BQS554 ASSIGNMENT 1 - GROUPWORK (MULTI STOREY SMARTHOME SYSTEM)

SEMESTER OCT 2021-FEB 2022

BQS 554 BUILDING SERVICES II

MULTI
STOREY
SMART
HOME
SYSTEM

Prepared by :

MUHAMMAD FARIS HAKIMI BIN MOHD RIZAINI (2021100931)
MUHAMMAD AIZUDDIN BIN MOHAMAD NASIR (2021393763)

FARHAN FAHMI BIN CHE ISMAIL (2021505015)
MUHAMMAD JAUHA IQBAL BIN DZIYAUDDIN (2021110437)

MUHAMMAD NUR ASYRAF BIN MD SAAD (2021393715)







Prepared for :

DR ASMALIA CHE AHMAD

ABLE OF CONTENT 0 1 . INTRODUCTION 1

0 2 . CASE STUDY 2

0 3 . ELECTRICAL 3-15

0 4 . AIR CONDITIONING AND 16-23
VENTILATION 24-30

0 5 . TELECOMMUNICATION

0 6 . FIRE PROTECTION 31-38

0 7 . SAFETY AND SECURITY 39-45

0 8 . CONCLUSION 46

0 9 . REFERENCES 47-48

INTRODUCTION

Smart home is a home setup nowadays that simplifies people's daily work
by controlling our existing devices automatically from a distance. But, with
the latest and ever -expanding technological developments. We can now
control devices anywhere via Internet channels. By using a device that can
be connected to an Internet channel. We can control several other devices
remotely as well as anywhere such as security access to the home.
To control an available device from anywhere, it needs to be accessed
through a central point or in other words a tool to control the role of smart
home devices such as smartphones, laptops, and tablets. Devices such as
televisions, door locks and refrigerators can be controlled through a home
automation system. The system is installed on a mobile or other networked
device, and the user can set up timers for changes to take effect.
Among the advantages that can be obtained from this smart home system
is that it has self-learning skills. Where it is possible to learn by yourself to
follow the homeowner's schedule and make adjustments as needed. In this
way, it allows the control on this device to be more efficient by doing work
at certain times only. That way, it can also save on electricity consumption
as well as electricity bills. As for the security part, it can also alert our
device if there is any movement in our house during our absence at home.

01

CASE STUDY (CAPITAL TOWER, SINGAPORE.)

For our case study, this building has already won the Green Mark
Platinum Award in the category of its construction and design as well
as its energy and water efficiency. This 52-storey office building is a
smart building with built-in energy saving measures, such as an
energy recovery wheel system in its air-conditioning unit that allows
cool air to be collected to keep the chillers running efficiently. Motion
detectors installed in the lift lobby and restrooms save energy, and
double-glazed glass windows limit heat penetration and consumption.
The structure uses condensation from the air handling unit to save
water. Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are monitored by devices
to ensure that the air quality in the building is optimal.
A rooftop lobby with a panoramic view of the Singapore skyline, a
fitness facility, pool, childcare, and eating options are among the
amenities offered by the 68,000 square-foot skyscraper.

02

ELECTRICAL SUPPLY

- PANEL SOLAR

BQS 554 BUILDING SERVICES II 03
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY

APPLICATION

Solar panels capture sunlight and convert it into electricity, which
may subsequently be utilised to power electrical loads. Solar panels
are made up of several solar cells, each of which is made up of layers
of silicon, phosphorous (which gives the negative charge), and
boron (which provides the positive charge).

Solar panels absorb photons and generate an electric current as a
result. The energy created when photons collide with the solar
panel's surface causes electrons to be pushed out of their atomic
orbits and released into the electric field formed by the solar cells,
which subsequently pulls these liberated electrons into a directed
current. The Photovoltaic Effect refers to the entire process. The
average home has more than enough roof space to accommodate
the required number of solar panels to generate enough solar
electricity to meet all of its power demands. Any extra electricity
generated is sent into the main power grid, which pays for itself in
reduced electricity usage at night.

A solar array creates power during the day that is used in the home
at night in a well-balanced grid-connected setup. Solar generator
owners can benefit from net metering schemes, which allow them
to be compensated if their system generates more energy than is
required in the house. A battery bank, charge controller, and, in
most cases, an inverter are all required components in off-grid solar
systems..

Direct current (DC) power is sent from the solar array to the battery
bank through the charge controller. The power is then transferred
from the battery bank to the inverter, which transforms the DC
current into alternating current (AC), which may be utilised with
non-DC equipment. Solar panel arrays may be scaled to satisfy the
most stringent electrical load needs, thanks to the help of an
inverter. AC current can be used to power loads in homes and
businesses, recreational vehicles and boats, distant cabins, cottages,
or residences, remote traffic controls, telecommunications
equipment, oil and gas flow monitoring, RTU, SCADA, and much
more.

04

INSTALLATION PROCESS

0 1 . Set Up Scaffolding

Firstly, you have to erect scaffolding to ensure safety during the whole installation process when
being on the roof.

02. Mount Installation

The first step is to fix the mounts that will support he Solar Panels. It can be Roof-ground
mounts or flush mounts depending on the requirement. This base structure provides support
and sturdiness. Care is taken on direction in which the PV panels (monocrystalline or
polycrystalline) will be installed.

03. Install the Solar Panels

Next step is to fix the solar panels with the mounting structure. This is done by tightening nuts
and bolts. Care is taken to secure the whole structure properly so that it is sturdy and lasts
long.

04. Electrical Wiring

Next step is to do the electrical wiring. Universal Connectors like MC4 are used during wiring
because these connectors can be connected with all type of solar panels. These panels can be
electrically connected with each other in following series:

Series Connection: In this case, the Positive (+) Wire is of one PV module is connected to the
Negative (–) Wire of another module. This type of wiring increases the voltage match with the
battery bank.
Parallel Connection: In this case, Positive (+) to Positive (+) and Negative (–) to Negative (–)
connection is done. This type of wiring voltage of each panel remains same.

