Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics (Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series)

Children’s a

Illustrated b
Dictionary c

robot d
e
robots noun
a machine that can imitate some f
human actions. Robots are often g
used in factories, but can also be
used in homes. h
i
bulb j

bulbs noun k
the rounded l
glass part of an m
electric light. n
o
skull p
q
skulls noun
the bone frame of the head r
that protects the brain and s
supports the face.
t
sunflower u
v
sunflowers noun w
a tall plant with large, x
yellow flowers. The y
seeds can be eaten or z
used to make cooking oil.



Children’s

Illustrated
Dictionary

John McIlwain

DORLING KINDERSLEY

A Contents
B
C All about words 4 Musical instrument 133
D Pet 148
E How to use this dictionary 6 Plant 151
F Reptile 168
G Dictionary games 8 Sea life 178
H Shape 182
I The dictionary 12 Skeleton 188
J Sport 197
K Full-page entries: Time 216
L Transportation 221
M Alphabet 16 Tree 223
N Universe 229
O Bird 28 Vegetable 233
P Abbreviations 246
Q Boat 31 Spelling guide 248
R Word building 249
S Car 39 Facts and figures 250
T Countries of the world 252
U Costume 51
V
W Dinosaur 61
X
Y Fish 79
Z
Fruit 85

Growth 94

Horse 102

Insect 108

Jewelry 112

Mammal 124

Senior Editors Nicola Tuxworth, LONDON, NEW YORK, First published in the United States in 1994
Susan Peach MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI This revised edition published in 2009 by
DK Publishing
Senior Art Editor Rowena Alsey 2009 Edition:
Project Editor Lee Simmons Project Editor Niki Foreman 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014
Art Editor Marcus James Senior Art Editor Sheila Collins
Editor Claire Watts Managing Editor Linda Esposito Copyright © 1994, 2009
Managing Art Editor Diane Thistlethwaite Dorling Kindersley Limited
Designers Cheryl Telfer, Diane Clouting Publishing Manager Andrew Macintyre 09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Category Publisher Laura Buller
Managing Editor Jane Yorke Production Editors Maria Elia, CD207—05/09
Managing Art Editor Chris Scollen All rights reserved under International and Pan-
Vivianne Ridgeway American Copyright Conventions. No part of this
Production Jayne Wood Jacket Editor Mariza O’Keeffe
Jacket Designer Akiko Kato publication may be reproduced, stored in a
Photography by Andy Crawford, Geography Consultant Simon Mumford retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
Steve Gorton, Susanna Price, US Editor Margaret Parrish any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
and Tim Ridley recording or otherwise, without the prior written
DK India permission of the copyright owner. Published in
Illustrated by Grahame Corbett, Head of Publishing Aparna Sharma
Peter Dennis, Bill Le Fever, Design Manager Arunesh Talapatra Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.
Editorial Manager Glenda Fernandes
Nicholas Hewetson, Louis Mackay, A catalog record for this book is available from
Roger Stewart, and Jolyon Webb Assistant Editor Samira Sood the Library of Congress.
Language Consultants The Centre for Literacy Designers Malavika Talukder, ISBN 978-0-7566-5196-1
in Primary Education, London, England
Pronunciation Consultant Sheila Dignen Govind Mittal Color reproduction by Colourscan, Singapore
DTP Coordinator Sunil Sharma Printed and bound by Toppan Printing Co. Ltd.,
DTP Designers Dheeraj Arora,
China
Preetam Singh

2

Introduction a

The Dorling Kindersley Children’s Illustrated In addition, this book will help children develop their b
Dictionary is specifically aimed at children of awareness of words and the relationships between them. c
seven years and up, an age when children are An introductory section explains the concept of parts of
becoming increasingly independent readers speech, such as nouns and verbs, that are also listed d
and writers and when a dictionary can be under each entry in the dictionary. The final section looks e
a valuable companion. at word beginnings and endings, spelling patterns,
and common abbreviations. f
g
Words and pictures A dictionary with a difference
h
Unlike many other dictionaries, The Children’s Illustrated A unique feature of this dictionary is the 26 full-page i
Dictionary is not just about words—it also contains pictures. entries, where words and pictures are grouped by theme. j
Children today are used to information being presented in
a visual form through television, movies, and computers, and Browsing through these word k
are skilled readers of images. As a result, they require books collections, on subjects as diverse as l
to be increasingly visually sophisticated. costumes and time, children will enjoy m
recognizing known words and concepts n
The colorful photographs and illustrations in this and discovering new vocabulary and o
dictionary are fresh, exciting, and highly relevant to information. These pages offer many p
children’s interests and concerns. These images will help opportunities for discussion and q
to draw young readers into the book; they also work with provide the basis for further exploration
the text to give clear and concise definitions. of a wide range of topics and themes. r
s
Vital skills for readers and writers A lasting work of reference
t
Using a dictionary can teach children many useful skills. The Children’s Illustrated Dictionary combines a core of u
One of the most important is the ability to locate information common vocabulary with words that have a high interest v
that is organized in alphabetical order. Once acquired, this level for children of this age group. It provides them with w
skill will enable them to use many other reference books, both a rich source of information about the world and x
from telephone directories to encyclopedias, that are an important resource for developing their reading and y
organized along the same principle. The clear design and writing skills. z
layout of this dictionary make it easy for children to learn
how to look things up.

The Children’s Illustrated Dictionary can also help to widen
vocabulary and improve spelling. Young readers and writers
can find out for themselves what an unfamiliar word means
or check any spellings about which they are unsure.

3

A All about words entry has its part of speech printed below it
in italic type. The parts of speech that are
B In every sentence that we speak or write, labeled in the dictionary (verbs, adverbs,
C there are several types of word. They are adjectives, interjections, prepositions, and
nouns) are explained on these two pages.
called “parts of speech.” Each of them has

D its own name and its own job to do in
E the sentence. In this dictionary, each word

F Verbs
G Verbs are sometimes called “action words” because they are

words that describe what a person or a thing is doing. Sit,

H think, sleep, sing, and climb are all verbs. A sentence
must contain a verb to make sense. There are a few special

I kinds of verb, such as “being” and “helping” verbs, that do
slightly different jobs in a sentence.

J
K They were both very angry.

L The dog often lies Being verbs
on the floor.
M Being words, such as am,
is, are, was, and were, all
N She runs to school come from the verb to be.
every morning. They link someone or
something with the words
O that describe them.
P Helping verbs
Verb tenses
Verbs such as have, be,
The form of a verb shows whether the action it describes
Q will, must, may, and do, takes place in the present, the past, or the future. This is
are sometimes used with called the verb’s tense. When a verb, such as hang, appears
other verbs in a sentence.
in this dictionary, the
R They show how possible or entry looks like this:
necessary it is that an
hang
S action takes place. Helping
verbs can also be used to hangs hanging hung
show a verb’s tense.
verb
T
U It may rain tomorrow.

V

W The second line Present tense:
of the entry shows how She hangs up her T-shirt.

X the verb is written in Continuous present tense:
three different tenses—
the present, the She is hanging up her
Y continuous present,
T-shirt.

Z I do like and the past tense. Past tense:
sandwiches! These tenses are She hung up her T-shirt.
used like this:

4

Adverbs Nouns a

An adverb is a word that gives A noun is a word that names a thing, a person, or a place. b
more information about a verb, Cat, teacher, spoon, and city are all nouns. Nouns do not c
an adjective, or another adverb. have to be things that you can see—words like truth and
Adverbs can tell us how, when, geography are also nouns. d
where, how often, or how much. e
Slowly, yesterday, upward,
and very are all adverbs. f
Many adverbs end with g
the letters “ly.”

These newspapers are all They played happily They often went to The present came in a round h
published daily. with the balloon. the café for a snack. box tied with ribbon. i

j

Adjectives Interjections k
l
An adjective is a word that is used to describe a noun. Interjections are words m
such as hello and good- n
Fat, yellow, sticky, dark, and hairy are all adjectives. bye that can be used on o
their own, without being p
part of a full sentence. q
Exclamations, such as
Oh! and Ouch!, are r
also interjections. s

The car was big, red, and shiny. A tall, green, Conjunctions t
prickly cactus. u
Comparatives and superlatives Conjunctions are words v
such as and, but, and of, w
If you want to compare a person or thing with that are used to join parts x
another, you often use an adjective in the comparative of sentences together. y
or superlative form. Taller, easier, better, and quicker z
are comparatives. Tallest, easiest, best, and Prepositions
quickest are superlatives. Comparatives
either end with the letters “-er,” or Prepositions, such as in,
include the word “more.” with, behind, and on,
Superlatives either end with show how one person or
the letters “-est” or include thing relates to another.
the word “most.”
She held
the ball
above her
head.

Adjective: Comparative: Superlative:
This ball is big. This ball is bigger. This ball is the biggest.

5

A How to use this dictionary
B
C Read the information on these two pages shown below. There are also 26 full-page
D to find out how to get the most from your entries in the dictionary that provide a
E dictionary. Most pages in the book look like whole page of pictures and vocabulary on
F the double page from the letter R section a theme. The page shown here is about cars.
G
H What’s on a page Headword Guide word
I
J Guide word This is the word you are looking up. The right-hand
K The headword is printed in heavy, guide word, rate,
L Use the guide word at the top of black letters at the start of the entry. tells you that this
M the page to help you find the page The definition underneath explains is the last word on
N a word is on. The left-hand guide what the headword means. this page.
O word, rabbi, tells you that this is
P the first word on the page.
Q
R New letter rabbi rate
S section
T RrA radio rag railroad rake rascal a Pictures
U Each new letter b
V section starts with B radios noun rags noun railroads noun rakes raking raked verb rascals noun The photos and
W a big letter, like this R. a small, torn piece of cloth. 1 a network of tracks that illustrations
X C a device that sends or trains run on. to gather up leaves into a mischievous person. show you
Y Alphabet receives electrical signals rage 2 a transportation system that exactly what
Z D and changes them uses rail tracks, together with a pile or to smooth over soil. things look like
Use the alphabet into sound. rages noun trains, stations, and land. and help to
running down the side E anger or uncontrolled temper. rash c define the
of the page to help In her rage, she slammed rain rake headwords.
you find your place the door shut. rashes noun d
in the dictionary. F rains noun a patch of red, itchy spots e
The highlighted letter G rabbi racket radioactivity raid water that on your skin.
tells you that you are rabbis noun falls from rally ran f
in the R section. rackets noun noun raids noun the clouds raspberry g
the energy released by the a sudden surprise attack in drops. rallies noun from the verb to run
a teacher of the Jewish 1 a bat with center of atoms breaking by a group of people. 1 Last week, he ran raspberries noun h
strings used up in some substances. High The police made a raid on the rain verb 1 a large, public meeting held a 400-meter race. a juicy, red fruit that grows i
H religion and law. for playing amounts of radioactivity can house, arresting two women. rainy adjective to discuss something that is 2 She ran a bookstore. on a bush with thorns. j
N say rab-eye be harmful to living things. raid verb important or worrying
rainbow to people. ranch N say raz-bair-ee k
I sports such They tested for radioactivity rail l
as tennis and outside the nuclear rainbows noun ranches noun rat m
rabbit badminton (see power plant. rails noun an arch of colors that appears a huge farm where cattle n
J rabbits noun N say ray-dee-oh-ak-tiv-i-tee 1 a long bar for holding on to, in the sky when the sun or other animals are reared. rats noun o
sport on page 197). radioactive adjective or for hanging clothes on. shines while it’s raining. a common rodent that looks p
Use the rail to help you climb like a large mouse. Some q
a small mammal with long radius the stairs. raindrop kinds of rat eat plants, while
2 a long line of metal track others eat small animals.
K front teeth that lives badminton racket radii or radiuses noun that trains run along. raindrops noun They can gnaw through
underground in burrows. a straight line drawn a single drop of rain. stone, wood, and even metal
from the center 3 the railroad. with their strong front teeth.
L Rabbits are normally active in of a circle to We traveled by rail rainfall
the evening or at night. They 2 a loud, its outer around Europe.
eat grass, roots, and leaves. annoying noise. edge. noun The party held a political rally
2 a hollow mat made of rubber the amount of rain that falls in the park.
M He was making or plastic and filled with over a particular area. 2 a long-distance car race
a racket with air that can The chart shows the annual that tests drivers’ skills.
be used as rainfall in South America.
N his drums. a boat.
rain forest
O radar life raft ram rang
noun rain forests noun
a dense, hot, wet jungle that rams noun from the verb to ring
P a device that tells you grows in tropical areas.
the position and speed of 1 a male sheep. He rang the doorbell.

