The Succesful of Perodua Pricing Strategies

PERODUA
BUILDING CAR, PEOPLE FIRST

Mini Scale Research by:

GOAL DIGGERS

ISSUE NO. 38 ANG WEI SI. KHAIRUL NIZAM. $6.99

ROS HAIZA. SITI NORMAHANI. TEH YEE TIAN

HISTORY OF PERODUA

' The largest car manufacturer in Malaysia.'

Perusahaan Otomobil Kedua Sendirian Berhad (Second Automobile Manufacturer Private Limited),
Perodua was established in 1993 and brings all-round mobility to Malaysian. Until today, there were
number of car models with different designs and features being launched to satisfy different customer
needs including Ativa, Axia, Aruz, Bezza and Alza.

Perodua is a partnership between Malaysian corporates and Daihatsu Motor Company from Japan
which committed to provide high-quality products and services. Perodua is also the first and biggest
Energy-Efficient Vehicle (EEV) manufacturer which committed to produce vehicles that affordable
nationwide. By having smart pricing strategies, Perodua successfully making up around 38% of sales over
the total sales in the industry of automotive in Malaysia.

1993 1994 1998 2004 2005 2007 2008
I I I I
III
Perodua Perodua's first The nation's Perodua keeps
Autocar Car of the Year
established car launched first locally focus in
Asean's Car Autocar Asean in
and exported assembled manufacturing
of the Year supermini class
to Brunei four-wheel- minicars and
Award 2006 (Kancil
Darussalam. drive vehicle. superminis.
discontinued)

VISION PRODUCT VALUE

Be the most preferred automotive Value-for-money proposition
brand renowned for products and Perodua makes consumer not paying
services for excellent quality which more for a product, but at the same
contribute to development of nation. time get the right quality.

MISSION Excellent fuel economy
Most of Perodua cars offer impressive
Be a world class automobile company fuel economy which is the most
renowned for excellent quality and important factor that people will
reliability through seven specialities. consider.

Rock-solid reliability
Interior of Perodua cars have enough
and unbelievably space and aspirated
engine mated with the speed
automatic transmission.

Perodua | 1 'BUILDING CAR, PEOPLE FIRST.'

SMART PRICING Be a world class automobile company
STRATEGIES OF renowned for excellent quality and
affordable price
PERODUA

Perodua is long known as Malaysia's largest car manufacturer. It Price Skimming Strategy
had covered consistently around 30% of share pie since 2006 and
keeps improving year-by-year to maintain as market leader in High Production and Development Cost
Malaysia's automobile industry. In year 2020, Perodua
successfully extended its slice of pie to 41,6% followed by its main As one of the automobile company with
competitor, Proton with 20.5% of market share. Perodua get the highest sales of hybrid cars, Perodua
ahead far away from its next closest competitor, Proton Proton utilize price skimming strategy in
by applying skimming strategy in introducing new models with introducing new models with high initial
high initial price by offering customer-based pricing with price. Since hybrid cars require much more
rationales. The biggest support of this strategy is their efforts to cost than non-hybrid cars, this strategy
always stay in line with their slogan “building car, people first”. enable Perodua to recover its development
cost.
Customer-based Pricing
High-Quality Image
Perodua always keep tracking on the changing customer
needs and preference and keep improving their car designs The collaboration with Japan Motor Company
and features based on status quo and current trend. Perodua successfully building a strong brand image,
is smart in grabbing opportunity to create beneficial customer belief and confidence about the
condition and long-term interests to attract big portion of quality assurance. For example, Perodua Myvi
customer from B40 and M40 in Malaysia. is the result of collaboration between Perodua
with Daihatsu and Toyota. Thence, Perodua's
Low petrol consumption and less carbon emission cars cars are usually having slightly higher price
Collaboration with Eon Bank to offer car loans than its closest competitor, Proton. High
Excellent customer service from Perocom demand for small cars in foreign countries
Quality assurance and stylish designs such as Singapore, Brunei, United Kingdom,
Government subsidies Nepal and Qatar also enable exportation and
With all these beneficial conditions, customers are fully market extend to Perodua. Higher demand
informed with the ability of Perodua's product to achieve and strong brand image provide strong belief
their perceived value and willing to pay for skimming price to its customers and enable them willing to
as they know that the cars are worth to pay. pay higher price for Perodua's products.