05

INSTALLATION PROCESS

05. Connect the System to Solar Inverter

Next step is to connect the system to a solar inverter. The Positive wire from the solar panel is
connected to the Positive terminal of the inverter and the Negative wire is connected to the
Negative terminal of the inverter. The solar inverter is then connected to the Solar Battery and
Grid input to produce electricity.

06. Connect Solar Inverter and Solar Battery

Next step is to connect the solar inverter and the solar battery. The positive terminal of the
battery is connected with the positive terminal of the inverter and negative to negative.
Battery is needed in off grid solar system to store electricity backup.

07. Connect Solar Inverter to the Grid

Next step is to connect the inverter to the grid. To make this connection, a normal plug is used
to connect to the main power switch board. An output wire is connected with electric board
that supplies electricity to the home.

08. Start Solar Inverter

Now when all the electrical wiring and connections are done, it is time to start the inverter
switch ON the Main Switch of the Home. Most solar inverters will have digital display to show
you stats regarding generation and usage of solar unit.

06

ADVANTAGES

Reduce The Cost Of Your Energy Bill

Because we will utilise more electricity available than solar panels that use sunlight as
their source, these solar panels can reduce our home electricity cost. So, we can
conclude that spending a significant amount of money in solar panels will result in a
profit by allowing us to save a significant amount of money on utility bills.

With such savings, we can put the money that would have gone toward the electricity
bill toward other needs or desires.

Renewable Energy Source

Solar panels create electricity using sunlight as a source. Because sunlight is a
renewable resource, solar panels will be able to provide this energy without running
out of resources. The benefits of using sunlight as a source are numerous, including
the fact that it is a clean source that does not contaminate the environment.

Furthermore, sunshine is a free resource that the general population can access. For
those who can afford it, all that is required is the installation of a solar panel system at
home.

Environmentally Friendly

Because solar panels generate electricity using sunshine or renewable energy sources.
It will not contribute to pollution by using non-renewable resources, for example. Use
of coal and oil are two examples that might be offered. To put it another way, solar
panels are an environmentally beneficial product that is concerned about the welfare
of our planet.

In today's world, when there is a lot of pollution all throughout the country, solar
panels can help. It can be of minor assistance in preventing pollution of the
environment and, at the same time, create an example for others to follow in our
footsteps by installing solar panel systems.

Low Maintenance Costs

One of the benefits of owning or installing a solar panel system at home is that solar
panel maintenance is simple. Furthermore, these solar panels come with a very lengthy
warranty. So the maintenance cost will be very minimal because it will be covered by
the warranty for a set amount of time, and the solar owner will only need to monitor
the solar panel system on a regular basis.

Furthermore, because everything on the solar panel is adequate, the panel owner does

not need to do anything to ensure that it performs at a satisfactory level. 07

DISADVANTAGES

High Upfront Cost

Solar panels are initially expensive to install, and this is one of the reasons why many
people cannot afford to have them installed in their houses. But that was back in the
day. Now there's a new government programme. The cost of cutting-edge technology
has decreased in recent years.

The Size Of System Is Dependent On Your Available Space

When it comes to installing solar panels on our home, one of the most crucial elements
to consider is the amount of space available. For example, let's say our house's roof
isn't very big. As a result, we must first consider whether we want to install solar panels
that are tiny in size and suited for our home's roof space, or whether we should
abandon our plans to install solar panels at home.

Requires Sunny Weather To Work Best

When using this solar panel, it must be exposed to sunlight in order to create power,
and it can only operate when the sun is shining. In other words, without sunlight, this
solar panel system will not work. As a result, the weather fluctuations that occur are the
disadvantage of this solar panel system. Even on a foggy day, it can create some
electricity. However, it will not operate if it is raining. It can only happen in really sunny
weather to achieve the maximum effect.

Manufacturing Of Solar Panels Can Harm The Environment

Probably not many people are aware of the process of constructing this solar panel
system. Even though this solar panel system is well-known for being environmentally
benign, the process of generating this sophisticated technology can be hazardous to
the environment. This is because the process of making solar panels involves burning
fossil fuels and plastic debris, which can pollute the environment.

Low Energy Conversion Rate

Although this solar panel system is regarded as a sophisticated technology capable of
converting sunlight into electricity, it does so by utilising renewable resources that are
both limitless and accessible to the general people. It can only convert 20-25 percent of
sunshine into electricity, however. As a result, this technology still has room to improve
and evolve so that it can make the best use of solar sources.

08

EXPLANATION ON HOW EACH BUILDING SERVICE FUNCTIONS INCLUDING THE
CONNECTION AND POSITIONS THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF EQUIPMENT

The proposed project will use solar panel system which can convert the sun’s light into energy
similar as chosen case study Intel building in Kulim, Kedah. Solar panel system has various
components which each of the component have their own functions to generate electricity for
the building. To ensure that the solar system is well functioning for the proposed building, it must
be occupied and installed with the appropriate or right components. The function including
connection and position of every component of solar panel system are as follow;

1. Solar Photovoltaic Panels

Solar photovoltaic panels are the most important component which the
function is to absorb sunlight and generates direct current electricity.
Electrons will be stimulated to travel through solar cells that are in built into
the solar panels. The most suitable positions of the solar panels located at
the top or roof of the building which allow the panels to absorb maximum
amount of sunlight. The technology of panels are consists in two types
which is Polycrystalline and Monocrystalline Panels. Monocrystalline panels
consist of singular large crystals and the colour is darker. Other than that,
Polycrystalline panels consist of multiple smaller crystals which the colour
can be light or dark blue and have variation in texture where some patches
are lighter than others. Monocrystalline solar cells are the best choice since
they produce higher peak efficiency as large crystal sizes tend to be more
absorbent. The technology is more easily and readily available than
polycrystalline solar cells.

2. Inverter

Any solar energy system would be incomplete without inverters. It is

functioning to convert the direct current electricity that the solar panels

produce which are used to generates electricity for the proposed building.

