Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics (Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series)

Word building visible into invisible. Suffixes, such as a
-ful, -ism, or -ment, are joined to the end of
The charts on this page show how you can a word. They are often used to change a word b
take one word and build a new one from it by from one part of speech to another. For c
adding a group of letters called a prefix or example, adding the suffix -er turns the verb
a suffix. Prefixes, such as dis-, un-, or mis-, teach into the noun teacher. These charts d
are joined to the front of a word. They are show some common prefixes and suffixes. e
often used to change a word to its opposite.
For example, adding the prefix in- turns f
g
Prefixes
h
Prefix Meaning Example Prefix Meaning Example i
j
anti- against antiseptic non- makes the opposite nonfiction
dis- makes the opposite disagree post- after postwar k
ex- out of, or from export pre- before prehistoric l
ex- former exwife re- again replace m
in- makes the opposite independent sub- under submarine n
inter- between international super- above, or more than superhuman o
mis- makes the opposite misfortune trans- across transplant p
multi- many multicolored un- makes the opposite unpleasant q

Suffixes r
s
Suffixes that make nouns Suffixes that make adjectives
Suffix Meaning t
Example Suffix Meaning Example u
v
-age a result wreckage -able able to be inflatable w
-ance an action or state importance -en made of woolen x
-ant a person assistant -ful full of beautiful y
-ee a person referee -ible ability flexible z
-ence an action or state difference -ish a little greenish
-er/-or a person teacher -less without careless
-ery a type or place of work bakery -like similar to, like lifelike
-ess makes a feminine form waitress -ous full of joyous
-ful as much as will fill spoonful -some a tendency to quarrelsome
-ing an action or result painting
-ion a process, state, or result decoration Suffixes that make adverbs quickly
-ism a belief or condition Judaism forward
-ist a person florist -ly in a manner sideways
-ment an action or state measurement -ward shows direction
-ness a quality or state happiness -ways shows direction

249

A Facts and figures
B

C Imperial measures Temperatures
D Metric measures

E Length Length Degrees Centigrade / Celsius
10 millimeters = 1 centimeter
12 inches = 1 foot Boiling point of water 100ºC
F 100 centimeters = 1 meter 3 feet = 1 yard
1,000 meters = 1 kilometer 1,760 yards = 1 mile Freezing point of water 0ºC

G Area Area Normal body temperature 37ºC
H 10,000 square centimeters =
144 square inches = 1 square foot Degrees Fahrenheit 212ºF
1 square meter 9 square feet = 1 square yard 32ºF
4,840 square yards = 1 acre Boiling point of water 98.6ºF
I 1,000,000 square meters = 640 acres = 1 square mile Freezing point of water
1 square kilometer Normal body temperature
Weight
J Weight To convert Centigrade to Fahrenheit:
K 1,000 grams = 1 kilogram 16 ounces = 1 pound multiply by 9, divide by 5, and add 32.
2,000 pounds = 1 short ton (e.g.: 20ºC x 9 = 180;
1,000 kilograms = 1 metric ton 180 ÷ 5 = 36; 36 + 32 = 68ºF)
Volume
L Volume To convert Fahrenheit to Centigrade:
10 milliliters = 1 centiliter 8 fluid ounces = 1 cup subtract 32, multiply by 5, and
2 cups = 1 pint divide by 9.
M 10 centiliters = 1 deciliter 2 pints = 1 quart
10 deciliters = 1 liter 4 quarts = 1 gallon

N

O
P The 50 states and their capital cities

Q State Abbr. Capital City State Abbr. Capital City State Abbr. Capital City

R Alabama AL Montgomery Maine ME Augusta Ohio OH Columbus

S Alaska AK Juneau Maryland MD Annapolis Oklahoma OK Oklahoma
Arizona
AZ Phoenix Massachusetts MA Boston City

Arkansas AR Little Rock Michigan MI Lansing Oregon OR Salem
T California
CA Sacramento Minnesota MN St. Paul Pennsylvania PA Harrisburg

Colorado CO Denver Mississippi MS Jackson Rhode Island RI Providence

U Connecticut CT Hartford Missouri MO Jefferson South Carolina SC Columbia

Delaware DE Dover City South Dakota SD Pierre

V Florida FL Tallahassee Montana MT Helena Tennessee TN Nashville
Georgia GA Atlanta Nebraska NE Lincoln Texas TX Austin

W Hawaii HI Honolulu Nevada NV Carson Utah UT Salt Lake
Idaho ID Boise City City

X Illinois IL Springfield New Hampshire NH Concord Vermont VT Montpelier
Indiana Trenton Virginia VA Richmond
IN Indianapolis New Jersey NJ

Y Iowa IA Des Moines New Mexico NM Santa Fe Washington WA Olympia
Kansas Albany West Virginia WV Charleston
KS Topeka New York NY

