KAS Form 1

BASIC SCIENCE SKILLS : STUDENTS MODULE

STATION 4

Activity 4 (Rusting)

(Prepare a week earlier)

Materials and apparatus: iron nail, stainless steel nail, water, test tube, test tube rack

1. Fill 2 test tubes half full with water.
2. Add iron nail and stainless steel nail into the test tubes respectively.
3. Left the test tubes for three days.
4. Record your observations in Table 1.

STATION 5

Activity 5 (Flammability)
(Teacher’s demonstration)

Materials and apparatus: ethanol, distilled water, burning wooden splinter, matches,
crucible, white tile

1. Fill 1/3 of a crucible with ethanol.
2. Fill 1/3 of another crucible with water.
3. Light up both substances in the crucible with a burning wooden splinter (Precaution :

ethanol is flammable)
4. Observe the flammability of both substances.
5. Record the observation in Table 1

Observation: Observation
Table 1
Activity
1 101
2
3
4
5

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Discussion :

1. Classify the activity 1 until activity 5 in the above into physical properties or
chemical properties.

Physical properties Chemical properties

2. What is the difference between physical properties and chemical properties?

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WORKSHEET 17.2

Aim : To classify materials by melting point, boiling point, density and solubility

Activity 1
(Melting point of naphthalene and ice)
Materials and apparatus: naphthalene, distilled water, matches, thermometer, beaker, retord
stand, tripod stand, boiling tube, Bunsen burner.
Teacher’s demonstration
(be careful because naphthalene is flammable and hazardous to health)

Diagram 1 Diagram 2

1. Prepare the apparatus set-up as in Diagram 1.
2. Heat the naphthalene until the temperature become constant.
3. Record the constant temperature obtained when the naphthalene melts.
4. Prepare a beaker of ice as in Diagram 2
5. Record the constant temperature obtained when the ice melts.

Observation: Constant temperature (0C)
Materials
Naphthalene
Ice cubes

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Discussion:
1. Melting point is the constant ___________ at which a substance changes from _______ to
__________..
2. As a conclusion, different materials have ____________ melting point.

Activity 2
(Boiling point of alcohol and distilled water)
Material and apparatus: alcohol, distilled water, thermometer, retort stand, tripod stand, Bunsen
burner, beaker, wire gauze
Teacher’s demonstration
(be careful because ethanol is flammable)

1. Prepare the apparatus set-up as above.
2. Heat the ethanol gently.
3. Record the constant temperature obtained when the ethanol turns to gas.
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 by replacing ethanol with distilled water.
Observation:

Materials Constant temperature (0C)

Ethanol

Distilled water

Discussion:

1. Boiling point is the constant _____________ at which a substance changes from
______________ to _______________.

2. As a conclusion, different materials have _______________ boiling points.

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Activity 3
(Solubility and density of various materials compared to water)
Materials and apparatus: water, salt, cooking oil, sugar, twig, cork, marble, sand, beaker, glass
rod, measuring cylinder
Instructions:
1. Pour 25 ml of water into a beaker.
2. Put a spatula of salt into the beaker.
3. Predict the density of salt compared to density of water.
4. Stir the mixture and observe the solubility of the salt.
5. Record the observation in the table.
6. Repeat steps 1 until 6 by replacing salt with cooking oil, sugar, twig, cork, marble and sand.

Observation:

Materials Density of materials in water Solubility in water
Salt
Cooking oil
Sugar
Twig
Cork
Marble
Sand

Discussion:

1. Density of a material is the __________ per unit ____________ of that material.

2. A material that has a lower density will ___________, while a material that has a higher
density will ______________.

3. Solubility is the ability of a substance to ________________ in solvent to form a solution

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MODULE 18

SPREAD UP

LEARNING STANDARD

Every student is able to:

1. Generalise that matter consists of particles.
2. Compare and contrast three states matter based on the kinetic theory in terms of
the arrangement and movement of particles.

3. Use space-time relationship to compare rate of diffusion in three states of matter.

Although Nature needs thousands or
millions of years to create a new specie,
man needs only a few dozen years to
destroy one.