There are a variety of inverter features available to fit various system needs

and situations. A straight grid-tied inverter connects directly to the utility

grid without the use of batteries. When the grid goes down, the

photovoltaic system also goes down which to protect service linemen from

damage caused by outages. A grid-capable inverter can connect to the grid

and use batteries to provide backup power in the case of power failure. The

inverter technology consists in two types that are commonly use. The first

one is string inverter which is installed onto a wall in a shaded area and will

convert the energy from a string of panels into alternating current electricity

that can be used to generates electricity for the building. Microinverters are

installed on the back of each panel which allowing the energy from the

panels to exist independently from each other. When one panel in a string

inverter system experiences partial shading, the performance of the other

panels affected as well. 09

EXPLANATION ON HOW EACH BUILDING SERVICE FUNCTIONS INCLUDING THE
CONNECTION AND POSITIONS THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF EQUIPMENT

3. Racking

Racking helps to ensure the solar panels securely attached to the building which the suitable method
chosen for the proposed building is roof mounted system. use a good raking quality can help the solar
panel maximizing capturing the sun’s rays due to best angle which is between 30 and 45 degrees. In
addition, for better performance, solar panels should face south. For the proposed building, fixed
mounts types will be use because it can guarantee that the solar panels will remain stationary and
steady.

4. Monitoring Equipment

A solar monitoring equipment system works through the solar system’s inverter which the component
are usually connected. In addition, they view and relay system energy information analysis to a in
product console or web connected device through their proprietary software. There are a few
monitoring methods such as direct PC connection, use of mobile devices, monitoring display unit,
internet-base monitoring and use of historic data viewing features.

10

EXPLANATION ON HOW EACH BUILDING SERVICE FUNCTIONS INCLUDING THE CONNECTION
AND POSITIONS THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF EQUIPMENT

5. Charge Controller

Charge controllers regulate electrical charge by limiting the rate at which electric current is supplied
to or released from batteries. It helps in the regulation of solar panel voltage and watts in order to get
more stable energy, reducing overcharging and protecting against overvoltage. In addition, some
charge controllers are available with additional capabilities, like lighting and load control. However, its
primary function is to manage electricity.

6. Batteries

Batteries is a component that can use to store extra electricity generated by solar panels. When the
solar panels do not generate enough electricity, such as at night, on cloudy days, or during power
outages, then can use the stored energy to power the proposed building. Off-grid and hybrid
systems will utilize a battery to store collected energy delivered by a Charge Controller, Inverter, or
both. As a result, energy is available on demand when a system operator needs it.

11

PRINCIPLES

Solar panel system is converting and harvesting from sunlight to the electrical energy that be
distribute to services. The sunlight be harvested and converted to the electric by the principles
that using a system that be known as Photovoltaics (PV). Photovoltaics directly convert solar
energy into electricity. They work on the principle of the photovoltaic effect. When certain
materials are exposed to light, they absorb photons and release free electrons. This
phenomenon is called as the photoelectric effect. Photovoltaic effect is a method of producing
direct current electricity based on the principle of the photoelectric effect.
Principle of photovoltaic effect will produce solar cells or photovoltaic cells. Single photovoltaic
cell does not produce enough amount of electricity. Therefore, a number of photovoltaic cells
are mounted on a supporting frame and are electrically connected to each other to form a
photovoltaic module or solar panel. Solar panels commonly available from several hundred
watts up to few kilowatts. Solar panels or modules are designed to supply electric power at a
certain voltage, but the current they produce is directly dependent on the incident light.

12

SYSTEM

The solar panel system split up by two that is Utility
Intertie PV System Grid-Connected and Stand-Alone
Solar Electric System. Both of this system have common
similarities, which is generating electricity to the building
that occupied this type of electrical supply system. For
the proposed building, it using the StandAlone Solar
Electric System.

Stand-Alone Solar Electric System is a system that be
design to operate independence by itself that is electric
solar panel grid. It also generally designed and sized to
supply certain Direct Current Power (DC) and Alternating
Current Power (AC) for the building utilization. This
Stand-Alone Solar System be operate and powered by
Photovoltaic panel that array and be install on the roof of
building which the most expose area to the sunlight
directly.

This system that be proposed using the StandAlone
Solar Electric Systems with batteries backup as a safety
measure for avoid and prevent any unexpected event
that may occur towards the user of the building.

Moreover, it also affect the productivity of consumer in
the building. The batteries also become the backup that
supply 100% power electricity to the building on cloudy
days or at night without presence sunlight. This system
apply the batteries as the storage of the electrical power
that be produce by the solar panel, which it be transfer
by the cables.

For this batteries Stand-Alone System it compromises of
the energy supply by itself without the utility power grid
that be connected to it.

13

SPACE IMPLICATIONS

The solar panels will be installed on the building's rooftop in order to create the
maximum capacity of electrical supply by exposing the most exposed region to the
sun. The planned building's roof is covered with a flat roof to maximise the amount
of sunshine exposed. Solar panels or solar cells should be installed outside the
building to ensure that the component's function and suitability are maintained.

The strategic location of solar panel installation on a flat rooftop is to prevent areas
that will be shadowed, which will reduce energy production. Because this system is
totally dependent on sunlight, the solar panels must be directly exposed to the sun
in order to generate electricity. As a result, the most optimal place for solar panel
installation is on a flat rooftop with minimal impact on space.

After that, the solar panel system's cables. The solar panels will be
installed when the cables are installed, which will be on the flat roof.
Because it is one of the most critical components, this cable should
not hinder any space or area during installation.

The electrical energy from the solar panel that converts sunlight to
electricity is transferred via cables. The cables will be run from the
solar panels along the roof to the room where the inverter will be
installed. These cables will not obstruct any space and will not
contribute to any space utilisation implications owing to the
installation placement.

The inverter is normally the same size as the Distribution Board. This
component is critical for changing the types of electrical energy
flows, such as Direct Current Power (DC) to Alternating Current
Power (AC), to meet the needs. Because of its size and importance
in supplying energy, this inverter is able and suited for installation
inside a building.

Placing this inverter outside could increase the chances of it being
stolen. Due to the size and location of the installation, the building
has a smaller footprint. As a result, because the inverter is mounted
on the wall, the space requirement of the inverter is minimal.

The storage of batteries is another component that contributes to
the space implications of solar panel systems. Due to the role of the
main electrical supply system that will be proposed to the building,
the batteries have a large size. Due to the large size of the battery, it
has a significant impact on the space implications.

