อหน

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Kang Som Kood with pork bones, etc. The sweet taste is found in all savory dishes that do
not contain sugar. Or sugarcane juice at all. Therefore, northern people's food is full of
flavor and mainly spicy, salty seasoning. Villagers use fermented fish, salt, shrimp paste
and fish sauce as important ingredients, respectively. The most important seasoning is
pickled fish and salt. The shrimp paste is used to season some foods. Fish sauce is used
to flavor food that does not add fermented fish and salt, such as stir-fried mushrooms, or
use fish sauce only when the finished food does not taste salty spicy seasoning. Villagers
use chili as an important ingredient. There are 2 types of chilli used for cooking, namely
fresh chili and dried chili. There are 2 types of fresh chili peppers, namely, red chili peppers
and young chili peppers. There are 2 types of dried chili peppers, dried chili peppers and
chili peppers. Sour seasoning villagers use sour-tasting plants as an important ingredient,
such as tomatoes, tamarind shoots, Ma Mao (Ma) leaves, Sompoi shoots, kaffir lime, lime,
tamarind, etc.

3 Local food of the city people

The local food of the city people has many types of food and food
ingredients. which can be classified according to the cooking process in the following
order

3.1 Curry food means food that is watery, has various names according to the
cooking method and curry paste, such as soup, red curry, and som som, etc., by which
the curry paste will be pounded. enough to be dissolved with water to make a broth.
There is any kind of meat mixed with vegetables too.

3.2 Spicy food means a side dish that uses a pounder such as dried chili, garlic,
shallot, eggplant, shrimp paste, salt as the main ingredient. Mixed with meat and
vegetables Then bring the water to boil the meat or boiled water into the mix. Season
with fish sauce.

3.3 Laab food means food that uses raw meat such as buffalo meat, beef, pork or
fish, minced thoroughly mixed with spices pounded from dried chili, garlic, red

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pomegranate, macaque, galangal, salt, etc., added with buffalo's blood. Beef blood or
pork blood and vegetables mixed together. Can be used as a full seasoning and eaten
raw. If it is cooked, it is roasted with a little water or oil. It is called Laab Kua. Laab food
such as Laab Kwai, Laab Moo, Laab Wu, Laab Kai, Laab Pa (fish).

3.4 Roasted food refers to food that is put in a pan or pot on fire. You may add a
little water or oil and stir or turn back and forth until cooked. If it is roasted meat, it is
roasted with curry paste like kaeng kae. But if it's roasting vegetables, smashed garlic,
young peppers and chopped shallots are the main ones.

3.5 Pig food (nam phrik) means food prepared with shrimp paste, garlic, chili, lime,
etc., used as a dipping sauce or mixed with rice to eat. You can also use fermented fish
sauce instead of shrimp paste. Use other sour things such as tamarind, madan, mango
instead of lime. They are called differently according to the seasoning, such as chili paste,
fermented fish, chili paste, grilled fish, tamarind paste, mango chili paste, etc. (Prapaiphan
Kew Kasem, 2007: 12)

3.6 Tam food(pounding) means food prepared by pounding the ingredients
consisting of dried chilies, garlic, shallots, galangal, salt. The pounding ingredients, such as
boiled jackfruit, are pounded with the pounding ingredients and then boiled in
water. melt Garnish with spring onions and coriander, dim foods such as Tam Som Muang
(Mango), Tam Ma Fang Num(young Maprang), Tam with Dan Mushroom, Tam with Flour
Mushroom, Tam Ma Num.

3.7 Boiled food means food that is placed in a pot with water. Bring to a boil until
cooked. or food that is water with various names according to the main ingredients
Cooked by bringing curry paste or chili, garlic and lemongrass, smashed to pieces and put
in boiled water to make a curry. Then put any kind of meat with vegetables or pure
vegetables such as boiled chicken (whole chicken with a little salt), boiled rice, boiled
duck, boiled egg (boiled egg), boiled salted soy mushroom. Salted Mushroom Soup,
Chicken Soup (chopped chicken pieces boiled with garlic, lemongrass, chili and salt), Tom
Manat(pineapple) and Minced Pork Rice Soup.

