Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts-6

Basic skills of basketball
a) Dribbling

Dribbling is the skill of controlling the ball
between hands and ground in motion.
The ball bounces on the ground and hand
alternately. Once the dribble is stopped, the
player cannot dribble it again. Dribbling
relay can be practised to improve the skill of
dribbling.

Activity: Dribbling in basketball
Practice of dribbling in basketball

Dribbling relay: Read the following and practice dribbling with the help
of your instructor.

This relay is performed as a competition between two or more teams
consisting of equal number of players each. Each of the teams arranges
their players in separate files. The front players of each file catch the ball.
With the command or signal from the teacher or commander, they start
dribbling the ball to a target line and return towards the respective files.
The ball is now taken by the second player who completes the course in
a similar way. The team which completes the turn of all the players first
is declared the winner.

Dribbling relay

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b) Passing

i. Chest pass

It is the skill of controlling the ball from the level of chest. This pass
is performed when there is a short distance between the players.

ii. Bounce pass

It is an art or skill of forwarding
the ball to the teammate by
hitting the ball on the ground
at a proper angle so that the
teammate can quickly receive
the ball. Bounce pass is an
important skill needed for
basketball. This skill is used to pass the ball to a teammate to save
the ball from opponents or to advance the ball ahead faster. Bounce
pass helps the target teammate receive the ball for further
advancement or score.

iii. Underhand pass Underhand pass

Underhand pass is another of the most
essential skills needed for basketball.
It is the action of throwing the ball
from the waist level to the desired
teammate. This skill is also practised
in circle or file.

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iv. Overhead pass

Overhead pass is the action of
throwing the ball above the head to
the desired teammate. This skill is
also practised in circle or file.

v. One hand pass Overhead pass

One hand pass is performed Onehand pass
when a player wants to pass
the ball to a teammate who is 6.25m(B)
posted at a longer distance. 5.5m(G)
One hand pass can advance
the ball quickly so that the
team achieves a condition of
lower risk to basket the ball.

8.4 Kabaddi

1m 2m 3m 3.25m(B)
2.5m(G)

1m 6m(G) Sitting Block End line Middle line 12 3 4 56
8m(B) Balk line 1m

1m LOBBY

Side line

Kabaddi Court

Kabaddi is a game played between two teams of seven players each.
This game increases agility and strength of the body. It is played on a a
court on soft or grassy ground. This game increases the skills of running,
dodging, and kicking. Two teams of Kabaddi are termed as ‘raider team’
and ‘anti-raider team’. One player of the raider team goes for raiding
inside the court of opponents with a continuous chant of ‘Kabaddi…….

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kabaddi……kabaddi……’ and returns to own court without breathing
even once. During the raid, the raider tries to touch a maximum number
of anti-raiders as s/he can to send them out. But the raider is declared
out if caught within the court of opponents by anti-raiders. The game
is played in two halves of 15 minutes with an interval of 5 minutes. The
team which scores more points during the whole game is declared the
winner.

Basic skills of Kabaddi
Kabaddi needs various skills like running, trapping, dodging, raiding,

and chanting. Raiding and trapping are the most important among them.

Raiding

Raiding is the activity of entering the
opponents’ side with uninterrupted
chanting. The following points should be
considered while raiding.

(a) Only one player can raid the
opponents at a time.

(b) The chanting should be continuous
until the raider returns into one's
side.

(c) The raider must cross the baulk line inside the opponents' court.
But if any anti-raider is touched before reaching the baulk line, the
raider can return without crossing the baulk line.

(d) A raider must be careful about all the opponents in all directions. If
the focus is on only one anti-raider, others may trap him/her out.

(e) A clever raider tries to touch as many anti-raiders as possible and
returns safely without being trapped by them.

Trapping

Trapping is the action of catching the raider until s/he stops chanting. All
the anti-raiders should be clever enough to save themselves from being
touched by the raider or to trap the raider by group efforts. Making a

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chain is a good strategy to trap the raider. The players can make three
chains, two at the corners and one in the middle.

If the raider tries to attack a chain, the other chain members can go behind
the raider and trap him.

8.5 Kho-kho

Kho-kho is a game played between two teams with nine players each.
There are three reserve players for each team in Kho-kho. The reserve
players substitute the active players with the permission of umpire after
a request from the respective team captain. Kho-kho playground has a
court of 29 x 16 metres in dimension. The teams are called ‘chaser’ and
‘runner’ teams. One of the chasers becomes ‘active chaser’ and the rest
eight chasers become ‘sitting chaser’. But, the runners are divided into
three groups of three runners in each group. Only one group of runners
enters at a time. After all of three runners are out, the next group enters.
The ‘chaser’ team scores and the ‘runners’ oppose them from scoring.
Kho-kho is played in two innings each of two halves of nine minutes with
an interval of five minutes. There is nine minutes' interval between the
two innings. The time management for Kho-kho can be represented by:

9:5:9 + 9 + 9:5:9 (First Innings + Interval + Second Innings)

They change their position of ‘chaser’ and ‘runner’ after completion of the
first half in each innings. The team that succeeds in scoring more during
the whole game is declared the winner. The players need some basic skills
to play Kho-kho efficiently and skillfully. They are dodging, running,
giving ‘kho’, and touching.

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Basic skills of Kho-kho

a) Dodging

This skill is mostly used by the runners to dodge the active chaser.
When a runner moves slightly towards one direction, the active
chaser also follows the same direction. But when the runner quickly
changes direction and moves opposite, the chaser cannot change the
direction of movement. Sometimes, this skill is used by the chaser.
While dodging, the chaser pretends to move in one direction. On
seeing that, the runners quickly run in the opposite direction. But,
the chaser dives quickly and makes the runners out.

Dodging in Kho-Kho Giving 'Kho'

b) Playing at the pole

This skill is mostly used by

chasers to trap the runners

at the pole area because

the chaser is free to change

the direction of motion at

this area. ‘fake kho’ is one

of the most popular skills

used there. While giving

‘fake kho’, the active chaser Diving around the pole
pretends to give ‘kho’ to the

marginal sitting chaser but the true intention of the active chaser is

to make the runners confused and touch them easily. Sometimes,

the active chaser has to dive quickly around the pole to touch the

runners who are trying to cross the central line.

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Basic rules of Kho-kho

(a) A toss is made in the beginning. Winner of the toss deserves the
right to be either a 'chaser’ or ‘runner’ team in the first half.

(b) The court has eight chasers’ squares of 30 cm x 30 cm each. Eight
chasers sit in the squares in squat position. The remaining one chaser
becomes ‘active chaser' and stands near the pole in the beginning of
the game.

(c) The runners make three groups consisting of three runners in each
group.

(d) With the whistle of the referee, three runners enter the court. The
active chaser runs behind them to touch and score.

(e) An active chaser cannot change the direction of chasing until s/he
reaches the post line. The chaser can change direction anywhere in
between the post line and end line.

(f) One point is scored by the chaser if the active chaser touches one of
the active runners and makes him/her out.