Then, it should be placed inside the building near the inverter to
prohibit the use of other building rooms that are limited. When this
battery is placed, it will provide the impression of space in the room.

14

BUILDING REGULATION

This section of the building regulation is
important since it involves obtaining permission
from local authorities for the services that will
be applied for.

The electrical supply system for this planned
building will be a Stand-Alone Solar Electric System
as the major service in supplying the electric.
Suruhanjaya Tenaga's regulation with the act in the
Electricity Supply Act 1990 in Guidelines on
Connection of Solar Photovoltaic Installation for Self-
Consumption must be followed.
This legislation regulates the power supply sector,
establishes acceptable electricity supply pricing,
licences electrical installations, and regulates any
electrical installation.

Another one is the Electricity Regulation of 1994, which governs the
electricity supply. This rule must be followed as part of the electricity that
is supplied to the building in order to provide for the installation,
operation, and maintenance of the building's electrical equipment. Both
of these regulations must be followed in order to acquire approval and a
legal authorization for a stand-alone solar power system.

15

AIRCONDITIONING AND VENTILATION

BQS 554 BUILDING SERVICES II 16
AIR CONDITIONING AND VENTILATION

AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEMS

DEFINITION

Air conditioning is a mechanical device that reduces the
temperature of an indoor space by extracting heat and moisture
from the surrounding environment. In other words, it is a gadget
that extracts heat from a room and transports it to an external
area in order to chill it. The chilly air can then be dispersed
throughout the building via ventilation. Although air conditioners
come in a variety of shapes and sizes, they always operate on the
same fundamental principle.

APPLICATION

Residences, offices, retail complexes, enterprises, massive

structures, theatres, auditoriums, and other comparable structures
all have slightly different requirements and architectural
specifications. Cooling capacity requirements vary significantly by
application. Factory manufactured room air conditioners are
extremely popular for usage in modest households, offices, and so
forth. These units are offered in a window or split configuration

SYSTEM

Air conditioning systems are capable of controlling not just the


room's temperature, but also the indoor environment. Air

conditioning technology is critical for maintaining not only a
pleasant room temperature, but also for maintaining a clean and
fresh air supply.

17

AIR CONDITIONING

SYSTEMS FUNCTION

The fundamental function of air conditioning is to maintain a
comfortable indoor atmosphere for humans.


A unique type of conditioning system is utilised to keep

electronic gadgets cool.

It regulates the humidity level in a room, allowing for a range of

30 to 65 percent while maintaining a temperature of between 20

and 26 degrees Celsius.

PRINCIPLE AND

SPACE IMPLICATION

A general rule is that each side of the air conditioner should have

a minimum clearance of one foot (or 12 inches). The air


conditioner's manufacturer may specify clearance requirements,

but they are typically between 12 and 24 inches.
Air conditioners require sufficient space to flow air in and out, as
well as adequate clearance on both sides. If the air conditioner
does not have at least 60 inches of vertical space, it will put
additional strain on the equipment.
Additionally, the lack of space on top of the unit results in the air
conditioner pulling in warmer air, lowering the machine's
efficiency. This increases the air conditioner's wear and tear, as
well as the monthly cooling expenditure.

INSTALLATION
1.Install the indoor unit
2.Fix the mounting plate on the interior wall

3.Make a hole into the wall to fit the piping

4.Check electrical connections

5.Connect the pipes

6.Press the indoor unit against the plate to secure the mounting

plate to the indoor unit

7.Install the Outdoor Condenser

8.Place a level concrete pad on the ground

9.Connect electrical wires

10.Complete the installation of the air conditioner system

Bleed humidity and air from the refrigerant circuit

11.Use insulating covers and insulating tape to wrap the piping joints

18

AIR CONDITIONING

SYSTEMS

PROBLEMS BENEFITS


• Leakage of refrigerant in an air • cost effective.
While installing a smart air conditioner
conditioning system.
The refrigerant in an air conditioning
system with a smart thermostat may be
system is responsible for chilling the air.
A refrigerant leak is a common AC unit costly at first, it will save money in the
problem that can significantly lower the long run. Additionally, occupants might
efficiency of the air conditioner. begin with just the thermostat. This alone
Additionally, leaks can be detrimental to will begin to save you money each
the immediate surroundings. month.

• Compressor that has been damaged. • Environmental protection.
The compressor is a critical component Energy efficiency is a major selling point.
of the ac system since it assists This implies that the home emits less
refrigerants in conducting heat carbon dioxide than standard air
exchange and manages the ac pressure. conditioning systems, making it
AC compressor failure can be caused by significantly more eco-friendly.
dirty coils, fluctuating refrigerant levels,
or a lack of maintenance. • Convenience and a sense of well-being.
Of course, the primary goal of a smart
• Leaking Duct 'anything' is to make life easier and more
Ductwork is responsible for transporting automated. Smart thermostats can
cold air throughout your home in the regulate temperatures automatically
case of ducted air conditioners. based on user preferences and needs.
However, if there is a leak or a hole, it Additionally, the system can use the
may impair the operation of your air schedule and location to alter the home's
conditioner. Even if your air conditioner comfort level prior to the arrival of
is running for an extended period of occupants.
time, you will feel as if it is not on at all.

19

HEATING DEFINITION
SYSTEMS
machinery or equipment used
SYSTEM to generate heat, particularly
for a building. The primary
goal of heating is to assist in
maintaining a healthy indoor
environment by providing
enough ventilation with
filtration and providing
thermal comfort.


This technology effectively ventilates a home while recovering

heat released by the interior environment.
There is no direct interaction between fluids or between
different types of fluids. A heat recovery and solid component
found in the majority of heat recovery systems.
Fluid leakage is found in some heat recovery systems as a result
of pressure differences between the two fluids, resulting in a
mixing of the two fluids.

FUNCTION


If the room is detected as having a

problem and is at a cool temperature,
heating ventilation will work.
Take a gadget and turn on the heater.
A balanced system that recovers and
transfers heat from extract air to
supply air is an air-to-air heat
exchange ventilation system.
Heat exchange refers to an
exchanger's ability to absorb heat
from extracted air and use it to warm
cold new air drawn from the outside
of the building.