Z Kentucky KY Frankfort North Carolina NC Raleigh Wisconsin WI Madison
Louisiana LA Baton Rouge North Dakota ND Bismark Wyoming WY Cheyenne

250

Cardinal numbers Ordinal numbers Roman numerals a

1 one 1st first 1 I b
2 two 2nd second 2 II c
3 three 3rd third 3 III
4 four 4th fourth 4 IV d
5 five 5th fifth 5 V e
6 six 6th sixth 6 VI
7 seven 7th seventh 7 VII f
8 eight 8th eighth 8 VIII g
9 nine 9th ninth 9 IX
10 ten 10th tenth 10 X h
11 eleven 11th eleventh 11 XI i
12 twelve 12th twelfth 12 XII j
13 thirteen 13th thirteenth 13 XIII
14 fourteen 14th fourteenth 14 XIV k
15 fifteen 15th fifteenth 15 XV l
16 sixteen 16th sixteenth 16 XVI m
17 seventeen 17th seventeenth 17 XVII n
18 eighteen 18th eighteenth 18 XVIII o
19 nineteen 19th nineteenth 19 XIX p
20 twenty 20th twentieth 20 XX q
21 twenty-one 21st twenty-first 21 XXI
30 thirty 30th thirtieth 30 XXX r
40 forty 40th fortieth 40 XL s
50 fifty 50th fiftieth 50 L
60 sixty 60th sixtieth 60 LX t
70 seventy 70th seventieth 70 LXX u
80 eighty 80th eightieth 80 LXXX v
90 ninety 90th ninetieth 90 XC w
100 one hundred 100th one hundredth 100 C x
500 five hundred 500th five hundredth 500 D y
1,000 one thousand 1,000th one thousandth 1,000 M z

Symbols and punctuation marks

+ plus % percent & and ? question mark
– minus º degree @ at ! exclamation mark
× multiplied by √ square root © copyright – dash
÷ divided by π pi . full stop * asterisk
= equals ≈ is similar to , comma ( ) parentheses
> greater than $ dollar ; semicolon “ ” quotation marks
< less than ¢ cent : colon , apostrophe

251

A Countries of the world

B
On the next four pages is a list of the world’s
C countries, arranged in alphabetical order. Benin Cameroon

Capital city: Porto-Novo Capital city: Yaoundé
People: Cameroonians
D Under each country’s name are its capital city, People: Beninese Currency: CFA Franc*
the name of the people who live there, and its Currency: CFA Franc*
Canada
E currency. When a country has two capital cities, Bhutan
they are both listed. If there is a common Capital city: Thimphu Capital city: Ottawa
People: Canadians
People: Bhutanese Currency: Canadian Dollar (C$)

F abbreviation or symbol for the currency, such Currency: Ngultrum (Nu) Cape Verde

as $ for dollar, this is shown in parentheses Bolivia Capital city: Praia
People: Cape Verdeans
G after the name of the currency. Capital city: La Paz, Sucre Currency: Cape Verde Escudo
People: Bolivians
Central African
H Austria Currency: Boliviano (B) Republic

Afghanistan Capital city: Vienna Bosnia & Capital city: Bangui
People: Austrians Herzegovina People: Central Africans
I Capital city: Kabul Currency: Euro (€) Currency: CFA Franc*
People: Afghans Capital city: Sarajevo
Azerbaijan People: Bosnians Chad
J Currency: Afghani (AF) Currency: Marka
Capital city: Baku Capital city: N’Djamena
Albania People: Azerbaijanis Botswana People: Chadians
Currency: New Manat Currency: CFA Franc*
K Capital city: Tirana Capital city: Gaborone
People: Albanians Bahamas People: Batswana (singular Chile
Motswana)
Currency: Lek Capital city: Nassau Currency: Pula (P) Capital city: Santiago
People: Bahamians People: Chileans
L Algeria Currency: Bahamian Brazil Currency: Chilean Peso
M Capital city: Algiers Dollar
Capital city: Brasília China
People: Algerians People: Brazilians
Currency: Real Capital city: Beijing
Currency: Algerian Dinar (DA) People: Chinese
Bahrain Currency: Renminbi
N Andorra (known as Yuan)
Capital city: Manama
O Capital city: Andorra la Vella People: Bahrainis Brunei Colombia
People: Andorrans Currency: Bahraini Dinar
Currency: Euro (€) Capital city: Bandar Seri Capital city: Bogotá
Bangladesh Begawan People: Colombians
P Angola People: Bruneians Currency: Colombian Peso
Capital city: Luanda Capital city: Dhaka Currency: Brunei Dollar
People: Bangladeshis Comoros
Q People: Angolans Currency: Taka (Tk) Bulgaria
Currency: Readjusted Kwanza Capital city: Moroni
(Kz) Barbados Capital city: Sofia People: Comorans
People: Bulgarians Currency: Comoros Franc
R Antigua & Barbuda Capital city: Bridgetown Currency: Lev
S Capital city: St. John’s People: Barbadians Congo
Currency: Barbados Dollar Burkina Faso
People: Antiguans Capital city: Brazzaville
Currency: Eastern Caribbean Belarus Capital city: Ouagadougou People: Congolese
People: Burkinabé Currency: CFA Franc*
T Dollar Capital city: Minsk Currency: CFA Franc*
People: Belarusians Congo, Democratic
Argentina Currency: Belarussian Myanmar (Burma) Republic
Rouble
U Capital city: Buenos Aires Capital city: Nay Pyi Taw Capital city: Kinshasa
People: Argentinians Belgium People: Burmese People: Congolese
Currency: Kyat (K) Currency: Congolese Franc
V Currency: New Argentine Peso Capital city: Brussels
People: Belgians Burundi Costa Rica
Armenia Currency: Euro (€)
Capital city: Bujumbura Capital city: San José
W Capital city: Yerevan Belize People: Burundians People: Costa Ricans
People: Armenians Currency: Burundi Franc Currency: Costa Rican Colón (¢)
Currency: Dram Capital city: Belmopan
Cambodia
X Australia
Y Capital city: Canberra Capital city: Phnom Penh