(g) The runners can cross the centreline but the chaser cannot. If the
runners are to be chased across the centreline, the active player can
give any one sitting chaser a ‘Kho’ by pronouncing it aloud with a
touch on the back. Then, the sitting chaser becomes active and the
previous active chaser sits in the vacant square.

(h) Chasers can substitute the players but the runners cannot.

(i) When all the three active runners are made out, the captain of
runner team sends another set of three players inside the court. This
process continues until the game ends.

Only the chaser team can score. The runners just oppose the chasers from
scoring. The team which scores higher during the game is declared winner.

Practice of dodge and kho: Dodging and giving ‘kho’ are very important
skills to win the game. Therefore, the players must increase these skills to
enhance the game quality. Some of the practices are ‘mirror dodging’ and
‘continuous kho with pole dive’.

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Mirror dodging : This skill is practised in Mirror dodging
pair. In the beginning, both of the players
stand facing each other. When the starting
signal is given, one of them moves randomly
left and right with random movement of
hands and legs. The other imitates all of the
activities and looks like an image on a mirror.

Continuous Kho with pole dive

This practice is done in a Kho-kho court. Eight players sit in eight squares facing
opposite alternately. Remaining players make a file from the pole of one side.
When the starting signal is given, the front player standing in the file gives ‘kho’
to the nearest sitting player and sits in the square. The player who gets ‘kho’ runs
ahead and gives ‘kho’ to the second sitting player.

The process continues up to the last sitting player who makes a pole dive and
returns to join the file. All the players practise these steps turn by turn until each
of them gets a chance to dive the pole at least five times.

8.6 Practice of Games in Group

A. Five-player football

Five-player football is similar to eleven-player football except for the total
number of players. If there are no adequate numbers of students in the
class, the teacher decides to make two teams of five players each. All the
rules and court dimensions are the same as in the eleven player football.
This game can be played in a smaller playground. The goal posts can be
set with two bricks, bags, or anything placed about 60 cm apart at the end
line of the court. The ball should be advanced towards the opponent’s
goal post by passing and cooperating with other teammates.

B. Ten-point volleyball

This game is designed for school children who do not have adequate
time to play a standard-duration volleyball game. The game is ended
with ten points scored by any one team. The team that scores ten points
first becomes the winner

C. Ten-minute basketball/portball

It is a lead-up game for basketball. It is also played in a court with real
basketball dimensions. Only that, its dimensions can be altered to suit the

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availability of the ground. There are five players in each team. There is a
port made by keeping a chair and a boy standing on it. The players pass
the ball to the portman in order to score points. Points are scored only
if the portman catches the ball remaining on the chair without falling
or stepping down on the floor. The basic skills needed for portball are
dribbling, bounce pass, underhand pass, overhead pass, and advancing
the ball ahead. This game is played in two halves of five minutes each
(total time equivalent to ten minutes) with an interval of one minute.

Portball

There is a goal area marked by an arched line. No player can enter the
goal area. The portman can be changed with permission from the referee
under the request made by the team captain. A team can score two points
if the portman catches the ball given by a teammate within the three-
point line whereas three points are scored if the teammate is beyond the
three-point-line. The team scoring more points will be declared winner
after the completion of the game.

D. Ten-minute Kabaddi
This is a lead-up game for Kabaddi. We don’t need a standardised court

for this. We can make a court based on the availability of usable area on
the playground. The game is played in two halves of five minutes each
(total time equivalent to ten minutes) with an interval of one minute.
The basic skills of Kabaddi like raiding, trapping and mule-kicking are
practiced with the help of this game.

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Exercise

A. Match the following:
Soccer • Volleyball

Football • Possession of ball

Kicking • Trapping

Digging • Instep and inside

B. Answer the following questions:
1. Define games. Why are games and sports important for us?
2. Describe the basic skills of volleyball.
3. Write short notes on:
a. Fingering
b. Serving
c. Long pass

4. What are the basic skills required to play soccer effectively?
5. Describe the technique of practising passing skills in football.
6. What is the difference between chest pass and bounce pass in

basketball?
7. Write the basic rules of Kabaddi.
8. How do we play portball? Describe.
9. Give a brief introduction to 'ten-minute Kabaddi".
10. How do the chasers and runners use dodging skill in Kho-kho?
11. How are the winner teams declared in Kabaddi and Kho-kho?

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9 Yoga

Yoga is a combination of physical and mental exercises. A scientific posture of
body is maintained by the person instead of only making repeated and rapid
physical movements. Yoga is very important for increasing physical fitness and
mental alertness. Some of the yoga can even heal certain chronic diseases. High
degree of mental concentration is a unique feature of yoga. Some examples of
yoga are Bhujangasana, Mandukasana and Dhanurasana.

9.1 Rules of yoga (Yama and Niyama)

Yoga is very broad. Maharshi Patanjali has suggested eight components
of Yoga. They are yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, pratyahara, dharana,
dhyana, and samadhi. They are also called the rules of Yoga. Among
them, we discuss about Yama and Niyama here.
a) Yama: (Deals with one’s ethical standards and sense of integrity. It
includes five basic elements. They are: non-violence, truthfulness,
non-stealing, continence, and non-covetousness)
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b) Niyama: (It includes five basic components. They are: cleanliness,
contentment, spiritual adhesion, study of the sacred scriptures,
and surrender to God)

9.2 Sukshma Yoga

Sukshma Yoga or Sukshma Vyayama are the special types of yogic
exercises that can bring relaxation in a very short period of time. They
are primarily practiced before doing Yogic Asanas, exercises, games, and
sports. Some simple Sukshma Yoga are tightening the fingers and relaxing
them, loosening and tightening wrists, shoulder rotation, tightening and
loosening fingers, moving palm up and down, drill walking etc.

Activity:
• Open and close your jaws 8 to 10 times.

• Open your mouth and move your jaws from side to side 8 to 10
times.

• Rotate your neck. Breathing in, take your head back and breathing
out, let your chin touch your chest. Repeat this 5 to 6 times.

• Rotate your head, first in a clockwise direction, then in an
anticlockwise direction. Breathe in as you go up (first half of
the cycle) and breathe out as you return to the starting position
(second half of the cycle). Repeat this 5 to 6 times in a clockwise
direction. Then switch to an anticlockwise direction.

9.3 Pranayama

The term ‘Pranayama’ is made up of two root terms. They are:
Pranayama = Prana + Aayama
‘Prana’= life, oxygen, breath
‘Aayama’= dimension, issues

The etymological meaning of the term Pranayama, therefore, suggests
the dimensions of life/respiration. In other words, it means the extension
of the breath and life force. Pranayama primarily consists of Asana
and breathing exercises. Anulom-Bilom, one of the powerful part of
Pranayama, is described below.

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Anulom-Bilom

Anulom-Bilom is regarded as the best
Pranayama among all. It is appropriate
for the people of any age. In yogic
language, the right nostril is called
‘Pingala’ and the left nostril is called
‘Ida’. In this Pranayama, respiration
is carried out from Ida and Pingala
alternately in a balanced way.