PRINCIPLE AND SPACE IMPLICATION 20

A heat recovery system's objective is to supply conditioned air to
an occupied space in order to maintain a predetermined
temperature.
Modern homes are frequently constructed to significantly higher
technical standards than homes constructed a few decades ago,
and they are significantly more energy efficient as a result of
enhanced heat insulation.

INSTALLATION HEATING
SYSTEMS
• Installing an inappropriately sized 19

unit results in premature wear and
tear and reduces the system's lifespan.
• Calculate the home's Heating Load
Worth (HLW), which takes into
account the location, age, size, and
building materials of the property, as
well as neighbouring trees and sun
exposure.

PROBLEMS


• Reduced efficiency. BENEFITS

Devices will detect the room's air quality • Convenient.
late. When the air reaches its target, it It assists in maintaining a consistent
has already cooled. temperature in each room of your home.
• Certain areas of the house are not • Healthy.
adequately heated. Heating ventilation ensures that the air
No room will be the same temperature. within your home is free of allergies,
It is possible to observe that the floors pollutants, and hazardous chemicals.
will be colder than the ceiling. • Comfortable
• The thermostat controls are not The room will not become excessively
functioning properly. cold or excessively heated. Individuals in
This is a subjective issue. The device will the room will grow more comfortable.
function normally until it deteriorates • Adaptable.
due to lack of maintenance. Can be opened in response to the
number of persons in the room. It is a
versatile device that assists the space in
becoming warmer.

21

VENTILATION DEFINITION
SYSTEMS
A window ventilator is a passive device which
ensures natural flow of fresh air through the
otherwise airtight window frames.

SYSTEM

Sensors monitor the carbon dioxide level in the room and control the

window's opening and closing. The natural temperature differentials
between the interior and exterior, as well as the wind pressure,
facilitate air exchange. As a result, this method of ventilation ensures
constantly high air quality.

FUNCTION

If the room is too cool, the window will be opened using the devices to
allow warm air to enter.
Additionally, ventilation windows will operate if the air inside the building
is in poor condition. If there is unfresh air in the room, it will detect it and
make the room smell awful. All occupants need to do is open the window
or allow the gadgets to do it for them. It is a fairly simple procedure.

INSTALLATION

Center the opener in the centre of a window vent and indicate
the location of the window and greenhouse frame holes.
Attach the automatic window opener to the window frame and
test that the window opens and closes properly.

22

VENTILATION
SYSTEMS

PRINCIPLE AND SPACE IMPLICATION

South and east-facing ventilation windows are optimal for
enabling cold air to enter.
Ventilation windows on the north and west sides of the building
are optimal for air circulation within the structure.
A variety of window types can be employed to direct air into the
home.
If your home has multiple levels, ensure that each level has
ventilation windows.

PROBLEMS BENEFITS

Natural ventilation depends on Increased air quality.
weather.
It depends on the weather condition.
By installing ventilation windows, we may
Natural ventilation has no control over
the volume of air that travels through the draw in fresh air from the outside. It can
building. keep us from being trapped in an
Bad air. atmosphere where the air is always
Occasionally, the air may be unhealthy circulating around the room. A window
due to the lack of fresh air from the can assist us in obtaining fresh air.
outside.
Energy Efficient.
Windows allow natural, passive
ventilation, which improves the energy
efficiency of a structure. It is the best
because it consumed very little electricity
when operating.

Improved airflow.
Ventilation windows can be quite
beneficial for ventilation within a building.
If the air in the room is not fresh, the
room's ventilation window can be opened
and cool air flows into the room.

23

TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM
-SMART HOME HUB

BQS 554 BUILDING SERVICES II 24
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

SMART HOME HUB

what is telecommunication? Definition of smart home hub





Nowadays, telecommunications is a rapidly A smart home hub is described as a software or
growing sector that has escalated economic hardware that connects multiple smart devices
growth. Telecommunications is the exchange of across a smart home. It is essential for a smart
information over large distances which these home because it allows the centralization of
systems consist of wired and wireless local and processes in a user-friendly application which acts
wide area networks, as well as hardware and as the brain of the home automation system.
software that allows systems to communicate Most smart home gadgets can now be controlled
with one another or with people. Home with their own app, independent of the protocol
automation is defined as the addition of a and if they require a bridge or hub, they usually
remote control to household appliances. come with one. A collision domain is shared by
Advanced home automation systems are already devices on a hub, which act as a network
being developed that can maintain track of a segment. When two devices connected to the
household's inventory, track use via an RFID tag. same network hub send data at the same time,
A smart home is a convenient house setup in the packets collide will causing network issues.
which appliances and devices may be managed This is decreased with switches and routers
remotely using a mobile or other networked because each port represents a discrete collision
device from anywhere with an internet domain.
connection. A smart home's devices are
connected via the internet, allowing the user to
handle features such as home security,
temperature and from any places. It facilitates
the implementation of all of these function into a
single which more centrally managed system.
This allows to make the house an important
component in the management of the home.
The essentials of automation to aid in the
development of a smart home that unified all
home appliances in order to detect and respond
to customized security alerts.

25

FUNCTION OF SMART HOME HUB

The function of a smart home hub is to connect multiple devices on a centralized
platform which a home automation network and controls communications among
them. It collects and translates various protocol communications from all the devices
in smart home. Smart home hubs are useful for internet of things (IoT) devices that
use the Zigbee or Z-Wave protocols or Bluetooth but less in Wi-Fi. A separate, multi-
purpose hub has the advantage of allowing users to control everything from one app.
This also simplifies the network for users and gives them a single smart home
application to rule all the various systems and applications. As a result, it gives more
convenience to the users due to this technology will be controlled via smartphone
only. It’s the portal that ties together every lamp, light bulb, smart lock, doorbell, and
playlist within a home network Instead of walking around flipping light switches. Users
can utilise the smart home hub to set up a command that, when the smartphone
approaches the owner's home, the garage door will be unlock and the hall light also
turn on. Other than that, lighting control allow users to reduce electricity use and
benefit from energy which related to cost savings. With all of the smart home gadgets
in the home connected, users may use their smart home app to remotely access and
operate the various systems while away from home. To summarize, a smart home
hub is a necessary component of a smart home. It works as a bridge to allow
communication between different smart devices, either locally or in the cloud.




