Like us on /navneet.india www.navneet.com Price: `270.00 K6188 is a set of three books from classes 8 to 10. A Textbook of Artificial Intelligence, This series is based on NCERT syllabus following NCF guidelines. This course has been designed for schools teaching a basic course in Artificial Intelligence at middle and secondary levels, and provides various tools for learning, assessment and evaluation. Artificial Intelligence Curriculum aims at developing the learner’s mindset and skill set towards Artificial Intelligence and how it is understood and applied. Students can be assessed and evaluated on the basis of following skills: conceptual SKILLS TECHNICAL SKILLS Life SKILLS Conceptual understanding of AI AI applications and the three domains of AI Knowledge enhancements in three AI domains: Data, Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing Mind Mapping Problem Identification Data Acquisition Data Exploration Graphical Representation Neural Network Thinking Skills Problem Solving Creative Thinking Critical Thinking Decision-making Skills Social Skills: Teamwork Team-building Skills Leadership Self-awareness Empathy Effective Communication Skills Oral and Written Presentation Ability to use AI Powered Tools Troubleshooting Skills Basic Programming Skills Basic Python Based on AI initiative launched by CBSE and the Department of Skill Education Based on proposed modules by CBSE with specific learning outcomes Simple and lucid language Focus on concept building and experiential learning Follows inquiry-based, discovery-based, discussion-based and critical thinking approaches Well-graded exercise section that assesses conceptual skills, technical skills and life skills Follows interdisciplinary approach across subjects based on a selected theme Features of the series: Supplement on Employability Skills Subject Code : 417 A Textbook of Artificial Intelligence NAVNEET CLASS 8 Based on the Vision of NEP 2020 AI_Book 8_COVER.indd 1 15-09-2021 10:09:18 AM
Like us on /navneet.india www.navneet.com A NAVNEET IMPRINT Our products for the CBSE and ICSE curricula Aligned to the guiding principles of the National Curriculum Framework Based on the Vision of NEP 2020 Grades 8-10 Grades 3-10 Grades 3-10 A Textbook of Artificial Intelligence A Map Skills and Activity Series for ICSE curriculum A Map Skills and Activity Series for CBSE curriculum young Navigators LEARnIng To LoCatE Grades 1-8 Grades 1-8 Grades 3-8 Grades 6-10 Grades 6-10 A Skill Building Series Hands-on STEAM Activity Books Laboratory Manuals A Series on Creative and Functional Grammar Health and Physical Education Handbooks MIND BODYandYOU OUR BESTSELLERS New Titles StENcil English language and literature coursebook Grades 1-8 Grammar circlE English Grammar Grades 1-8 NumEricS mathematics Grades 1-8 SciWiSE Science Grades 1-8 aNaNd Hindi language and literature coursebook Praveshika A & B, Grades 1-8 ElEmENtS Social Studies Grades 1-8 SaPliNG Environmental Studies Grades 1-5 rEfrESH and Scroll computer Science Grades 1-8 QuESt General Knowledge Series Grades 1-8 The book is supported by Digital content. Download TOPScorer App, scan the QR code given in the book to access the digital content. Below are the steps to download and access: *Scan QR code every time you want to access digital content. Device specification : Android version 7 and above; iOS version 10 and above. Release in March 2020 STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4 Download TOPScorer App Select “Camera” icon Scan QR Code printed in Book Navigate to desired chapter / topic Well graded series of Activity Books for Schools By Subodh Narvekar 1. VIKAS DRAWING AND COLOURING (A series of 10 books on Art education) These books teach – Colouring, Drawing, Shading, Painting techniques, Creative work, Mosaic painting, Spray painting, Stippling, Chinese painting, Mask making, Clay modelling, etc. 2. VIKAS MEMORY DRAWINGS (A series of 4 books on Drawing) These books teach – how to draw and colour different objects and human actions on their own. 3. VIKAS CRAFT (A series of 7 books on Craft education) These books teach – Paper chains, Masks, Gift articles, Greeting cards, Toys, Wall-pieces, Lanterns and many, many decorative articles 4. VIKAS ORIGAMI (A series of 7 books on Paper Folding) These books teach – the art of preparing various types of objects of different shapes by folding coloured papers, which are provided with each book. EW16za Step 1: Scan the QR Code given to Download the Navneet DigiBook App & Click on Register. (Registered Users can login directly.) Step 2: Login using your credentials Step 3: Click the Access Code button and Enter the Access Code mentioned. Step 4: Explore Navneet DigiBook. Use the below instructions:- Navneet DigiBook is the smart version of your favourite Navneet books. Navneet DigiBook will enhance your learning experience through interactive features resulting into better understanding of concepts and the syllabus. Animations Audio Image Zoom My Data Pen/ Drawing Tool Sharing Sticky Notes Web Links Text Input MCQs & Interactive Exercises Access Code: AI_Book 8_INNER COVER.indd 1 15-09-2021 10:11:41 AM
Author Swati Panchal Teacher and Computer Science Consultant Reviewer Asha Menon Teacher and AI Practitioner Series Editor Seema Jadaun Computer Science Consultant A Textbook of Artificial Intelligence Subject Code: 417 K6188 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 1 09-09-2021 07:21:59 PM
Chapter 1: Excite Module: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Chapter 4: Possibilities Module: Artificial Intelligence in Various Fields Chapter 2: Relate Module: The Why and How of Artificial Intelligence Chapter 5: AI Ethics Chapter 3: Purpose Module: Using AI for a Better World What is Intelligence?..........................................................................12 Computational Thinking..................................................................14 Artificial Intelligence...........................................................................15 Types of Artificial Intelligence...............................................18 What Contributes to Artificial Intelligence?.................................................................................................22 Domains of Artificial Intelligence.....................................23 Emergence of AI.....................................................................................77 Possibilities of AI in Various Fields.................................78 The Ever Changing Focus of AI Research............81 Careers in the Field of AI............................................................83 Skill Sets Required for AI Jobs............................................84 Some Leading AI Companies................................................86 Glimpses of Artificial Intelligence....................................39 Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Our Lives........................40 Smart Living: Smart Homes..................................................42 Smart Living: Smart Cities.......................................................46 Ethics....................................................................................................................97 Artificial Intelligence Ethics.....................................................97 Need for Artificial Intelligence Ethics.........................98 Components of Good Artificial Intelligence.......101 Ethical Concerns Related to Adoption of AI Systems............................................................................................101 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)................59 Interlinking of the Social Issues among SDGs...............................................................................................64 Contribution to SDGs through Technology....................................................................................................65 1 1 76 38 96 58 Worksheets 1, 2 and 3 ......................................... 111 Model Test Papers 1 and 2.................................. 114 Additional Projects..............................................118 India in AI ..............................................................119 Answers to ExerciseBot....................................120 Preface .......................................................................3 Syllabus.......................................................................7 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 10 09-09-2021 07:22:31 PM