Each of the inhalation and exhalation
takes equal time period of five seconds.
There is a short pause between
inhalation and exhalation. A complete
cycle of Anulom-Bilom takes about 20 seconds. Thus, there are three
cycles in one minute. In a normal situation, this is carried out for 5 to
10 minutes or as prescribed by the yoga expert for a particular disease.
Anulom-Bilom is performed in the following steps:

i. Sit in Padmasana pose. Close Pingala with the right thumb and
inhale long from Ida for about five seconds. Hold the breath for a few
seconds.

ii. Close Ida with the paired middle and ring finger and remove the
thumb from Pingala. Exhale slowly taking about the time period of 5
seconds.

Repeat the above steps for about 5 to 10 minutes or as prescribed by the yoga
expert.

9.4 Asana

Asana or posture is the third wing among the eight different limbs
of Yoga. The eight limbs include Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama,
Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi. Asana is the stationary
posture in a pre-defined scientific manner. In the yogic view, the body
is regarded as a temple of spirit or soul. It helps us develop the habit of
discipline and ability of concentration. Discipline and concentration are
very important for meditation. Asanas can be defined as the appropriate
and yogic postures of the body at the time of performing meditation.
Asanas make the body agile, strong, smooth, and healthy. They make
different internal and external organs active. Some of the important
Asanas are described below.

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9.4.1 Bhujangasana (Cobra Pose)
The literal meaning of Sanskrit word ‘Bhunjanga’ is a snake. Combined

with 'asana', the literal meaning of ‘Bhujangasana’ becomes the posture
of a snake. In this Yoga, a person lies on a soft surface in an inverted
position. Both the legs are joined and the palms are placed on the ground
below the chest level.

Bhujangasana
The head is slowly raised upward inhaling air through the nostrils,

supporting the trunk on the palms. After remaining in this position for
about 15 to 25 seconds, the head and chest are lowered down exhaling
the air through the nostrils.
9.4.2 Dhanurasana (Bow Pose)
In Sanskrit, ‘Dhanu’ means bow. So, Dhanurasana or bow pose is one of
the Asanas practised while lying on the stomach. Dhanurasana is one of
the Asanas to get a flat stomach, to strengthen the spine, etc. If you have
problems with your spine, you better avoid practising this particular
Asana. While practising this, the body is stretched to form a bow and for
this we are assuming that our hands are the bow strings tied on both the
ends of the bow.
The following steps are performed to practise Dhanurasana.
• Lie flat on your stomach and keep hands alongside the body or keep
them just below the shoulders like in the picture given in the inset.
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• Bring your chin on the floor and bend the knees towards your buttocks.
For this, stretch your arms back and grab the ankles firmly with both
hands. Exhale completely.

• Lift your head, chest and legs off the mat while inhaling and press back
into the hands with your feet in an effort to lift the knees and thighs off
the floor.

• Continue breathing in this position and be in this position only as long
as you are comfortable. Make sure that you do not strain the body at any
point.

• When you are ready to come out of the pose, come down slowly while
exhaling and finally release the legs and lie down in the relaxation pose.

Dhanurasana can be practised 2-3 times in the beginning. Later on the
frequency can increase but please remember that the bow pose involves
a deep backward stretch and any effort to deepen the stretch should be
done with extreme caution.

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9.4.3 Mandukasana (Frog Pose)
It is a pose that seems like frog's sitting position. In Sanskrit, 'manduka'

means 'frog'. In order to perform Mandukasana, the following steps
should be followed.
i. Sit in 'Bajrasana' position.
ii. Cross-lock the fingers of two hands and keep it on the navel.

iii. Bow down frontward with long inhalation.
iv. Remain in the position for a few seconds.
v. Raise the trunk and head upward with exhalation.
Advantages of Mandukasana
By practising this yoga posture, you put correct pressure on internal
organs like stomach and pancreas. Mandukasana stimulates these
internal organs which regulate insulin and control diabetes.
Activity:
Divide your class in groups of 8 to 10 students each. Practice the
above-illustrated Asanas turn by turn and make a report with cross
evaluations.

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Exercise

A. Match the following:

Mandukasana • • The first limb of asana

Yama • • Cobra

Bhujangasana • • Anulom-Bilom

Dhanurasana • • Quick relaxation

Sukshma Yoga • • Frog

Pranayama • • Bow

B. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the meaning of yoga?

2. Write short notes on:

a. Yama b. Niyama

3. Define Asana. What are the advantages of Asana?

4. What is Sukshma Yoga? Why are they recommended before
performing other exercises, Yoga, and Asanas?

5. Describe the method of performing Dhanurasana.
6. Write short notes on:
a. Mandukasana
b. Bhujangasana
7. Why should we develop the habit of doing yoga every day?

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10 Introduction to Arts,
Drawing and Colour

10.1 Introduction to Arts

Art is a form of communication that is exhibited as a creative expression as is
drawing, singing, dancing, or crafting. Whatever the artist intends his art to
mean, this meaning is shaped by the materials and techniques of the art. The
forms of an art make use of the ideas and feelings it creates in its viewers. Thus,
art is an act of expressing feelings, thoughts, and observations with the specific
skills that can symbolise those core things within their artistic representations.



Art brings beauty into our world. Art is important because it makes our world
a better place. It also brings a sense of joy and pleasure. Art allows for the
expression of truth and beliefs. Some art challenges our beliefs. Other works
affirm our faith. Art is an important tool in causing us to examine our beliefs in
light of an artists' rendition or perception of truth. Art has the ability to transport
us to a different time and place. It allows us to gain historical perspectives and

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understanding. Art allows us to appreciate different periods in history and
their impact and significance in our world. For example, we can get precious
information about the history of the time a set of 29 caves of Ajanta represents.
This is among the finest examples of earliest Buddhist architecture. It is also
precious heritage of the cave paintings and sculptures.

Our ocular perception of objects we acknowledge in our surroundings
depends upon the light rays coming from them into our eyes. Therefore, light
is regarded as the prime tool for us to see and perceive the things around us.
Arts of visual creation basically include line, colours, shapes, forms, values,
space, and textures. Visual arts may be exhibited in the forms of paintings,
sculptures, printmaking and photography.

10.2 Arts Dimensions

Drawing arts have an important
role for the length, breadth,
and height of the drawing
content. Dimensioning in the
drawing means the process of
adding size information, the
shapes, and location features
of objects. Once the shape of a
part is defined with a drawing,
the size information is added
also in the form of dimensions.

2D and 3D drawing

While preparing a drawing art,
we think of creating it with
close relations to the reality.
Drawings are basically of
two types according to their
dimensions. They are two
dimensional and three dimensional drawings. A 2-dimensional drawing
art is a display of length and height on a plane without depth. While
a 3-dimensional drawing is defined as the drawing or model which
describes objects with height, width, and depth. Two-dimensional

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drawings are typically measured in square units like cm², while three-
dimensional measurement includes cubic unit cm³, and quart litres. A
2-dimensional drawing deals with the drawing proportion, contrast,
scale and rhythm and focuses on balance and symmetry. Whereas a
3-dimensional drawing also shows the depth dimension, and focuses on
space. 3-D drawing looks more real, while 2D drawing looks more like
a flat sketch. Thus, three dimensional drawings are more of a complete
process than two dimensional drawings.