Q ships, cars, and aircraft
by sending out radio waves.

R race ranger r
S races noun s
rangers noun rate
1 a competition of speed. a person who looks after a t
u
T forest or a wildlife park. rates noun v
w
U N say rain-jer 1 a speed. x
y
V radius Ostriches can run at a rate

W An airport radar screen. raft rapid of 30 miles (50 km) per hour. car
X A swimming race. N say ray-dar 2 a level of payment.
rafts noun
race verb radiator car adjective The vacation resort charges a
2 a group of people who 1 a floating platform quick or swift. high rates for its apartments.
radiators noun made of logs that b
Y share the same ancestors 1 a thin, metal tank with hot have been tied cars noun c
and may share some water flowing through it that tightly together.
heats a room. a vehicle with wheels rare d
Z physical characteristics. 2 a metal tank that allows that is moved by e
racial adjective air to cool the hot water in
the engine of a vehicle. an engine and used adjective f
N say ray-dee-ay-tor g
to carry people from unusual or not common.

place to place. A rare blue

morpho butterfly. New York City taxicab

spare N comparisons rarer rarest zlicense London taxi
tire N opposite common fuel can
plate

162 antenna 163 roof rack tailgate

rearview
mirror

Word box tow hook jeep h
muffler i
Families of j
linked words wheel hub wheel minivan bumper
are enclosed in trim k
a box. All the windshield l
words in this exhaust pipe spoke wiper m
box start with n
the same tire o
word, rain. p
Alphabetical order rearview hood wheel q
mirror ornament
r
headlight fender s

hatchback t
piston u
v
The headwords in this letters of the words are starting radiator grill fan engine w
dictionary are listed in used to decide which handle windshield steering wheel x
alphabetical order— comes first. So cat vintage car y
z
tire tread

hood hood

the same order as the comes before cot, trunk

letters of the alphabet. because A comes before exhaust turn
Words that begin with O in the alphabet. pipe signal
light
A are grouped at the If words start with sports car

39

start of the dictionary, the same two letters,

followed by B words, then the third letter Full-page entries
and so on up to Z. decides the order. So

Where several words radius comes before All the pictures and labels on a full-page

start with the same raft, because D comes entry are linked to the main headword.

letter, the second before F. This page shows different car types,

with their various parts labeled.

6

How the entries work a

Headword ram Part of speech Tenses of verbs b
c
The headword is printed rams noun This shows whether These three forms of
at the start of the entry. 1 a male sheep. the word is a noun, verb, the verb share show d
adjective, interjection, how it is written e
This shows you how to adverb, or preposition. in the present,
spell the word. Find out more about continuous present, f
parts of speech on and past tenses. g
Plural pages 4–5. These tenses are
explained on page 4. h
This tells you how to i
write a noun when there 2 a device for pushing against share j
something with force.
is more than one of the shares sharing shared k
thing it is referring to. They used the log as a ram verb l
Here, rams is the plural to break down the door. 1 to have or m
of the headword ram. ram verb use together. n
2 to divide o
Definition something into p
parts to give q
This part of the to others.
entry explains what r
the headword means. They shared the melon. s
If a word has more than
one meaning, the first t
u
meaning given is v
normally the one that w
x
is most common. y
Other meanings are z

listed below.

Comparisons Sample sentence

The two forms of an adjective that are The sentence that follows the definition gives
shown here are called the comparative and you an example of how the headword is used. In
superlative. They are explained on page 5. the sample sentence the headword is always
Rarer means “more rare” and rarest written in heavy, black type like this: shared.
means “the most rare.”
radioactivity
rare
noun
adjective
the energy released by the
unusual or not common. center of atoms breaking up
in some substances. High
A rare blue amounts of radioactivity can
morpho butterfly. be harmful to living things.

N comparisons rarer rarest Pronunciation guide They tested for radioactivity Related words
N opposite common outside the nuclear
This guide helps you to pronounce power plant. Other words that are
Opposite difficult words. It respells the related to the
word so that you can sound out N say ray-dee-oh-ak-tiv-i-tee headword are listed
This tells you the word the letters. Part of the guide is in radioactive adjective here. This related
that is the opposite heavy, black type. This shows you word, radioactive,
of the headword. For which part of the word to stress, is the adjective
example, common or say more loudly. that comes from
is the opposite of the headword
the headword rare. radioactivity.

7

A Dictionary games with a friend. Try giving a point for each

B See if you can solve these word puzzles,

C using your dictionary to help you. The games correct answer and then see which of you

will help you learn how to use the dictionary gets the highest score. The answers to
D quickly and easily. You can play all of the
all the puzzles are somewhere in this

E games on your own, but you can also play dictionary. Have fun!

F Alphabetical birds flamingo
G How quickly can you arrange these
pelican
12 bird names in alphabetical
order? You could use the alphabet parrot

H at the side of the page to help you
sort them out. For more help, turn

I to page 6, where alphabetical
order is explained in detail.

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q stork
peacock

R
S

T eagle

U

V owl

W

X

Y ostrich

Z duck budgerigar crane penguin

8

True or false? Sound-alikes a

Here are some word definitions for you to read. Can you Below are some pairs of pictures. The two words that go b
tell which are true and which are false? Remember to check with each pair sound the same but are spelled c
every part of the definition before you decide whether it differently. Can you figure out what they are? The first
is true. You can find out whether you were right by looking letter of each answer is shown as a clue. d
up the words in the dictionary. e

Here’s an example to help you: FOR SALE f
g
h s
h
hare hair i
j
An elephant is A microscope is an
a huge mammal that instrument that magnifies k
lives in Europe and very tiny things so that l
North America. they can be seen in detail. m
n
fs o
p p
q
A harp is a musical A stethoscope is Sound-unlikes
instrument that you hit an instrument that r
with sticks or your hands is used by doctors for This is the opposite of the s
to make a noise. looking in your ears. game above. The two words
that go with these pairs of t
pictures are spelled the same, b u
but sound different. Can you v
figure out what the words w
are? The first letter of each x
answer is given as a clue. y
z
An iguana is a large lizard A mosaic is a picture
found mainly in Central or pattern made of small
and South America. squares of colored stone.

t
w

A plumber An amphibian is an animal
is a person that can live in water and
who repairs on land.
the glass in
broken windows.

9

A Odd word out gray whale great white shark
B If you look carefully at these mandarin fish
angelfish
pictures of animals and sitar
objects, you will see that in

C each group there is an “odd
word out.” Which is it and

D why? If you get stuck,
the special full-page entries

E in the dictionary will help you.

F

G
bassoon

H

I Triceratops Stegosaurus

J

K

L balalaika Tyrannosaurus rex crested water dragon
fiddle

M

N Action words juggle
The people in these pictures are all kneel
climb
O doing something. The words in the throw
list are all “action words,” or verbs. hit
crouch
P Can you match the right verb to each bend
of the pictures? There are more verbs stretch
drum
Q than pictures, so choose carefully. explore
Check your answers by looking up
the words in the dictionary.

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

10

Word detective Guess the word a

Be a detective and follow the clues to Some words have more than one meaning. Each of b
answer these questions. The answers these groups of pictures illustrates three different c
are all in the dictionary. meanings of the same word. Can you figure out what
it is? Check in the dictionary to see if you are right. d
U Which mammal gnaws down trees to build e
dams in rivers? Here’s an example to help you:
Look for a word beginning with b. f
A drink of ...throwing a ...and a hole g
U What are emeralds, sapphires, and rubies? punch... punch... punch.
Look for a page of sparkly things. h
i
U Which word connects an egg, a nut, and a crab? j
Look on page 183.
k
U What is the opposite of few? l
Check on page 125. m
n
U What is the name of a planet and also the name o
of the silver-colored metal used in thermometers? p
Look for a word beginning with m on page 229. q

U Which animal has withers, hocks, and r
a forelock? s
Look for a page of large, plant-eating mammals.
t
U Where would you find a sprit, a main sheet, u
and a daggerboard? v
Look for a page of vessels that travel on water. w
x
Rhyming words The first letter of each word is there to give you a clue. y
Remember that there can be lots of different ways of spelling z
This is a game where you have to spot the “odd word out.” the same sound.
The words that go with each of these groups of pictures all
rhyme except one. Which one is it? f
f
o

b t

ts k

pc

11

abacus a absorb accordion

A absorbs absorbing absorbed accordions noun
B verb
C a musical instrument that
D to soak up.
you squeeze to make a sound.
AE
F about A sponge absorbs liquid. accurate
G abacus absorbent adjective
preposition adjective
abacuses noun absurd
a frame with sliding beads, 1 on the subject of. exactly right.
We talked about the play. adjective A stop watch gives
H used for counting. 2 on the point of doing accurate time.
something. silly or
I About to leave. ridiculous. N say ak-yur-rut

J about accuse

K adverb accuses accusing accused verb
more or less. to say someone has done
something wrong.
L abbreviation There were about 300 people She accused him of lying.
at the circus. N say a-kyooz

abbreviations noun She looked absurd leaving for ace
school in her pajamas.
M a short way of writing a word above aces noun
or a group of words. accent a playing card that has one
main symbol in the center.
N “Ave.” is an abbreviation preposition accents noun
of “avenue.” 1 the way people say words.
over, or higher than She had a foreign accent.
2 a mark on a letter showing
N say a-bree-vee-ay-shun something. you how to pronounce it.
“Café” is pronounced “kafay.”
O

P abdomen
abdomens noun

Q the part of an animal’s or accept ache
a person’s body that contains
accepts accepting accepted verb aches aching
the intestines and stomach to take something that is ached verb
offered to you.
R (see insect on page 108 and to feel
sea life on page 178). accident a steady
pain.
S N say ab-do-men Above her head. accidents noun
something that goes wrong
T ability N opposite below by chance.
abilities noun

U a talent for abroad
doing

V something. adverb

in or to another country.
She went abroad for

W her vacation. Her tooth ached.