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3.8 Grilled food Refers to food cooked by placing it over a fire. Roasting means
being cooked by placing it over a fire. To cook evenly or to dry, use only fresh items,
usually taking longer than grilling. (Royal Chancellor 2003, page 902) Toast means to cook
food by placing the object over a low fire. To grill, the skin must be charred or crispy,
such as grilling Khao Tang, or grilling bananas. Toasting Khanom Ma Kaeng According to
the ancient style, grilling with a charcoal stove The stove was not used as it is today. (Thai
Encyclopedia Project for Youth 1996, page 213) Grilled and grilled foods such as Jin(beef),
grilled buffalo, Jin Wua, Jin grilled pork, sausages(Wai Oua), Pa Haeng Yang, Pa Ping, Kop
Ping.

3.9 Fried food means food that is put in a pan with little oil or water. Heat the fire
and turn back and forth until cooked, such as stir-fried rice, stir-fried noodles, etc. Stir-fried
dishes such as stir-fried mushrooms, stir-fry with green curry paste (a type of zucchini, a
large bunch and longer than a finger) round, long, pointed. Smooth skin with green stripes
on the whole fruit, about 25-45 cm long), stir-fried zucchini(zucchini), stir-fried cabbage,
stir-fry water cabbage(kale), stir-fry pickles (pickled cabbage), and stir-fried bad(yae).

3.10 Steamed food refers to food that is cooked or heated by steam in a steamer
or crate, such as steamed buffalo gin, steamed cow, steamed pork, steamed chicken,
steamed papa.

3.11 Meal means food prepared with raw meat such as buffalo meat, beef cut into
bite-sized pieces. Mix dela with spices pounded from dried chilies, garlic, shallots,
tamarind, galangal, salt, etc. Add buffalo's blood or blood. bring to salty seasoning prefer
to eat raw if it's a vegetable, it will mix with the spices that are pounded from young
peppers. and reduce the pungent smell of spices such as sachet. It is flat and long, about
3 fingers wide. Sour taste). (like eggplant) ( Prapaiphan Kewkasem, 2007: 12)

3.12 Ab food refers to food wrapped in banana leaves. Fold it flat with a wooden
skewer. and then toasted on the stove by using low heat until the food is cooked. And
the banana leaves have a few burn marks. Or use bricks placed on banana leaves to give
food a flat look (Onong Thongmee, 2006, p.10) Ab-type food such as ab rotten bean, ab
pork.

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3.13 Uk food(baked) means cooking food cooked by heat or steam for a period of
time of that type of food. by simmering in a clay pot or other containers that are tightly
closed and baked until cooked food, such as Akpa Duk, Ak Ba Ian (Eel), Ak Pan Nil, Ak
Mushroom Dan

3.14 Fermented foods refers to dishes prepared with raw meat marinated with
garlic and salt. Sometimes I put steamed glutinous rice as well. When it's fermented, it
will have a sour taste such as Pa Paek (small fish finely chopped and marinated according
to the process) Pa Som (large fish but only marinated meat according to the process) Jean
Som Kwai Jan Som (pork)

3.15 Jee food means food cooked with skewers and then burned. Jee food such
as rainfly, shrimp dung, cricket, kang ki(mango).

3.16 Jao (fried, fried) food means food cooked in boiling oil. or food that has
undergone a cooking process then roasted in oil to increase the aroma, such as shoots of
Som Chao (Knock Pickled Bamboo Shoots), Jao Khai(omelette).