People: Australians People: Belizeans
Currency: Australian People: Cambodians

Z Dollar (AU$) Currency: Belizean Dollar Currency: Riel

252

Croatia Equatorial Guinea Grenada Ireland a

Capital city: Zagreb Capital city: Malabo Capital city: St. George’s Capital city: Dublin b
People: Croatians People: Equatorial Guineans People: Grenadians People: Irish c
Currency: Kuna or Equatoguineans Currency: Eastern Caribbean Currency: Euro (€)
Currency: CFA Franc* Dollar d
Cuba Israel e
Eritrea Guatemala
Capital city: Havana Capital city: Jerusalem f
People: Cubans Capital city: Asmara Capital city: Guatemala City People: Israelis g
Currency: Cuban Peso People: Eritreans People: Guatemalans Currency: Shekel
Currency: Nakfa Currency: Quetzal (Q) h
Cyprus Italy i
Estonia Guinea j
Capital city: Nicosia Capital city: Rome
People: Cypriots Capital city: Tallinn Capital city: Conakry People: Italians k
Currency: Euro (€) People: Estonians People: Guineans Currency: Euro (€) l
(Turkish Lira in Currency: Kroon Currency: Guinea Franc m
Northen Cyprus) Ivory Coast n
Ethiopia Guinea-Bissau o
Czech Republic Capital city: Yamoussoukro p
Capital city: Addis Ababa Capital city: Bissau People: Ivorians q
Capital city: Prague People: Ethiopians People: Guinea-Bissauans Currency: CFA Franc*
People: Czechs Currency: Ethiopian Currency: CFA Franc* r
Currency: Czech Birr (Br) Jamaica s
Koruna Guyana
Fiji Capital city: Kingston t
Denmark Capital city: Georgetown People: Jamaicans u
Capital city: Suva People: Guyanese Currency: Jamaican Dollar v
Capital city: Copenhagen People: Fijians Currency: Guyanese Dollar w
People: Danes Currency: Fiji Dollar Japan x
Currency: Danish Haiti y
Krone Finland Capital city: Tokyo z
Capital city: Port-au-Prince People: Japanese
Djibouti Capital city: Helsinki People: Haitians Currency: Yen (Y)
People: Finns Currency: Gourde (G)
Capital city: Djibouti Currency: Euro (€) Jordan
People: Djiboutians Honduras
Currency: Djibouti Franc France Capital city: Amman
Capital city: Tegucigalpa People: Jordanians
Dominica Capital city: Paris People: Hondurans Currency: Jordanian Dinar
People: French Currency: Lempira (L)
Capital city: Roseau Currency: Euro (€) Kazakhstan
People: Dominicans Hungary
Currency: Eastern Gabon Capital city: Astana
Caribbean Dollar Capital city: Budapest People: Kazakhstanis
Capital city: Libreville People: Hungarians Currency: Tenge
Dominican Republic People: Gabonese Currency: Forint (Ft)
Currency: CFA Franc* Kenya
Capital city: Santo Domingo Iceland
People: Dominicans Gambia Capital city: Nairobi
Currency: Dominican Capital city: Reykjavik People: Kenyans
Republic Peso Capital city: Banjul People: Icelanders Currency: Kenya Shilling
People: Gambians Currency: Icelandic Krona
East Timor Currency: Dalasi (D) Kiribati
India
Capital city: Dili Georgia Capital city: Tarawa Atoll
People: East Timorese Capital city: New Delhi People: I-Kiribatis
Currency: US Dollar ($) Capital city: Tbilisi People: Indians Currency: Australian Dollar
People: Georgians Currency: Indian Rupee (AU$)
Ecuador Currency: Lari
Indonesia Kosovo (disputed)
Capital city: Quito Germany
People: Ecuadoreans Capital city: Jakarta Capital city: Pristina
Currency: US Dollar ($) Capital city: Berlin People: Indonesians People: Kosovars or
People: Germans Currency: Rupiah (Rp) Kosovacs
Egypt Currency: Euro (€) Currency: Euro (€)
Iran
Capital city: Cairo Ghana Kuwait
People: Egyptians Capital city: Tehran
Currency: Egyptian Capital city: Accra People: Iranians Capital city: Kuwait City
Pound People: Ghanaians Currency: Iranian Rial People: Kuwaitis
Currency: Cedi Currency: Kuwaiti Dinar
El Salvador Iraq
Greece Kyrgyzstan
Capital city: San Salvador Capital city: Baghdad
People: Salvadorans Capital city: Athens People: Iraqis Capital city: Bishkek
Currency: Salvadorean People: Greeks Currency: New Iraqi People: Kyrgyz
Colón (¢), US dollar ($) Currency: Euro (€) Dinar (ID) Currency: Som