Retain Customer Loyalty

Perodua understand customer needs and
preferences consistently and keeps improving
their car designs and features to produce more
stylish car model with better quality assurance
to fit all target customers based on market
segmentation and their understanding about
customer preference and what is valued by
customer based on the status quo. For
example, designing small hybrid cars that
suited ladies or singles and stylish car for men.

Perodua | 2

Product Uniqueness Basically, Proton is the next closest competitor for Perodua. As
both of them are the main car manufacturers in Malaysia and
Low petrol consumption and less carbon emission targeting similar customer segments, they always compete each
cars, loan service by Eon Bank, excellent aftersales other in lauching similar car model to satisfy customer needs.
service from Perocom. quality assurance, stylish For example, Proton Saga is the next closest substitute for
designs, government subsidies are all the beneficial Perodua Bezza 1.3 AV(RM49,980).
condition and long-term interest that driving
customer feeling worth to pay for skimming price of Reference value (Proton Saga 1.3 Premium) = RM39,800
Perodua's car. They willing to pay for the high price
as they know they will gain more profit. Differentiating Factors:
Engine & Transmission (Bezza: efficiency, Saga: smoothness)
Price Format and Price Structure Fuel efficiency (Bezza: lightweight body, fuel-efficient engine)
Safety (Bezza: Advance Safety Assist 2.0)
Round number pricing and fix pricing strategy are NCAP crash rating (Bezza: 5 stars, Saga: 4 stars)
applied in Perodua. Round number pricing is suitable Audio (Saga’s floating style headunit better)
for Perodua's skimming strategy and prestige brand Boot space (Bezza: 508litres)
image. This may effectively increase price awareness Ride & Handling (Saga better)
of customer. However, Perodua also apply
promotional efforts to provide certain discounts and
incentives based on time segmentation. For each car
model, different price will also set for different
categories such as cut price on certain spare part
exemption.

Rationale for Pricing Tactic of Perodua

Market Segment

Perodua cars are designed for both gender at which small cars that suited ladies and stylish car for men
who just enter job market. Perodua also lauched car model by income classification. Perodua lauched
Bezza and Axia with price range (RM23,367 to RM49,980) to B40, Perodua Alza and Myvi with price
range (RM42,722 to RM62,539) to M40, whereas Perodua Aruz and Ativa with price range (RM63,641 to
RM75,571)

Economic

As petrol price keep increasing, demand of Perodua cars with low petrol consumption increase. In
pandemic Covid-19, government subsidies also enable customer to purchase Perodua car 30% cheaper. SST
exemption on sales of new CKD and CBU cars in June until December 2020 also enable Perodua to
increase its market share to 41.6%.

Psychological

Loans offering by Eon Bank driving people in the target segment take Perodua as first choice since it may
effectively reduce their financial burden. For educated consumer like first graduate, they will also choose
Perodua car with less carbon emission and low petrol consumption. Various awards won by Perodua such
as Putra Brands Awards in People's Choice, Automotive Category also enhance its brand equity which
build trust and confident of customers toward the brand.

Perodua | 3

Sales Volume and Market Share of Perodua

Although there was a slightly drop in sales in 2020 compared to 2019, the market share had increase and total sales
of Perodua are still leading the industry. In 2020, Perodua announced sales of 25, 035 units in September, 26, 852
units in October and 23, 119 units in November. There was also record of the highest-ever single-day sales of 5,027
units on last day in November 2020.
Perodua recorded sales of Q1/2021 with 57, 911 units which higher than 44, 977 units sales that recorded in Q1/2020.
This shown the profitability of Perodua keep increasing year-by-year.

Why has its competitor not been able to mimic its success?

Perodua always provides cars that are small, compact, comfortable, high quality and affordable which
suited well to individuals and families with different preferences and needs in Malaysia. As Perodua always
keep in trend and knowing well about what their customer perceived, it is able to fulfill customer needs
consistently which build strong image, trusted relationship and loyalty among its customers.

Perodua which compiled with strong management and administrative team, marketing and advertising
team together with collaboration with Japan Motor Company is one of the stepping stone becoming the
market leader. By picking the right customer segment chain and effective promotion to attract customers
who wish products in lower price ranges, profitability of the company has been maximized as cost minimized
efficiently. Other than promotion via media social advertising, Perodua also distribute brochure house to
house and organize events with sponsor free cars as present to engage more customers.