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THINGS THAT CAN BE AUTOMATE BY
SMART HOME HUB

1. Automate the Lighting sys
tem


home is automated the lighting system that will always be ready turn on

when someone enter the room. The automated lighting system can be
programmed specifically such as the lights will be turned off automatically
after 10 pm. Other than that, it also can be programmed to turn off the
lights when nobody on the rooms. As a result, its is more environmental
element for a smart home.




2. Automatic door locks


This automated
is very functioning and useful for the users which can


make sure the convenience and safety for users. By simply opening the

front door or opening the garage when someone enter home. Then, Smart
Home Hub can sense and detect to unlock automatically. The users can
set up for the individual that can through the door or garage automatically
which this function can avoid from thieves.




3. Automatic blind, cooling
and heating

Sensors can detect the t
emperature and brightness in a room and
automatically close or open
your blinds to adjust the temperature which

can reduce the heating or cooling. Other than that, it can automate the


cooling or heating in rooms, then it also can sense if detect no one is

using the room, so the power will be turn off or slow down.




27

INSTALLATION PROCESS

01. Connect The Smart Home Hub to A Power Source

Before you begin installing the device, plug it in first. An AC adaptor is typically used to
connect smart home hubs. However, in order to install, some systems include rechargeable or
backup batteries.

02. Sync The Smart Home Hub to The Cloud

Due cloud-powered smart home hubs need an internet connection, an Ethernet cable must
be used to connect it to the home's internet router. On the other hand, some smart home
hubs are Wi-Fi enabled. As a result, connecting it to the cloud is a lot simpler and quicker.

03. Download The Smart Home Hub’s Accompanying Application

Most modern smart home hubs can now be accessed via a free smartphone app, which works
on both Android and iPhone devices. Other smart hubs, on the other hand, come with
computer devices that may be downloaded. Control source for the smart home hub in the
palm of your hand after downloading the accompanying application to your mobile device.

04. Create An Account

Users need to fill out a simple form which will be able to create an account and a password.
The users need to use that account and password every time they access the app.

05. Add Smart Devices in Your Smart Hub

To combine and control all of these gadgets in one place, connect them to the hub. Its also
include the guides.

06. Set Up Triggers, Scenes, Schedules & Alerts Notifications

Create a schedule that includes activities that must be triggered at a specified time. For
example, you could set a trigger for all of the lights at home to switch on once the front door is
opened. It can also send out notifications via email or SMS.

28

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SYSTEM

Advantages Disadvantages

Automation that is more inclusive Cybercrime


One of the most significant advantages of
Unfortunately, users are still concerned about

having a smart hub is the ability to centralise the cybercrime and internet vulnerability. Criminals
smart home's automation which the purpose is may use the smart home devices as a technique
to simplify and connect all of your smart to acquire access to confidential data. Any
devices. A smart hub may combine many device on a network, including a smart speaker,
networks, such as Wi-Fi, Zigbee or Z-Wave, and may be hacked. Once a smart hub becomes
Bluetooth, into a single, easy-to-use app. When infiltrated by a cyber criminal, the devices that
using a smart speaker alone, commands may be are connected can be controlled by them easily.
possible, but the number of compatible devices
may be restricted. A smart hub can operate As solution, Infiltration can be avoided by
automatically following to the schedule that securing the router with identity theft
have been set for it. Various smart gadgets may prevention and monitoring services. That
have their own settings, which a smart hub may disadvantage also applies to Wi-Fi-enabled
simply include into the home's automated gadgets. Then, ensure that all passwords are
system. complex and that all applications on all devices
are up to date.
Everything in one app only
Smart home hub
s are simple to use since they Expensive to own
Smart hom
e hubs are much more expensive

centralise everything which is an important

than smart speakers. Even though smart
advantage that can be considered. it gives more
benefits to the users due to this technology will speakers cannot be managed on one device,
be controlled in one app only which is via the price point is much lower than the smart
smartphone or other devices. So the users will home hub. In addition, all appliances that need
be more easier controlling the devices because to be controlled can also be added to the
does not deal with a large number of expense of a smart home. For example, all of
applications. For example, the user can do the devices need to be connected to the one
everything with just one tap, from opening the application which connect via smartphone, so
garage door to locking the front door instead of the installation and preparation is quite pricey.
needing to control each smart device from The most that can be done is choose wisely with
different apps which more difficult. Even if they all the option given, every smart home hubs
are not at home, users of the companion come with different price point and benefits. Do
mobile app can remotely access the various research before deciding on one and commits
systems and gadgets connected to the hub. to the smart home hub system.

29

HOME PLACEMENT

SPACE IMPLICATIONS




It is important to place the initial smart
home hub properly and any hub that is used
as an extender in a location that allows it to
do its jobs. The hubs should be placed in
unobstructed areas to maximize their area
range, which is 140 meters, not against walls,
furniture, or corners. In addition, for larger
homes, add more extender hubs, such as
one on each floor or one in each room. Lastly,
it is better to put hubs closer to any
appliances that use the network. For
example, in the living room, there are
appliances like a television and a speaker.

30

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
(SMOKE DETECTOR)

BQS 554 BUILDING SERVICES II 31
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

APPLICATION

A typical ionization chamber (physical

process) consists of two electrically

charged plates and a radioactive source

(typically Americium 241) for ionizing

the air between the plates. (See Figure

1.) The radioactive source emits

particles that collide with the air

molecules and dislodge their electrons.

As the molecules lose electrons, they

become positively charged ions. As

other molecules gain electrons, they

become negatively charged ions. Equal

numbers of positive and negative ions

are created. The positively charged ions

are attracted to the negatively charged

electrical plate, while the negatively

charged ions are attracted to the

positively charged plate. (See Figure 2.)

This creates a small ionization current

that can be measured by electronic

circuitry connected to the plates

(“normal” condition in the detector).