253

A Laos Maldives Mozambique Palau
B Capital city: Vientiane
Capital city: Male Capital city: Maputo Capital city: Melekeok
People: Laotians or Laos People: Maldivians People: Mozambicans People: Palauans
Currency: New Kip (KN) Currency: Rufiyaa Currency: New Metical (Mt.) Currency: US Dollar ($)

C Latvia Mali Namibia Panama
Capital city: Riga
Capital city: Bamako Capital city: Windhoek Capital city: Panama City
D People: Latvians People: Malians People: Namibians People: Panamanians
Currency: Lats Currency: CFA Franc* Currency: Namibian Dollar Currency: Balboa (B)

E Lebanon Malta Nauru Papua New Guinea
Capital city: Beirut
Capital city: Valletta Capital city: None Capital city: Port Moresby
F People: Lebanese People: Maltese People: Nauruans People: Papua New Guineans
Currency: Lebanese Currency: Euro (€) Currency: Australian Dollar Currency: Kina (K)
Pound (£L) (AU$)
Marshall Islands Paraguay
G Lesotho Nepal
H Capital city: Maseru Capital city: Majuro Capital city: Asunción
People: Marshallese Capital city: Kathmandu People: Paraguayans
People: Basotho (singular Currency: US Dollar ($) People: Nepalese Currency: Guaraní (G)
Mosotho) Currency: Nepalese Rupee
Mauritania Peru
I Currency: Loti (M) Netherlands
Capital city: Nouakchott Capital city: Lima
Liberia People: Mauritanians Capital city: Amsterdam People: Peruvians
Currency: Ouguiya (UM) Seat of government: The Hague Currency: New Sol (NS)
J Capital city: Monrovia People: Dutch
People: Liberians Mauritius Currency: Euro (€) Philippines
Currency: Liberian Dollar
Capital city: Port Louis New Zealand Capital city: Manila
K Libya People: Mauritians People: Filipinos
L Capital city: Tripoli Currency: Mauritian Rupee Capital city: Wellington Currency: Philippine Peso
(Mau Rs) People: New Zealanders
People: Libyans Currency: New Zealand Dollar Poland
Currency: Libyan Dinar Mexico (NZ$)
Capital city: Warsaw
M Liechtenstein Capital city: Mexico City Nicaragua People: Poles
Capital city: Vaduz People: Mexicans Currency: Zloty (Zl)
Currency: Mexican Peso Capital city: Managua
N People: Liechtensteiners People: Nicaraguans Portugal
Currency: Swiss Franc Micronesia Currency: New Córdoba
Capital city: Lisbon
O Lithuania Capital city: Palikir Niger People: Portuguese
Capital city: Vilnius (Pohnpei Island) Currency: Euro (€)
People: Micronesians Capital city: Niamey
P People: Lithuanians Currency: US Dollar ($) People: Nigeriens Qatar
Currency: Litas Currency: CFA Franc*
Moldova Capital city: Doha
Q Luxembourg Nigeria People: Qataris
Capital city: Luxembourg-Ville Capital city: Chisinau Currency: Qatar Riyal
People: Moldovans Capital city: Abuja
R People: Luxembourgers Currency: Moldovan Leu People: Nigerians Romania
Currency: Euro (€) Currency: Naira (N)
Monaco Capital city: Bucharest
S Macedonia North Korea People: Romanians
Capital city: Skopje Capital city: Monaco-Ville Currency: New Romanian
People: Macedonians People: Monégasques or Capital city: Pyongyang Leu (lei)
Monacans People: North Koreans
T Currency: Macedonian Denar Currency: Euro (€) Currency: North Korean Won Russian Federation
U Madagascar
Mongolia Norway Capital city: Moscow
Capital city: Antananarivo People: Russians
People: Malagasy Capital city: Ulan Bator Capital city: Oslo Currency: Russian Rouble
People: Mongolians People: Norwegians
V Currency: Ariary Currency: Tugrik Currency: Norwegian Krone Rwanda

