. Crab, Mosquito, etc. 7. Mollusca, e.g. Snail, Octopus, etc. 8. Echinodermata, e.g. Starfish, Sea Anemone, etc. 9. Chordata Hemichordata e.g. Balanoglossus Urochordata e.g. Herdmania Pisces e.g. Shark, Labeo, etc. Amphibia e.g. Frog, Toad, etc. Reptilia e.g. Snake, Lizard, etc. Aves e.g. Parrot, Crow, etc. Mammalia e.g. Elephant, Bat, etc. Cephalochordata e.g. Amphioxus Vertebrata Class Vertebrates Vertebrates are the developed animals having backbone or vertebral column. Vertebrates are more developed than invertebrates. Vertebrates are kept in phylum Chordata. Examples: Fish, Frog, Snake, Sparrow, Cow, etc. Reasonable Fact All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates, why? All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates because all vertebrates have a notochord in the embryonic stage of their life while all chordates do not possess vertebral column. Phylum Chordata Phylum chordata includes advanced animals having notochord. They are triploblastic and coelomate animals having bilaterally symmetrical body. The characteristics of the animals belonging to the phylum chordata are given below: i. Notochord is present throughout life or at some stages of the life history. ii. Dorsal hollow nerve cord is present, lying just above the notochord.

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 43 iii. Post anal tail is present. iv. They have a closed blood vascular system. Blood flows forward ventrally and backwards dorsally. v. They contain gills in embryonic stage. vi. The body is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic. Examples: Balanoglossus, Herdmania, fish, frog, bat, monkey, etc. Note: Notochord is a flexible rod like structure running along the dorsal surface of chordata embryo ventral to the nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord is replaced by vertebral column, i.e. backbone. (b) Herdmania-A Urochordate (c) Amphioxus-A Cephalochordate Fig.Some chordates (a) Balanoglossus-A Hemichordate Phylum Chordata is divided into four sub-phyla. They are (i) Hemichordata (ii) Urochordata (iii) Cephalochordata and (iv) Vertebratra. In this unit, we will study about sub-phylum vertebrata only. Sub-phylum Vertebrata Sub-phylum vertebrata is the most familiar sub-phylum of chordates. The members of this sub-phylum are commonly known as vertebrates. In vertebrates, bones or vertebrae develop around the notochord and the nerve cord. They live on land and in water. The salient features of the animals belonging to this sub-phylum are mentioned below: i. In vertebrates, notochord is replaced by vertebral column, i.e. backbone. ii. A tubular nerve cord is present in the dorsal side of the body which is differentiated into brain and spinal cord. iii. They breathe through gills or lungs. iv. The body is well developed having head, trunk and paired fins or limbs. Examples: Fish, frog, snake, crow, cow, dolphin, bat, horse, etc. On the basis of structure and development, sub-phylum vertebrata is further divided into five classes.

44 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 Class 1. Pisces Class Pisces includes aquatic, cold-blooded vertebrates which are commonly known as fishes. The characteristics of the animals belonging to this class are mentioned below: i. The body is streamlined or boat-shaped which remains covered with smooth, slippery and waterproof scales. ii. The body is differentiated into head, trunk and tail. iii. Locomotion takes place with the help of fins and tail. iv. Breathing takes place with the help of gills. v. Heart is two-chambered. vi. They are oviparous, i.e. egg laying and fertilization is external. Examples: Shark (Scoliodon), Rohu (Labeo), Sea horse (Hippocampus), Katla (Catla), etc. Sea horse Shark Rohu Fig: Some fishes Class 2. Amphibia [Gk., amphi - double, bios - life] Class Amphibia includes cold-blooded vertebrates leading two lives, i.e. on land and in water. Amphibians form the first group of chordates adapted to live out of water and comprise first tetrapod (four legged) land vertebrates. Most amphibians lay eggs in water where the eggs develop into tadpoles. The tadpoles develop into adults after metamorphosis which can live in water as well as on land. The characteristics of amphibians are mentioned below: i. The body is divided into head and trunk. Neck is absent. ii. The body remains covered with smooth or rough skin which is moist and rich in glands. iii. Heart is three-chamberd. iv. Two pairs of limbs are present. Claws are absent in toes or digits. v. They breathe through skin in water and through lungs on land. However, tadpoles breathe through gills. Fact File 1. Horse is a mammal and seahorse is a pisces. 2. Pisces and aves have air sacks in their body. Fact File Pisces have two chambered heart, amphibian and reptiles have three chambered heart, similarly aves and mammals have four chambered heart.

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 45 vi. The tadpole, i.e. larval stage, is tailed and aquatic. vii. They are oviparous and fertilization is external. Examples: Frog (Rana), Toad (Bufo), Salamander (Salamandra), Tree frog (Hyla), Ichthyophis, Ambystoma, etc. Reasonable Fact Why is frog called an amphibian? Frog is called an amphibian because it lives in land but must return in water for fertilization and to keep its skin moist. Amphibians far away from water bodies will die of dehydration. Salamander Toad Frog Ichthyophis Ambystoma Fig Some amphibians Class 3. Reptilia [Latin, repre - to crawl, creeping vertebrates] Class Reptilia includes creeping or crawling coldblooded vertebrates. The members of this class can live solely on land and are very less dependent on water. Snakes, lizards, crocodiles, etc. are kept in this class. The salient features of reptiles are given below: i. The body remains covered with hard, dry and horny scales. ii. The body can be divided into head, neck, trunk and tail. iii. Heart is three-chambered but crocodiles have four-chambered heart. iv. Two pairs of limbs with clawed digits are present. But limbs are absent in snakes and some lizards. v. Breathing takes place through lungs. vi. They are oviparous and fertilization is internal. Examples: Cobra (Naja), Garden lizard (Calotus), House wall lizard (Hemidactylus), Gharial (Gavialis), Monitor lizard (Varanus), Ajgar (Python), Tortoise (Testudo), etc. Fact File Crocodiles have four chambered heart but they have dry and tough scales as well as they are cold-blooded animal. So, they are kept in reptiles. Fact File Pisces and amphibian show external fertilization whereas reptiles, aves and mammals show internal fertilization.