Perodua also always keep in line with its slogan and objectives to provide great product and offering best
aftersales service by Perocom. Besides of effective promotion, Perodua also consistently carry out product
development to avoid failure in market. In the past, its car design is simple and less attractive such as Kelisa,
but now Perodua launch better design such as Myvi, bigger and more comfortable car likes Alza which more
suited for families. This successfully enhance its brand awareness and brand image in Asian which drive to
increment in export to foreign country.

For instance, Proton as the closest substitute to Perodua has more negative differentiating factors
compared to Perodua such as quality problems and huge financial liability had brought Proton go downhill.
Although Proton and Perodua are as apple-and-apple competition, but clearly shows that position of
Perodua is better compared to Proton in the automotive market.

In short, Perodua successfully offers lots of benefits that essential to the customers while making
purchasing decision. All the benefits including cheaper and affordable price, low petrol consumption, eco-
friendly feature, loan provided by Eon Bank, excellent quality of product and service are the reasons of why
its competitors not been mimic its success. Thus, although the new products of Perodua was using skimming
strategy, consumers are willing to pay for the products.

Perodua | 4

Insights that other businesses draw from Perodua Price Fixing

Product Development

Product development is a company that decides to develop a
better product to avoid failure in future. Perodua has adopted
few methods to avoid failure such as focused on design of the
cars. Few years ago, Perodua cars such as Kenari, Kelisa and
Kancil was simple and did not attract more customers to
purchase. To overcome this failure, Perodua comes out with a
better design which is Myvi that attract more youth population.
Other than that, Perodua also launched bigger car such as Aruz
and Alza.

In contrast, Honda more focused on technologies to
improve the fuel efficiency and the shape of car to be more
sporty and modern to appeal more youth population in the
market.

For example, Perodua Aruz compared to Honda BR-V. Both
have 1500cc and 7 seats. The dimensions for both cars almost
the same. However, Perodua Aruz has 6 airbags, meanwhile
Honda BR-V only has 2 airbags.

Meanwhile, Perodua Aruz which is safer and cheaper than
Honda BR-V. However, Honda BR-V with lesser airbags is
RM19,000 more expensive than top-spec of Perodua Aruz.

VS To set a product price, the company has to look at the
factors, the main factor is the costs. For example, Perodua cars
are budget oriented by which cost used to produce their cars is
not high. Meanwhile, Ford used quality-based pricing to
produce quality products which means the cars are much better
than Perodua. Therefore, higher costs needed by Ford to
produce cars.

As a result, Ford has to set higher price than Perodua to
cover their R&D cost. Ford produced higher technology and
higher safety level than Perodua. At the same time, Perodua
does not use high cost on R&D so they are able to come with
lower price cars.

In Malaysia's market, big portion of Malaysian from middle
and low class much more prefer Perodua cars compared to Ford.
Although Ford provides higher technology and safety level, the
affordable and cheaper price of Perodua is more attracted fo the
Malaysian to purchase it.

Perodua | 5

Proton should Follow Skimming Price Strategy by Perodua

Price strategies play important roles in business because it will decides how much profit
and revenue that generates to the company. Therefore, a successful company depends on
how the managers implement their price strategies to launch their product or service
towards the market. In the automotive industry, Proton is the closest competitors to Perodua
in Malaysia as their mission, vision and price strategies almost same.

In Malaysia's market, the automotive companies always compete to come out affordable
and reasonable price especially to Malaysian who are from middle class. Perodua adopted
skimming price strategy that set a high initial price to introduce the new model. In contrast,
Proton always set lower price than competitors for similar range of product.

Proton should be follow Perodua's price strategy which is skimming strategy. This is
because will help Proton to increase their profit and revenue and at the same time to cover
their costs. In the global text, Proton needs foreign company to helps its R&D and improve its
production. So, set a high initial price for the product is a sensible way for Proton.

For example, Perodua Myvi compared to Proton Iriz and Perodua Bezza compared to
Proton Saga. The sales clearly shows that although Perodua set higher price than Proton, but
the sales of Perodua is higher than Proton.

Perodua | 6

Price Segmentation Furthermore, the elderly are the
second target age group. (This is due
By Customer to the fact that their children have
For the segmentation price by customer, grown up and are likely to be
preoccupied with their own lives and
Perodua is primarily targeting generation unable to always be by their sides.)
Y and the elderly. The ages of the They are willing to buy a tiny,
participants range from 18 to 24 years old affordable car because it is convenient
for generation Y and 55 to 64 years old for to drive about town.
elderly. The “What's Up, Graduates!”
Undergraduate and graduate students
interested in acquiring Perodua vehicles
will benefit from this promotion.