Malawi Montenegro Oman Capital city: Kigali
People: Rwandans
W Capital city: Lilongwe Capital city: Podgorica Capital city: Muscat Currency: Rwanda Franc
People: Malawians People: Montenegrins People: Omanis
Currency: Euro (€) Currency: Omani Rial Saint Kitts & Nevis
X Currency: Malawi Kwacha
Morocco Pakistan Capital city: Basseterre
Malaysia People: Kittitians, Nevisians
Capital city: Rabat Capital city: Islamabad Currency: Eastern Caribbean
Y Capital city: Kuala Lumpur, People: Moroccans People: Pakistanis Dollar
Putrajaya Currency: Moroccan Dirham (DH) Currency: Pakistani Rupee
People: Malaysians

Z Currency: Ringgit

254

Saint Lucia Solomon Island Tajikistan United Kingdom a

Capital city: Castries Capital city: Honiara Capital city: Dushanbe Capital city: London b
People: St. Lucians People: Solomon People: Tajiks People: British c
Currency: Eastern Caribbean Islanders Currency: Somoni Currency: Pound Sterling (£)
Dollar Currency: Solomon Islands d
Dollar Tanzania United States of e
Saint Vincent & the America
Grenadines Somalia Capital city: Dodoma f
People: Tanzanians Capital city: Washington, D.C. g
Capital city: Kingstown Capital city: Mogadishu Currency: Tanzanian Shilling (T Sh) People: Americans
People: St. Vincentians People: Somalis Currency: US Dollar ($) h
Currency: Eastern Caribbean Currency: Somali Shilin Thailand i
Dollar Uruguay j
South Africa Capital city: Bangkok
Samoa People: Thais Capital city: Montevideo k
Capital city: Pretoria, Currency: Baht (B) People: Uruguayans l
Capital city: Apia Cape Town, Bloemfontein Currency: Uruguayan Peso m
People: Samoans People: South Africans Togo n
Currency: Tala Currency: Rand (R) Uzbekistan o
Capital city: Lomé p
San Marino South Korea People: Togolese Capital city: Tashkent q
Currency: CFA Franc* People: Uzbekistanis
Capital city: San Marino Capital city: Seoul Currency: Som r
People: Sammarinese People: South Koreans Tonga s
Currency: Euro (€) Currency: South Korean Vanuatu
Won Capital city: Nuku’alofa t
São Tomé & Príncipe People: Tongans Capital city: Port Vila u
Spain Currency: Pa’anga (Tongan Dollar) People: Ni-Vanuatu v
Capital city: São Tomé Currency: Vatu w
People: São Tomeans Capital city: Madrid Trinidad & Tobago x
Currency: Dobra People: Spaniards Vatican City y
Currency: Euro (€) Capital city: Port-of-Spain z
Saudi Arabia People: Trinidadians, Tobagonians Capital city: Vatican City
Sri Lanka Currency: Trinidad and Tobago People: Citizens of the Vatican
Capital city: Riyadh, Jiddah Dollar Currency: Euro (€)
People: Saudi Arabians Capital city: Colombo
Currency: Saudi Riyal People: Sri Lankans Tunisia Venezuela
Currency: Sri Lanka Rupee
Senegal (SL Rs) Capital city: Tunis Capital city: Caracas
People: Tunisians People: Venezuelans
Capital city: Dakar Sudan Currency: Tunisian Dinar Currency: Bolívar (Bs)
People: Senegalese
Currency: CFA Franc* Capital city: Khartoum Turkey Vietnam
People: Sudanese
Serbia Currency: New Sudanese Capital city: Ankara Capital city: Hanoi
Pound or Dinar People: Turks People: Vietnamese
Capital city: Belgrade Currency: New Turkish Lira Currency: Dông (D)
People: Serbs Suriname
Currency: Dinar Turkmenistan Yemen
Capital city: Paramaribo
Seychelles People: Surinamers Capital city: Ashgabat Capital city: Sana
Currency: Surinamese People: Turkmens People: Yemenis
Capital city: Victoria Dollar Currency: Manat Currency: Yemeni Rial
People: Seychellois
Currency: Seychelles Rupee Swaziland Tuvalu Zambia

Sierra Leone Capital city: Mbabane Capital city: Fongafale (Funafuti Capital city: Lusaka
People: Swazis Atoll) People: Zambians
Capital city: Freetown Currency: Lilangeni (E) People: Tuvaluans Currency: Zambian Kwacha (K)
People: Sierra Leoneans Currency: Australian Dollar
Currency: Leone (Le) Sweden and Tuvaluan Dollar Zimbabwe