Get set go! Write the name of any five apps, software or devices that can understand human speech. Roboto: What happened Sofia? What are you thinking? Sofia: Yesterday, I was searching for a mobile phone online. I am surprised to see that even my social networking websites now show advertisements for mobile phones. How do all these websites know what I looked for? It seems as if someone is keeping a watch on my online searches. Roboto: It’s a software technology that is peeping into your system, not a human! Sofia: Wow! It will be very interesting to know about this technology. I am curious to know about the technology that makes a machine as intelligent as a human. Roboto: Some apps and software can even understand what we say and recommend what we may need. Roboto is right. There are many software and apps around us that can understand our speech, fingerprint, retina and even gestures. This is possible due to Artificial Intelligence (AI). The technology that can enable a machine to imitate the human brain is called Artificial Intelligence. In this chapter, we will learn about intelligence, the different kinds of intelligence possessed by human beings, Artificial Intelligence and its need and the current scenario in building AI technology. 1. .................................................... 2. .................................................... 3. .................................................... 4. .................................................... 5. .................................................... In this chapter • What is Intelligence? • Computational Thinking • Artificial Intelligence • Types of Artificial Intelligence • What Contributes to Artificial Intelligence? • Domains of Artificial Intelligence chapter 1 Excite Module Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Hello! I am Roboto. Hi friends! I am Sofia. 11 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 11 09-09-2021 07:22:39 PM
What is intelligence? Let us take an example. Two students from the same class were given a topic to create a project. Although both students were of the same age and class, the projects of both the students were different and had different content. Now, if the topic is the same, then how were the two projects so different? This is because every student is unique and has different abilities and approaches to do a particular task. So, the project content and details were different. Thinkbot Look at the picture of the glass and write what you think. Record your friend’s response too. Are the responses the same or different? Why do you think they are different? Let us take another example. Two children had to fill a bucket with water. One used a glass to fill the bucket and the other used a mug for it. This is because people with different intelligence use different ways to do a task. The ability to cope, think and reason is called intelligence. Intelligence can include many factors such as logic, self-awareness, learning, knowledge, planning and creativity. The word ‘intelligence’ means the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. It refers to the mental capacity or intellect of a person on different grounds. It is not limited to a single area. An intelligent person may have poor memory. On the other hand, knowledge is the information, facts and skills that can be acquired through education or experience. It is the practical and theoretical understanding of a subject. It is also known as awareness and familiarity that can be gained through experience. This indicates that the person who acquires knowledge and applies it at the right moment is intelligent. Humans are considered the most intelligent species due to certain mental capacities that other living things lack. A human can perceive from its environment and learn from it. It can also take action based on the situation. Animals can also do this to a very limited extent. Both humans and animals possess intelligence which is called natural intelligence. Intelligence is: • the ability to solve problems. • the ability to adapt and learn from daily experiences. • having characteristics such as creativity and interpersonal skills. • the mental ability that enables one to adapt according to the environment. Most people think that scoring good marks mean intelligence! This is not true. Good scores just test the learning ability. Get it right checkbot Write any three differences between intelligence and knowledge. talkbot Why are humans considered more intelligent than other species? Which animal, according to you, is the next most intelligent? Why? 12 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 12 09-09-2021 07:22:43 PM
• the ability to judge, comprehend and reason. • the ability to understand and deal with people, objects and situations. • the ability to act purposefully, think rationally and deal effectively with the environment. factbot People mostly use the words ‘knowledge’ and ‘intelligence’ interchangeably. Knowledge is fact and information that is acquired with experience whereas intelligence is how one can understand and apply the learnt skill to solve problems. Types of Intelligence The intelligence can be of the following types (Fig. 1.1): • Linguistic Intelligence: This is the ability to think and use correct and appropriate words while talking and writing. • Mathematical Intelligence: This is the ability to carry out mathematical operations. It also includes an understanding of objects and symbols used in Mathematics. • Interpersonal Intelligence: This includes the ability to understand and effectively interact with others. It also includes the ability to notice and make distinctions among moods, temperaments, motivations and intentions of other people and the potential to act on this knowledge. • Intrapersonal Intelligence: This includes the ability to understand oneself. It also includes identifying what you want and don’t want, and to accept your strengths and weaknesses. When we understand and accept ourselves, we can build on our strengths. • Musical Intelligence: This includes sensitivity and understanding of pitch, melody, rhythm and tone. It also includes the understanding of tones and phrases of music in the surroundings. It is an understanding of the ways to combine tones and phrases into larger musical rhythms as well as structures and includes an awareness of the emotional aspects of music. • Spatial Intelligence: This includes the ability to think three-dimensionally. It includes the capacity to perceive the visual world accurately, perform transformations upon perceptions and detect similar patterns. • Naturalistic Intelligence: This includes the ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made systems. It also includes sensitivity and understanding of plants, animals and other aspects of nature. Fig. 1.1 Types of Intelligence 13 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 13 09-09-2021 07:22:59 PM
• Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence: This includes the ability to manipulate objects and be physically adept. It also includes the use of one’s body in highly skilled ways for expressive or goal-directed purposes and the capacity to handle objects skillfully. Computational Thinking Have you ever encountered any complex problem of Science, Mathematics or any other subject? Computational thinking can be used to understand a problem and develop its possible solutions. Computational thinking helps you to break down problems into smaller parts so that it is easier to understand and solve them. The process and skill of computational thinking can help you solve problems in any subject area and even in daily life. There are four stages in computational thinking (Fig. 1.2), which are as follows: • Decomposition: Breaking down a complex problem into small and manageable parts is called decomposition. For example, to find the product of 98 and 102, you can decompose numbers as (100 – 2) (100 + 2). Now, it will be easy for you to calculate the result by applying the formula (a – b)(a + b). • Pattern recognition: Searching for patterns and sequences in data is called pattern recognition. For example, identifying trends in stock price cycles that may suggest when they should be bought and sold is an example of pattern recognition. • Abstraction: Ignoring the irrelevant details and focusing on the important aspects of the problem is known as abstraction. For example, a teacher explains the main idea of a story or article to help students understand the topic. Another example can be if scientists are designing a submarine, they will first focus on its functionalities instead of its color, shape and size. • Algorithms: A step-by-step solution to solve a problem is called an algorithm. For example, the recipe to bake a chocolate cake could be an algorithm of proper steps that should be followed in a sequence. Benefits of Computational Thinking Some of the benefits of computational thinking are as follows. It helps us: • to use the most suitable computing tools and techniques to help solve a problem or situation. • to apply computing strategies such as ‘divide and conquer’ to any situation. • to understand the limits and capacities of computing tools and techniques. Fig. 1.2 Computational Thinking 14 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 14 09-09-2021 07:23:00 PM