3.17 Steamed packaged food (Ho Mok) means food that mixes the ingredients
together. using curry paste similar to Ho Mok but will not put coconut milk. The packaging
looks like a stuffed snack. but shorter popularly put the banana leaves on the banana
leaf before scooping the food down. and then steamed in a crate in the case of Steamed
Chicken Wrap (Ho Mok Kai) of Rong Kwang District. After taking the components come mix
it with the curry paste and then fry it with oil. After that add roasted rice stir-fry until
fragrant, then wrap and steam, such as steamed packet, steamed ant eggs, steamed
chicken, steamed packet, pa Ian, steamed egg (fish roe)

3.18 Koi food refers to food cooked with raw meat to be mixed with spices. Then
cooked with kaffir lime juice or lemon juice. Koi food such as shrimp koi, crab koi, koi pa

3.19 Dumplings refers to dishes that use spices such as curry. but will not put
chili popularly used eggs or fresh fermented pork to spread or stir into the soup. When
the pot is boiling, add fermented fish, garlic, shallot or lemongrass and seasoned salt. But

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if you want it spicy, you can add chopped young chilies. Flavored with spring onions and
coriander, such as Pu Dumplings, Jin Som Dumplings. and orange ant egg dumplings

3.20 Underwater food refers to food cooked by mixing meat with seasonings such
as galangal, lemongrass, turmeric, and pepper, then put in a steamer over high heat. Then
put another pot of water on top of the pot that holds the food. Then wrap a cloth around
the joints of the two pots to keep the steam out. When heated until the water in the top
pot is hot, change the water again. Change the water like this about 4-5 times. The food
inside the lower leaves will be cooked, the meat is soft, and the water is crunchy, such as
underwater chicken, underwater.

3.21 Pickled food means food that is soaked or marinated in vinegar or brine for
long-term preservation, such as pickled vegetables, pickled fruits.

3.22 Stewed foods refers to food that is cooked by putting things in a container,
placing it in a container with water and then removing the cover. Bring water to a boil,
such as poached eggs, or simmered food such as stewed meat, stewed duck, etc.

3.23 Cooked food means food that is mixed with curry paste. Then wrapped in
banana leaves and steamed in hot coals. to cook food such as fermented pork

3.24 Screen food means food that has a cooking method by putting water in a pot
and seasoning it with shrimp paste, salt, fermented fish and adding vegetables and
seasoning sour with tamarind, such as lettuce.

3.25 Python food refers to food cooked in bamboo. Using fresh bamboo. Cut so
that there is a joint attached to one side. Then pack the food that you want to python in
the bamboo barrel. Before the python must use coconut shells wrapped in banana leaves
and cover the muzzle first. and then burned until cooked, such as Khao Lam, etc.

3.26 Stirring food means liquid food that is brought together on medium-high heat
by using any kind of tool to stir until homogeneous, such as Pi broth.

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3.27 Palm food means food cooked by placing the baitong on a heated pan and
then placing the food on the banana leaf. When the food is cooked, there will be a smell
of banana leaves as well, such as egg palm.

4 Urban culture
The results of the study of the eating culture of the northerners found that the

northern people's eating culture in regards to the way of collecting raw materials for daily
cooking. Daily eating habits the way of eating food in traditions, festivals and events, and
beliefs about food and eating. There are the following