X absent N rhymes with cake
He had
adjective He spilled the juice, but it was acid
Y the ability to an accident.
play many not there, or away. acids noun
He was absent from school
Z instruments because he had a cold. a sharp-tasting, sour liquid.
at once.
N opposite present Some acids can burn you.

12

acorn action address advice a

acorns noun actions noun addresses noun adopt b
the seed of anything that the building and area where c
an oak tree. somebody does. someone lives or works. adopts adopting adopted verb
His quick action put out to take a child into your d
acrobat the fire. Jane Horne home as part of your family. e
710 Hampton Lane
acrobats noun activity Towson, MD 21204 adult f
a person who performs g
gymnastics on a stage or noun adjective adults noun
in a circus. a grown-up person. h
1 energetic movement. adjectives noun N opposite child i
across active adjective a word that is used to j
2 something that has been describe a noun. advantage
preposition planned for you to do. k
adjust advantages noun l
from one side to the other. adapt something m
adjusts adjusting adjusted verb that is n
Across the bridge. adapts adapting adapted verb to make a small useful o
to change something to change to something. to have. p
act suit a special purpose. Her long legs q
gave her an
acts acting acted verb This mug has been adapted so advantage. r
1 to behave in a certain way. that a baby can drink from it. N opposite disadvantage s
He was acting
very strangely. add She adjusted her belt. adventure t
2 to take part in a play, u
a film, or a television adds adding added verb admire adventures noun v
program. something you do that w
1 to put one thing admires admiring admired verb is exciting and new. x
to think that something is Exploring the river was y
with another. nice or good. a real adventure. z
adventurous adjective
Add cherries to the mixture.
2 to find the sum of two or adverb
more numbers.
adverbs noun
Twenty-one added to fifty-four She admired her new a word that describes a verb,
equals seventy-five. hair style. adjective, or another adverb.
addition noun The tortoise moved slowly.
admit
addict advertisement
admits admitting admitted verb
addicts noun 1 to say reluctantly that advertisements noun
someone who cannot give up something is true. words or pictures that try to
a habit that they have. 2 to allow someone to enter. persuade you to buy or to do
A ticket admits you to something. Advertisement
the movie theater. can be shortened
to “ad.”

N say ad-ver-tiz-ment

advice

noun

suggestions to help you
decide what you should do.
Follow your dentist’s advice
on brushing your teeth.
advise verb

13

adviser

A adviser afford age aground
advisers noun
affords affording afforded verb noun adverb

B someone who gives advice or to have enough money to 1 how old someone or stranded on rocks or sand, or
makes suggestions. buy something. something is. in shallow water.
The ship ran aground in
He was made student adviser. We can afford to go away on The the storm.
number
C vacation this year. of rings in ahead
a tree’s trunk
D aerial afraid show its age. adverb
adjective 2 a period in history.
The Iron Age. in front.
E in the air. adjective
An aerial photograph.
N say air-ee-al scared.

F aerobics He was afraid
of mice.
G noun aggressive
after
energetic physical exercises adjective
preposition
H that are done in ready to attack.
time to music. 1 later

I than. He walked on ahead of
the others.

J aid

K noun

L N say air-roh-biks It is after 8 o’clock. Cats can be aggressive if they 1 help.
2 behind. are frightened. The helicopter came to the aid
M aerosol He was after me in the line. aggressively adverb of the stranded walkers.
N aerosols noun 3 following. 2 a machine or a device that
The cat ran after the mouse. helps you do something.
a can that forces
out liquid in afternoon agony hearing
aid
O a fine spray. afternoons noun agonies noun
N say air-ro-sol the period of time between extreme pain. aim
noon and evening. The runner was in agony when
P he broke his leg. aims aiming aimed verb
Q affect again 1 to point an object
agree at someone
affects affecting affected verb adverb or something.
to make something or agrees agreeing agreed verb
once more. to think the same as
R someone different. The fans cheered when their someone else.
The drought badly affected team scored again. N opposite disagree

S the harvest. against agriculture

T affection preposition noun
noun
1 next to something, farming.
U the feeling that you like touching it.
someone very much.

V affectionate adjective

W

X

Y Against the fence. One form of agriculture in Aiming at the target.
2 opposed to, or not on Thailand is rice growing. 2 to try to do something.
agricultural adjective We aim to please.
Z the same side. aim noun
She was against the decision.

14

air ajar alike aloud a

noun adjective adjective alligator b
c
the mixture of gases that slightly very similar. alligators noun
plants and animals breathe. open. a large reptile that lives in d
A layer of air surrounds Earth. swamps and rivers. e
Alligators eat fish and other
aircraft The door animals that come close to f
is ajar. the water’s edge. g
noun
alarm These allow h
any vehicle that brothers i
can fly. noun look alike. allows allowing allowed verb j
to let someone do something.
airplane 1 a loud noise that warns you alive k
of something. Her parents allowed her to l
aircraft-carrier adjective stay up and watch the m
program. n
aircraft-carriers noun living. o
a ship for aircraft to take off N opposite forbid p
from and 2 a feeling of fear. burglar q
land on. alarm almost
r
airline album adverb s

airlines noun albums noun nearly. t
a company that owns and u
flies aircraft. a blank book for displaying The bottle is v
pictures and other items. almost empty. w
airmail x
A photograph album. alone y
noun z
alcohol Flowers need water to adjective
mail that is carried stay alive.
by airplane. noun by yourself,
N opposite dead without
Mr. M. James a strong drink, such as wine anyone else.
7 Batchworth Drive or beer. all
Los Angeles He was
California 90000 N say al-ka-hol adjective alone
USA on the
alert every part of, or everyone. island.
airport He ate all the cake himself.
adjective along
airports noun allergy
a place where people go to watching and preposition
travel by airplane. listening very allergies noun
carefully. an unpleasant reaction to from one end to another.
something that doesn’t affect We walked along the beach.
most people.
aloud
The dog looked very alert.
adverb
alien He has an allergy to cats.
allergic adjective so that it can be heard.
aliens noun He read the letter aloud.
something that seems
strange or foreign. 15

N say ay-lee-en

alien adjective

alphabet letters Roman alphabet
consonants
A alphabet vowels
alphabets noun

B a series of letters or symbols,
written in a particular order,
that people use to write words.

C alphabetical adjective

D

E
F
G Greek alphabet
H

I

Cyrillic alphabet

J

K
L Hebrew alphabet

M Arabic alphabet
N

O
P Gujarati alphabet
Q
R

S Japanese alphabet Greek
T All of these messages say “Happy Roman

Birthday” in different alphabets.

U
V

W Cyrillic Hebrew

X Gujarati
Arabic

Y
Z Japanese

16

already amazing amount anger a

adverb adjective amounts noun anchor b
how much c
by this time. very surprising or out of there is of anchors noun
She was already eating the ordinary. something. a large, heavy, metal hook d
breakfast when he woke up. that digs into the seabed to e
Twice the stop a ship from
also amount of drifting away. f
flour as g
adverb brown sugar.
h
as well. An amazing hat. amphibian N say ang-ker i
Sue is also coming with us. amaze verb j
amphibians noun
alter ambition k
an animal that can live in l
alters altering altered verb ambitions noun m
to change something. what you want to be or do. water and n
I have altered my story to give Her ambition is to travel to o
it a happy ending. the Moon. on land. p
q
altogether ambulance ancient
r
adverb ambulances noun adjective s
a vehicle for taking sick
including everyone or injured people to and very old. t
or everything. from the hospital. u
tree frog v
There are eight apples w
altogether. N say am-fib-ee-an x
amphibious adjective y
aluminum z
amplifier
noun
amplifiers noun
a silvery-
white metal a piece of equipment to make
that is light
but strong. music sound louder.

aluminum ambush amuse ancient
container Roman statue
N say al-loo-mi-num ambushes ambushing ambushed amuses amusing amused verb
verb to make someone smile angel
always to hide and wait for someone, or laugh.
then attack them by surprise The cartoon amused them. angels noun
adverb when they come along. a messenger from a god
anagram or God.
1 very often. among
He is always playing noun anger
loud music. preposition
2 forever. a word or phrase made by noun
I will always remember in the middle of. changing the order of letters
our vacation. in another word or phrase. a strong feeling of annoyance.
“Team” is an anagram of “meat.” angry adjective
N opposite never
ancestor Archaeopteryx

ancestors noun
a relative
from a previous
generation.

There are poppies growing Archaeopteryx is an ancestor hoatzin
among the corn. of birds like the hoatzin.
17
N say an-ses-tur

angle animation answer any

A angle animation noun answers answering answered adjective
angles noun still pictures, often in cartoon verb
form, that appear to move. to reply to a question. some or every.
B a corner where two lines answer noun U Anybody can do that,
or surfaces meet. ankle it’s easy!
ant U She didn’t tell anyone what
C ankles noun she had seen.
D the joint between your leg ants noun U I’m going out, and you can’t
E and your foot. an insect that lives in large, do anything to stop me!
F organized groups. The males U It might be cloudy, but we
G right angle (90˚) anniversary and egg-laying females could go for a picnic anyway.
H animal have wings. U Have you seen my pet mouse
anniversaries noun anywhere?
animals noun a special event that is wood ant
remembered every year apart
I any living thing that on the same date. antelope
breathes and moves around. Wedding anniversary. adverb
Insects, fish, birds, antelopes noun
announce a mammal that is found on away from
J mammals, and reptiles are dry plains in Africa and Asia. each
all types of animal. announces announcing Antelopes eat grass other, or
announced verb and other plants. separate.
K to say something for
L everyone to hear.
M “I’m going,” he announced.
N bird
O annoy Standing
P with feet
Q fish annoys annoying annoyed verb apart.
R
S insect to make someone irritated.
T
U The flies annoyed her. nyala apartment
V annoyance noun
W mammal antenna apartments noun
X annual a home that is made up
Y antennae or antennas noun of a set of rooms inside
Z reptile adjective 1 a part on certain animals’ a larger building.
heads that is used for feeling
18 happening every year. (see insect on page 108). ape
Independence Day is 2 a device for receiving radio
an annual holiday. and TV signals for broadcast apes noun
annually adverb (see universe on page 229). a mammal that lives in
forests in warm regions and
anonymous antibiotic feeds on
insects
adjective antibiotics noun and fruit.
a medicine that kills bacteria. Apes have
by an unknown author. no tails
An anonymous letter. antiseptic and can
walk on
N say a-non-uh-mus antiseptics noun two legs.
a substance put on cuts and
another grazes to prevent infection. gibbon

adjective anxious apologize

1 different. adjective apologizes apologizing
Do you have another pen? I apologized verb
think this one is broken. worried or nervous.
2 one more. to say you are sorry.
Do you want another cookie? N say ank-shus

armadillo

apparatus apple aquarium a

noun apples noun aquariums or aquaria noun b
an edible a glass tank c
the equipment you need for fruit with to keep fish
a particular task. a smooth skin and other d
and crisp water e
scientific apparatus flesh. animals and arithmetic
plants in. f
appear appointment noun g
arch
appears appearing appeared appointments noun the adding, subtracting, h
verb a meeting at a certain time. arches noun multiplying, and dividing of i
to come into view. A dental appointment. a curved part of a building numbers. j
The Sun appeared from or bridge.
behind the clouds. appreciate adding k
N opposite disappear architect l
appreciates appreciating subtracting m
appendix appreciated verb architects noun n
to be grateful for something. a person who designs multiplying o
appendices or appendixes noun She appreciated the flowers buildings. p
a very small part of your that her daughter sent her. N say ar-ki-tekt q
lower intestine. N say a-pree-shee-ate
area r
stomach approach s
areas noun
appendix intestine approaches approaching 1 a certain piece of ground or dividing t
approached verb space, or part of a surface. u
appetite to come near to something. This is a play area. arm armpit v
The train slowed down as it 2 the amount of space w
appetites noun approached the station. something covers. arms noun x
The wood covers a large area. the part of y
a desire for food. approve your body z
argue between your
approves approving approved shoulder
verb argues arguing argued verb and your
to think that something is to talk angrily with someone hand.
right or good. because you disagree
Does your mom approve of with them. arm
your new shoes? argument noun
armadillo
He has approximate
a huge armadillos noun
appetite. adjective a nocturnal mammal that
lives in North and South
applause almost America and eats insects,
accurate, snakes, and frogs. The
noun or not armadillo’s body is protected
exact. by hard, bony
clapping and cheering. plates.
The applause rang out The approximate number of
as the team ran onto the field. marbles in the jar is 50.
approximately adverb

apricot

apricots noun
an edible fruit
with soft flesh
and a pit in
its center.