Particles of combustion are much larger

than the ionized air molecules. As

particles of combustion enter an

ionization chamber, ionized air

molecules collide and combine with

them. (See Figure 3.) Some particles

become positively charged and some

become negatively charged. As these

relatively large particles continue to

combine with many other ions, they

become recombination centers, and the

total number of ionized particles in the

chamber is reduced.

32

INSTALLATION PROCESS

0 1 . Determine your mounting location.

Use the recommendations above to see if your proposed locations are up to snuff, whether
your home already has a fire alarm system or you're beginning from new. Take a pre-wired
system with a grain of salt. Determine that all critical spaces, such as bedrooms, locations off
the kitchen, and so on, are appropriately protected.

02. Turn off the power (hard-wired units only).

It's important to ensure your fire alarm system is turned off. Shut off the breaker labelled "fire
alarm" or anything similar on your electrical panel. It could be connected to a circuit with
electricity. To make sure the circuit is off, remove the smoke detector from its bracket and
place your pen tester on the wires.

03. Install the smoke detector’s mounting bracket.

Your bracket should be mounted to a previously installed electrical box for hard-wired smoke
detectors. Remove the two mounting screws from the electrical box's corners and slip the
new bracket in position. Ensure that the wires are all pulled through the bracket at the same
time. To avoid breaking the bracket, tighten the screws with a screwdriver once more.

04. Add power.

Wire the provided electrical connections into your system for hard-wired smoke detectors
with the power off at the breaker. It must connect to the wires you pulled through the bracket
in the previous step. Using the wire stripper, expose the connector wire. Wire nuts are used to
twist the harness wires into the system wires, matching the wire colours. To make sure the
wires are tight, tug on them. Connect the smoke detector to the connector.
If your connector wires are black, white, and yellow but your system wires are black, white,
and red, use a wire nut to connect the yellow and red.

33

INSTALLATION PROCESS

05. Attach the smoke detector to the base.

This is a simple twist-lock procedure. Hold your smoke detector over the bracket and twist
clockwise until it snaps in place. Some battery-operated units may beep or light up at this
point, so don’t let that startle you.

06. Power up and test your smoke detector.

Battery-powered units are ready to go. If you had to shut the power off for a hard-wired
system, now’s the time to power back up. Head back down to the electrical panel and flip your
breaker back into the on position. Your new detector will most likely beep, letting you know
that it’s alive and well. There may also be an LED light indicating that the smoke detector has
power.

34

ADVANTAGES

1. Ability to Detect Fires Faster

A smart smoke detector has the advantage of being able to detect a fire considerably
faster than a regular smoke detector. A basic smoke detector detects instances in
which there is excessive smoke in a room. Smart smoke detectors go a step further by
detecting whether a room is too hot or has undergone a significant temperature spike.

2. Notifications and Alert Services

Another advantage of a smart smoke detector is that it can send a number of warnings
and alarms to various parties. These smart smoke detectors can be linked to an
infrastructure system that will alert the fire service if a fire occurs. Additionally, even if
they are not at home, anyone with an app connected to the smart smoke detector will
be able to receive a notification when a fire is occuring.

3.Reliability and Battery Life

People should check their smoke detector batteries at least once a year, according to
most experts. When using a fresh battery, smart smoke detectors, on the other hand,
you may safely assume that they will live considerably longer. Additionally, you can use
the application to check the power level of your smart smoke detectors at any time.

35

DISADVANTAGES

1.SENSITIVITY

Sensitive to dust particles and insects,
meaning that regular maintenance is
needed

2.COSTLY

The cost is expensive to maintain the
smoke detector in a long term

3.HIGH VOLTAGE

Require more current to operate
because they are typically wired to a 110-
volt power source

36

HOW THE SMOKE DETECTOR FUNCTION

As the number of ionised particles decreases, the chamber current decreases, which is detected
by electrical circuitry monitoring the chamber. A threshold is reached and a "alarm" status is
generated when the current is lowered by a predetermined amount. Humidity and atmospheric
pressure changes increase the chamber current, producing an effect similar to combustion
particles entering the sensor chamber. The dual ionisation chamber was created to compensate
for the effects of humidity and pressure variations, and it has since become popular in the smoke
detector market.
A dual-chamber detector utilizes two ionization chambers; one is a sensing chamber, which is
open to the outside air. (See Figure 4). The sensing chamber is affected by particulate matter,
humidity, and atmospheric pressure. The other is a reference chamber, which is partially closed
to outside air and is affected only by humidity and atmospheric pressure, because its tiny
openings block the entry of larger particulate matter including particles of combustion. Electronic
circuitry monitors both chambers and compares their outputs. If the humidity or the
atmospheric pressure changes, the outputs of both chambers are affected equally and cancel
each other. When combustion particles enter the sensing chamber, its current decreases while
the current of the reference chamber remains unchanged. The resulting current imbalance is
detected by the electronic circuitry. (See Figure 5.) There are a number of conditions that can
affect dual-chamber ionization sensors such as dust, excessive humidity (condensation),
significant air currents, and tiny insects. All of these can be misread as particles of combustion by
the electronic circuitry monitoring the sensors.

37

SMOKE DETECTOR DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Despite the fact that smoke detectors are based on simple notions, some design issues must be
taken into account. When smoke is detected, they should sound an alarm, but they should also
reduce the impact of an undesirable signal, which can occur for a variety of reasons. Dust and grime
can collect on the radioactive source in an ionisation detector, making it more sensitive. Electrical
transients and various types of radiated energy can impact smoke detector circuitry and be
misunderstood as smoke by the electronic circuitry, resulting in a nuisance alarm.
The allowable sensitivity ranges for both types of detectors are established by Underwriters
Laboratories, Inc. (UL). Detector performance is verified in fire tests. All smoke detectors are required
to respond to the same test fires regardless of their principle of operation.