10.3 Shape, Form, and Space in Art

In drawing art, shape is a flat
area surrounded by edges or an
outline. Artists require various
kinds of shapes like squares,
rectangles, trapezium, circles,
and triangles. The shapes are
the basic outline of a drawing
design. With the help of basic
shapes, a drawing expects its
live characteristics.

A form is an artist's way of using elements of art, principles of design,
and media. Form as an element of art is three dimensional and encloses
space. Like a shape, a form has length and width, but it also has depth.
Forms are either geometric or free-form.

In drawing art, space is one of the basic elements. Space refers to the
distance between or the area around and within shapes, forms, colours
and lines. It includes the background, foreground and middle ground
etc.

10.4 Light and Shadow

Light and shadows visually define objects and they determine the
appearance of the object in the drawing. Artists use very dark, dark,
slightly dark, light, or very light values to translate the light and shadows
they see into shading. It is an attempt in creating the illusion of a third
dimension in their drawings.

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The process of forming shadow of an object and hatching
Shadow not only is uniform dark black but there are many levels of cast

shadow present. Shadows appear in different objects according to size.
The method of drawing wicks by drawing lines from different directions
on paper is called the Hatching Method. Hatching and cross-hatching
are simple and fun techniques for drawing shading. The line used for
shade is called hatching. Similarly, the method of drawing by repeating
or splitting a line drawn from one direction to the other is called cross-
hatching. The closer these lines are to each other, the darker the shade.

Hatching

Shadow Shading

The object has its own shadow and it is rained with the help of division.
Take a closer look at what such objects look like in geometric shapes.
Observe the location of each given object in the shadow.

Flat/block shading
Flat or block is used to show the second dimension, especially graphic

design (Computer Animation). Flat or box shading is usually done to
make an object and shade from it. It is also the most popular medium in
design.

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Flat vs. smooth shading

In this technique of shading, the total area to be shaded is divided into
multiple blocks and each block is shaded with a colour of predetermined
impact.

10.5 Drawing and Colour

You may have seen various pictures while at home, school, community or
any place. You may also find plants, glasses, cups, pens, animals, people,
various ruins, computers, mobile phones, etc. in the textbooks. Imagine
how these pictures are made up of? Of course they are made of lines. The
lines are curved, rounded, straight, dotted, etc. The combination of these
various lines is used to draw a picture of an object of one's choice and
use appropriate colours to make it attractive. Any object has form, shape
and structure. Drawing by observation gives information about the form,
shape and structure of those shapes or objects.

10.5.1 Still Life

The presentation of the picture of any non-living or lifeless object is called
still life. Non-living objects in our home, schoolroom can be chosen for
this. Coats, hangers, clothes, all kitchen utensils, fruits are suitable items
for this. It is suitable to make a picture of such an object by laying a
cloth on the table. It can be arranged and highlighted as desired. When
drawing a direct face picture, it is important to understand the desire or
imagination of the model.

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Activity:
Collect any five commonly available materials on your table. They
may be a ballpoint pen, a book or a geometry box. Sketch the outline
on a paper with the help of the object placed on the paper.

10.5.2 Sketching Human Figure
Human figure sketching is one of the most commonly used sketching

skill in drawing and art. We need the skill of sketching for the head,
neck, body, arms and legs according to their position and dimension.


Project Work:
Prepare a human sketch on a plain white drawing-paper with a fine
pencil looking at different postures (standing, sitting, walking etc.) of
your favourite friend.

10.6 Colour

Colour is often one of the most exciting components of a painting. In both
figurative and abstract painting, colour can be used for its decorative
beauty, to create mood and to express or arouse an emotion. In nature
and in art, colour has a profound effect on the viewer.

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Colour is a component of light which is separated and emitted when
it is reflected off from an object. Therefore, colour is the main trait that
helps us know the shape, size and texture of the object. We need to make
a good combination of colours for presenting a realistic representation
of things in the surroundings. White light present in the sunlight has a
combination of seven different visible colours. They are: VIBGYOR viz.
violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. They are separately
visible in the rainbow and across a glass prism. The knowledge of colours
is important in drawing various colourful butterflies and flowers.

Types of Colour

The three basic colours; red, yellow
and green; that can produce all the
rest colours are called the primary
colours. Orange (obtained by mixing
red and yellow), green (obtained by
mixing blue and yellow), and violet
(obtained by mixing red and blue)
are called the secondary colours. Rest
of all colours obtained by mixing
primary and secondary colours are
called tertiary colours.

Colours are categorised into water colour, oil colour, poster colour and
acrylic colour according their bases or basic constituents.

Some usable painting colours are obtained from the local sources. Lime
for white, charcoal and smoke for black, vermilion for red, turmeric for
yellow, green leaves for green are some examples of the colours obtained
from the local resources.

Activity:

Collect some local resources to prepare the following colours and
draw a landscape picture of your own choice.
a. Green b. Yellow. c. Red d. Black

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Colour mixing
People draw and express their feelings through mixing colours. The

time spent at school, the moments spent in the summer, the objects
around us, the feelings of the mothers somewhere, people find it easy
to express feelings. When people are physically and mentally retarded,
good painting with proper combination of colours can add calmness
in their feelings and it adds to their mental freshness. Therefore, good
combination of colours in drawing is regarded as very important. The
emotions of the mind can be represented with the use of various means
in the painting.

There are three basic additive colours used in drawing. They are red,
blue, and green (RBG). With the proper inclusion of these colours, we
can obtain all other visible colours that we desire to have in our painting.
When there is no any colour, it is the darkness or black colour. We can
get different types of colours by mixing basic colours in two ways. They
are: additive and subtractive methods. The following picture illustrates
these methods of obtaining new colours with the basic colours.

Activity

a. Method of making Orange colour
Materials required: Drawing paper, poster colour or acrylic paints, paint-

ing brushes, colour palette, water container.
Steps:
i. Put a small amount of Red colour on the palette.

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ii. Add an equal amount of Yellow colour.

iii. Add a few drops of water so it becomes appropriate for painting.
iv. Mix/stir the mixture well.
v. Observe the new colour obtained on the palette. It is Orange.

Apply the colour on a white drawing sheet.

b. Method of making Green colour
Materials required: Drawing paper, poster colour or acrylic paints, paint-

ing brushes, colour palette, water container.
Steps:
i. Put a small amount of Yellow colour on the palette.
ii. Add an equal amount of Blue colour.

iii. Add a few drops of water so it becomes appropriate for painting.
iv. Mix/stir the mixture well.
v. Observe the new colour obtained on the palette. It is Green.