4.1 Method of collecting raw materials for cooking in daily life
The northern people's general sourcing of raw materials for daily food preparation
is mainly based on hunting and harvesting from natural food sources. is forests and natural
water sources, for example, the acquisition of almost all types of meat that can be eaten
by hunting The buffalo meat that the villagers like to eat will eat only when there is a
festival or important event, even if there is a buffalo which is an animal that is raised for
use once Vegetables are obtained from nature or grown in the area of the house, except
that only the new generation of families will buy vegetables from the market for cooking.
Currently, there is also a direct relationship with natural ecosystems. This creates a food
culture that is consistent with the seasons that can be considered for each season's
recipes. as the following example summer foods that are eaten in the summer such as
sweet vegetable curry, Salae curry, spider potato curry, sweet potato curry, Yum Ma Paeb
(Pan Paeng) in the rainy season, such as Kaeng Noo, Kaeng Phea leaf curry, winter food to
eat in winter For example, Tam Pu, Lam Bon, Olive Chili Paste, Green Cabbage, Young Chili
Paste, Ong Chili Paste, Kang Khae, Tam Ma Nun, Kaeng Salae, Kaeng Dok Kae (Dok Khae),
Kaeng Kaeng with egg, etc. All seasons. this (Kaeng Om Beef) Kaeng Oom Chicken,
Vegetable Curry with Hed, Kaeng Pee, Kaeng Kaeng Kaeng, Chicken Kaeng Kae, Kaeng Kae
Hoi, Chicken Curry withPumpkin, Kaeng Kae Pork Ribs, Kaeng Kae Pork, Kang Bon, Kang kae
Hoi, Curry withFang Mushroom, Spicy Chicken Salad, Spicy Ngu Sing Salad, Tam Ma Khao
Yao, Tam Ma Muang, Jin Ma Yang, Gin Roasted Pork, Pa Fak, Pa Som, Jin Som Kwai, Larb,
etc.

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4.2 Dietary lifestyle in daily life
A. Food characteristics Most villagers eat sticky rice as their staple food. is to eat
sticky rice 3 times a day, some days some meals may have Khanom Jeen as a secondary
food as for the side dishes, there will be curry, spicy, salad, boiled soup or chili paste as
the main side dish. Each meal includes a "pak gab" (side vegetable). Fresh vegetables,
boiled vegetables, and steamed vegetables are essential ingredients of satok (trays). Most
of these vegetables are grown in the house. Or grow naturally only some vegetables are
bought from the market. And there are only some families who buy vegetables mainly
from the market.
b. Cooking Most northerners cook their own food. By cooking 1-2 times a day, the
remaining food from each meal will be kept for the next meal. As for the steaming of
glutinous rice, it is steamed once a day. Early in the morning every day the main
contributors to the cooking were women, which was found in families with older adults.
With the cook is usually an elderly woman for the new generation family without elderly
people living with the cook is still a woman. But will focus on foods that are easy to
assemble or relying mainly on rice bags
c. time to eat Northern people eat 3 meals a day: breakfast, called sesame rice,
lunch called Khao Ton, and dinner called Khao Laeng. By breakfast, may eat sticky rice.
Chili Paste with Fresh Vegetables steamed or blanched vegetables or with rice cooked in
a simple way or the leftover side dish from yesterday's dinner for lunch, when they have
to go to the fields, they will pack rice to eat as well. Which will be the food of the day
because all members have the opportunity to eat together.
D. eating behavior the relatively wealthy northern families had tables and chairs to
sit and eat together, but most families would sit on the floor, with kia sak (mat) sitting in
a circle to eat together. The finished food will be scooped into cups according to the type
and type of food. Then put the cup and rice in the satok (tray) and place it in the pan
(side vegetables) in the tray around the cup and the rice. And will lay secretly rice
(Glutinous Rice Kratib) on the side of the hand that dominate Eating will use your hands
to raise glutinous rice. Then take that sticky rice to dip, dip) with the rice and will use the
hand to pick up the rice to eat. If any meal is eaten with watery rice such as curry or spicy
salad, the spoon will be placed in the tray as much as the number of people in the group.
Then each person uses a spoon of the chest (to drink) the broth.

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E. Amount of food in each meal from the battle, it was found that Most of the
cooking in each meal does not consist of many dishes. There will be 13 dishes per meal,
but the quantity is enough for everyone and what is almost indispensable in every meal
is Northern vegetables in Khantoke.

4.3 Ways of eating food in festival traditions and various tasks from the battle
found Foods eaten during traditions, festivals and events are repetitive recipes. Almost
every job and is usually a food with meat as the main ingredient, such as

A. Traditions and festivals, such as religious important days, Tang Gui Salak, Yi Peng
Day, and Songkran, where villagers go to make merit at the temple Popular dishes are
steamed chicken wraps, roasted gin, gin, gin sam kwai, or other meat-based dishes. It is
worth noting that the villagers rarely cook food with vegetables as the main ingredient to
offer to monks.