• to apply or adapt a computing tool or technique for a new use. • to understand the aspects of a problem that can be solved through computer science. • to recognise the opportunities of using computing science techniques, innovatively. Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a constellation of technologies that makes a machine act like a human but with a higher level of intelligence and can emulate1 the capabilities of sense and comprehension. AI can also refer to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks such as thinking, perceiving, learning, problem-solving and decision-making. Like humans receive information from their sense organs to perceive the surroundings, the AI machine processes images, sound and speech to perceive the world around it (Fig. 1.3). AI is not always about robots as shown in high-budget films and novels that weave stories about human-like machines. It can be any machine or software that can mimic humans, think, perceive and learn from its environment and react to situations. Algorithms help machines to do simple to complex tasks. Some complex algorithms help machines do complex tasks. Goals of AI The goals of AI are as follows: • To create expert systems: The systems that exhibit intelligent behaviour, learn, demonstrate, explain and advise their users. • To implement human intelligence in machines: Creating systems that understand, think, learn and behave like humans. History of AI A human can think, learn and make decisions. If a machine can think, learn and make a decision, then the machine is artificially intelligent. The term Artificial Intelligence was first coined by John McCarthy (Fig. 1.4) (who is also known as the father of AI) in 1956 at the Dartmouth conference. The title of the paper was ‘Can machines think?’. He defined AI as ‘the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs.’ According to him, AI is a technology that gives a code/software/machine the ability to make decisions. Alan Turing worked on AI much before McCarthy but the field was undefined at that time. Fig. 1.3 Artificial Intelligence Most people think about AI as a robot! This is not true. AI algorithms are only part of the larger robotic system. Get it right Fig. 1.4 John McCarthy 1 Emulate: To imitate or excel 15 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 15 09-09-2021 07:23:04 PM
The timeline of AI is as follows: 1923 Karel Capek’s play named ‘Rossum’s Universal Robots’ (RUR) opened in London to use the word ‘robot’ in English for the first time. 1943 Foundations for neural networks were laid, which is the base of Artificial Intelligence. 1945 Isaac Asimov, alumnus of Columbia University, coined the term Robotics. 1950 Alan Turing introduced the Turing Test for evaluation of intelligence and published the paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence. 1956 John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence. He demonstrated the first running AI program at Carnegie Mellon University. 1958 John McCarthy invented the LISP programming language for AI. 1964 Danny Bobrow’s dissertation at MIT showed that computers can understand natural language well enough to solve algebra word problems correctly. 1965 Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT built ELIZA, an interactive problem that carries on a dialogue in English. 1969 Scientists at Stanford Research Institute developed Shakey, a robot, equipped with locomotion, perception and problem-solving. 1973 The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy, the famous Scottish Robot, capable of using vision to locate and assemble models. 1979 The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart, was built. 1985 Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the drawing program, Aaron. 1997 The Deep Blue chess-playing computer beats the world chess champion, Garry Kasparov. 2000 Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT displays Kismet, a robot with a face that expresses emotions. The robot, Nomad, explores remote regions of Antarctica and locates meteorites. 2011 Apple introduced Siri, a digital assistant, as a part of the iPhone 4S. 2014 Amazon released the Amazon Echo. 2015 Sophia, a social humanoid robot, was developed by Hong Kong based company Hanson Robotics. 2016 Microsoft launched Tay, an AI chatter bot and later withdrew it. 2017 Google released the DeepMind NHS app test that broke UK privacy laws. 2018 Erica, a robot in Japan, was introduced to the world as a news anchor. 2019 A genderless voice was created. 16 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 16 09-09-2021 07:23:05 PM
Terms Related to Artificial Intelligence Some important terms related to AI that you will come across frequently are as follows: • Automation: When a repetitive task that is rule-based is automated by software, it is called automation. It can also be called Robotic Process Automation (RPA). • Machine learning: In machine learning, programming is minimised so that the machine learns from experience and actions as a human does. This is the science of getting a computer to act without programming (Fig. 1.6). • Machine vision: This technology gives eyes to a machine. The machine captures visual information with a camera. Then the information is analysed and converted using analog to digital conversion and digital signal processing. Signature identification and medical analysis are a few applications of this technology. • Data Science: Data science is the field that uses a vast amount of data for deriving information from it, making decisions and finding patterns. The data can be from different and multiple sources. However, data science collects, analyses and learns from this data to help perform decision-making. • Robotics: The field of engineering that focuses on the design and manufacturing of robots is called robotics. It is used to perform difficult and repeated tasks. For example, robots are used in assembly lines of car production (Fig. 1.7). Fig 1.5 Timeline of AI Fig. 1.6 Machine Learning Fig. 1.7 Robotics 17 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 17 09-09-2021 07:23:14 PM
Types of Artificia l Intelligence Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that tries to replicate human intelligence in a machine so that the machine can perform the assigned tasks. AI is run by machine learning algorithms. Machine learning algorithms are improving day by day. The categories of AI technologies depend on their capacity to mimic humans, the technology they use to do this, their real-world applications and the theory of mind. AI can be classified broadly into two categories on the basis of its capabilities and functionalities. Artificial Intelligence Reactive Machines Limited Memory Theory of Mind Self Awareness Type 1 Type 2 Narrow AI General AI Strong AI Type 1: On the Basis of Capabilities On the basis of capabilities, AI can be categorised into the following types (Fig. 1.8): Fig. 1.8 Type 1 AI • Goal-oriented • Designed to perform a single task Narrow AI Machines can learn and apply human-like intelligence. General AI Machines are more intelligent than humans. Super AI Narrow AI or Weak AI Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), also referred to as narrow AI or weak AI, is goal-oriented. It is designed to perform a single task, for example, facial recognition, speech recognition, voice assistant, driving a car, cleaning the home (Fig. 1.9) or searching on the Internet. Machines with weak AI are intelligent enough to complete the specific task they have to do. Such machines seem to be intelligent but they operate on a limited set of specifications and parameters. Hence, they are not able to fully mimic human intelligence. Some examples of weak AI are Apple’s Siri, playing chess with computers, providing buyer suggestions on an e-commerce website, cleaning the home with a Roomba and image recognition. factbot IBM Watson is a machine developed by IBM based on AI. It is a question-answering machine that can answer questions put across in natural language. Fig. 1.9 Example of Narrow AI 18 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 18 09-09-2021 07:23:16 PM