VICTOR SCHEFFER, 1906-2011

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WORKSHEET 18.1
1. By using the following words, complete the statements below.

tiny discrete moving

a) Matter is made up of _____________ and _________________ particles.

b) Kinetic theory of matter states that matter is made up of constantly __________
tiny and discrete particles.

2.. Based on the article below, create a flip note/flash card/poem or song about characteristic of
the state of matter. In your task, you should include:

 Diagram of particles arrangement
 Particles arrangement
 Particles movement
 Forces between particles
 Space between particles
 Volume, shape, mass and compressibility
 Kinetic energy of particles

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Anything that has mass is made up of matter. Most people are familiar with three states of
matter which are solids, liquids and gases. Something is usually described as a solid, if it can
hold its own shape and it’s hard to compress. The particles are packed very close together in
an orderly manner. The particles can only vibrate and rotate about their fixed positions and
has very strong forces between the particles. Solid also has a fixed volume a, lowest energy
and the space between the particles is small.

In liquids, the particles can vibrate, rotate and have the ability to slide throughout the liquid.
They move freely and collide against each other. The particles are packed closely together
but they are not in an orderly manner. Particles are held together by strong forces but weaker
than the forces in solid. Liquid has fixed mass and volume, fixed shape but it takes the shape
of the container and make it difficult to compress. The space between particles and the
energy are moderate.

In gases, spaces between particles are large, make the particles in gas are far apart from
each other. They also vibrate, rotate and move randomly, thus the particles collide against
each other more frequently and have a weaker forces of attraction between the particles. Gas
also follows the volume of the container and takes the shape of the container. They also has
no fixed mass and can be compressed easily.

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WORKSHEET 18.2

EXPERIMENT 5.1 (MUST DO EXPERIMENT)
1. You are required to determine the rate of diffusion of
 copper(II) sulphate crystal in a solid and a liquid
 liquid bromine in a gas
2. Prepare a written laboratory report which includes:-
a) Aim
b) Problem statement
c) Hypothesis
d) List all the variables
e) List all materials and apparatus
f) Procedure
g) Collect and tabulate data for the observation
h) Discussion
i) Conclusion

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3. The following are materials, apparatus and procedure of the experiments.
Apparatus Test tube, test tube rack, rubber stopper, measuring cylinder, gas jar with cover

stopwatch
Materials Copper(II) sulphate crystal, liquid bromine ,distilled water, agar
Procedure A. Diffusion in solid

Agar

Copper (II) sulphate crystal

Diagram 1
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in diagram1
2. Leave the test tubes for two days and observe the changes.
3. Record your observation in the table
B. Diffusion in liquid

water

Copper (II) sulphate
crystal

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1. Put in one spatula of copper(II) sulphate into a measuring cylinder

filled with 50 ml of distilled water.
2. Observe the changes after 15 minutes
3. Record your observation in the table.
C. Diffusion in gas (Demonstrate by teacher)

Caution :
 This demonstration need to be done in the fume cupboard by teacher.
 Teacher needs to wear gloves.

Air Gas jar

Bromine vapour

1. Place two drops of liquid bromine into the first gas jar.
2. Immediately cover the gas jar with the gas jar cover.
3. Placed an inverted gas jar on top of the cover.
4. Slowly remove the gas jar cover.
5. Observe the changes for a few seconds.
6. Record the observation in the table.

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Observation Activity Observation
A
B

C

Discussion *Based on the results of the experiment.

1. Compare the rate of diffusion of copper (II) sulphate crystal and liquid
bromine in a solid, a liquid and a gas
_____________________________________________________________

2. Diffusion is the movement of________ of a substance from an area of
______ concentration to an area of ________ concentration.

3. (a) Tick (√) in the correct box to predict the rate of diffusion of Copper(II)
Sulphate Crystal in boiling water.

Decrease

Same

Increase

(b) Explain your answer.
__________________________________________________________.
Conclusion 1. The rate of diffusion is ____ in solid, ______ in liquid and ________ in gas.

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MODULE 19

ICE, ICE, WATER

LEARNING STANDARD

Every student is able to:
1. Describe the change in state of matter, in terms of movement of movement of

particles caused by the absorption and the release of heat, based on kinetic theory.
2. Conclude that temperature remains constant during melting/freezing and boiling.
3. Conclude that the mass remains constant during physical changes.
4. Explain with examples the changes of the state of matter in daily life.