B. Auspicious events such as poi (ordination ceremony), merit-making,
housewarming, marriage, food that is popularly feasted is Kang Hang Lay, Jean (buffalo
meat), raw or roasted Larb, steamed pork, chicken curry with Ma Fak, Khanom Jeen Nam
Moo, Kanom Jeen Green curry, vermicelli soup, vermicelli salad (Vermicelli dishes such as
vermicelli, Kanom Jeen, some Ban Bang Sub-district will not serve guests)

C. Inauspicious events, such as funerals, the popular food to be fed would be Kang
Hang Lay, Kang Ho Jin (buffalo meat), chicken curry with mashed potatoes, boiled lettuce,
etc. And in the auspicious event will not cook food that is a feast.

4.4 Beliefs about food and eating food beliefs about food are inherited and
passed down from generation to generation. These beliefs are social processes that allow
communities to coexist. For the beliefs about the food of the northern people are as
follows:

A. Beliefs and views on eating meat most northerners have the view that buffalo
meat is a good food. Used to prepare food to welcome visitors. or a party to thank those
who came to take the energy and also believe that buffalo meat is better to eat than beef
Because buffalo meat is healthy to eat, it is non-toxic and not slang like beef. Some
northerners prefer to eat dog meat. Until there is a specific source of selling dog meat but
for those who do not eat, there is a belief that dog meat belongs to the low of evil. And
those who are father-in-law (father and teacher) will not eat dog meat. Because it is

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believed that the spell will deteriorate some meals containing meat and eggs will not be
served to guests, including:

1) Food items that contain shellfish, such as Kaeng Kae Hoi or Kaeng Hoi, because
they are believed to make each other hate each other. And on the day of the Buddha do
not eat curry khae hoi or curry hoi because it is believed that the clam that looks like a
coiled circle is like the hair of the Buddha.

2) Food items that consist of duck meat because it is believed to cause anger and
distance.

3) Food items that contain eggs because I believe that friendship will gradually
separate from each other like an eggshell that when the eggs are cracked there will be
nothing left.

In addition, it was observed that the northerners considered some meats to be
excellent food as special food, such as lan (monster), cobra, king cobra, Phan (bark), wild
boar, mole, nai (a type of rat larger than the house rat). Eehawks (squirrels), turtles, frogs,
and insects. If you catch these animals, share them. Or cook food for relatives to join in
such an atmosphere is common. Especially in the area of Mae Sai Sub district which is a
community connected to the fertile natural forest area as for sub-districts without forests,
they will buy these meats from the market for cooking.

B. Beliefs about food for pregnant women and after childbirth Pregnant women
have many beliefs and taboos about food, for example, do not eat stoves (freshwater
algae) because they believe that stoves will get stuck in the placenta, stick to coils (womb),
making it difficult to give birth. Do not eat cabbage, worms, vegetables and vegetables
that are intertwined with other trees because they are believed to be difficult to give birth
Including not turning away (turning) behind the stove because it is believed that it is
difficult to give birth In the case of postpartum women who have to live in the month of
fire (live fire), there are prohibitions on food and have food that is prescribed to eat such
as Do not eat buffalo lung (taro buffalo), cow, Phan (bark) and Pa Duk because it is believed
that eating will cause fever. The food that is prescribed to eat within 15 days after giving
birth is 3 meals of glutinous rice and a little dried fish. After the 15th day, you can eat chili
paste. which is a chili paste that consists of only roasted peppers and salt and the reason
why salt has to be roasted because it is believed that eating raw salt will make the "roll"
(uterus) not dry, not entering the garage when grilling into the evening (the 2nd month