The majority of young people would
buy a Perodua Axia as their first car since
they do not have a lot of money but want a
car with a sporty look and modern features
that they can afford. Perodua Axia is
Perodua's cheapest automobile, with prices
starting at RM24,600.

Perodua | 7

By Design

Other than that, Perodua also used different
price for different design for their product. For
example, price for perodua Myvi is lower than
perodua ativa which is for Myvi the price starts
from RM 41,292 to RM52, 697 and price for
perodua Ativa is the base X variant costs
RM61,500, while the mid H variant costs
RM66,100. The top AV is for RM71,200, or
RM72,000 if go for the full two-tone paint option
which is pearl white or red with black roof. This
price difference occurs because the Ativa design
is more attractive and exclusive. It also comes
with more attractive features than the Myvi. The
Perodua Ativa is also targeted at higher income
consumers while the Perodua Myvi is more
targeted at low income consumers.

By Features

Perodua also used another price segmentation When it comes to physical dimensions, the
which is different price for different features for the 2018 Myvi is likely to be larger than the
same product. For example, price for the second previous, second-generation model. The
generation Myvi 1.5L Advance that launch in 2015 is new automobile has a total length of 3,895
RM56,118 while for the third generation Myvi 1.5L mm versus 3,685 mm for its predecessor
Advance which is the latest one that launch in 2018 (210 mm longer), a width of 1,735 mm over
is RM55,300 . Here we can see the price difference 1,665 mm earlier (70 mm wider), and a
between the two such cars are due to different car wheelbase of 2,500 mm versus 2,440 mm
characteristics. When the third-generation Perodua previously (60 mm longer). However, the
Myvi was released, there was a lot more demand new car's overall height is 55 mm lower, at
than Perodua intended — and a completely 1,515 mm, than the old car's 1,570 mm.
different purchasing proportion than expected.
Why is this happening? This is because of many
customers were selecting the top-spec 1.5L AV
model due to its extensive class-leading suite of
safety features, both active and passive.

Perodua | 8

PRICE SEGMENTATION
BY PERIODIC DISCOUNT

Periodic discounting is a marketing approach in which a seller decides to adjust the price
of an item predictably over time in order to maximize profits by selling to each possible
customer at a price that is closest to the buyer's reservation price. Perodua used periodic
discounts in price segmentation and made the total industry sales have increased by 2.3 per
cent, up from 275,500 units in the first six months of last year to 284,200 units in the same
year. The increase in sales in the first half of this year was the result of aggressive sales
campaigns from all sales assistants and also due to the launch of the latest models.

In addition to the many companies that provide discounts and offers for 2016 models,
Perodua uses this opportunity to hold discounts on certain car models. That is, Perodua
held a special campaign for Myvi which promised cash rebates of up to RM7,500. The public
is also invited to join the 12th Myvi celebration where there will be prizes such as cash up to
RM12,000. It is in response to the response to the popularity of the model and it is also
possible to spend the existing Myvi units before the new ones are launched later. This
discount is intended to maximize the sales of the previous Myvi and further hold
promotions for the latest models to be launched.

Perodua has managed to achieve total sales of 207,100 units with this strategy and is
expected to increase for next year. Perodua will give discounts on its car models that have
not yet reached its sales target. Therefore, Perodua has given discounts for Myvi model cars
to maximize its sales before the launch of the new Myvi model which will likely lower the
demand for the previous Myvi model.

Perodua l 9

Promotion Discount

Promotion as a series of techniques used to achieve sales or marketing targets with cost effective use, by
providing value -added products or services to both intermediaries and direct users, is usually not limited
to a specific period of time. In general, the function of sales promotion is to connect consumers more
closely with the goods being promoted. Among the promotions conducted by Perodua Company are
discounts or rebates.

Festival Promotion

Perodua always make promotions during the festive
season such as during Eid Mubarak and the Chinese New
Year. For example, from 1 to 30 June 2020, Perodua has
given almost RM1300 discount or voucher to anyone who
buys in the period 1 to 30 June 2020. The discount
method is the most popular promotional method for the
purpose of dramatically increasing sales volume.