46 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 Crocodile Turtle Tortoise Wall lizard Snake Fig: Some reptiles Class 4. Aves [Latin, avis - bird] Class Aves includes warm-blooded tetrapodous vertebrates with flight adaptations. Various types of birds are kept in this class. The salient features of the animals belonging to this class are mentioned below: i. The streamlined body is covered with feathers which can be divided into head, neck, trunk and tail. ii. Fore limbs are modified in the form of wings. iii. Teethless beak is present. iv. Heart is four-chambered. v. They are warm-blooded animals. vi. Breathing takes place with the help of lungs. vii. They are oviparous and fertilization is internal. Examples: Pigeon (Columba), Sparrow (Passer), Crow (Corvus), Owl (Bubo), Peacock (Pavo), Vulture (Gypus), Parrot (Psittacula), Koel (Eudynamus), etc. Reasonable Fact Aves are called glorified reptiles, why? Aves are called glorified reptiles because most of the characteristics of aves are similar to reptile which suggests that aves are advanced form of reptiles. Why do birds have hollow bones and streamlined body? Birds have hollow bones that makes them light and the streamlined body helps to reduce friction with air, so that birds can fly easily.

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 47 Cuckoo Ostrich Peacock Pigeon Sparrow Crow Fig: Some birds Class 5. Mammalia [Latin, mamma - breast] Class Mammalia includes the most developed vertebrates which directly give birth to their young ones and suckle them. However, two mammals, duck-billed platypus and spiny ant eater lay eggs. All female mammals secrete milk on which their offspring feed. They live on land and in water. The salient features of the mammals are given below: i. Females have mammary glands, i.e. milk producing glands which secrete milk for the nourishment of their young ones. ii. Body is covered with hair. Sweat glands and oil glands are present in the skin. iii. External ears (pinnae) are present. iv. Heart is four-chambered. v. They are viviparous and warm-blooded animals. vi. Body can be divided into head, neck, trunk and tail. Fact File There are three chief kinds of mammals: monotremes, marsupials and placentals. a. Monotremes are the egg-laying mammals. e.g. platypus, echidna (spiny ant eater), etc. b. Marsupials are the mammals that carry their babies in a pouch. e.g. kangaroo, koala bear, etc. c. Placentals are the mammals that nourish babies in placenta before direct birth. e.g. human, cow, etc. Fact File Whale and bat are mammals because they give direct birth and suckle the babies.

48 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 vii. Two pairs of pentadactylus limbs are present. Digits contain nails, claws or hoofs. viii. Breathing takes place with the help of lungs. Examples : Human, Whale, Bat, Dolphin, Dog, Cat, Cow, Squirrel, Rat, etc. Kangaroo Squirrel Duck-billed platypus Bat Rhinoceros Monkey Fig. Some mammals Dolphin Cold-blooded and Warm-blooded Animals The animals whose body temperature changes according to the temperature of their surroundings are called cold-blooded or poikilothermic animals. Fishes, amphibians and reptiles are cold-blooded animals. These animals cannot tolerate extreme high and low temperature and go for hibernation. The animals whose body temperature remains constant and does not change according to the temperature of their surroundings are called warm-blooded or homoiothermic animals. Aves and mammals are warm-blooded animals. Generally, these animals do not go for hibernation. Activity 5 • Study the structure of some birds and mammals in your locality and differentiate between them. Also, classify them with two salient features of each. Oviparous and Viviparous Animals The animals that lay eggs are called oviparous animals and the animals that directly give birth to their young ones are called viviparous animals. Fishes, amphibians, reptiles and birds are oviparous whereas mammals are viviparous.

Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 49 Classification of Some Plants and Animals 1. Spirogyra Kingdom : Plantae Division : Algae Type : Spirogyra 2. Marchantia Kingdom : Plantae Division : Bryophyta Type : Marchantia 3. Fern Kingdom : Plantae Division : Tracheophyta Sub-division : Pteridophyta Type : Fern 4. Cycas Kingdom : Plantae Division : Tracheophyta Sub-division : Gymnosperms Type : Cycas 5. Sugarcane Kingdom : Plantae Division : Tracheophyta Sub-division : Angiosperms Class : Monocotyledon Type : Sugarcane 6. Mustard Kingdom : Plantae Division : Tracheophyta Sub-division : Angiosperms Class : Dicotyldedon Type : Mustard

50 Oasis School Science and Technology - 10 7. Sponge Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Porifera Type : Sponge 8. Liverfluke Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Platyhelminthes Type : Liverfluke 9. Butterfly Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Type : Butterfly 10. Starfish Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Echinodermata Type : Starfish 11. Rohu Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Sub-phylum : Vertebrata Class : Pisces Type : Rohu 12. Bufo Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Sub-phylum : Vertebrata Class : Amphibia Type : Bufo 13. Snake Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Sub-phylum : Vertebrata Class : Reptilia Type : Snake