Apply the colour on a white drawing sheet.
c. Method of making Purple colour
Materials required: Drawing paper, poster colour or acrylic paints, paint-

ing brushes, colour palette, water container.
Steps:
i. Put a small amount of Blue colour on the palette.

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ii. Add an equal amount of Red colour.

iii. Add a few drops of water so it becomes appropriate for painting.
iv. Mix/stir the mixture well.
v. Observe the new colour obtained on the palette. It is Purple.

Apply the colour on a white drawing sheet.
d. Method of making Light Orange colour
Materials required: Drawing paper, poster colour or acrylic paints, paint-

ing brushes, colour palette, water container.
Steps:
i. Put a small amount of Orange colour on the palette.
ii. Add smaller amount of Yellow colour.

iii. Add few drops of water so it becomes appropriate for painting.
iv. Mix/stir the mixture well.
v. Observe the new colour obtained on the palette. It is Light Orange.

Apply the colour on a white drawing sheet.
e. Method of making Dark Purple colour
Materials required: Drawing paper, poster colour or acrylic paints, paint-

ing brushes, colour palette, water container.

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Steps:
i. Put a small amount of Magenta colour on the palette.
ii. Add smaller amount of Blue colour.

iii. Add few drops of water so it becomes appropriate for painting.
iv. Mix/stir the mixture well.
v. Observe the new colour obtained on the palette. It is Dark Purple.

Apply the colour on a white drawing sheet.

Exercise

A. Match the following:

Yellow • • Tertiary colour

Orange • • Primary colour

Pink • • Secondary Colour

Primary colours • • Orange

Red and yellow • • Green

Blue and yellow • • Red, Blue, Green

No light • • White

All lights • • Black

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B. Answer the following questions:
1. What is an art? Why is it important for us?
2. Define visual arts. Give some examples.
3. How can we obtain colours from the locally available resources?
Give any three examples.
4. What is the importance of drawing in our life?.
5. Write short notes on:
a. Primary colour
b. Secondary colour
c. Tertiary colour
6. Define still life. Give some examples.
7. What are the things to be considered while sketching a human
figure?
8. Draw a standing man with his right hand on his waist on a plain
sheet of paper.
9. Differentiate between hatching and cross-hatching with examples.
10. How do you obtain the following colours with primary colours
(RBG)?
a. Yellow
b. Magenta
c. Cyan

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11 Printmaking, Claywork
and Construction

Introduction

An item of handicraft is a product of craft skills where useful and decorative
objects are made by using one’s hands or simple equipment. The equipment
may be scissors, carving implements, or hooks. It includes:
i. Printmaking
ii. Carving
iii. Earthenware (claywork)
iv. Paper craft
v. Collage

Printmaking, earthenware, carving, paper-craft, etc. are used to get us
representatives of an original object. They can be used for purposes of
decoration, entertainment, cultural and traditional representation and so on.
The following points highlight the importance of handicraft:
i. Talent blossoming.
ii. A substantial medium to preserve traditional art, heritage, and culture.
iii. Employment generation and increase in income of individuals etc.

11.1 Printmaking

Printmaking is the process of creating artwork by printing, normally
on paper. Printmaking normally covers the way or methods of creating
prints that have an element of originality. Printmaking can be divided
into major four categories:
1. Relief

2. Intaglio

3. Planographic

4. Stencils

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1. Relief printing
Relief printing is a collection of

printing techniques in which a
printing block or matrix that has had
ink applied to its remaining original
surface is brought into contact
with paper. It includes woodcut or
woodblock.
2. Intaglio
It is the direct opposite of relief printing. The parts of the block or matrix,
that makes the images, stands below the main surface and holds the ink
on it which brought into the contact with the paper. It includes engraving,
aqua-tint, etching, etc.

3. Planographic
In planographic printing, the block or matrix retains its

original surface and is prepared and inked especially
to allow the transfer of image onto paper. It includes
monotyping, lithography and digital techniques.

4. Stencil printing
In the stencil technique, paint or ink is pressed through a prepared screen.

Screen refers to the designed gap of some pattern or images. It includes
techniques like pochoir and screen-printing.

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Other than these techniques or methods of printing, rubbing is also one
of the most popular technique of printmaking, and the oldest also.

Rubbing

Rubbing is the reproduction of texture of a surface, by depositing mark with
pencil, charcoal or similar materials onto a piece of paper or similar material.
It can be done by placing the paper or similar material over the subject or
texture and rubbing it with pencil or chalk or charcoal or similar material in
order to deposit the mark on the paper.

11.1.1 Printmaking Activity
Steps:
a) Collect the leaves from any plant found in your area.
b) Colour the surface of a leaf with a desired colour.
c) Take a piece of paper and place it on the surface of the coloured leaf.
d) Press the paper or leaf, so that the embroideries and figures of leaf are

imprinted onto the paper.
e) Take the same leaf or another and repeat the process on the same piece of

paper several times.
f) The combination of the printed leaf patterns can provide attractive

designs for you

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11.1.2 Relief Printmaking Activity
Steps:
a) Cut a ball of potato in halves.
b) Make a print block by cutting the embroidery or some design as you like,

on the cut surface of the potato. Remember that in the process of cutting
the potato, cut out the non-printing part of the design only.
c) Colour the blocks.
d) Press the block onto a chart paper at once and take it out without rubbing.
e) Now your relief printing is prepared.

Required equipment: A chart paper, knife, potato etc.

11.1.3 Stencil Printing Activity
Steps:
a) In a thick paper, make some embroidery with pencil.
b) Rub wax throughout the whole paper.
c) Cut out the part of the design with a knife.
d) Now, your stencil is ready for printing.
e) Put the stencil on another piece of paper or cloth.
f) Soak a lump of cloth in a colour.
g) Press the stencil with colour-soaked cloth.
h) Design will be printed on the paper.
i) Take the stencil out from the paper or cloth.
j) Now your stencil print is ready.

Required equipment: A thick paper, a normal piece of paper or cloth,
pencil, wax, colour, knife, etc.

11.2 Claywork

Clay is a soft, loose, earthy material containing very small grain-size
particles. The weathering and erosion of rocks containing the clay
minerals over a long span of time form the clay in the nature.

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Claywork is the art of making things out of clay for different purposes,
such as of entertainment, traditional and cultural preservation, etc.
With the use of clay, we can make other things like statue and physical
objects such as cups, dolls, bricks, pots, toys and various decorative
materials at home. Such items made with the use of clay are also called
earthenware. We should be very careful while selecting the clay for
making earthenware. The sand-mixed soil should not be used to make
earthenware. The durability of earthenware made up of sand mixed soil is
very low. Earthenware are made generally with well-drained, loamy soil.
We can add cotton, Nepali paper etc. in the process of grinding, in order
to make the clay more soft and the earthenware durable. The making of
clay ready for the use should be appropriate. We shouldn’t use much
water in the processing, making it muddy and should not use very less
amount of water, letting the clay remain dry. Even if we select the right
type of clay and follow the right path for making earthenware, the objects
we create may crack or break apart. We must grind the clay several times
so that it becomes softer. We should not let any hard granules to remain
there in the clay with which we are working. It is necessary to make
the clay soft by adding some binding and softening things like cotton or
small pieces of Nepali paper and grind the combination properly.