General AI Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), also referred to as deep AI, is the concept where machines can mimic human intelligence and behaviour. In this case, machines can learn and apply human-like intelligence to solve a problem. AGI can think, understand and act as a human does in a given situation (Fig. 1.10). Super AI or Strong AI Super AI, although a hypothetical concept, makes machines so intelligent that they can surpass human intelligence and can perform any task better than a human with cognitive properties (Fig. 1.11). However, AI scientists have not yet achieved strong AI. Some key characteristics of strong AI include the ability to think, reason, solve puzzles, make judgments and plans and learn and communicate on its own. Type 2: On the Basis of Functionality On the basis of functionality, AI can be categorised into the following types: Reactive Machines Reactive machines understand their environment and decide their actions. They do not store memories or experiences. Hence, such machines do not learn from their experience. Examples of such machines are IBM’s Deep Blue system and Google’s AlphaGo. Limited-memory Machines Limited-memory machines have characteristics of reactive machines and can also use their experience for decision-making. Such machines can store some experience and data for a short period. Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of limited memory systems. These cars can store the recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, their speed limits and other information to navigate the road. Theory of Mind Theory of Mind AI understands the emotions and beliefs of humans and is able to interact socially like humans. These systems are still not developed but research is going on. Self-awareness Self-awareness AI will have consciousness, sentiments and self-awareness. These are not yet developed but can be considered as the future of AI. Fig. 1.10 Example of General AI Fig. 1.11 Example of Super AI Thinkbot Can you think of at least two advantages and two disadvantages of Super AI? 19 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 19 09-09-2021 07:23:18 PM
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence Some of the advantages of AI are as follows: • Accuracy: AI systems make better decisions with fewer errors and high accuracy based on the information they have acquired over time. • Speed: AI systems can take fast decisions at a high speed. • Reliability: AI systems are reliable and can perform the same action multiple times with high accuracy. • Reduce cost: AI systems process a huge amount of work very fast and hence cut down the cost of various expenses and therefore increases productivity. • Risky areas: AI systems are useful in risky or dangerous situations such as defusing a bomb, in a war situation or exploring the ocean bed. • All-time available: AI machines don’t get tired. They can work endlessly without breaks and do not even get bored doing the same thing repeatedly, unlike a human. They can work round the clock, without taking any break. Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence Some of the disadvantages of AI are as follows: • High cost: Currently, the technology requirements such as hardware and software of AI are very expensive and require frequent maintenance. • Cannot think out of the box: Machines can do the work for which they have been programmed and trained. Even smart machines that have been designed with AI cannot work out of the box. • No feelings and emotions: AI machines do not have any feelings. They cannot bond with humans, because they do not have emotions or sympathy. They cannot show or understand gestures, human attachment, expressions and feelings. • Unemployment: This is a major disadvantage of AI. AI systems are replacing a majority of repetitive tasks with bots. The need for human interference is going down as businesses look towards more error-free and risk-free work. Simple data entry jobs or talking to customers are now handled by bots and they can do it more effectively and round-the-clock. This is increasing the problem of unemployment and is very scary. • Increased dependency of humans on machines: People are getting more and more dependent on machines and losing physical and mental capabilities. • No originality or creativity: AI machines are not as creative or imaginative as humans are. checkbot 1. Write any two advantages and disadvantages of AI. 2. Do you think AI in machines can replace humans? Write your thoughts, in favour or against. 20 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 20 09-09-2021 07:23:18 PM
Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Our Daily Lives Let us discuss some areas or industries where AI systems are being used and are proving immensely useful. • Banking and finance: Most of the functions in banks have been automated. The banking and finance industry has adopted AI systems to provide customer support, detect anomalies and credit card frauds. For example, a customer support system called EVA (Electronic Virtual Assistant) developed by Bengaluru-based Senseforth AI Research for HDFC is a chatbot that can solve customer queries (Fig. 1.12). A chatbot is a program that can communicate with a user in verbal or written form. • Farming: A lens zooms in on a yellow flower and predicts precisely when it will bloom, ripe and be ready for picking and packing. This has been made possible by AI. Also, AI can tell the condition of the soil, weather and other things needed in farming, precisely (Fig. 1.13). • Gaming: First Encounter Assault Recon (FEAR) (Fig. 1.14) is a shooter video game based on AI. A unique thing about this game is that the opponent never repeats the same mistake. It learns from its mistakes. This makes the game very challenging and prompts the player to constantly change strategies and never allows the player to sit in the same position. • Healthcare: AI assists doctors and patients in giving better advice depending on the symptoms and reports fed into the AI system. A robot such as Mitra (Fig. 1.15) is being used in hospitals to reduce the risk of infection for medical staff. It is a robot made in India. Initially, it was meant for care homes but was soon adopted during the pandemic to assist doctors and nurses by taking vital readings and to help in consultations. • Education: A popular online learning platform with courses from K-12 to higher education is provided by a famous platform called Assessment and Learning in Knowledge Space (ALEKS) by McGraw-Hill. On this platform, students can assess their knowledge and level of understanding. Based on their responses, ALEKS gives a precise picture of student understanding. Students can use the assessment for adjusting their learning. Much more similar software companies like BYJU’s, Unacademy, Toppr, Vedantu, etc. are there for teaching and learning (Fig. 1.16). Fig. 1.12 Chatbot of a Bank Fig. 1.13 AI in Farming Fig. 1.14 AI in Gaming Fig. 1.16 AI in Education Fig. 1.15 Mitra Robot 21 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 21 09-09-2021 07:23:33 PM
• Social networking: Instagram, Snapchat, Facebook and Twitter are some of the most popular social networking websites. They use AI to customise the interface for each user. Facebook uses face recognition to recognise and suggest the person that can be tagged in the photo. All these are AI applications. • Entertainment: Spotify, Netflix and Amazon Prime use AI to recommend content based on the content viewed and subscribed to. • AI-based assistants: Siri, Cortana and Amazon’s Alexa (Fig. 1.17) use AI to control the devices in your house, book cabs, make phone calls, order your favorite food and check the weather conditions. They are AI assistants that take relevant action based on commands given in human language. Google search engine and other search engines also give suggestions and auto-complete what you want to search on the web. • Shopping websites: Many shopping websites suggest the items depending upon your previous searches and digital footprints. A digital footprint is the trail of data created while using the Internet. • Surveillance: AI is used in surveillance by analyzing captured video and sound recordings to recognise humans, vehicles, objects and events (Fig. 1.18). • Transportation: There are specially designed apps for cabs such as Ola and Uber that track the routes to be travelled and if the route is modified, the price changes in real-time. On the other hand, Google Maps can show the best route from the source to the destination. It also changes the color of the roads in real-time to show heavy, moderate and light traffic on the route. What contributes to Artificia l Intelligence? AI is a combination of many disciplines of Science, Biology, Mathematics, Psychology, Sociology, Neurology and other fields in engineering, in addition to Computer Science and Robotics (Fig. 1.19). It requires deep knowledge of many subjects including good programming skills in Java, Python, Spark and also Big Data technologies. The main aim of AI is to develop a program for simulating the learning of human beings and it is a complex process that requires knowledge of various subjects. So, in the AI project team, there are resources from many fields. Fig. 1.17 AI-based Assistant Fig. 1.18 AI-based Camera Fig. 1.19 Different Disciplines of AI Thinkbot How do you think Artificial Intelligence can help you in your daily life? Create a chart as shown here in your notebook and fill your ideas in it. Artificial Intelligence 22 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 22 09-09-2021 07:23:49 PM