Progress is made by trial and failure;the
failures are generally a hundred times more
numerous than the successors; yet they are
usually left unchronicled

WILLIAM RAMSAY, 1852-1916

Chemist

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WORKSHEET 19.1: Ice, Ice, Water

Content Standard Three States of Matter
Learning Content
5.2.5 Able to conclude that temperature remains constant
5.2.6 during melting/freezing and boiling
Able to conclude that the mass remains constant
during physical changes

Must Do Experiment 5.2.5

Temperature does not change when boiling occurs. To prove it, you will conduct an
experiment to investigate boiling point during the physical change of water. You are required
to prepare a report for this experiment. Your report should include the following items:

1. Title Diagram 19.1
2. Aim of the experiment
3. Statement of problem
4. Variables

a. Manipulated variable
b. Responding variable
c. Fixed variable
5. Hypothesis
6. Apparatus and materials
7. Diagram
8. Procedure:
1. Fill the beaker with 100 ml of water.

2. Set up the apparatus as shown in diagram 19.1.
3. Record the initial temperature of water.

4. Heat the beaker slowly and stir the water
using thermometer.

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5. Record your observation for every 1 minute

until the temperature becomes constant for 2 minutes
6. Draw the temperature vs time on the provided graph paper

9. Results of experiment
10. Analyzing and interpreting data
In your report, the following questions can be used as guidelines for analyzing and
interpreting data.

1. Plot a graph of temperature against time for the boiling of water

2. (a) Inferring from the graph, determine the boiling point of water.
*Based on the students data (theoretical value = 100oC)
(b) Give reason for your answer in 2(a)
The temperature remains constant at …….oC.
(c) Explain your answer in 2(b).
During melting process, temperature remains constant because heat is absorbed to
overcome forces of attractions between particles.

11. Conclusion

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WORKSHEET 19.1

Aim To investigate whether mass remains constant during physical changes.
Problem Does mass remain constant during physical changes?
Statement
Hypothesis Mass _________ during physical changes.
Controlling
variables Activity B : To show that mass remains constant.
Manipulated :
Apparatus Responding :
Materials Constant:
Procedure
Beaker, Thermometer, Glass Rod, Wire Gauze, Tripod Stand, Bunsen
Observation Burner, Stopwatch, Lever Balance

Ice Cubes
Activity B: Mass of Matter

1. Place ice cubes in an empty beaker.
2. Weigh and record the initial mass of beaker filled with ice cubes.
3. Allow all the ice to melt into water.
4. Weigh and record the final mass of the beaker with water.
Activity B : To show that mass remains constant

Initial Mass, g Final Mass, g

Discussion Activity B : To show that mass remains constant

1. From the data, compare the initial mass and final mass of ice cube.

The initial mass is the same as the final mass of the ice cube.

2. What happen to the mass of substances in the following situations :

(a) Dissolving two teaspoon of sugar in a cup of tea

Remains co

(b) Heating a frying pan.

Remains constant

CONCLUSION 1. The mass remains constant during physical changes.

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Exp 5.2.5 Question 1 (Please tear and attach to lab report)
Temperature vs time graph

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WORKSHEET 19.2: Ice, Ice, Water

Content Standard Three States Of Matter

Learning Content 5.2.4 Able to describe the change in state of matter, in terms of
movement of movement of particles caused by the absorption and the
release of heat, based on kinetic theory.

1. Name the processes involved in the changes of the state of matter shown in the following diagram.

(a)Sublimation

(d)Sublimation (b)Boiling

(e) Condensation

(f)Freezing

(c)Melting

Key : Heat is absorbed
Heat is released
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2. Write (T) for TRUE or (F) for FALSE for the following statements.

(a) Sublimation is a process when solid change to gas at T
constant pressure
F
(b) Melting is a process when liquid change to solid at constant T
pressure
T
(c) Boiling is a process where heat is absorbed by particles.
(d) Freezing point is the temperature when liquid change to T
F
solid at constant pressure.

(e) The formation of dew drops in the early morning is due to
condensation.

(f) Evaporation occur at a fixed temperature

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