38

SAFETY AND SECURITY
-AUTOMATIC GATE SYSTEM-

-CCTV SYSTEM-

BQS 554 BUILDING SERVICES II 39
SAFETY AND SECURITY

AUTOMATIC GATE SYSTEM
DEFINITION

A gate motor that automatically opens or closes a gate when it is installed is
known as an automatic gate system. It provides security and convenience by
eliminating the need to get out of your car and unlock your gate. When you reach
home, the automatic gate system is controlled by a remote control, which is a
433mhz remote control receiver that allows you to open your gate from a
distance. It also provides your family with a necessary convenience by allowing
them to open and close the gate automatically by pressing the auto gate push
button on the inside wall of your home. Consider how convenient it will be if you
don't have to go to your driveway when someone comes to visit you.

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HOW AUTOMATIC GATES SYSTEM WORK?

The motion of an automatic gate is controlled by a motor. The sort of
gate operator required will be determined by how the gate will open.
Some automatic driveway gates have a sliding door that moves from
left to right, while others swing open and close.

INSTALLATION PROCESS

 Install the gate properly Make sure to hang them evenly if there were two gates and center it
 Install the automatic gate
 Connect the arm to the controller box and to a power source
 Install the Gate Opener Arm
 The clamps on the gate post will hold the gate opener arm’s rear side, and the mouth of the
gate opener arm will hold the gate Install the gate opener carefully and make sure that both
clamps and the mouth are tightly attached to the gate
 Install and power up the controller box on the gate post and connect it to the gate opener arm
 Open the controller box and set the gate open and close limit
 Test the automatic gate by pressing the remote

41

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. Convenience 1. Quite expensive
Like many other technologies, this
Automatic gates save you time by
eliminating the need to physically open innovation equally has some
the gate to get access to your home. It is
convenient especially in a downpour or weaknesses. Howerver the benefits
other poor weather circumstances. You
have a choice of methods to unlock an are visibly more than the limitations.
electric gate. Some of the ways include
remote control, card readers, key pads, As you had expected, automatic gate
while other advanced automatic gates
come with sensors that read certain are expensive in various aspects.
signals for entry
Cost of gate, Installation and
2. Keeps Unauthorized Vehicles Out
maintenance cost make the
Some people use other people's driveways
to turn around, but with an automatic innovation of significant budget.
electric gate, you may prevent such
vehicles from using your driveway. 2. Highly dependent on electricity
Additionally, you can keep pesky critters
in the outdoors or in your neighbourhood Since automatic gate rely on electric
at bay. For example, your neighbor's dog power to run the motor, a crisis lurks
won't be able to enter your property in cases of a power outage or
because it's not allowed to roam around electrical failure. Such failure can
the area, and you won't have to worry cause inconvenience, considering
about it. that your vehicle cannot go past the
unique gate.
3. Safety

you can create boundaries for your
pets and children and avoid severe
consequences surrounding traffic and
other dangers that may create harm.
The variety of options available for
automatic gates is another great
thing about them. You can get a gate
in any shape, size, or height and
make your home more secure.

42

CCTV SYSTEM

DEFINATION

Closed-circuit television, or video surveillance, is the abbreviation for
closed-circuit television. Unlike "normal" television, which is broadcast to
the general public, closed-circuit television broadcasts are usually limited
to a small number of monitors. CCTV networks are widely employed to
identify and discourage criminal activity and to record traffic violations,
but they can also be used for other purposes. German scientists invented
CCTV technology in 1942 to monitor the launch of V2 rockets. It was later
employed by American scientists as part of the atomic bomb testing.

HOW DOES CCTV WORK?

A CCTV system, which consists of at least one camera, lens, monitor, and
recorder, can be scaled up or down depending on the size of the area to
be monitored. The camera or cameras take a continuous sequence of
images, which are then communicated to the recording device by cable or
wirelessly (depending on the system type) and finally to the display
monitor, where an individual can view the sequence of photos as video
footage. Depending on the camera, it may also be possible to zoom in and
out as well as rotate 360 degrees.

43

INSTALLATION PROCESS

 Decide the angle the cameras should be installed
 Choose the height that best fits the surveillance needs such as on the wall
 Hold the mounting bracket against the wall in the chosen location
 Using a bit that is slightly smaller than the bracket's screws,drill holes
into the wall
 Hold the mounting bracket against the wall so the screw holes align with
the holes in the wall Make sure that the bracket completely secured
 Plug the camera into the bracket and insert the required batteries
 Connect the installed camera with the smartphone via Bluetooth or
Internet access

44

ADVANTAGES

 CCTV cameras are really very cheap and very affordable these days for our pockets. When we are seriously thinking
security of our family, and love ones.
 Modern technology has evolved so much that now we can connect the CCTV camera with our smart phones and use
anywhere with our comfort.
 CCTV Camera enables us to monitor and track all activities around our premises.
 We can also store all the pictures and videos to our laptop, desktop or our smart phones for further access.
 The CCTV cameras are readily available in the market with lots and lots of varieties include shape, sizes and colors
with good specifications.
 There are different types of CTV camera available in the market which you can have a look before purchasing

DISADVANTAGES

 The CCTV cameras are silky and small in size and hence can be broken easily.
 Some CCTV with advanced features and improved technology are very expensive and cannot be purchase as it puts a lot of burden on
our pockets.
 The CCTV camera is also used to spy on people. This can lead into theft of personal information with sensitive data and also many
people around do not like that someone are interfering in their privacy.
 Large size of storage medium is required to store videos, images, etc. These storage are quiet expensive
 This system can be easily manipulates and compromised by the hackers and when our sensitive and personal data/information is
in the hands of such people they can misuse the information to their benefits.
 Restriction of use as they cannot be installed in the places like restrooms and changing rooms without the prior permission

45

CONCLUSION

Smart Home System is a very useful thing for human beings
nowadays. For our proposed building using a smart home device that
works with a good device and Internet. Services such as electricity, air
conditioning & ventilation, telecommunication, fire protection and
safety & security can work via remote devices and robust internet.
Having this smart home device in a building or house can facilitate
human work by making it easier for us to detect problems that occur
inside or outside our building. It is detected and monitored through
our available devices. So here we can see, technology like this is able to
help and solve human problems easily. In addition, the availability of
this technology can also help a city to develop rapidly. So because of
that, we can in this day and age. Demand for this Smart Device System
has a high demand by the public. So with that, we can see that with
the use of good technology can have a positive impact on the life of
society.

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