The disciplines that contribute to AI are as follows: Disciplines Importance in AI Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as a physical system, foundations of learning, language and rationality Mathematics Formal representation and proof, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability and probability Economics agents Utility, decision theory and rational economics Neuroscience Neurons as information processing units Psychology/Cognitive Science How do people behave, perceive, process information and represent knowledge Computer engineering Building fast computers Control theory Design systems that maximise an objective function over time Linguistics Knowledge representation and grammar checkbot 1. FEAR a. Education 2. EVA b. Medical 3. Mitra c. Chatbot 4. ALEKS d. Facebook 5. Face recognition e. Game Match the following: Domains of Artificial Intelligence Machines can perform cognitive tasks such as thinking, perceiving, learning, problem-solving and decision-making with the help of AI. AI is a simulation of human intelligence in a machine that is programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions. Different domains of human intelligence are logical, linguistic, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal. Similarly, the three domains of artificial intelligence are as follows: • Data • Computer Vision (CV) • Natural Language Processing (NLP) Let us imagine a cloth braid made of red, blue and green cloth pieces (Fig. 1.20). If the red one depicts data, the blue depicts natural language processing and the green depicts computer vision, the braid is Artificial Intelligence. So, data, computer vision and natural language processing go side-by-side in AI. Let’s learn more about them. Fig. 1.20 A Braid 23 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 23 09-09-2021 07:23:49 PM
Data Data is the domain of AI that relates to the scientific methods, algorithms and processes that help gain information from various types of structures as well as unstructured data. It is the plural form of ‘datum’. It is a collection of raw facts and figures collected from observations. As the digital world is growing, data is also growing, exponentially. We have entered the era of Big Data. As per John Naisbitt, ‘We are drowning in information and starving for knowledge.’ Who will help to gain knowledge from that Big Data? Is it a big question for us? There are 1 trillion web pages on the Internet. Every day 2.5 exabytes (2.5 × 260 bytes) of data are generated. This data is growing exponentially, year by year. AI can use the data to develop its intelligence. Machine learning explores, studies and constructs algorithms that can learn and make predictions on data. Such algorithms do follow program instructions, but also make predictions or decisions, based on data. They build a model from sample inputs. Machine learning algorithms can process a large amount of data and extract useful information. Big Data is time-consuming and difficult to process by a human, but this Big Data is the best fodder to train machine learning algorithms. Data sciences are one of the domains of AI-related to data systems and processes, in which the system collects a large amount of data, maintains data sets and derives meaning or creates sense out of them. Data is the backbone of AI. It is the food for all AI-enabled systems. Almost 98% of AI systems depend on data. Most of the data is collected from us by the device which all of us have in our hands, all the time, i.e., smartphone. Computer Vision Computer Vision (CV) is one of the domains of AI that trains machines for a visual understanding. This happens by gaining an understanding of digital images and videos to interpret them as humans do (Fig. 1.21). A machine can get and analyse visual information and afterward predict some decisions about it. It acquires, screens, analyses, identifies and extracts information from a still image or video. This process helps the computers to understand any visual content and act on it, accordingly. In computer vision, input to machines can be photographs, videos and pictures from thermal or infrared sensors, indicators and different sources. Face locking and unlocking in smartphones use this feature to unlock the phone in which the smartphone’s owner can set up his/her face as an unlocking mechanism for locking and unlocking purposes. The front camera detects and captures the face and saves its features during initiation. Next time onwards, whenever the features match, the phone is unlocked. The other applications of computer vision are self-driven cars, robotics, etc. The images and data are captured by camera and recorders in the form of image and video, etc. This image is processed and manipulated to get some useful information. This processing is done to reduce noise, control brightness and set color contrast. Natural Language Processing Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the domain of AI that trains the machines to understand human language. NLP helps in understanding, processing and analysing data from human language. The Fig. 1.21 Computer Vision 24 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 24 09-09-2021 07:24:01 PM
language used by a human is the natural language. The field of Artificial Intelligence that gives a machine the ability to read, process, understand and derive meaning like a human is Natural Language Processing (NLP). The best and oldest example of NLP is separating junk e-mails by looking at the subject line and text. Currently, NLP is used in translation, sentiment analysis and speech recognition (Fig. 1.22). Fig. 1.22 Natural Language Processing A ctivitybot My Smart Home A home equipped with electronic devices such as sensors, appliances, lighting and heating machines that are connected to the Internet and controlled remotely via a smartphone or computer is a smart home. Now, describe your smart home as per the instructions given in the activity. Draw its floor plan, too. Describe by writing your smart home in at least 250 words. You should be as creative as you have to design it. You may include the following points while describing it: • The description of the place where it is situated. Is it near a river, in the middle of a street, in a busy town or somewhere on the outskirts? • The description of the interior of your smart house. • Any special characteristic your smart home has which makes it unique from others. This may include your favorite hobby corner. • May include some special features such as keyless entry into your house, auto ambience control and so on. • Once the description is done, draw the picture. • Now, discuss and analyse how closely the description matches the picture. 25 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 25 09-09-2021 07:24:05 PM
• Artificial Intelligence: A technology that can enable a machine to imitate the human brain • Intelligence: The ability to cope, think and reason • Digital Footprints: Trail of data created while using the Internet • Decomposition: Breaking a complex problem down into smaller parts to make it easier to solve • Pattern Recognition: Searching for patterns and sequences in data • Abstraction: Ignoring irrelevant details and focusing on the important aspects of the problem • Algorithm: Step-by-step procedure to solve a problem by following certain rules • Automation: A repetitive task that is rule-based and automated by a software • Data Science: The field that uses the vast amount of data for deriving information from it, make decisions and find out patterns • Robotics: The field of engineering that focuses on the design and manufacturing of robots AI GLOSSARY • Intelligence means the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. • Knowledge is the information, facts and skills that can be acquired by education or experience. • Both humans and animals possess intelligence which is called natural intelligence. • Linguistic intelligence is the ability to think and use correct and appropriate words while talking. • Mathematical intelligence is the ability to carry out mathematical operations. It also includes understanding of objects and symbols used in mathematics. • Interpersonal intelligence includes the ability to understand and effectively interact with others. • Intrapersonal intelligence includes the ability to understand oneself. • Musical intelligence includes sensitivity and understanding of pitch, melody, rhythm and tone. • Spatial intelligence includes the ability to think three-dimensionally. • Naturalistic intelligence includes the ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made systems. • Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence includes the ability to manipulate objects and be physically adept. • Computational thinking can be used to understand a problem and develop its possible solutions. • AI can refer to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks such as thinking, perceiving, learning, problem-solving and decision-making. • John McCarthy is known as the father of AI. • AI can be classified broadly into two categories on the basis of its capabilities and functionalities. • Narrow AI or weak AI is designed to perform a single task. AI Summary 26 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 26 09-09-2021 07:24:06 PM