End Year Discount

Perodua provides various promotions and discounts every
month. Each month Perodua makes different promotions for
each of its car models. This is to attract customers and increase
sales of each car in a balanced way. For example, a year-end
promotion was created that offered almost RM5000 in
discounts, rebates and various prizes available.

In December 2019, Perodua held various discounts with cash rebates on the Axia, Aruz and Myvi models. Aruz
Advance discount December 2019 RM2500 cash rebates and interest only 2.2%, Axia G Auto discount with
RM1300 rebates while Myvi Advance 1.5 rebates RM1200. The discount promotion also offers a variety of
attractive gifts such as steering lock, free tinted, car perfume, touch and go and others. Perodua always sets their
sales target amount each year. At the end of the year, they continue to try to hold promotions to achieve their sales
target mission. Perodua has always managed to achieve their targets as a result of their clever discount promotion
strategy. The December's year-end sales will give customer a "perfect storm" of savings and it was the best time of
year to buy a car. Customers are also always alert with any promotions held at the end of the year. Therefore,
Perodua is always taking opportunities in attracting more buyers.

Perodua l 10

Early Purchase Discount

Early purchase is a discount that buyers can receive for paying early when the product were set at the lower
price in a period time given only. As a result of the government's plan to implement a 100% sales tax
exemption on locally-assembled (CKD) models and a 50% sales tax exemption on fully-imported (CBU)
models for the period, Perodua announced that prices of its vehicle models would also drop between 3% and
6% from June 15 to December 31, 2020. They can now reveal the new on-the-road prices for the automaker’s
entire line-up for the June 15 to December 31 period, because the entire price list has been sighted by the
publication. Perodua's current model line -up of Myvi, Axia, Bezza, Aruz and Alza saw a drop from RM723 to
RM4,674. This discount is rarely held and only during that period the customer gets the price offer.
Therefore, anyone who buys a car early at that time will be able to get a great Perodua offer. Perodua welcomes
the purchase of its products during the period.

Late Purchase Discount
Anyone who buys an old car model will be given a discount and this can be

late purchase discount. The Second Automobile Company Sdn Bhd
(Perodua) reduced the price of all Viva variants with a discount of up to
RM5,300, in line with efforts to bring better overall value of ownership to
customers. Apart from the price reduction, Perodua is giving a cash bonus of
RM800 to those who register for the purchase of Viva at all 181 sales outlets
nationwide. Apart from that, the new Perodua Viva price package is also
cheaper up to RM6,100.

Perodua President & Chief Executive Officer, Datuk Aminar Rashid
Salleh said, apart from the purchase, its customers are also entitled to a free
three -year service package offered to all new Perodua customers. The Viva
model is the first model released by Perodua. Anyone who buys it at the last
minute long after the release was launched will be discounted. This is because
the Viva model is an old model and does not attract customers nowadays
because customers are starting to switch to the latest car models that are more
sophisticated and cheaper.

Perodua l 11

SPERGICMEENTATION

By Shipping Cost
Shipping is the movement for an item or product from one point to another point. For example, a
seller moves a certain product like shoes from the store to customers. Shipping cost refers to the
cost that used to ship and deliver a product to the customer. Shipping cost involves transportation in
order to deliver a product to the customers.
Perodua has prepared a delivery service for their car. Perodua imposes certain conditions on
customers who require this delivery service. Perodua has introduced a ‘Term of Sale’ for those who
had booked their car. Perodua Sales. Sdn. Bhd (PSSB) is the website where customers can book
their car, make a payment and give all the documents needed. For delivery service, Perodua did not
take any booking from outside of Malaysia. This shows that Perodua only do delivery service only in
Malaysia. Price for delivery is different by place or location of the customer. Customers from East
Malaysia which is Sabah and Sarawak need to pay higher for the delivery. It is because the
transportation cost for the delivery is quite high. Besides, the prices for cars in delivery are also
influenced by taxes, duties and freight rates. The price for a delivery car is much higher than buying it
in cash. As evidence, the price for a Perodua Axia in Peninsular Malaysia is from RM 23,000- RM
42,000 while the price in East Malaysia which is Sabah and Sarawak are from RM 25,000- RM
44,000. From the statement, we can see that there are some increases in the price for Perodua Axia
in East Malaysia compared to Peninsular Malaysia.