19

armchair

A armchair arrange artificial ask
armchairs noun
arranges arranging arranged adjective asks asking asked verb
to try to find something out
B a soft, padded chair with arms. verb something from someone.
1 to plan something. false that Ask your dad if you can come
She arranged to meet me is made with us.
to look
C at 10 o’clock. like the asleep
2 to place real thing.
adjective
D something an artificial flower
in a special resting the whole body and
N ar-tuh-fish-ul mind with the eyes closed.
E order.
sleep verb
F arrest artist
G armor aspirin
arrests arresting arrested verb artists noun
noun aspirins noun
to catch hold of someone and someone who creates a type of medicine taken as
a suit of pictures, sculptures, a pill, used for relieving pain
officially accuse them of music, or other and fever.
H thick, metal creative things.
plates worn breaking the law.

I long ago arrive
to protect
knights arrives arriving arrived verb

J in battle. to come to a place.
The plane arrived
K at the airport.

L arrival noun

M arrow artistic adjective assemble
arrows noun

N ash1 a pointed piece of metal assembles assembling assembled
that is shot from a bow. verb

ashes noun 1 to put something together.
O 1 the gray powder that is left I assembled a model boat.
2 a pointed shape that shows behind after something has 2 to meet together.

P you which way to go or look. been burned. They assembled in the hall.
assembly noun

Q art wood ash assist

R army noun 2 a deciduous, broad-leaved assists assisting
S armies noun tree, with spreading branches assisted verb
the creation of something, that grow in pairs. to help
a group of people and often through drawing, The female ash produces somebody.
machines that fight on land. painting, sculpture, winged seeds.
or design. The wood He assisted
T is hard the customer
U around artery and strong. with his coat.
assistance noun
adverb arteries noun sales assistant
one of the tubes that carries
V 1 nearby. blood from the heart ash leaves assortment
I left my bag around here. to the rest of
2 in every direction. the body. ashamed assortments noun
a collection of different
W For miles around. artery adjective types of the same thing.

X around heart feeling guilty about An assortment of buttons.
preposition something you have done.
She felt ashamed about
Y 1 from place to place. teasing her little brother.
We walked around the city.

Z 2 on all sides.
We sat around the table.

20

asthma atlas attend autumn a

noun atlases noun attends attending attended verb aunt b
to go to an event, or to go c
an illness or allergy that can a book of maps. somewhere regularly. aunts noun
make breathing difficult. I attended school for 11 years. the sister of someone’s d
parent, or their uncle’s wife. e
N say az-ma attention
asthmatic adjective author f
noun g
astonish atmosphere authors noun
1 listening carefully. a person who h
astonishes astonishing noun Pay attention in class! writes books, i
astonished verb 2 standing stiff and straight. poems, j
to amaze someone very much. 1 the layer of air that Stand at attention. or plays.
She astonished the crowd by surrounds the Earth. k
winning the race. 2 the feeling in a room attic autograph l
or a place. m
astronaut The dark room had attics noun autographs noun n
a gloomy atmosphere. a room at the top of a house, a signature, usually o
astronauts noun usually in the space under of a famous person. p
a person who atom the roof. N say au-toe-graf q
is trained
to travel atoms noun attract automatic r
into space. a very tiny s
part of any attracts attracting attracted verb adjective
substance. 1 to interest. t
The museum attracts 1 without thinking. u
magnified atom many visitors. Blinking is automatic. v
2 to make 2 working by itself, without w
astronomy attach something any assistance. x
come closer. Automatic doors. y
noun attaches attaching attached verb z
Magnets automobile
the scientific study of stars to fasten. attract
and planets. iron filings. automobiles noun
another name for a car.
ate Attached with a paper clip. attractive
vintage automobile
from the verb to eat attack adjective
I ate a whole loaf of autumn
bread yesterday. attacks attacking attacked verb pleasing to the eye, mind,
to try to hurt a person and senses. autumns noun
athlete or an animal. one of the four seasons.
The wild dog audience Autumn follows summer and
athletes noun attacked the flock of geese. comes before winter. It is
a person who audiences noun the time when the leaves on
takes part in the people who come some trees change color and
races or sports to watch a show fall to the ground.
competitions. or concert.
21
athletics noun attempt

attempts attempting attempted
verb

to try to do something.
They attempted to climb
the wall, but had to give up.

avalanche

A avalanche awake Bb
avalanches noun baboon backpack
adjective
B a large amount of snow, baboons noun backpacks noun
rocks, and ice that suddenly not asleep.
slides down a mountain. I stayed awake all night.

C award

D awards noun
a prize.
E A rosette is
an award.
F award verb

G aware

adjective

H avenue knowing something. a large monkey that is found a large bag with shoulder
avenues noun straps, often worn by walkers
He became aware that someone all over Africa. Baboons live to hold clothes

was watching him. on the ground

I a type of street. It is often and eat plants and equipment.
and small
wide and sometimes has away animals.
a line of trees down each side.
J adverb
1 not here.
K average
adjective The teacher was away today.
2 to another place.

L ordinary. I put all my games away. baby
He was of average height
awful babies noun
for his age.
adjective a very young child
M
N average very bad.

averages noun (see growth on
1 a usual amount. page 94).
backward
O My grades were above average. awkward
2 a number of things spread adjective

P out equally. 1 difficult to use adverb
He eats 14 apples a week, or inconvenient.
moving toward the back.

Q an average of 2 a day. 2 clumsy. I fell backward into
a prickly bush.

R avocado back bacon
avocados noun
adverb noun
S a green, pear-
shaped tree returning. salted meat from the back
fruit with a I am going to the store. I’ll be or side of a pig.
back later.
T leathery skin
and smooth, back

U creamy flesh. A newborn foal looks backs noun

V avoid awkward on its feet. 1 the part of 2 the part opposite the front.
avoids avoiding avoided verb awkwardly adverb your body that back adjective
is opposite
W to keep away from something. ax your chest and
between your
X axes noun neck and
a tool that your
is used to bottom.

Y chop wood.

Z The car swerved to avoid back back of
the dog. a clock

22

bacteria baggy bald bandage a

noun adjective adjective bamboo b
c
very small organisms. Some fitting without any hair. noun
cause disease, while others loosely. A bald head. d
help your body. a tall, tropical grass with e
Some bacteria help break ball hard, hollow stems.
down food in your stomach. Bamboo can be used f
balls noun to make garden g
N say bak-teer-ee-uh 1 a rounded object used to poles and
play many games furniture. h
bad baggy and sports. i
pants bamboo j
adjective beach ball poles
bake k
1 wrong. 2 a big, grand party where ban l
Stealing is very bad. bakes baking baked verb there is dancing. m
2 serious. to cook in an oven or fire. A summer ball. bans banning banned verb n
I have a bad earache. Pies, cakes, and bread to forbid people to o
3 rotten, or faulty. are baked. ballet do something. p
The food had gone bad. Smoking is banned on q
ballets noun public transportation.
N comparisons worse worst a performance on stage that r
tells a story in music banana s
badge and dance.
N say bal-lay bananas noun t
badges noun or bal-lay a tree fruit u
a decoration with a smooth, thick v
that can be outer peel and w
pinned a soft, edible center. x
or sewn Bananas grow in y
onto clothes. hot, damp regions. z

sheriff’s badge band

badminton A baker bakes bread. bands noun
1 a group of people who play
noun balance music together.

an indoor game played by balances balancing balanced 2 a strip of material such as
two or four people on a court. verb fabric, elastic, or metal that
Each player uses a racket to keep steady so you do not holds things together.
to hit a shuttlecock over fall over.
a net (see sport on page 197). The tightrope walker balanced rubber band
on the high wire.
bandage
baffle balcony ballet dancers
bandages noun
baffles baffling baffled verb balconies noun balloon a strip of material that is
used to wrap around a wound
to confuse someone or make a platform for standing on balloons noun to keep
a person puzzled. a bag of rubber or other it clean.
that is attached to the wall of material filled with air or
The quiz completely another gas.
a building above the ground.
baffled him.

bag hot-air balloon

bags noun

a container that you can

carry things in, usually made

of material, plastic, or paper.

23

bang barbecue bark base

A bang barbecues noun noun bases noun
bangs noun the bottom of
1 a grill over an open fire the rough something.
B a sudden, loud noise. that is lit outdoors and used wood on
The firework went off with for cooking the outside of lamp base
a loud bang. meat, fish, a tree trunk.
or vegetables. baseball
C bark
D bank noun
barks barking barked verb
banks noun to make a rough, loud noise a game for two teams of nine
like a dog. players, which started in the
E 1 a steep, sloping piece of bark noun United States. The winning
ground, often on the side of team is the one that scores
a river. 2 a party or special meal barley the most runs (see sport on
where food is cooked on page 197).
F a barbecue. noun
basement
G N say bar-bi-kyoo a type of cereal grown
on farms to make basements noun
H food and beer. a floor in a building that is
partly or completely below
I 2 a company that looks bare barn ground level.
after people’s money and
adjective barns noun basin
J also lends money.
without any a large farm building used basins noun
K covering. a large, bowl-shaped
for storage or for keeping container used for holding
L water. Basins are often used
animals in. for washing.
M
bare feet barrel basket
N
O banner bargain barrels noun baskets noun
a container
banners noun bargains noun a large, rounded, wooden or for carrying
something bought cheaply. metal container for storing things in,
P a large flag or piece of cloth My shoes were a real bargain beer and usually
that has a picture or in the sale. other made of
liquids. cane, twigs,
Q a message on it. or straw.
weight-lifting bar
R
barrier
S
barriers noun
T
a structure built to stop
U someone or something from
passing through.
V The police placed a barrier
W bar
across the road.
bars noun

X 1 a long, narrow piece
of metal.