• General AI is the concept where machines can mimic human intelligence and behaviour. • Super AI makes machines so intelligent that they can surpass human intelligence and can perform any task better than a human with cognitive properties. • AI is used in many areas and industries and is proving to be immensely useful. • The three domains of Artificial Intelligence are: Data, Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing. AI Tool 1: Rock, Paper and Scissors (Based on AI domain: Data) The Rock, Paper and Scissors is a simple hand game. It is played around the world and is commonly used as a way of coming to decisions. In some cases, it is just played as a sport. Instructions to play: • Number of players required: 2 or more • Hand position allowed: any of the three as shown in the following figure: • Start the game by saying 1, 2, 3, and go. • Make a hand position out of the three and there are the following four scenarios: Scenario 1: Player 1 makes rock and other players either make paper or scissors. The first player wins. Scenario 2: Player 1 makes paper and other players make rock. In this case, player 1 wins as paper can roll the rock. If the second player makes scissors, then the second player wins as scissors can cut the paper. Scenario 3: When player 1 makes the position of scissors and player 2 makes stone, then player 2 wins as stone can break the scissors. If player 1 makes the scissors and player 2 makes paper, then player 1 wins. Scenario 4: If all players make the same position, the game is a draw. You can play this game online, also with one of the players on the computer. The AI task domain data is used here to analyse the moves made by you and to enable the computer to pick up the next move. AI lab 27 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 27 09-09-2021 07:24:11 PM
Steps to install and play the game: The steps to install and play the game are as follows: Step 1: Open the web browser on your computer. Step 2: Type the following URL in the address bar of the browser: https://www.afiniti.com/corporate/rock-paper-scissors The following screen will appear: Step 3: Click on the PLAY THE GAME option. You get a web page with two hands and three red icons as shown. Step 4: Click on any of the three icons to denote the position of your hand in the game. Depending on your previous moves, the computer will perform its moves. 28 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 28 09-09-2021 07:24:13 PM
Step 5: Click on the SEE HOW THE COMPUTER THINKING option and see how AI is being used by this game. This game records or learns from your moves and then tries to predict the next move. Thus, the machine is collecting data (your moves in this case) and analysing it to take its action (next move in this case). Hence, it is an artificial intelligent machine. Observe and write how the machine reacts if you: • make moves in a specific pattern. • make moves randomly. AI Tool 2: Mystery Animal (Based on AI domain: Natural Language Processing (NLP)) The Mystery Animal is a voice-based game. In this, the computer acts as the mystery animal and you can ask 20 questions through an attached microphone and guess which animal is this. This is a guessing game. Instructions to play: • Number of players: 2 • The first player chooses any animal (without telling others) and the other player has to guess the name of the animal. This can be done by asking 20 questions of YES or NO type to get to know about the animal and guess it. The first player has to reply to these questions. Steps to install and play the game: The steps to install and play the game are as follows: Step 1: Open the web browser on your computer. Step 2: Type the following URL in the address bar of the browser: https://mysteryanimal.withgoogle.com/ 29 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 29 09-09-2021 07:24:13 PM
The following screen will appear: Step 3: Here, the computer acts as the mystery animal and you can ask 20 questions through an attached microphone. Click on the PREVIEW IT HERE button. Step 4: Click on the microphone button and start asking a question. You will get the answer as YES or NO. After a few questions, you should be able to guess the mystery animal. You can ask a question in English. Depending on your question, the machine will answer. The language you speak is natural language and the answer is given by the machine after processing your question. The AI machine uses Natural Language Processing for this purpose. Record the machine’s answer for the following questions: • Do you have feathers? • Can you swim? • Can you fly? • Are you a carnivore? • Are you a mammal? AI Tool 3: Emoji Scavenger Hunt (Based on AI domain: Computer Vision) The Emoji Scavenger Hunt game is based on Computer Vision where the machine initiates the game by showing an emoji. The participant is expected to show a similar object in front of the camera while the machine keeps on guessing what is being shown to it. It is a fun experiment to learn AI launched by Google. 30 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 30 09-09-2021 07:24:14 PM
Instructions to play: • You can play this game on a smartphone or a laptop, but a smartphone is the most suitable device to play this game. • While playing this game on the smartphone, you have to use your phone’s camera to find objects that match certain emojis within a time limit and click on their images. • At the beginning of the game, very simple emojis are shown. As the player succeeds, the difficulty level starts increasing. Steps to install and play the game: The steps to install and play the game are as follows: Step 1: Open the web browser on your computer. Step 2: Type the following URL in the address bar of the browser: https://emojiscavengerhunt.withgoogle.com/ The following screen will appear: Step 3: Click on the LET’S PLAY button. The game starts loading. Start the camera and microphone. Step 4: The picture of an object is shown. Place a similar object in front of the camera. The machine will capture the video and try to identify the object. When it detects the right object, the game is over. Step 5: Draw an emoji on paper and show it to the machine. What does the machine reply? 31 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 31 09-09-2021 07:24:16 PM
Blend bot ENGLISH 1. Imagine the world in 2030. Write a letter to your future self, as shown below. Be sure to mention things that you think your future self would probably be doing and experiencing in daily life. Find mistakes in the letter below and correct them. Place _____________________ Date ______________________ Dear Future Self, It is a little strange to write a letter to you, but it is also rather exciting! At present, I love drawing and I am sure this hobby has proved beneficial and I am now a skilled artist. So, tell me, have things changed a lot? Do you still have a lot of colors, pastel sheets, brushes and trays? Has Artificial Intelligence proved to be a boon in this field? You must be using AI to make the painting beautiful with a voice description while we struggle to mix colors and design the painting using brushes. Was our pet Tommy doing well, or have you replaced it with a robot Tommy? Ha! Ha! It’s so much easier, right! How is your preparation for the new job? I am sure it must be nice, intelligent and acquired AI-related skills. Have you changed the smartphone? I am sure that things have turned out well for you in 2030. The future is going to have great opportunities for the one who knows AI and has AI skills! It’s been nice writing to you. Hope this letter brings back old memories. Sincerely, XYZ Now, type this letter in Word and save it. Find out if there is an option in Word that can read your letter. Which domain of AI is this? Self-driven vehicles: AI can be used in driverless vehicles. Such vehicles collect data from radar, cameras, sensors, GPS and cloud services to produce control signals and operate the vehicle as humans do. WAYMO, a driving technology development company, started as a Google project but in 2016 it became a standalone project and has done many trials till date. Tesla is another company that is doing research and development on self-driving cars. Self-driving cars can drive without any human intervention, by detecting objects in their surroundings. Xin Xiaowei-a news anchor: The first 3D anchor that can read news like a human with facial expressions has also been developed in China. It is the world’s first 3D AI news anchor that can mimic the human voice, facial expressions, lip movements and mannerisms using only text inputs. Xinhua, a news agency and Sogou, a Chinese technology company, jointly developed this news anchor named Xin Xiaowei. AI C ase Studies REAL-LIFE CONNECT 32 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 32 09-09-2021 07:24:21 PM