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after giving birth) eating grilled fish, roasted pork loin, black buffalo, pork, wild boar, and
can eat various tops of vegetables, but can only eat no more than 2 of each, because
they believe that if they eat too much, they will need a jar. And can eat boiled chicken,
but do not bust (sip) the soup because it is believed that it will prevent the uterus from
drying out and not enter the cradle after giving birth for 2 months before eating

C. Beliefs about baby food Babies after birth, besides breastfeeding Mom will let
baby eat sticky rice mixed with banana. The mother will chew the sticky rice and bananas,
spit it out into a reed (cup) and feed them to eat (later changed from chewing to using a
mortar). At the age of 1, mother will start eating sticky rice by herself and when he is not
yet 5 years old, he is not allowed to eat salty food. Because it is believed to make the
child become a sang

D. Beliefs about eating culture In the event that there are guests eating at home,
they will not let the guests wash the cups. Because they believe that they are not good
for each other and are separated from each other some communities won't wash the cup
after the supper. (Dinner) In addition While eating, do not say "Kin" is the ultimate grip (eat
as the last word) because it is believed that it is an omen of eating before death.

E. Beliefs about food used in rituals and events Most of the food used in
ceremonies uses food that is easy to do. For example, the ceremony to take Kwan (make
Khwan) will use steamed rice, boiled chicken, boiled eggs, Pa Haeng Jee, dessert. The
blessing ceremony will use Kaeng Som, Kaeng Wan, steamed rice, and snacks. In these
rituals, the villagers have different beliefs, such as the food used in the ceremony to take
Kwan. Villagers take the boiled chicken used in the ceremony to make chicken salad.
Because they believe that the food used to feed the gift is good and invite people who
are familiar with them to eat with only the food used in the ceremony, the destiny
ceremony that is placed or hung by the trees, the villagers will not bring them back to
eat. In addition, food used for banquets in auspicious occasions such as funerals is
prohibited to feed noodles such as Kanom Jeen Vermicelli. Because it is believed to cause
chaos that will never end or believe that the music will not bring death to the bliss
because of the lines it’s like a blocking path. And some communities believe that in the
auspicious event, noodles are forbidden. Because it will make life in the future meet only
chaos.

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5 Changing the eating culture of urban people.

In the past, the girls in the north, they will learn to cook from their parents,
grandparents, and grandparents. It can be seen from the stories of the elderly that when
they were students, before leaving home, they had to steam glutinous rice first, with the
process to bring the rice Steamed. Soaking sticky rice must be soaked at night before
bedtime. In the morning, I have to wake up to steam rice since the morning. In general,
the northern people's breakfast is a meal that is eaten for dinner and is shared for
breakfast. No matter what meal, we have to eat sticky rice. Mae Oui (grandmother or
grandmother) will have a way to teach her grandchildren how to cook rice that is easy to
understand, such as kaeng jin must add galangal. (Beef curry with chili paste must add
galangal) Wild curry (fish curry) must add chakkai (lemongrass curry) Gaeng Jin put the
weight of vegetable curry with little water (Beef curry put as much water as vegetables
because you have to simmer vegetable curry with less water because the vegetable juice
will come out). Northern girls who are older in their generation years in 1927, almost
everyone would cook. Do not like to buy ready meals to eat together. Even orange
bamboo shoots (Sour bamboo shoots), orange lettuce (pickled lettuce), pickled fish, must
be cooked by themselves in the house (Suphin Ritphen, M.P.P., page 87-88). Various let’s
curry together to be a curry that many people are already popular with. Some leftover
side dishes can also be made into a new pot dish, for example, kaeng ho. It is a curry that
combines many curry dishes left by little children and adds vegetables to it. Some types
of curry are used. For example, curry or curry that is left over from the last meal and
added to it. The vermicelli was brought in. Sour bamboo shoots, put vegetables, pounded
eggplants or eggplants, basil leaves and stir-fry together to form a new pot of curry,
becoming a delicious side dish called Genho". The word "ho" means to combine together.
As for the food container some families like to put a plate and rice together in the basket.
In some houses, dishes are made of rice go (Khantoke) made of round wood. There are
legs that are high enough to be able to pick up food and eat easily. Go rice is made with
various materials. For example, rattan, wood, some Ban Ko Khao will be a single piece of
red wood, while keeping the rest of the food away from ants and swarms. will put a basket
and tie a rope to hang it in the kitchen when eating, pull the rope down Food racks also