Y 2 a counter or a room
Z where drinks or snacks

are sold.

24

basketball battery beam beaver a

noun batteries noun beams noun bear b
c
a team game with five a closed container of chemicals bears bearing bore born or
players on each side. Points that makes and stores small borne verb d
are scored by throwing a ball amounts of 1 to produce or give birth to. e
through a raised hoop called electricity. This plant bears red berries.
the “basket” 2 to carry or support. f
(see sport on watch battery 1 a long, narrow ray of light. Can that branch bear g
page 197). your weight?
battle 3 to put up with. h
I can’t bear to think about it. i
battles noun j
a fight between two armies beard
that are at war. k
beards noun l
bat bawl 2 a long, strong piece of wood the hair that m
or metal, often used in grows on the n
bats noun bawls bawling bawled verb buildings to hold up the roof. lower part of o
1 a stick, often made of wood to cry very loudly. a man’s face p
bean if he does q
or metal that is used to hit bay not shave.
a ball (see sport on beans noun r
page 197). bays noun a seed or pod that beat s
a deep, inward curve in a is eaten as
softball bat coastline or the edge of a lake. a vegetable. beats beating beat beaten verb t
1 to defeat someone. u
2 a nocturnal fava bean My friend beat me at chess. v
mammal with wings. Bats 2 to hit or stir repeatedly. w
live in caves and dark places beach bear She beat the eggs. x
and eat insects, fruit, or 3 to make a repeated y
small animals. They rest beaches noun bears noun movement, or noise. z
hanging upside down (see land at the edge of a sea or My heart is beating loudly.
mammal on page 124). lake, usually covered in a large mammal with thick
pebbles or sand. fur that usually lives in beat
long-eared bat forests. All bears eat meat,
bead but some also eat honey, beats noun
bathtub roots, plant buds, berries, a steady stroke
beads noun and fruit. or sound.
bathtubs noun a small piece of wood, stone, A metronome ticks
a large tub for washing or glass that can be threaded with a steady beat.
the whole of your body. onto string.
beautiful
baton Canadian
black adjective
batons noun bear
very pleasant to look at.
a thin piece of wood toucan’s What a beautiful view!
beak
or metal. N say byoo-tuh-ful

Conductors of beak beaver

orchestras and beaks noun beavers noun
a large rodent that gnaws
band leaders use the hard, bony mouth of down trees to build dams and
island homes, called lodges,
different types band a bird or dinosaur (see in rivers. Beavers eat bark,
roots, and twigs.
of batons to leader’s dinosaur on page 61).
25
keep time. baton

beckon beehive beg bell

A beckon beehives noun begs begging begged verb bells noun
beckons beckoning beckoned a cup-shaped
a type of box that to ask for something piece of metal
B verb people keep bees in. that makes a
to make a sign that tells They collect very strongly. ringing sound
someone to the honey when it
that the is struck.
C come to you. bees make.
belong
D beer The dog
begged for belongs belonging belonged
E beers noun a piece of meat. verb
an alcoholic drink made from to be someone’s possession
F cereal grains. begin or property.
That book belongs to me.
G beetle begins beginning began begun
H become verb below
beetles noun to start something.
becomes becoming became an insect with hard, often The story begins in a castle. preposition
brightly colored wing cases. beginning noun
I verb Some beetles eat small insects; lower than.
to change or grow into. others eat wood behave
A tadpole becomes a frog. and plants. Below her
behaves behaving behaved verb waist.
J to act in a particular way
K bed in front of other people. N opposite above
Our class behaved well at
beds noun the zoo. belt
behavior noun
L 1 a piece of furniture that belts noun
you sleep on. jewel beetle behind a narrow strip of fabric or
2 the bottom of a river, lake, leather that you wear around
beetroot / beet preposition your waist.
M or the sea.
beetroots / beets noun at the back of. bench
N bee a hard, red root plant with
bees noun leaves that is eaten as benches noun
a vegetable (see vegetable 1 a long, wooden seat.
O a flying insect that usually on page 233).
lives in large, well-organized park bench
before 2 a worktable.
P groups. Bees feed on pollen,
nectar, and the honey preposition

Q they make earlier.
from nectar.
She stood behind her friend.
R behind adverb

S Before being
four o’clock.
T beech beings noun
beeches noun
someone or something
U a deciduous forest
tree with smooth, that exists.

V gray bark and before believe
spreading
branches adverb believes believing believed verb

W (see tree on in the past. to feel strongly that
page 223).
I’ve heard that story before. something is true.
X beech leaf

Y beef
Z noun

the meat from a cow or bull.

26

bend beside beyond biodegradable a

bends bending bent verb preposition preposition bill b
c
to change something straight at the side of. farther away than. bills noun
The hills lay beyond the river. 1 the hard, bony mouth of d
into a curved shape. a bird. e
bicycle
The ball is beside her. bill f
bicycles noun g
She bent best a vehicle with two wheels 2 a piece of paper that shows
over to touch that you ride by turning you how much you have to h
her toes. from the adjective good the pedals with your feet. pay for something. i
Bicycle can be shortened The waiter brought us the bill j
better than any other. to bike. at the end of our meal.
3 a plan for a new law that k
bend bet big must be voted on by l
a country’s government. m
bends noun bets betting bet verb adjective The new education bill n
will be discussed in o
a curve. to believe that something large in Congress today. p
is going to happen. width q
or size. billow
I bet it’s going to rain later. r
The jacket is too big for him. billows billowing billowed verb s
Bends in the road. better to spread out and be blown
N comparisons bigger biggest about in the wind. t
benefit from the adjective good Smoke billowed out from u
1 more able. bikini the chimneys. v
benefits benefiting benefited You are good at science but he w
verb is better. bikinis noun bin x
to receive help from someone 2 well again. a swimming y
or something. I’m feeling better, thanks. outfit with bins noun z
The school would benefit from two pieces, a box or container used
having new computers. between worn by girls for storage.
benefit noun and women.
preposition binoculars

in the noun
middle of.
two small telescopes joined
beret together that make things
that are far away look closer.
berets noun
biodegradable
a soft, flat hat.
adjective
N say buh-ray Between her knees.
able to be broken down
berry beware by bacteria.
Most paper is biodegradable.
berries noun verb
a small, round N say by-oh-dee-gray-duh-bul
juicy fruit with to be careful of something.
seeds inside. Beware of the dog. 27

blueberries

bird vane hooked song thrush’s osprey’s
beak nest egg
A bird
birds noun kestrel

B an animal that has warm
blood, feathers on its body,
and wings (see skeleton on

C page 188).

D shaft

E

F

G nostril beak
H quill
talon

I macaw’s nape
feather
plumage

J tail feathers mantle

K budgerigar breast finch
belly
L
M crest

N claw

O flight feathers roller toe

P

Q lorikeet
R cockatoo

S

T

U

V

W knee
train of

feathers

X

Y webbed foot flipper

Z flamingo peacock kiwi penguin

28

birthday bit blackbird bleach a

birthdays noun bits noun blackbirds noun blanket b
the anniversary of the day a small piece of something. a bird that lives in gardens c
you were born. The mouse nibbled a bit and fields, and eats insects blankets noun
of cheese. and seeds. The male has a soft covering, usually made d
birthday cake black feathers and the female of wool that is used to keep e
bite has brown feathers. people or animals warm.
birthday cakes noun f
a special cake with candles bites biting bit bitten verb blackboard blast g
on top that is baked for to use your teeth in a cutting
your birthday. action, usually with food. blackboards noun blasts noun h
a hard, dark smooth surface a powerful explosion or gust i
birthday card bite noun for writing on with chalk in of wind. j
classrooms. A blast of cold air came
birthday cards noun bitter in through the window. k
a card that people send blade l
to you on your birthday, to adjective blaze m
congratulate you on being blades noun n
a year older. having a sour, sharp taste. 1 the flat, sharp, metal blazes blazing blazed verb o
Strong coffee can taste bitter. part of to burn very brightly. p
birthday party a knife q
black or a sword. The fire blazed through
birthday parties noun the old building. r
a party to celebrate noun knife blade blaze noun s
someone’s birthday.
1 a color. 2 a stem blazer t
birthday present of grass. u
2 very dark. blazers noun v
birthday presents noun A black night. blade a jacket that is often worn w
a gift that you give to as part of a uniform. x
someone on their birthday. blackberry blame y
bleach z
biscuit blackberries noun blames blaming blamed verb
a black or dark purple fruit to think or say that someone noun
biscuits noun that grows on prickly stems has done something wrong.
a type of bread made in called brambles. She always blames me for a very powerful chemical that
small, soft cakes. letting the toast burn. removes color. Bleach can
N say bis-kit burn your skin.
blank
29
blanks noun
An empty space.

The last word has been
left blank.
blank adjective

bleed block blossom blue

A bleed blocks noun blossoms noun noun
bleeds bleeding bled verb
1 a solid the flowers on a tree a color.
B to lose blood. shape, such that appear
My nose started to bleed as a block before
when I fell over. of wood. the fruit.
2 a rectangular area
C surrounded by four streets.
D blind

adjective

E unable to see.

F hawthorn blossom

G block blot bluff
H
I blocks blocking blocked verb blots noun bluffs bluffing bluffed verb
J a stain on paper, usually
to be in the way. made by ink or paint that to trick someone into
Some blind people have has been spilled. believing something.
The road was blocked
K guide dogs. blouse She pretended to be brave,
by the fallen tree.
blouses noun but she was bluffing.
a type of shirt, usually worn
by girls or women.

L blink blond / blonde blunt
blinks blinking blinked verb
adjective

M to open and shut your adjective having a rounded end or edge.
eyes quickly.
having light-colored hair.

N The bright light made Blond is used for boys and
me blink. men, and blonde is used for

O blister girls and women. N opposite sharp
blond boy
blur
P blisters noun
a bubble of watery liquid that blurs blurring blurred verb

Q forms under your skin when to make something unclear
it has been burnt or rubbed. and difficult to see.

Tight shoes give me blisters. blow The view through the window
was blurred by rain.
R blows blowing blew blown verb
S blizzard blush
1 to move in air, or be moved
blizzards noun
in air.

a very heavy snowstorm. blonde girl 2 to force air out of your nose blushes blushing blushed verb
or mouth. to turn red because you are
T blood embarrassed or shy.
U blob
noun board
blobs noun
the red liquid that flows boards noun
V a small lump of something around our body through
with no shape. veins and arteries. Blood a flat piece of wood, or very

W a blob of carries nutrients and oxygen stiff paper.
to our skin and muscles.

X face cream bloom boast
Y
blooms blooming bloomed verb boasts boasting boasted verb

to produce flowers. to tell people about

something in a proud and

Z Fruit trees bloom in He blew up the balloon. annoying way.
the spring. He boasted about his money.