Perodua | 12

BY RETAIL PRICE ZONE

Price zone is the process of Perodua is a company that produces Perodua differentiate the price
determining the price of a and sells their cars in Malaysia. for different locations in Malaysia
product based on the buyer's Perodua set a different price for based on some factors such as
location. For example, a price different places. As we can observe geographic factor, transportation
for a Perodua Myvi in in the diagram below, a price for cost, tax rate and others.
Peninsular Malaysia is Perodua Aruz for On-The-Road price Labuan and Langkawi recorded
different with the price of a is different in Peninsular Malaysia, the lowest price because the tax
Perodua Myvi in Sabah and East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak), rate in Federal Territory is lower
Sarawak. This is because a Labuan and Langkawi as a Federal than other states in Malaysia.
company needs to pay for Territory. We can see that the People in East Malaysia need to
transportation costs to deliver highest price for Perodua Aruz is in pay higher because they need to
their product to Sabah and East Malaysia which is RM 74,500 pay for transportation costs to
Sarawak. Price segmentation for Model X and RM 79,500 for deliver the car from the store in
for each zone is different. Model AV while the lowest price is in Peninsular Malaysia to East
Each zone has their specific Langkawi which is RM 70,700 for Malaysia.
retail price for a certain Model X and RM 75,300 for Model
product. AV.

Perodua | 13

Perodua | 14

BY INTERNATIONAL PRICE

International price is the International price for Perodua’s car is higher than the local
most complex issue in the prices. Perodua produces higher quality cars to export to
international market. other countries. This is because Perodua wants to compete
International price with the other big brands such as Toyota, Honda, Nissan
includes how to set a and others. Perodua exports the car by setting the
price for foreign market reasonable and affordable price. Perodua offered a stylish
and the company needs to design for their car to export to the republic countries as the
follow the terms of small car in high demand there.
payment in the
international market. Perodua exports their car into some countries like Brunei Darussalam, Sri
Perodua has started trade Lanka, Fiji Island, Singapore, Seychelles, Singapore and Republic of
in the foreign market so Mauritius. These countries provided Perodua’s sales, services and parts.
Perodua exported their Each country has a different type of Perodua’s car model available there.
car to the other countries For example, in Brunei Darussalam, Perodua’s model cars available are
to expand their Alza and Bezza. Each country has a different price for each car. In Brunei
businesses. Darussalam, the price for Alza is $300 per month which is equivalent to
RM 930.73 per month. The price is higher than the customer in Malaysia
paid for an Alza per month. Perodua increases the price as well as the
quality of the car when exporting their car.

BY INTERNET Internet commerce price also known as e-
COMMERCE PRICE commerce price. E-commerce prices usually
appear in social media like Facebook,
Internet commerce price is a penetration pricing Instagram, Telegram and others. E-commerce
where a business enters a new product market with price for Perodua is lower than the original price
below-average prices. Internet commerce pricing is that is available in Perodua car center. This is
the new alternative for a business to increase the said because the negotiation is between the
sales and profits. An organization or company does customer and the seller only. Lower tax rates
not need to issue large capital to enter the market. and the seller does not take any charges from
Internet commerce price is the strategy that the customer. There is no regulation from the
Perodua used to set flexible prices to maximize their government that needs to be completed to buy a
profit car from the seller. For example, the price for
Bezza is from RM35,000-RM 49,000 and
Perodua | 15 customers only pay that price to buy a car in
cash. This is different if a customer buys a car
from the Perodua car center because the
customer needs to prepare a lot of documents
as evidence and need to pay any fee to get a
car either in cash or on loan. Furthermore, there
are many benefits that customers get by
purchasing a car from the seller. One of them is
that the customer will get tool kits and safety
triangles for free. The seller also offers a
warranty to convince the cusNtoOmMeArDtoI Cbu|y 2a4car
from them.

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Daryl, (2020). Vision 2020: Perodua vs Proton,
https://topgear.com.my/news/vision-2020-perodua-vs-proton

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market-highest-since-2003-proton-up-not-at-p2s-expense/

MBA Skool Team, (2019). Perodua Cars Marketing Mix (4Ps) Strategy,
https://www.mbaskool.com/marketing-mix/products/17716-perodua-cars.html

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ford-and-perodua-marketing-essay.php

Ahmad Naqib Idris, (2020). Perodua sells 23,119 cars and records highest-ever single-
day sales volume in November 2020,
https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/perodua-sells-23119-cars-and-records-
highestever-singleday-sales-volume-november-2020

ISSUE NO. 38 $6.99