2. Imagine that it is 2050 and you are a Robot Housekeeper. Write a letter to your grandmother about a day in your life. Write the scenario keeping in mind the technological advancements expected in 2050. You may think of a suitable name for yourself. Make sure that you use at least five rhyming words in the letter. EXERCISEBOT A. Tick (✓) the correct option. 1. ‘A’ in AI stands for: a. Augmented b. Artificial c. Architecture d. Assemble 2. Which of the following is/are false? Select all possible options. a. Intelligence lets you make decisions. b. Being knowledgeable does not mean that one is intelligent. c. You are intelligent only if you score good marks. d. If you can tell the name and capital of each country, it means you are intelligent. 3. Which of the following is/are an application of AI? Select all possible options. a. Remote-controlled drone b. Self-driving car c. Self-service kiosk d. Self-watering plant system 4. This field is enabling computers to identify and process images as humans do. a. Face recognition b. Model-view-controller c. Computer vision d. Eye-in-hand system 5. The father of AI is: a. Alan Turing b. John McCarthy c. Dartmouth d. Cortana 6. Which of the following intelligence includes the ability to understand and effectively interact with others? a. Linguistic b. Mathematical c. Interpersonal d. Intrapersonal 7. Which of the following is not an advantage of AI? a. Speed b. Reliability c. Unemployment d. All-time available 8. What does NLP stand for? a. Neutral Learning Projection b. Neuro-Linguistic Programming c. Natural Language Processing d. Neural Logic Presentation 9. This is a program that allows the computer to simulate a conversation with a human being. a. Speech application program interface b. Chatbot c. Voice recognition d. Speech recognition 10. In the game of Rock, Paper and Scissors, the machine predicts your moves by: a. data collection b. random algorithm c. specific algorithm d. None of these 33 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 33 09-09-2021 07:24:22 PM
B. Fill in the blanks. 1. ................................... is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. 2. Both humans and animals possess ................................... intelligence. 3. ........................... intelligence is the ability to think and use correct and appropriate words while talking. 4. The ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made systems is ................................... intelligence. 5. ................................... helps you to break down problems into smaller parts so that it is easier to understand and solve them. 6. Ignoring irrelevant details and focusing on the important part is ................................... . 7. AI was first coined by ................................... in 1956 at the Dartmouth conference. 8. AI can be classified broadly in ................................... categories on the basis of their capabilities and functionalities. 9. Narrow AI is designed to perform a ................................... task. 10. Computer vision is the domain of AI that trains the machines for a ................................ understanding. C. Write T for True or F for False. 1. Searching for patterns and sequences in data is called pattern recognition. ............ 2. AI is the same as knowledge. ............ 3. The ability of a machine to think and perceive from its environment is AI. ............ 4. Facebook uses AI. ............ 5. Humans are more intelligent than machines. ............ 6. Getting good grades is intelligence. ............ 7. Apple Siri is an example of narrow AI. ............ 8. NLP is the domain of AI that trains the machines to understand human language. ............ 9. The field of engineering that focuses on the design and manufacturing of robots is called data science. ............ 10. When a repetitive task that is rule-based is automated by software, it is called automation. ............ D. Short answer questions. 1. Define ‘intelligence’. 2. What is Artificial Intelligence? 3. Who coined the word AI? 4. Write the name of different types of intelligence possessed by human beings. 5. Write any two benefits of computational thinking. 6. Give any two examples of AI-based applications and services. 7. What are the goals of AI? 8. What is natural language processing? 9. What is computer vision? 10. Write the application of AI in education. E. Long answer questions. 1. Explain any five types of intelligence possessed by human beings. 34 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 34 09-09-2021 07:24:22 PM
2. What is computational thinking? Describe the stages involved in computational thinking. 3. Write a short note on Artificial Intelligence. 4. Explain the applications of AI in any three fields. 5. Write any two advantages and two disadvantages of AI. 6. Explain weak, general and strong AI. 7. Write a short note on the three domains of AI. F. Skill-based questions. 1. Write ‘HI’ for Human Intelligence and ‘AI’ for Artificial Intelligence against each of the following phrases. • Intuition • Common sense • Quick response • Reasoning • Retaining a large amount of data • High development cost • Forgetting information • Creativity • Slow communication process 2. Look around you. Try to find at least five machines that use AI and five machines that do not use AI. Can an automatic washing machine be an example of AI? Why? Write at least one modification you can make in an automatic washing machine so that it becomes an application of AI? 3. Talk to your parents and grandparents to find out the ways of communication when they were young. Compare how the means of communication have changed over the years. Write any three pros and cons of communication at both times. Do you like face-to-face communication or online communication? Why? Do you think it is important to communicate with friends and family on a regular basis? How can such behaviour affect your personality? Will your communication style affect your interpersonal relationship? Give reasons. 4. A self-driving car (also called an autonomous car or driverless car) is a vehicle that uses a combination of sensors, cameras, radar and AI to travel between destinations without a human operator. What if such a car hits someone? Who should be punished: the car owner, car company owner or the programmer who programmed it? How would you help the people who suffer road accidents? 5. Think of some tasks in your daily life where AI can be applied to make it easier and better. You may also think of designing a gadget for completing the task. Think of a suitable name for the gadget and how that gadget would be used for improving your life and that of others in the world. Creative-thinking skill Problem-solving skill Social skill Empathy skill Problem-solving skill In the ai lab 1. Open the following links one by one and complete the given table for each link. https://www.elbot.com/ https://pandorabots.com/mitsuku/ https://www.cleverbot.com/ 35 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 35 09-09-2021 07:24:22 PM