30

boat

boat a

boats noun sprit b
a small open vessel that anchor c
carries goods and people
across water. mast d
e
sail
hull junk f
boom g
tiller blade
h
i

j

main life buoy propeller k
sheet
stern bow l
rudder m
daggerboard

dinghy prow

cockpit n

cabin reed boat fishing boat o
paddle p
thwart q

r

keel coble (fishing boat) rudder s
tyard

u

stay

v

w

powerboat propeller x

y

zsailing yacht deck

narrowboat

31

body bone border boss

A body bones noun borders noun bosses noun
bodies noun the person who is in charge
the hard parts of an animal’s 1 the boundary between at work.
B all the
physical or person’s body that make two countries. both
parts that
up the skeleton. adjective
C make up
an animal country border not just one
thing, but two.
D or person. femur (upper leg bone)
bony adjective
E
bonfire
F
bonfires noun
G
a large outdoor fire.
H boil
I boils boiling boiled verb 2 a strip around the edge
of something.
to heat a liquid until it
starts to bubble and steam Both bowls contain rice.

J rises from it. book blue border bother

K books noun bothers bothering bothered verb
to worry or annoy someone.
L printed pieces of paper, joined
bottle
M together inside a cover.
bottles noun
N boom bore a container for
liquids, usually
bold booms booming boomed verb bores boring bored verb made of glass
to make a deep, loud sound. 1 to be very uninteresting. or plastic.
O adjective His voice boomed out through She bored us for weeks by
brave and fearless. the loudspeaker. telling the same joke. bottom
2 to make a round hole
P The bold knight marched boomerang in something. bottoms noun
up to the dragon’s cave. They bored a hole in 1 the lowest part
boomerangs noun the ground in search of oil. of something.
Q bolt a curved piece of wood that
R bolts noun comes back to you when bore
you throw it. Boomerangs
1 a metal rod that were used in the past as from the verb to bear
a weapon by Australian 1 She bore 10 children.
S is used to fasten Aboriginals. 2 Luckily, the bridge bore
things together. the truck’s weight.

T boot born The bottom of the sea.

U boots noun from the verb to bear N opposite top
V 2 a sliding metal bar that is a type of shoe
that covers your I was born 10 years ago,
used for fastening a door. foot and part of
your leg. so I am 10 years old.
W
rain boot borrow 2 the part of
X bomb your body that
bombs noun borrows borrowing borrowed you sit on.
verb
Y an exploding weapon that
can cause damage to to take something for a while
and then return it.
Z anything around it. I borrowed my friend’s pen.
N say bom
N opposite lend
32

bought bow box brave a

from the verb to buy bows noun boxes noun brain b
I bought a present for my the front of a ship. a container to store things in. c
friend yesterday. N rhymes with now brains noun
N say bawt cardboard box the part of d
bow your body e
bounce boy inside your
bows noun head that f
bounces bouncing bounced verb 1 a knot with two loops. boys noun controls how g
to spring up and down. a young male person. you think and move.
2 a curved piece of wood with h
bounce noun a string attached at each end, brace brake i
used for shooting arrows. j
boundary braces noun brakes noun
3 a wooden stick with horse a piece of wire that is fitted a part of a vehicle that slows k
boundaries noun hair attached at each end, around your teeth to help it down or stops it. l
the edge of a piece of land. used for playing musical straighten them. m
instruments. brake n
bouquet bracelet o
violin bow brakes braking braked verb p
bouquets noun bracelets noun to slow down or stop a vehicle q
a bunch of flowers that a decorative band or chain by using the brakes.
has been specially that is worn around your r
arranged and wrist. Bracelets are usually branch s
wrapped. made of metal or beads.
branches noun t
the part of a tree that grows u
out of the trunk. v
w
N rhymes with go x
y
branch z

bowl trunk

N say bo-kay bowls noun brass

bow a curved, open container, noun

bows bowing bowed verb usually used for food. a hard, yellow-
to bend from the waist as colored metal
a greeting or a sign of respect. braille made from
a mixture
bowl noun of copper
and zinc.
bowls bowling bowled verb a type of writing where
letters are represented by brass door
to roll a ball raised dots. People who are knocker
blind read the dots by feeling
in ten-pin them with their fingertips.

bowling. brave

N rhymes N say brayl adjective
with now
willing to do something even
though you are afraid.
The brave girl dived into the
lake to rescue her brother.

N comparisons braver bravest
bravery noun

33

bread

A bread breed bridge bring
noun
breeds breeding bred verb bridges noun brings bringing brought verb

B a food made from flour and to keep animals so that they a structure that is built over to take something or someone
baked in an oven. produce young. an obstacle such as a railroad with you when you go
She breeds racehorses. or a river. somewhere.
C May I bring my friend along?

D breed brief bristle

E breeds noun adjective bristles noun
a particular type stiff hairs, usually
F of animal. on an animal
G break or a brush.
A dalmatian
breaks breaking broke broken is a breed nail-brush
verb of dog.
brittle
H to damage
something adjective

I so that it breeze short in time. easily broken.
cannot He made a brief speech, lasting Icicles are very brittle.
be used. breezes noun only five minutes.
a gentle wind. broad
J bright
bribe adjective
K The cat is adjective
always bribes bribing bribed verb very wide.
to pay someone secretly 1 giving off a lot of light.
L breaking to do something that they A car has bright headlights.
things. shouldn’t do. 2 clever.
The prisoner bribed the guard The bright pupil knew
M break to set him free. all the answers.
N breaks noun
N comparisons brighter
a period of rest. brightest

O breakfast brick brightly adverb The river was broad at
P breakfasts noun its mouth.
bricks noun brilliant
the first meal of the day, N comparisons broader broadest
a block made out of baked adjective
Q eaten in the morning. broadcast
clay, used for building things. 1 very smart or clever.
R The inventor had broadcasts broadcasting
a brilliant idea. broadcast verb
2 very bright. to send sound or pictures
Diamonds are brilliant. by radio or television.
The Olympic games are
S brim broadcast all over the world.

T bride brims noun broccoli
U breathe 1 the edge of a hat.
brides noun noun
breathes breathing breathed brim
verb a woman on the day she a vegetable with
2 the top of edible green or
V to take air in and out of gets married. a container, purple buds.
your lungs, through your such as a Broccoli is related
glass or a cup. to the cauliflower.
W nose or mouth.
breath noun Full to the brim. brochure

X breathless brochures noun
Y adjective a small book that contains
information.
having difficulty in breathing. N say bro-shur

Z Running for the bus made bride
the old man breathless.

34

bully

broke brush bud bulb a

from the verb to break brushes brushing brushed verb buds noun bulbs noun b
I broke my pencil in half. 1 to sweep. a small c
2 to touch something lightly swelling on 1 the rounded
bronze as you pass by it. a plant, containing d
The woman brushed past me young leaves or glass part of e
noun in the street. flowers (see tree
on page 223). an electric light. f
a brown-colored metal made brush g
from a mixture tree bud light bulb
of copper and tin. brushes noun h
a tool with a Buddhist 2 the rounded part i
An ornament made of bronze. handle and of some plants that grows j
bristles. Buddhists noun underground.
brooch a person who follows k
animal brush the teachings of Buddha, daffodil bulb l
brooches noun a religious teacher who lived m
a piece of jewelry that is bubble about 2,500 years ago. bulge n
usually pinned onto clothes. N say boo-dist o
N say broach bubbles noun bulges bulging bulged verb p
a light ball of liquid buffalo to swell or be lumpy. q
broom with air inside. Her pockets bulged with food.
buffalo noun r
brooms noun bubble verb a large mammal that lives on bull s
a stiff, long-handled brush open plains and eats grass.
that is used for sweeping. bucket bulls noun t
bugle 1 a male mammal of u
brother buckets noun the cattle family. v
a large container bugles noun 2 the male of some large w
brothers noun with a handle, usually a brass musical instrument animals, such as elephants, x
a male person who has the used for carrying liquids. that you blow through to whales, and seals. y
same mother and father as produce sound. z
someone else. buckle
bulldozer
brought buckles noun
an object for fastening two bulldozers noun
from the verb to bring ends of a belt or strap.
I brought my dog with me. a machine with a large,
N say brawt
metal blade at the front for
brown
moving earth and rocks.
noun
build bullet
a color.
builds building built verb bullets noun

to join things together to a pointed metal object fired
make a structure.
from a gun.
The bird built a nest out

of twigs.

building bully

buildings noun bullies noun
an unpleasant person who
a structure, usually with frightens others.
bully verb
walls and a roof, for
35
sheltering people or objects.

bump

A bump buoy bush buttercup
bumps bumping bumped verb
buoys noun noun buttercups noun

B to knock into something. an object that is tied 1 a large round-shaped plant. a small wildflower
to an anchor and floats on Bushes are smaller than trees with yellow petals.
C bump water. Buoys are used as and have many branches low
bumps noun a warning or guide for ships to the ground. butterfly
and boats.
D a rounded shape butterflies noun
on a smooth surface. N say boo-ee an insect with wings covered
in very fine, colored scales.
E Toads have bumps burglar Butterflies begin life as
on their skin. caterpillars. Most butterflies
bumpy adjective burglars noun eat plants (see growth on
a person who steals things page 94).
F from people’s houses.
G bunch 2 the wilderness in Australia,
New Zealand, and Africa.
bunches noun
a group

H of things
together.

I burn

J burns burning burned or burnt birdwing

butterfly

verb

K to damage or destroy by fire. button

L burrow business buttons noun
burrows noun 1 a small object used
businesses noun to fasten two
M an animal’s underground parts of a piece
bunch of carrots home. 1 an organization that sells of clothing
products or services. together.
N 2 the things that only you
should know about and 2 a switch to activate
bundle look after. an electronic device.

O bundles noun
a group of things that are

P loosely joined together. Mind your own business. buy

Q rabbit burrow N say biz-nis buys buying bought verb
R bundle of twigs to pay for something.
burst busy I’m going to buy a book
S bungalow with my allowance.
bursts bursting burst verb adjective
buzz
bungalows noun to split open. doing lots of things.
The water pipe burst and buzzes buzzing buzzed verb
T a small house with all its flooded the kitchen. N say biz-ee to make a low,
rooms on one level. humming noise.
butcher The bees buzzed in the hive.
U bury
bunk bed butchers noun byte
buries burying buried verb a person who prepares and
V bunk beds noun bytes noun
one of a pair of beds that are to put something in the a piece of information that a

W placed one on top of the other. ground and cover it over.
The dog buried its bone.

X N say bare-ee sells meat. computer stores in its memory.

Y bus butter
buses noun
noun

Z a road vehicle for carrying a soft, yellow food made

a large number of passengers. from cream.

36

Cc cake came a

cakes noun call b
c
a sweet food that is made calls calling called verb
1 to shout out. d
from flour, sugar, eggs, and They called for help. e
2 to give something a name.
butter and baked in an oven. I called my dog Spot. f
3 to phone or visit somebody. g
My cousin called to see me.
h
cabbage cactus calligraphy i
j
cabbages noun cacti or cactuses noun noun
k
a vegetable with a short stem a plant that beautiful handwriting, using l
grows in hot ink or paint. m
and tightly wrapped layers deserts. Cacti n
store water in calculator o
of broad leaves. their stems p
and have calculators noun q
prickly spines
that protect a small r
them from electronic s
animals. machine for
doing math t
quickly. u
v
cabin café N say kal-kyuh-lay-tor N say ka-lig-ruh-fee w
x
cabins noun cafés noun calendar calm y
1 a small, simple house. a place where people buy and z
eat meals, snacks, and drinks. calendars noun adjective
2 a room for passengers or N say ka-fay a chart of all the days, weeks,
crew on an airplane or ship. and months of the year. 1 still and quiet.
cage The sea was calm
cable after the storm had passed.
cages noun 2 peaceful.
cables noun a container with metal bars Yoga makes her feel calm.
1 a very strong rope or chain. for keeping
animals or N say kahm
2 a bundle of wires birds in. N comparisons calmer calmest
for carrying
electrical power came
or signals, often
laid underground. from the verb to come

He came with us yesterday.

calf 3 the back of
your leg below
calves noun the knee.