Now, when the earthenware is made, it should be well-dried first. If the
drying process and condition required for its drying is not provided to
it, it can get cracked or broken. We should dry earthenware in a place
where the direct sunlight does not fall. The place should be excessive-
wind proof and at the end when the statue or object or structure is dried
we should not water it.

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Observe and write

• Write the names any ten earthenware that you see and use.
Sampling of Claywork
In order to learn how to make different earthenware objects or equipment,

first we have to practise the basic geometrical shape sampling.
Geometrical shapes may include circle, ellipse, cone, cylinder, triangle,
rectangle, pyramid etc. These shapes represent almost every object from
found in the nature to human-made shape of objects. Thus, starting to
practise with these shapes of small sizes would be more appropriate and
fruitful than going for other ways. As your skills get better, you can make
other objects, fruits, or anything like banana, apple, earth etc. But, these
geometric shapes are the basics of all objects and should be practised at
every level for this art to be mastered (The size may differ as your skills
are enhanced). In order to make the clay soft and loamy, we can use
different techniques: pressing, rubbing etc. By using these techniques,
we can also give a rough shape for the object.

Project Work 1
Select the appropriate type of clay and properly blend it with water.

With the help of the quail method and slab method, make a sample of
equipment and present it in your classroom

Project Work 2
Follow the instructions.

Required equipment: Well mixed soft and loamy clay, ply-board or
polythene sheet for the base, water etc.

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i. Take a ply-board or polythene sheet to make a base.
ii. Select appropriate type of clay and put a some clay on the base in

an appropriate manner.
iii. Take a small ball of clay and make it look like a wire like thing with

the use of your hands.( Remember that, the clay must be soft and
loamy.)
iv. Make different parts of the object or thing or picture, which you
want to make.
v. Combine those parts on the surface of the clay on base.

11.3 Collage

Collage is the art of making composition of different available objects or
pictures or photos on a piece of paper. It is also called a canvas for the
decorative purpose. It brings forth the art and creativity for decoration.

There is no restriction or limit for the objects to be used for making
a collage. It could be anything like a piece of steam, thorns of plants,
flowers, leaves, pieces of paper or magazines, used water-bottle and other
used and non-used items that you can possibly think of. Everything you
see around yourself, can be used as a decorative idea, if you make and
refine and redesign it.

A collage can be made of anything available, but it is the art of making
things decorative. So, you must have the creativity, imagination, and the
good understanding of art and the nature of object you are using, etc.

The art, in which two or more materials or medium is used for artwork,
is mixed media art.

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Collage making

Steps:

a) Make a figure of anything (butterfly, a tree, a bird, or any other thing you
like) on a chart paper.

b) Take a piece of paper and cut it into small pieces to fill the figure. If
your picture contains different blocks, then the cutting of paper should
be more precise and should be appropriate for fitting inside the block.

c) Colour the pieces of paper with appropriate colours.

d) Affix an appropriate coloured piece of paper inside the figure in
appropriate place using the gum.

e) Now, your collage is ready.

f) Present the collage in the classroom.

g) Select one or more collages from among those presented and hang or
affix them on the wall as a decorative item.

Summary

• A handicraft is a type of work where useful and decorative objects
are made completely by using one's hand or by using simple, non-
tech equipment.

• Printmaking is the process of creating artwork by printing normally
on a paper. There are four major types of printmaking: relief, intaglio,
planography, and stencils.

• Rubbing is another most popular type of printmaking, where the
surface of a texture is reproduced by placing a piece of paper or
similar material over the subject and then rubbing with something
to deposit the mark on the paper.

• For claywork and making of any object with the use of clay, we
should use soft, loamy, and knots free clay.

• Collage is the art of making decorative composition of available
objects or pictures on a canvas.

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Exercise

A. Answer the following questions.
1. What is printing? How we can print?
2. What are the purposes of printing?
3. What are the important reasons of printing?
4. What is printmaking? What are the major types of printmaking?
5. What is rubbing?
6. What do you understand by relief printmaking?
7. Define the stencil technique of printing.
8. Define Intaglio technique of printing.

9. What do you understand by the term, “planographic printing”?

10. Write down the properties of clay, which can be used for making
earthenware?

11. Write down a simple process of making fish using clay with the
required equipment.

12. What is a collage? How can we make it?

B. Match the following: • Lithography
Relief printing•

Intaglio • • Woodcut

Stencil • • Making pots and cups

Claywork • • Pasting pieces of papers

Collage • • Gap of pattern

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Singing and Playing

12 Musical Instruments

Have you ever gone thinking to the depth of your favorite music? How do you
feel when you have enough time to listen to the music of your own choice?
Don't you feel it very wonderful? We like music due to its melody. Music
is a melodious sound or combination of the various sounds, produced with
human voice, musical instrument or their combinations, with harmony and
melody that carry some expressions of emotion.

12.1 SWARA (NOTES), SAPTAK (OCTAVE), AND SCALE

The musical notes (Swara) and octaves (Saptak)
Music is a passion for many people in the world. People not only like to
listen and enjoy music, but also want to understand, create and compose
their music. In order to do so, we need basic ideas of musical notes. A

SHARP FLAT NATURAL

note is a series of specialised symbols and markings that make its basic
compositions. There are seven basic musical notes. They are C, D, E, F, G, A,
and B. In the Nepali system of learning, they are called ‘Sargam’, including
the basic sounds represented with ‘sa, re, ga, ma, pa, dha, and ni’. Each of

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them stands for their specific frequency and pitch. The sound of music is
categorised into three basic groups. They are

a. Natural (♮) sound.
b. Flat (♭) sound.
c. Sharp ( ♯ ) sound
A sharp symbol, ♯, is used in key notations. When the pitch is low, this
is called ‘flat’ sound. The flat sound notation is a symbol (♭). The natural
is denoted with symbol (♮). Such variations of musical notes is called
‘accidental’. There are twelve sound variants in an octave, including their
natural, sharp and flat tones accidentals. Octave is the distance from one

note with a particular letter name to the next occurrence of that same note
(represented with the same letter) on the scale. The octaves are classified
into the low (or flat), middle (or natural) and high (or sharp) octaves in the
musical notation system.
In Nepali musical system, Saptak stands for seven mostly used Swaras
'sa, re, ga, ma, pa, dha, and ni'. Each of them stands for different pitch of
sound used in music. They are collectively called 'Sargam', which represents
the first four sounds of the octave (Saptak).

USE OF NOTATION IN MUSIC
Music or a song is composed of a systematic harmony of sounds. Such
harmony gives pleasure and entertainment to the listeners. Music/songs,
for further practice and replication, are expressed with notations. A
written arrangement of appropriate notes with their pitch-level and their
representative alphabets and symbols is called a notation. With the help

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of musical notations, we can find the vocal, pitch, melody, and stream of a
given music or a song.