Singapore Capital city: Stockholm Uganda Capital city: Harare
People: Swedes People: Zimbabweans
Capital city: Singapore Currency: Swedish Capital city: Kampala Currency: Zimbabwe Dollar (Z$)
People: Singaporeans Krona People: Ugandans
Currency: Singapore Dollar (S$) Currency: New Uganda Shilling * The CFA Franc is used in
Switzerland a number of French-speaking
Slovakia Ukraine African countries. CFA stands
Capital city: Bern for “Communauté
Capital city: Bratislava People: Swiss Capital city: Kiev Financiere Africaine”.
People: Slovakians Currency: Swiss Franc People: Ukrainians
Currency: Slovak Koruna Currency: Hryvna
Syria
Slovenia United Arab Emirates
Capital city: Damascus
Capital city: Ljubljana People: Syrians Capital city: Abu Dhabi
People: Slovenians Currency: Syrian Pound People: Emiratis
Currency: Euro (€) Currency: UAE Dirham

255

A Acknowledgments Dex Image 199fcr; ER Productions 174clb; Fancy/Veer 208fcrb; First/Zefa 45fcra; Bertrand
B Gardel/Hemis 130br; Uden Graham/Redlink 162fcrb; Mike Grandmaison 176cr; John
C Dorling Kindersley would like to thank the following Harper 46fbl; Ian Hodgson/Reuters 203fbr; Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc. 186cra; Sean Justice
D people for their help in the production of this book: 63bl; Jutta Klee 57fbr; Kulka/zefa 192crb; Frans Lanting 163fbl; Klaus Leidorf/Zefa 15fbl;
E Robert Llewellyn 141cla; John Lund 222bl; Mango Productions 120fcrb; Lawrence Manning
F Additional design assistance 232fbl; Robert Marien 226fcla; Kevin Mason/Loop Images 91ftr; MM Productions 150cr;
G Moodboard 132fclb, 169fcla, 185cla, 212fcl; David Muench 91tr; Ron Nickel/Design Pics
H Bronwen Davies, Susan Downing, Karen Fielding, David Gillingwater, Tim Lewis, 24tl; Richard T. Nowitz 220fclb; Owaki - Kulla 130tr; Carl Purcell 171fcla; Radius Images
I Sharon Peters, Peter Radcliffe, Sarah Scrutton, Hans Verkroost, Martin Wilson 227fbl; Jose Fuste Raga 162br; Eddy Risch/EPA 73ftl; Bill Ross/Corbis Outline 139tr;
J Charles E. Rotkin 165fbr; Galen Rowell 119fcrb; Kevin Schafer 235tr; Ted Spiegel 77fbl;
K Additional editorial assistance Thinkstock 190ftl, 196crb; Stefano Torrione/Hemis 139fclb; Visuals Unlimited 228fcrb;
L R. Wallace/Stock Photos/zefa 71ftr; Weatherstock 215tl; P. Wilson/Zefa 237fcra; Jim
M Monica Byles, Helen Drew, Stella Love Zuckerman 241cr. DK Images Jerry Young 15ftr, 171br; NASA 68fcra, 172ftl; Philips
N Domestic Applicances and Personal Care 69tr; Rough Guides 192bl, 208fclb; The Science
O Picture research Museum, London 43br. Massey Ferguson 152bfr. Ermine Street Guard 195cbl.
P Getty Images 192cr; Altrendo Travel 235ftl; Image Bank/Tim Graham 160fcrb; Daryl
Q Kathleen Collier, Catherine O’Rourke, Lucy Pringle, Jenny Rayner, Joanna Thomas Benson 215bl; Alistair Berg 181fclb; Philippe Bourseiller 232bl; C Squared Studios 219clb;
R Rosemary Calvert 218fcla; Gabriel M. Covian 227crb; Andy Crawford 113cra; Creative Crop
S Additional illustrations 162tr; CSA Plastock 171fcr; Dex Image/Luxe Party 125fbl; Digital Vision/Erik Von Weber
T 114cra; Digital Vision/Robert Glusic 116cra; Digital Vision/Steve Wisbauer 118cr; Digital
U Janos Marffy, Liz Roberts Vision/VisionsofAmerica/Joe Sohm 45tl; Sergio Dionisio 34bl; Dorling Kindersley 105fclb;
V EschCollection 234fbr; David Evans 240crb; Don Farrall 218fcra; Stephen Ferry/Liaison
W Additional photography 62tr; James Forte 198bl; Jill Fromer 200cla; fStop/Stephan Zirwes 116br; Yasuhide Fumoto
X 212clb; Gallo Images/Travel Ink 125fbr; Glowimages 20ftl; Gorilla Creative Images/Harri
Y Simon Battensby, Paul Bricknell, Geoff Brightling, Jane Burton, Peter Chadwick, Matthew Tahvanainen 136clb; Gavin Gough 200ftr; Frank Greenaway 171tr; Iconica/2008 ML