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have many uses because most northern homes in the kitchen usually have rails for hanging
utensils, hanging onions, hanging garlic, etc. As for the northern snacks, there are only a
few snacks that children eat in. Winter is Khao Lam, Khao Kab (Khao Kwok), Khao Taen
(Khanom Nang Led), Khanom Wong (made with glutinous rice flour, rolled into a circle,
sprinkled with simmered sugar). The word Wong means a circle of porridge. Khao Ok
(Khanom Thien) is eaten during the month of April during Songkran festival. Khanom Pad
is a rhombic snack. The word "Paad" means cut into pieces for children. In addition, there
will be roasted peanuts, pounded peanuts, etc. (Sri Samorn, Kongphan and Manee) Suwan
Phong, M.P.P.: 8) In regard to dietary changes, before the government announced the First
National Economic and Social Development Plan (1961 - 1966) Socio-economic conditions
of indigenous people in the north are still socio-economic conditions have independence
in self-reliance Indigenous people, especially those who live outside the city limits, live a
lifestyle in harmony with nature. Seeking food from natural sources, such as farming,
gardening, having free time and freedom to seek food from natural sources since there
were not many markets and grocery stores in the village at that time. For the native birds
living in the city they are popular to grow vegetables and fruits in their own homes.
Although the space in the house is not much, while there are not many restaurants in
Muang district because local people do not like eating out. Except for noodle shops, which
are everywhere. The restaurant area that was the center of the indigenous people in those
days was the area around the cinema, fresh market and park when the Thai government
in the era of Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat adopted a liberal economic development model
from the West. Model for the development of the Thai economy by the promulgation of
the First National Economic and Social Development Plan (1961 - 1981) emphasizing the
increase in the rate of economic growth. by that industrial development and promoting
private investment as well as receiving foreign capital in the form of national loans Foreign
aid and foreign technical techniques in liberal economic policy From the contest to apply
the National Economic and Social Development Plan No. 4 to the region The economic
and social conditions of the indigenous people in the North began to change. Farmers
who are facing problems in the agricultural sector began to turn to occupation as a laborer
who uses industrial labor or a construction laborer Chiang Mai, which is the center province
of the upper North. Growing and developing materially rapidly but there are also
differences in the rates of material prosperity. Between the area in the Muang district and

56

the area in the district outside the Muang district when the Thai economic conditions
change into a liberal and capitalist economy. Thai social conditions began to change to a
society that emphasized the importance of the currency system. Capitalist society is one
that is under the influence of materialism and consumerism. The life of Thai people as a
whole is starting to be far from nature. And the original environment People are only
interested in making money. And objects that make life more comfortable. It also caused
people to migrate from the outer districts into the center of prosperity such as Chiang Mai
These people used to live close to nature. Seeking food from natural food sources only
after changing careers and settling in the Muang district, relying on food sources from
markets and shops, most of their time is spent working to raise money for the indigenous
families living in the district city who engage in other occupations such as civil servants or
independent They live their lives searching for food from markets or shops as well. It is
worth noting that indigenous people in Muang district they like to buy food from the fresh
market and cook for family meals. But sometimes they buy ready-made meals, especially
for lunch. Popular to eat noodles, Kanom Jeen, but among the indigenous people in labor
who eat three meals of sticky rice, it is also found that some indigenous people prefer to
eat out, especially on special occasions, which are infrequent. The most popular food out
of the country is sukiyaki. And central region food, Ri Samorn, Dongphan and Manee Suwan
Phong, M.P.: 10) in addition, the food in the breakfast and dinner of local people in Muang
district. Although most of them still eat local food, but there are occasional Central Thai
food such as Katip cuisine. Therefore, people in Muang district are more popular to eat
rice than in the past. Glutinous rice is commonly eaten at dinner. As for lunch, it's popular
to buy and eat. Such as food in the central region, noodles, Chinese dessert, etc. People
who have a career in trading at home or a worker who is a worker tends to eat food that
is made in the morning. In summary, the indigenous people in the urban areas, although
still eating local food, are likely to eat more central food and eat more white rice in the
future. Most of the white rice that is sold in the Muang district market is the rice that
comes from glutinous rice in the central region. In addition, canned food consumables
and various seasonings such as shrimp paste, fish sauce, fermented fish, etc., are almost
all shipped from the central region. This nature makes the food and cooking of the
northern people under the influence of consumerism. Which spread from the central
region. Condiments made by indigenous people in the past such as soybeans (fermented