1 a young cow or bull.

2 the young of some mammals,

such as elephants or whales.

electric cable calf

37

camel

A camel campaign cancel canoe
camels noun
campaigns noun cancels canceling canceled verb canoes noun
to stop something that
B a mammal with one or two a series of events organized has been planned. a light, narrow boat. A
humps on its back that lives to bring about a goal. We canceled our trip.
in hot deserts. Camels store She led a campaign to stop paddle is used to move
C fat in their humps to help N say kan-sul
the canoe along.
cancelation noun
the new highway.

them go without water or N say kam-pain

D food for long periods can cancer canyon
of time.
can could verb cancers noun canyons noun
E
to be able to or to know a serious disease in which a steep-sided, rocky valley.
harmful cells spread
F how to do something. through the body.
She can touch her toes.
N say kan-ser
G dromedary N opposite cannot or can’t
camel with N always used with another verb
one hump
candidate
H can
candidates noun
I cans noun someone who seeks or is put
a metal forward for a job or honor.
camera container Presidential candidate.
J cameras noun
used for candle capable

a piece of equipment used for preserving candles noun adjective
a stick of wax with a
K taking photographs or for food or string called a wick having ability or skill
making videos or films. drink. running through it. at something.
Candles are burned They are both capable cooks.
L to give off light.
capacity
M canal candy
N digital capacities noun
canals noun candies noun the amount
camera food usually made of sugar. that something
a water channel that has will hold.
O camouflage
P camouflages noun been built across land for

a disguise that boats and ships to travel on.

Q helps to hide an
animal or person.

R These jars have different
capacities.

S N say kam-uh-flazh capital
camouflage verb leaf insect
capitals noun
T camp canary cane
U camps camping camped verb 1 a city where a country
canaries noun canes noun has its government offices.
to stay in a tent outdoors. Moscow is the capital
a yellow bird that is often 1 a walking stick. of Russia.
V kept as a pet because it 2 a large letter of
sings. Wild canaries 2 the thick, hollow stem the alphabet used to
are green. start a sentence or
of some plants. a special name.
W

X capture

Y captures capturing captured
verb
Z camping noun sugar cane
to catch and hold on to
someone or something.

38

car

car New York City taxicab a

cars noun license London taxi b
a vehicle with wheels plate c
that is moved by fuel can
an engine and used d
to carry people from e
place to place.
f
spare g
tire

antenna roof rack tailgate

rearview
mirror

tow hook jeep h
i
muffler j

wheel hub wheel minivan bumper k
trim l
windshield m
exhaust pipe spoke wiper n
o
tire p
q
rearview hood wheel
mirror r
ornament s
headlight
fender t
hatchback u
v
piston w
x
starting radiator grill fan engine y
handle steering wheel z
windshield
vintage car

tire tread

hood hood

trunk

exhaust sports car turn
pipe signal
light

39

caravan

A caravan carnival cartridge cat
caravans noun
carnivals noun cartridges noun cats noun
a container of ink for use
B a group of people or vehicles 1 a special in a pen or computer printer. a mammal that is often kept
traveling together, often for event with as a pet. Cats eat small
safety when traveling across a street carve animals and are fierce
C difficult or dangerous land. hunters (see pet
procession, carves carving carved verb on page 148).
to cut something into
music, and a shape.

D dancing.

E

F 2 a traveling
fair with

G rides, games,
and shows.

H cardboard carrot case catalog
I noun
carrots noun cases noun catalogs noun
a very strong, stiff type of a hard, sweet-tasting 1 a container. a book that shows you
root vegetable. 2 a particular event the things you can buy
paper used to make boxes. or example. from a shop or a company.
carry There have been several cases N say kat-a-log
J of the flu at school.
K care carries carrying catch
carried verb cast
cares caring cared verb to hold catches catching caught verb
something casts casting cast verb 1 to get hold of something
L 1 to be interested. while you move 1 to choose someone for that is thrown
I care about what you do. it somewhere. a part in a play or film. to you.
He was cast as the king.
2 to look after someone. 2 to shape something in
a mold.
M I care for my sick mother. A statue cast in bronze.
3 to feel affection

N for someone.
He cares for his girlfriend.

O career castle 2 to get on a vehicle.
P careers noun I catch the bus to work.
castles noun 3 to get an infection.
the jobs someone has during I caught the measles
a large house with high stone from my sister.
Q their working life, usually in
the same occupation. walls and strong defenses

She taught in three schools against attacking armies.

R during her career.

S careful carton caterpillar
adjective
cartons noun caterpillars noun
T being aware a small
of dangers cardboard the larva of
container for
U or problems. holding liquid, a butterfly
food, or objects.
V or moth.
Be careful when you cross cartoon
cattle
W the river. cartoons noun
N opposite careless 1 a funny drawing noun
that makes people laugh.
X cargo 2 a moving film made by cows, bulls, or oxen.
Y cargoes noun photographing thousands
of drawings one by one.
all the different goods that

Z a ship or aircraft carries.
A cargo of bananas.

40

cauliflower cellar century chameleon a

cauliflowers noun cellars noun centuries noun chair b
a vegetable with a short stem a period of a hundred years. c
and a hard center, made of an underground room. The building is several chairs noun
small flowers. centuries old. a piece of furniture for d
sitting on. e
caution N sen-choo-ree
f
noun cereal g

attention to possible danger. cereals noun h
Drive with caution. i
1 a grain crop grown on j
N say kaw-shun
cautious adjective farms. Wheat, rye, k
l
ceiling barley, and oats m
n
ceilings noun are cereals. wheat o
the surface of a room that p
is above your head. cell phone rye chalk q
N say see-ling
noun barley chalks noun r
celebrate oats s
a handheld mobile telephone a soft, white rock made from
celebrates celebrating that connects 2 a breakfast food made from t
celebrated verb to other the grains of a cereal crop. the fossils of tiny seashells. u
to do something enjoyable telephones by v
for a special reason. radio waves. N say sear-ee-ul w
We had a party to celebrate x
my birthday. She is y
N say sell-uh-brate speaking on z
celebration noun her cell phone.

cell cement

cells noun noun
1 a small room in a prison.
a clay powder that becomes
2 the smallest living part hard when mixed with water.
of an animal
or plant. centipede breakfast challenge
cereal
animal cell centipedes noun challenges challenging
certain challenged verb
a tiny, blind animal with to ask someone to try to do
many pairs of legs that lives adjective something better than you.
in dark places. They paralyze He challenged her to a race.
their prey with sure, or definite.
a poisonous bite. Are you certain this is chameleon
the right train?
N say sen-tuh-peed chameleons noun
N opposite uncertain a type of lizard that lives in
trees in hot regions and eats
central certificate insects, rodents, and small

adjective certificates noun birds. Chameleons can
change color to
1 in the a piece of paper that proves match their
middle. certain facts. surroundings.

She received a certificate for

passing her math exam.

The tomato chain
is in a central position.
2 of most importance. chains noun
The heroine is the central
character in the story. metal loops joined
together to make
a strong
cable.

N say kuh-mee-lee-on

41

champion

A champion chapter cheat cheese
champions noun
chapters noun cheats cheating cheated verb cheeses noun
B someone who is the best to trick someone, or to be a food made from
at a sport. a section of a book. dishonest so that you have the thickened
an advantage over them. parts
C character of milk.
characters noun check
cheetah
D 1 what a person is like. checks checking checked verb
A miserable character. to look at something to make cheetahs noun
sure it is all right. a spotted mammal that
E 2 a person in a play or film. check noun belongs to the cat family.
He played the character of Cheetahs live on the dry
the young king. check plains of Africa and prey
on other animals. They are
F charity checks noun extremely fast runners.
a pattern of regular squares
G chance charities noun in different colors, often on
cloth or paper.
chances noun an organization that gives

H an opportunity, or possibility. aid to those who need it.
He was given the chance to The Red Cross is a charity.

I study abroad. chart

J change charts noun

changes changing changed verb a map or diagram that

K 1 to become different or to provides information.
make something different.

L

M cheek
tadpole
cheeks noun chef
N the side of
your face chefs noun
O A pie chart showing popular below a person whose job it is
forms of transportation. your eye. to cook and prepare food.
P frog N say shef
Q Tadpoles change into frogs. chase cheek
chemical
2 to give up something in chases chasing chased verb cheer
return for something else. to run after chemicals noun
something cheers cheering cheered verb any substance that can
R He changed seats. or somebody. to shout out loudly change when joined or mixed
change noun and happily. with another. Chemicals can
be natural or manufactured.
S N say kem-i-kul

change

T noun
small amounts of money.

U cheap
channel
adjective
V channels noun
not costing much money.

1 a passage or track for water N opposite expensive

W to flow along.
2 a television or radio station. an expensive

X What’s on the other channel? ring $500

Y chaos a cheap 50¢ cheer noun
noun ring

Z complete confusion.
N say kay-os

42

cherish chew chin chop a

cherishes cherishing cherished chews chewing chewed verb chins noun chocolate b
verb to use your teeth to c
to love or value someone or break up food. the part of your face chocolates noun
something highly. N say choo between your a sweet food made from d
She cherished her pet rabbit. mouth and crushed and roasted cocoa e
chick your neck. beans, milk, and sugar.
cherry f
chicks noun g
cherries noun a young bird.
a round, soft fruit h
with a small chin i
pit in j
its center. china
k
chess child noun choir l
m
noun children noun a type of delicate pottery choirs noun n
made from fine, white clay. o
a board game for two people. a young person. A child a group of singers. p
The winner is the person who legally becomes an adult at q
takes the other player’s king. the age of 18. N say kwire
r
N opposite adult s

chimney chip choke t
u
chimneys noun chips noun chokes choking choked verb v
1 a small piece of something w
a pipe above a that has broken off to stop or almost stop x
fire that takes something larger. breathing. y
smoke out of z
a building. wood chips The firefighters almost choked

chest in the dense smoke.

chests noun

1 the front of your body

below your shoulders and

above your stomach.

chimpanzee 2 a gap or mark on choose
something, showing the place
chimpanzees noun where a small part has chooses choosing chose chosen
broken off. verb
a mammal that lives in
groups in forests in central chip to decide that you want
Africa. Chimpanzees are one thing and not another.
chest related to the ape family. I chose the blue pants, instead
Their main diet is fruit and of the red ones.
2 a wooden box with a lid for nuts, though sometimes they
keeping things in. eat small choice noun
animals.
3 a small piece of material chop
with many tiny electronic
circuits printed on it. Chips chops chopping chopped verb
are used in electronic devices
for storing information. to cut up something with

a sharp tool.

silicon
chip

43

chopstick

A chopstick circle claim classify
chopsticks noun
circles noun claims claiming claimed verb classifies classifying classified
B a thin piece of wood or verb
plastic used in pairs for a flat, exactly to say that something
to sort things out into groups
round shape. is yours.

eating food. circular She claimed first prize in of different types.
adjective the competition. Books can be classified as
C fiction or nonfiction.