Z Chattle, Gordon Clayton, M. Crockett, Geoff Dann, Tom Dobbie, Philip Dowell, Michael Harris Photography 41cla; Iconica/Caroline von Tuempling 95fcr; Image Bank/PM Images
Dunning, Andreas von Einsiedel, Jo Foord, Philip Gatward, Mike Good, Christi Graham, 49fbl; Image Bank/Sasha Weleber 101crb; Mathew Imaging/WireImage 21fbr; Seth Joel
Frank Greenaway, Peter Hayman, Stephen Hayward, Alan Hills, Jacqui Hurst, Colin 195crb; Johner 222tl; Taylor S. Kennedy 206fcra; Pornchai Kittiwongsakul/AFP 14br;
Keates, Gary Kevin, Dave King, Bob Langrish, Cyril Laubscher, Bill Ling, Liz McAulay, Darryl Leniuk 165fcra; Lonely Planet Images/Lee Foster 23br; Lonely Planet Images/Peter
Andrew McRobb, Diana Miller, Graham Miller, Ray Moller, David Murray, Jack Nicholls, Hendrie 110fcra; David Madison 174cla; Simon McComb 237crb; Ethan Miller 38fcra;
Martin Norris, Ian O’Leary, Stephen Oliver, Daniel Pangbourne, Roger Phillips, Martin Mr. Sunshine 202clb; National Geographic/David Evans 59fclb; National Geographic/Paul
Plomer, Laurence Pordes, Susanna Price, Dave Rudkin, Karl Shone, Steve Shott, James Nicklen 107fcr; Mark Nolan 42ftl; Thomas Northcut 224tr; Per-Anders Pettersson 113fcr;
Stevenson, Clive Streeter, Harry Taylor, Kim Taylor, David Ward, Matthew Ward. Philip PhotoAlto/Matthieu Spohn 127bl; Photodisc 88bc, 111bl, 193fcrb; Photodisc/Don Farrall
Dowell © 1990 and 1991 page 90 goat and kid; page 111 jaguar; page 118 leopard; page 183 154ftr; Photodisc/Jack Hollingsworth 50cla; Photodisc/Jeff Maloney 114fbl; Photodisc/Kim
sheep. Jerry Young © 1990 and 1991 page 168 rattlesnake, flying gecko, milkshake, today Carson 25fcrb; Photodisc/Paul Burns 103fcla; Photographer’s Choice/Michael Rosenfeld
lizard, starred tortoise, and leopard gecko; page 217 green toad; page 242 wolf. 37clb; Photographer’s Choice/Simeone Huber/Slow Images 40ftl; Photographer’s Choice/
Tom Walker 144bl; Photographer’s Choice/Travelpix Ltd. 60br; Photographer’s Choice RF/
Models George Diebold 12tr; Photographer’s Choice RR/Fry Design Ltd. 146tr; Photographer’s
Choice RR/Geoff Du Feu 50fcr; Photonica/Sabine Scheckel 84tl; Photonica/Silvia Otte
Shiran Abay, Di Anguige, Sarah Ashun, Oliver Barber, Lindsey Bender, Marvin Campbell, 62fclb; Andrea Pistolesi 212crb; Plush Studios 165bl; Poncho 167cra; Pool Photo 59ftl; Mike
Louis Chan, Puishan Chan, Danny Cole, Andy Crawford, Ebu Djemal, Helen Drew, Andrea Powell 203crb; Rich Reid 206br; Robert Harding World Imagery/Christian Kober 169cla;
East, Josey Edwards, David Gillingwater, Emily Gorton, Julia Gorton, Kashi Gorton, Steve Lew Robertson 150cra; Rubberball Productions 88bl; Rubberball Productions/Mike Kemp
Gorton, Sheena Haria, Laura Hobbs, Paul Holden, Marcus James, Stella Love, Naomi 111cla; Pete Ryan 163cr; David Sanger 242clb; Science Faction/Jim Reed 96fbl; Zack
McLean, Rachael Malicki, Jamie May, Ryan Munroe, Emily Parsons, Jade Reading, Seckler 203fcrb; Erik Simonsen 175br; Check Six 211ftl; John Slater 196cra; Luke Stettner
Jonathon Reed, Tim Ridley, Matthew Saunders, Sarah Scrutton, Silpa Shah, Lee Simmons, 63bc; Stockbyte 12ftr; Stone/Jeff Hunter 117bl; Stone/Kevin Cooley 34tr; Stone/Oliver
Cheryl Telfer, Nicola Tuxworth, Aubrey Weiner, Martin Wilson, David York. Benn/Royal Philharmonic Orchestra 142tl; Stone/Rex Butcher 157br; Stone/Roger Tully
64fcla; Stone/Walter Hodges 109fbr; Taxi/Francesco Bittichesu 154fclb; Taxi/Jasper White/
Additional acknowledgments [email protected] 88fbl; Taxi/Kevin Cooley 47fcra; Alan Thornton 166fcrb; Travel
Ink 166cl; UpperCut Images/John Churchman 129fbl; Slaven Vlasic 130fcrb; Gary Wade