57

soybeans) and salt have been replaced by central seasonings such as using shrimp paste
instead of soybeans. Fish sauce is used instead of salt. It is also found that indigenous
people widely use MSG in cooking. Another characteristic that has changed in the food
consumption of people in urban areas is People began to eat more meat because the
urban society was influenced by commercial consumerism. The meat industry expanded
widely. Raising animals for consumption nowadays is easy and convenient. It takes a short
time and the trading price is not very expensive. In the past, curries, roasts and yam dishes
of the local people did not like much meat. Most of the native people's curry was
vegetable curry with only dried fish. Roasted or yam dishes used mostly vegetables, such
as red bean (maybe put a frog or in the rainy season), jackfruit salad, eggplant salad, yam
tao, vegetable salad, etc. At present, it is found that the curry dishes of the people in
Muang district include more pork, cow and chicken, especially beef, which is not popular
in the past. more popular However, there are some local dishes that are purely meat-
containing dishes, such as Laab (popularly eaten raw and cooked), Lu (meat blood), Kaeng
Oom and Kaeng Hang Le Man (ie Burmese Hang Lei curry, and Hang Lay Chiang Saen curry,
which is Hung Lay). Indigenous plants consist of local vegetables such as long beans,
eggplant, cabbage, pickled bamboo shoots, young peppers and black sesame). The
popular use of equipment, tools, and appliances caused by the advancement of
technology in cooking such as electric rice cookers and electric stoves have changed in
food consumption by people in the city. For example, eat more glutinous rice because it
is easy to cook and saves time, but steaming glutinous rice the glutinous rice must be
soaked overnight to soften the rice grains. As for the glutinous rice soaking water, known
as Khao Ma water, is rice water with high vitamin quality. In ancient times, people used
khao ma water to wash dishes, wash their faces, and wash their hair. (Srisamornkongphan
and Manee Suwan Phong, M.P.: 12) Another interesting point is the patterns and traditions
of indigenous people's food consumption. In the past, all family members would sit in a
Khantoke circle to eat food together. But nowadays, when the social, economic and
lifestyle of people in the city have changed a lot. Therefore, the family members' breakfast
and lunch are separate meals. This is because each person has different missions to do.
However, at dinner, it is still a time when all members have a meal together and have a
chance to meet and talk. In addition, people in the city with trades and mercenaries still
maintain a culture of dining on the streets. Folk and popular to use food trays instead of

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Khantoke. As for the indigenous people who work in government service and other
independent occupations, which have a relatively high level of education, prefer to eat
on the dining table. While the food consumption of the indigenous people in the urban
areas has changed considerably, many indigenous families who live in the remote areas of
the outer districts are still able to maintain a food culture. The pursuit of traditional food
is sufficient, although many have modified their lifestyles in capitalist economies.

Reference: https://kb.psu.ac.th/psukb/bitstream/2553/5332/11/Chapter3.pdf