Activity Practice of musical notation

a. Find a favourite song and play it with your music player.
b. Note down the pattern of the musical notation for the song.
c. Identify the music tones with their respective notations.
d. Try to sing the song in accordance with the notations.

Bhatkhande notation system

Mr. Bishnu Narayan Bhatkhande, a great Indian musician, discovered
a unique system of musical notation. The typical system he proposed is
called ‘Bhatkhande musical notation’ with the inclusion of his surname
on his honour. The Bhatkhande system works well for those who notate
music by hand in Devanagari. He also proposed symbols to denote the
low and high pitch in music.

Signs of Bhatkhande notation system

Bhatkhande used Devanagari scripts in the musical notations. Every
script represents a note. Pure notes have no any mark on the script. But,
the flat note is denoted with an underline below the script and a sharp
note is denoted by a single dot at its top. Similarly, middle octave has all
seven scripts with no mark but the lower octave possesses single dots
below each scripts. The upper octave is denoted with dots over them. The
notation systems of single beat, half beat and quarter beat are illustrated
in the table below.

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Use of signs and terminology in rhythm script

The following rhythm script of a music or song has the following major
signs and terminologies.

Maatra: Maatras are the constituting units of Taal. They are denoted with
the numbers 1, 2, 3, etc.

Bibhag: The smaller units that constitute Maatra, Bibhag may be Taali or
Khali representing the sound (clap) or no sound respectively.

Sama: Sama is the first Maatra of Taal. It is denoted with ‘x’ sign.

Taali: Taali simply stands for a distinct sound of clap. It is the second and
subsequent Maatra of Taal. Taali are represented by numbers 2, 3, 4 etc.

Theka: Theka is the sound produced with Taal -- taak, dha, dhim, ta, tan
etc. are examples.

SCALE

A systematically ordered sequence of musical notes is called a scale.
A musical scale represents a division of the octave space into a certain
number of steps. Such divisions are called ‘scale steps’. In other words,
a musical scale is a group of notes that are arranged by ascending or
descending order of pitch. In an ascending scale, each note is higher in
pitch than the last one. Similarly, in a descending scale, each note is lower
in pitch than the last one. C scale (sa in the eastern musical system), is the
leading scale in music. This scale continues like C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C (sa,
re, ga, ma, pa, dha, ni, sa). When it begins from G, it is called G scale. It is
arranged in the form of G, A, B, C, D, E, F, G (ma, pa, dha, ni, sa, re, ga,
ma).

Activity C-Major scale and G-Major scale practice

Musical scales are divided into the major and minor scales. The system
of such two scales is called a diatonic scale system. A scale has 5 whole
steps and 2 half steps. C major scale is composed of simple medium tones
with no sharps or flat tones. Look at the notations and fingers used for C
major scale and practise it accordingly.

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C Major scale: 
C (sa),  D(re), E(ga),  F(ma), G(pa), A(dha),  B(ni),  C(sa)


Fingers used: 1 (thumb), 2 (forefinger), 3 (middle finger), 1 (thumb), 2

(forefinger), 3 (middle finger), 4 (ring finger), 5 (pinky)

G Major Scale: 
G(pa), A(dha),  B(ni),  C(sa), C (sa),  D(re), E(ga),  F(ma)


Fingers: 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Activity Practice of Alankar in C and G scale

In order to sharpen the skills of 'Sargam', practice the following Alankar.
Simply use C and G – major scales on your harmonium.

ALANKAR
1. SA RE GA MA PA DHA NI SA .

SA NI DHA PA MA GA RE SA .

2. SA SA RE RE GA GA MA MA PA PA DHA DHA NI NI SA SA .

SA SA NI NI DHA DHA PA PA MA MA GA GA RE RE SA SA .

3. SA RE GA - RE GA MA - GA MA PA - MA PA DHA - PA DHA NI - DHA
NI SA - .

SA NI DHA - NI DHA PA - DHA PA MA - PA MA GA - MA GA RE - GA
RE SA - .

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4. SA RE GA MA RE GA MA PA GA MA PA DHA MA PA DHA NI PA
DHA NI SA .

SA NI DHA PA NI DHA PA MA DHA PA MA GA PA MA GA RE MA
GA RE SA

5. SA RE SA RE GA - RE GA RE GA MA - GA MA GA MA PA - MA PA MA
PA DHA - . PA DHA PA DHA NI - DHA NI DHA NI SA - .

SA NI SA NI DHA - NI DHA NI DHA PA - DHA PA DHA PA MA - PA
MA PA MA GA - MA GA MA GA RE - GA RE GA RE SA –

6. SA RE GA SA RE GA MA RE GA MA RE GA MA PA GA MA PA GA MA
PA DHA . MA PA DHA MA PA DHA NI PA DHA NI PA DHA NI SA .

SA NI DHA SA NI DHA PA NI DHA PA NI DHA PA MA DHA PA MA
DHA PA MA GA PA MA GA PA MA GA RE MA GA RE MA GA RE SA.

7. SA GA - RE MA - GA PA - MA DHA - PA NI - DHA SA - . SA DHA - NI
PA - DHA MA - PA GA - MA RE - GA SA -

12.2 SINGING

Singing is the activity of performing songs or tunes by making rhythmic,
melodious, and musical sounds with the voice. Singing keeps us happy
and relaxed. It is a good booster of our mental health. Singing comprises
rhythm, notes, and music.

RHYTHM

Rhythm is the recurrence of musical notes and rests in a song. Its periodic re-
occurrences add the melody in song. It is, in other words, a systematically
arranged pattern of sound that is composed with changing pitch and rest
or silence in a song. The balanced repetitions of musical notes and rests in
rhythmic pattern constitute musical properties of the song.

Activity RHYTHM PRACTICE

We can understand the concept of rhythm with the following practice.
In this practice, counting numbers is used to create rhythmic patterns of
claps.

• Count 1, 2, 3, and 4 in equal intervals of time.

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• Clap at the first count (count 1) and repeat the counting for five
times with no claps at other counts (counts 2, 3, and 4). Repeat it for
five times.

• Clap at counts 1 and 2 (but not at counts 3 and 4). Repeat it for five
times.

• Add claps at every count ahead and repeat this for five times again.

• Identify the faster and slower rhythmic occurrences of claps in
equal interval of time.

TYPES OF RHYTHM

According to the Bhatkhande notation system, there are three different
rhythms. They are categorised on the basis of their speed of singing.

a. BILAMBIT LAYA (Slower Rhythm): This rhythm possesses a slow
advancement of musical tone. There is a slow tempo of musical rhythm.

b. MADHYA LAYA (Medium Rhythm): This rhythm possesses a moderate
advancement of musical tone. There is a medium tempo of musical
rhythm.

c. DRUTA LAYA (Rapid Rhythm): This rhythm possesses a faster or rapid
advancement of musical tone. There is a quick tempo of the musical
rhythm.