Anatomical models on pages 20, 98, 114, 120, 122, 202 and 232 supplied by Somso Modelle, 201cla; Gordon Wiltsie 196clb, 206clb; Yashoda 43fcra. Greenwich Maritime Museum 31tr,
Coburg, Germany. 31tl, 31cr, 31car, 109cl. Robert Harding Picture Library/G and P Corrigan 131tl. Michael
Holford 112cal. The Image Bank/Charles S. Allen 5cl, 6bfr, 39b; Gary Crallé 24cbr; Gary Gay
Chest page 43, chest of drawers page 65, and fan page 75 loaned by Gore Booker, Covent 103tr; Alvis Upitis 23tfr. NASA 21fcla, 68tr, 68 cafr, 172 tfl. National Museum of Denmark,
Garden, London; drum page 67 loaned by Foote’s Musical Instruments, London; leotard Copenhagen 112tl. Natural History Photographic Agency/Peter Johnson 100cl; David
page 118 loaned by Porselli, Covent Garden, London; cup page 55 loaned by Whittard, Woodfall 17bfr; Norbert Wu 111tfr. Nature Photographers Ltd./David Hutton 115bfr.
Covent Garden, London; chess set page 43 loaned by the British Museum Shop, London. Oxford Scientific Films 76bfr, 99cafr, 131cfl. The Pitt Rivers Museum 183cbfr. Planet Earth
Pictures/Robert Canis 131cafr. Quadrant 220br. Rough Guides 192 bl. Rough Guides/ Alex
Thanks to Clark Denmark at the Centre for Deaf Studies, Bristol University for advice. Robinson 208 bfl. Science Photo Library 224cal/John Burbridge 80cbfr; CNRI 83cbfr; Peter
Menzel 162cbr; Astrid and Hanns-Frieder Michler 245br; Claude Nuridsany and Marie
Thanks also to the BCP contributors: Gemma Casajuana (Conversion manager), Miguel Cunha Perennou 192cbr; Jim Selby 232cfl; US Department of Energy 231tr. Tony Stone Images
(Conversion coordinator), Colleen Dixon (Conversion DTP), Marc Staples (Conversion DTP) 120cbfl, 244bfl/Tim Beddow 226cfl; Dave Bjorn 207tr. Thistle Quilters/The Quilter’s Guild
161cafr. Warwick Castle 95br. The Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths/Andrew Grima 112bfl.
Picture agency credits
Jacket images: Front: Corbis: Corbis: Matthias Kulka/Zefa cb; © 2008 The LEGO Group:
KEY: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top. MINDSTORMS is a trademark of the LEGO Group clb; Science Photo Library: Mehau Kulyk
cr. Back: Alamy Images: Trip tr; Corbis: Tim Davis/Davis Lynn Wildlife clb; Kulka/zefa tc.
The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce
their photographs: Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders. Dorling Kindersley apologizes
for any unintentional omissions and would be pleased, in such cases, to add an
Action Plus/Tony Henshaw 198cr. Ayrton Metals Ltd. and The Platinum Advisory Centre acknowledgment in future editions.
112car, 112cbfr. Beaulieu Motor Museum 39cl, 222tr. The Bridgeman Art Library/Bonhams,
London 112cb. Kremlin Museums, Moscow 54tl. British Museum 17cfr, 35tfl, 99bfr, 112ca. All other images © Dorling Kindersley
British Museum/Museum of Mankind 221cafl. John Bulmer 224tr. Christies’s Images 9cbl, For further information see: www.dkimages.com
131cbr. The Coleman Company 38tfr.Bruce Coleman Limited/Erwin and Peggy Bauer
226bfl; John Cancalosi 179tfl; Peter Davey 42cafr, 211tfr; P. Evans 18cr; Christer
Fredriksson 22car; Frans Lanting 70tl; Luiz Claudio Marigo 124tc; William S. Paton
104bfl; Eckart Pott 166br; Andy Purcell 8bfl, 142car; Hans Reinhard 6c, 7tl, 25bfr, 58cfl,
70tfl, 163cbl; Dr Frjeder Sauer 147bfr; Konrad Wothe 97tr. Compix/A and J Somaya 56tr.
Corbis Theo Allofs 66ftr; Andrea Rugg Photography/Beateworks 115cl; Atlantide
Phototravel 25cl, 103tl, 169crb; Bilderbuch/Design Pics 169bl; B. Bird/Zefa 211fcrb;
Christophe Boisvieux 22ftl; Ron Chapple 171crb; Mike Chew 20cra; Philip Coblentz/Brand
X 176clb; Chris Collins 242br; CS Productions/Brand X 200tr; Wolfgang Deuter/Zefa 153br;

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