D circuit clang clatter
E chorus
circuits noun clangs clanging clatters clattering clattered verb
clanged verb
to make a repeated
to make a deep,

F choruses noun 1 any completed loud, ringing sound. rattling sound.
lines in a song that are path or track. Bells clang.

G repeated at the end of 2 the completed clank
each verse. path of an electric
N say kor-us current. clanks clanking clanked verb

H to make a short, The plates clattered
I Christian to the floor.
metallic sound.
Christians noun
a person who believes in
electrical claw
J and follows the teachings
of Jesus Christ and believes N say sir-kit circuit claws noun
one of the long,
K that Jesus is the son of God. circus curved, pointed nails
that many animals
L church circuses noun Chains clank. and birds have on
their feet.
churches noun a show with clowns, jugglers, clap
and acrobats that travels owl’s claw
M a building where around the country. claps clapping
Christians hold clay

N religious services. clapped verb
to make a short,

sharp sound noun
O with your hands.
a soft, fine earth that is soft

and sticky when wet and

P hard when dried or heated.
Clay is used to make pots

Q and bricks.
R chute
citizen Clap your
chutes noun hands.
clap noun

S a sloping channel for sliding citizens noun clash modeling clay
things down. a person who lives in, and
clean
Water chute. belongs to, a particular place. clashes noun

T N say shoot An American citizen. a loud,

metallic

U cigarette city sound. cleans cleaning cleaned verb
Cymbals clash. to remove dirt or stains.

V cigarettes noun cities noun class
a rolled-up piece of paper a very large, important town.
filled with tobacco that New York, San Francisco, and classes noun
Chicago are US cities.
W can be lit and smoked. 1 a group of pupils who are
Cigarettes can harm your

X heart and lungs. civilization taught together.
My class is learning French.

Y cinder civilizations noun 2 a group of people, animals,
cinders noun a large group of people living or things that are similar to
in a well-organized way. each other in some way.

Z a small piece of partly burned The Aztec civilization. Butterflies belong to the class
wood or coal. N say siv-uh-li-zay-shun of insects.

44

clean cliff clink clue a

adjective cliffs noun clinks clinking clinked verb clothes b
the high, steep side of c
without any dirt a mountain or rock. to make a soft, ringing sound. noun
or stains. d
Clean silver. climate The ice clinked in the glass. the things that we wear. e
clothing noun
N comparisons cleaner climates noun f
cleanest the type of weather that clip cloud g
a place has over a long time.
clear The climate in southern Africa noun clouds noun h
is hot and dry. i
clears clearing cleared verb 1 a small metal or a mass of tiny drops of water, j
to move things that are in climb plastic object to fasten or pieces of ice, floating high
the way. something together. in the air. The water falls as k
The walkers cleared a path climbs climbing climbed verb A paper clip. rain, and the ice falls as hail l
through the bushes. to move upward, using your 2 a short section of film. or snow. m
hands and feet. n
clear clock cloudy adjective o
p
adjective clocks noun clown q
an instrument that shows
1 easy to see through. the time. clowns noun r
The water was so clear that a circus performer who wears s
I could see the fish. clockwise funny clothes
and makes t
adverb people laugh. u
v
moving in the same direction w
as the hands on a clock. x
y
N opposite counterclockwise z

2 easy to understand. close club
A clear explanation.
closes closing closed verb clubs noun
N comparisons clearer clearest to shut something. 1 a group of people who meet
N say kloze together for a purpose, and
clench the place where they meet.
close A drama club.
clenches clenching 2 a thick, heavy stick that is
clenched verb adjective used as a weapon.
to curl up 3 a stick with a shaped head
your hand or near to something. that is used to hit balls in
hands tightly. Close to the house. golf (see sport on page 197).

She climb noun N say klos clue
clenched N comparisons closer closest
her fists. cling clues noun
clot a piece of information that
clever clings clinging clung verb helps to solve a mystery.
to hold onto something clots noun
adjective very tightly. a soft lump in a liquid. 45
A blood clot.
able to learn and understand
things easily. cloth

N comparisons cleverer cleverest noun

click Clinging woven material that is
upside down. used to make clothes and
clicks clicking clicked verb other things.

to make a short, sharp sound
with your fingers.

Clicking your fingers.

clumsy

A clumsy coat cockpit coffee
adjective
coats noun cockpits noun noun
B moving the place where a pilot sits in
awkwardly, or 1 an item of clothing you an airplane. a drink made from the
without skill. roasted and crushed seeds
wear over your clothes to cocoa of the coffee plant.
C When roasted,
keep warm outside. noun the seeds are
D The big shoes made her walk called beans.
in a clumsy way. a powder made from cocoa
beans, the dried seeds of coffee
E N comparisons clumsier the cacao tree. Cocoa is used
clumsiest to make chocolate and as roasted coffee beans
a flavor in food
F coach and drink.
G coaches noun

1 a bus or railroad car.

H cog
cogs noun

I 2 an animal’s fur. cocoa beans cocoa drink 1 a wheel with shapes cut out
3 a layer of paint. around its edge. Cogs are

J 2 a person who teaches cobra N say koe-koe used together in machines to
people a special skill. turn other things around.
cobras noun coconut
K A baseball coach.
a large, poisonous snake that coconuts noun

L coach lives in hot regions. Cobras the fruit of the coconut palm
can flatten the bones of their tree. The hard, outer shell

coaches coaching coached verb necks into a hood shape when has a layer of sweet, white,

M to teach somebody how to threatened. They kill their edible flesh inside and
do something. prey with a bite that contains a thin

N She coaches the hockey team paralyzes them. liquid known
every Saturday. as coconut
2 the tooth-shaped, metal

O coal milk. parts around such a wheel.
P noun
coil
a hard, brittle, brown or
coils noun

Q black rock that is burned something that is twisted
as a fuel. Coal is made from around into circles.

fossilized plants that cobweb cod

R died millions of cobwebs noun noun
years ago.
a very fine, sticky net made
S
by spiders to trap flies.

T a large sea fish that lives in coil of metal
U coast shoals close to the ocean
floor. Cod use their sharp
coasts noun teeth to eat smaller fish,
shellfish, and worms.

V the seashore. code coin
coastal adjective
coins noun

W cockatoo codes noun a piece of money made
X cockatoos noun 1 a set of rules. of metal.
The safety code.
2 a series of signs, symbols,

a parrot with head feathers or letters for sending
Y that it can lift up or flatten.
Cockatoos eat fruit, nuts, messages secretly or quickly.

Z and plant roots (see bird on SOS message in Morse code
page 28).

46

cold column comedy compact disc a

adjective columns noun comedies noun common sense b
1 a tall, vertical, a movie, play, or radio or c
having a low temperature. round post that television program that noun
A cold day. is used as makes you laugh. d
a support or to the ability to act sensibly in e
N opposite hot decorate buildings. comet different situations.
Common sense stopped us f
cold 2 a list where comets noun from driving in the fog. g
things are a huge ball of dust, ice, and
colds noun written gases that travels around communicate h
an infection that often makes underneath the Sun, often followed by i
you sneeze and cough and each other. a luminous trail of gases. communicates communicating j
may give you a sore throat. communicated verb
Adding up comfortable to talk, write, or send k
collapse a column a message to someone else. l
of figures. adjective m
collapses collapsing collapsed Communicating by telephone. n
verb comb pleasant and easy to sit o
1 to fall down suddenly. in or wear. N say kuh-myoo-ni-kate p
The tent collapsed. combs noun A comfortable chair. communication noun q
2 to fold up. a piece of wood, metal, or
My umbrella collapses so plastic with teeth. A comb is N opposite uncomfortable community r
I can put it in my bag. used to arrange hair. s
collapsible adjective comic communities noun
a group of people who live t
collect comics noun together in the same place. u
a magazine that contains N say kuh-myoo-ni-tee v
collects collecting collected verb stories told in pictures. w
to bring together. commuter x
I collect autographs. command y
collection noun commuters noun z
commands commanding a person who travels a long
collide commanded verb distance to and from work
to order someone to do what every day.
collides colliding collided verb you want. commute verb
The teacher commanded them
to crash into something. to sit down. compact disc
command noun
combine compact discs noun
common a small, flat circle of plastic
combines combining combined that can have sound, or
verb adjective sound, words, and pictures,
recorded on it. Compact disc
to bring things together to often seen, or normal. is shortened to CD.
make something else. Seagulls are a common sight
along the coast. 47
Our cars collided.
collision noun

color Blue and yellow paint combine
to make green.
colors noun combination noun

what something looks like
when light is shining on it.
Yellow, green, red, and
blue are the names
of some colors.

fruits of different colors come
colorful adjective
comes coming came verb

to move toward, or arrive
at, one place from another.

Hurry up! The train is coming.

company

A company complain compulsory conclusion
noun
complains complaining adjective conclusions noun
1 the end of something.
B 1 a group of people who complained verb that which must be done. The story’s conclusion was
work together to make a happy one.
to say that you are not happy Math is a compulsory subject 2 a decision that is based
on all the things you know.
or sell something. about something. at school. She came to the conclusion
The passengers complained that it was a sensible idea.
C A computer company. about the late train. computer conclude verb
2 people or animals with
complete computers noun concrete
D whom you spend time. an electronic machine
My cat is good company. completes completing that arranges and stores noun
completed verb information digitally, using
E compare a mixture of sand, cement,
stones, and water, which
F compares comparing compared to finish something. a set of instructions is used for building.
verb called a program. Used
concrete
G to look at several things to for communication. paving
see how they are the same stones
and how they are different.
condition
H My teacher compares me with
my sister all the time. noun

I comparison noun 1 the state that something
is in.
J compass
compasses noun

K 1 an instrument that shows
the direction you are facing.

L The magnetic compass needle Completing the jigsaw puzzle.
always points north. complete adjective laptop computer

M complicated concentrate

N adjective concentrates concentrating
hard to understand, concentrated verb

or difficult. to think carefully
O about something.

P magnetic a complicated knot Concentrating on a puzzle. Grooming helps to keep a horse
Q needle in good condition.
N opposite simple N say kon-sen-trate 2 a rule.
2 a tool with one concentration noun He went out on the condition
composer that he was back before dark.
R fixed leg and concert
one movable composers noun confident
a person who writes music. concerts noun
S leg that compose verb an event where people sing or adjective
is used for play music for an audience to
drawing compromise listen to. believing you can do
something, or being
T circles. compromises compromising sure something will happen.
compromised verb I’m confident I’ll win.
U to end an argument by both confidence noun
sides deciding to give up part
V of what they want. confiscate
They both wanted to ride the
W competition bike, but had to compromise confiscates confiscating
X competitions noun by taking turns. confiscated verb
N say kom-pro-mize to punish by taking something
an event where one person compromise noun away from someone.
or a team of people try to do I had my football confiscated.

Y better than their opponents.
Our team came second in

Z the swimming competition.
compete verb

48