Activity PRACTICE OF BILAMBIT RHYTHM

In the practice of bilambit rhythm, one complete rhythmic cycle is equal
to four Maatras. Similarly, one Maatra is assumed to be equivalent to
four seconds. Practice the ascending and descending rhythm of the
Bilambit rhythm as instructed below. Take help of your music teacher if
necessary.

Ascending rhythm: | sa - - - | re - - - |ga - -- - | ma - -- - | pa - - -|dha - - -| ni - - -| sa - - -|
Descending rhythm: | sa - - - | ni - - - |dha - -- - | pa - - - | ma - - -|ga - - -| re - - -| sa - - -|

Activity PRACTICE OF MADHYA LAYA RHYTHM

Assume one complete rhythmic cycle is equal to two Maatras and a
Maatra is equivalent to four seconds. Therefore, it becomes double faster

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than Bilambit rhythm. Practice the ascends and descends of the rhythm
as given below:

Ascending rhythm: | sa - re - | ga - ma - |pa - dha - | ni - sa --|

Descending rhythm: | sa - ni - |dha - pa - | ma -ga - | re - sa -|

Activity PRACTICE OF DRUTA LAYA RHYTHM

The rapid or Druta laya rhythm is faster than the previous rhythms. Just
a Maatra is set in a single second. Follow the given notations to practice
rapid rhythm.

Ascending rhythm: | sa re ga ma | pa dha ni sa |

Descending rhythm: | sa ni dha pa | ma ga re sa |

Activity SARAGAM PRACTICE

The word “Saragam” is derived by combining first 4 music notes, viz. Sa,
Re, Ga, and Ma out of total 7 musical notes as Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha,
and Ni. Saragam means music notes of any song, poem, anthem or any
piece of music reading which one can play that music on some musical
instrument. With English alphabets, Sargam is expressed with C, D, E, F,
G, A and B. For the practice of Sargam, we assign some numbers to the
fingers for their identification.

1 - Thumb

2 - Forefinger

3 – Middle finger

4 – Ring finger

5 - Little finger

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With a harmonium, Sargam can be now practiced with the following
illustrations.

A musical scale is a group of notes that are arranged by ascending or
descending order of pitch. In an ascending scale, each note is higher in
pitch than the last one. Similarly, in a descending scale, each note is lower
in pitch than the last one. C scale (sa in the eastern musical system), is the
leading scale in music. This scale continues like C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C (sa,
re, ga, ma, pa, dha, ni, sa). When it begins from G, it is called G scale. It is
arranged in the form of G, A, B, C, D, E, F, G (ma, pa, dha, ni, sa, re, ga,
ma).

Activity 16.11 C-Major scale and G-Major scale practice
Musical scales are divided into the major and minor scales. The system of

such two scales is called diatonic scale system. A scale has 5 whole steps
and 2 half steps. C major scale is composed of simple medium tones
with no sharps or flat tones. Look at the notations and fingers used for C
major scale and practise accordingly.
C Major Scale: 
C (sa),  D(re), E(ga),  F(ma), G(pa), A(dha),  B(ni),  C(sa)


Fingers used: 1 (thumb), 2(forefinger), 3(middle finger), 1 (thumb),

2(forefinger), 3(middle finger), 4(ring finger, 5(pinky)

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G Major Scale: 
G(pa), A(dha),  B(ni),  C(sa), C (sa),  D(re), E(ga),  F(ma)


Fingers: 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Activity 16.12 Practice of Alankar in C and G scales
In order to sharpen the skills of Sargam, practice the following Alankar.

Simply use C and G – major scales on your harmonium.
ALANKAR
1. SA RE GA MA PA DHA NI SA .
SA NI DHA PA MA GA RE SA .
2. SA SA RE RE GA GA MA MA PA PA DHA DHA NI NI SA SA .
SA SA NI NI DHA DHA PA PA MA MA GA GA RE RE SA SA .
3. SA RE GA - RE GA MA - GA MA PA - MA PA DHA - PA DHA NI - DHA

NI SA - .
SA NI DHA - NI DHA PA - DHA PA MA - PA MA GA - MA GA RE - GA

RE SA - .
4. SA RE GA MA RE GA MA PA GA MA PA DHA MA PA DHA NI PA

DHA NI SA .
SA NI DHA PA NI DHA PA MA DHA PA MA GA PA MA GA RE MA

GA RE SA
5. SA RE SA RE GA - RE GA RE GA MA - GA MA GA MA PA - MA PA MA

PA DHA - . PA DHA PA DHA NI - DHA NI DHA NI SA - .
SA NI SA NI DHA - NI DHA NI DHA PA - DHA PA DHA PA MA - PA

MA PA MA GA - MA GA MA GA RE - GA RE GA RE SA –
6. SA RE GA SA RE GA MA RE GA MA RE GA MA PA GA MA PA GA MA

PA DHA . MA PA DHA MA PA DHA NI PA DHA NI PA DHA NI SA .

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SA NI DHA SA NI DHA PA NI DHA PA NI DHA PA MA DHA PA MA
DHA PA MA GA PA MA GA PA MA GA RE MA GA RE MA GA RE SA .

7. SA GA - RE MA - GA PA - MA DHA - PA NI - DHA SA - . SA DHA - NI
PA - DHA MA - PA GA - MA RE - GA SA -

CLASSROOM SONG

Songs have some specific power of producing provocative and
entertaining vibes. The classroom song of Grade six also encompasses
remarkable traits of patriotism and national honour. Try to sing the song
for practice.

Purkhako sristi gaurab swadhina hamro bishala
Himala pahad tarai madhes akhanda hamro Nepal
Swatantra hamro nepala akhanda hamro nepala
Dhwajaa chha uchcha rastrako saana ra shantiko nshana

Yo sarbabhauma gaurabashali dharati hamro mahana
Chetana khulchha bolima hamro sirama sahida
Karodau haata uthau saatha uthdachha hamro nepala
Swatantra hamro nepala……. 2

Jaati ra bhasha dharma sanskriti nepali pyaro pahichana
Sampada lakhau sirjana bolne maataaka haami Santana
Yo karma bhumi pasina sipa magdachha merai nepala
Ekataa hamro saajha dhukdhuk mutu ho hamro nepala
Swatantra hamro nepala….. 2

Activity SINGING PRACTICE

‘Purkhako sristi gauraba…..’, the classroom song for class six denoted
with the following notations. Practice the song with given notation with
the help of your music teacher. It is composed in ‘asaare’ taal.

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LOCAL SONGS

There are various types of songs in practice. Among them some are
of special type of songs with indigenous origin and local words. Such
songs possess the locally used terminologies and represents the identity
of the place and culture of people. Such songs are called local songs.
Asare song is one of the famous local songs of Nepal.

Asaare Song

Asare masko dabdabe hilo chhi malaaii ghin laagyo |
Patali naani laai fariya dida chha bias rin lagyo ||

Asare masko kuteko chiura chulyauda chulinchha |

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