A i Projects 1. An AI toy is equipped with its own intelligence through on-board gadgets. This empowers the toy to learn, act in a specific form and change its activity quickly as per the condition. Another key equipment of the AI toy is a sensor that makes it aware of the environment and comprehends on the off chance that it is indoor or outside. One example of such an AI toy is Cognitoys Dino Internet-connected smart toy. Some features of this toy are as follows: • Voice recognition and response capabilities • Utilises natural language processing • Regular kid-friendly content updates via the cloud Now, think of a toy that you want to be artificially intelligent. Write some features that you want in that AI toy. Try and chat with a chatbot on any topic and write your observations in the format given below. Name of the chatbot: How effective was the system in answering the questions posed? Was there any sound/voice recognition? Was your question answered precisely or vaguely? What improvements would you want in each chatbot? 2. Type the following URL in the address bar of the Web browser and answer the following questions. https://teachable-snake.netlify.app/ a. What is the name of the game? b. Write a paragraph about this game. c. Write the steps to play this game. 3. Try and figure out where you can use computer vision. Write one application where computer vision can be used. 4. Type the following URL in the address bar of the Web browser and answer the following questions. https://pandorabots.com/mitsuku/ a. What is the name of the chatbot? b. Which AI domains is/are used in this software? 5. Type the following URL in the address bar of the Web browser and do the following. https://experiments.withgoogle.com/ai-duet You can play a duet with the computer, without a piano. You need to open the link and start playing some notes. If you don’t know the music and don’t want to play piano, just press some keys. The computer will respond to your melody. You can click the keyboard, use your computer keys, or even plug in a midi keyboard. It’s just one example of how machine learning can inspire people to be creative in new ways. 36 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 36 09-09-2021 07:24:23 PM
2. Prepare a PowerPoint presentation on the history of AI. 3. Research about Alan Turing test from the Internet. Find out the role of this in AI. Prepare a document or project report on that. conceptbot Type INTRODUCTI ON TO Artificial Intelligence Introduction and definition Goals Application of AI Advantages Disadvantages History of AI Types of AI Intelligence Natural Intelligence Artificial Intelligence Computational Thinking Linguistic Mathematical Interpersonal Intrapersonal Musical Spatial Naturalistic Body-kinesthetic High cost Can’t think out of the box No feelings and emotions Increased dependency on machines No originality or creativity Unemployment Type 1: On the basis of capabilities Narrow or weak AI General AI Super or strong AI Type 2: On the basis of functionality Reactive machines Theory of mind Limited-memory machines Self-awareness Domains of AI Data Computer Vision Natural Language Processing Decomposition Pattern recognition Abstraction Algorithms Banking and finance Farming Gaming Healthcare Education Social networking Entertainment AI-based assistants Shopping websites Surveillance Transportation For Parents You may talk to your child about various aspects of AI, its advantages and disadvantages. Encourage your child to think if AI affects our daily lives, social, mental and emotional health. Also, help them visit the Google AI website which provides free online courses on AI. It is working to use AI to address societal challenges and improve people’s lives. For Teachers Explain the meaning of AI by giving examples from the surroundings. Tell the difference between human and machine intelligence. Explain the impact of AI in our daily lives. You may discuss the positive and negative impacts of AI. Accuracy Speed Reliability Risky area Reduce cost All-time available 37 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 37 09-09-2021 07:24:23 PM
Sofia: What happened, Roboto? You look quite happy. Roboto: Yes, you are right. I have heard about another Sophia who received citizenship of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; (chuckling) so I can replace you with it! Sofia: Which Sophia are you talking about? Roboto: It is not you. Sophia is an AI robot. She is very intelligent. You can have a conversation with her and get all your answers. Do you know that even a home or a city can be smart and AI-enabled? In this chapter, we will learn about how Artificial Intelligence (AI) helps in our everyday lives. In this chapter • Glimpses of Artificial Intelligence • Artificial Intelligence (AI) in our Lives • Smart Living: Smart Homes • Smart Living: Smart Cities chapter 2 Relate module The Why and How of Artificial Intelligence Get set go! You all know Alexa from Amazon. It is an interactive voice assistant. Write any five things that Alexa does as an assistant. 1. .................................................... 2. .................................................... 3. .................................................... 4. .................................................... 5. .................................................... Hello Sofia! I am fine. Hi Roboto! How are you? 38 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 38 09-09-2021 07:24:36 PM
Glimpses of Artificial Intelligence The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has boomed in recent years. Five to six decades ago, the existence of AI was limited to the realm1 of science fiction. But the development of science and technology during the interim2 period has changed everything. These days, AI assists in every area of our lives, whether we are reading our e-mails, getting driving directions, getting music or movie recommendations. Amazon’s Alexa, Apple’s Siri, Microsoft’s Cortana and Google Now are some examples of digital assistants that help us perform various tasks in our everyday lives. From checking the schedules and searching the Internet, to sending commands to another app, AI is an important part of the working of these apps. Each user interaction helps the AI learn. Let’s take a glimpse at the future of AI. Robots and Humanoids Robots are the first things that come to our minds when we think about AI. Earlier, robots were built for research purposes only. Currently, robots and humanoids are being built for specific purposes to carry out human tasks, such as that of a receptionist, a factory worker and so on. Sophia (Fig. 2.1) is a popular humanoid developed by a Hong Kongbased company Hanson Robotics. Sophia can communicate like a human and respond to our questions. She became the first robot to get citizenship. She is a famous face and has been invited to a lot of shows and conferences around the world. factbot A Humanoid is a non-human creature or robot that looks and behaves like a human. A gynoid, such as Sophia, is a humanoid that resembles a female. Keyboard The modern virtual keyboard on Android devices and PCs are powered by machine learning algorithms to predict possible next words and auto-text completion. Machine learning enables a machine to draw useful conclusions from the given data on the basis of their predefined labels, categories, properties and then classify the data. Business Almost every industry is incorporating AI for better performance and future business needs. Modern AI tools such as chatbots, virtual customer assistants and personal assistants are increasingly being used to build customer relationships. These AI tools are used to connect with more customers, provide faster and more accurate solutions and hence increase customer satisfaction. In the future, AI will nurture business roots with its superior data collection, data processing, data understanding and prediction capabilities. Fig. 2.1 Sophia Fig. 2.2 Auto-text Completion 1 Realm: A field or domain of activity or interest 2 Interim: Short-term period 39 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 39 09-09-2021 07:24:44 PM
Education AI is used for education in the following ways: • Taking subject classes or additional learning from home using a machine tutor. • In a class, students learn at varying speeds. Nowadays, there are tools that increase or decrease the complexity of the content depending on the learning speed of the student. The tools also inform about the potential improvement areas of a particular student. • Assessments are being digitised from a simple level to a complex level. Marking of assessments also happens automatically. Virtual Restaurants A virtual restaurant (also called a ghost kitchen, ghost restaurant or cloud kitchen) is a restaurant that offers delivery options only. Customers can visit the website and view menus. They can place their orders online. Once a customer places his/her order, the virtual restaurant kitchen is immediately notified and the kitchen staff begins preparing the order. How do you find virtual restaurants near you? checkbot 1. Sophia is a ...................................... . 2. Machine learning enables a machine to draw useful conclusions from ...................................... . 3. A gynoid is a humanoid that resembles a ...................................... . 4. A ghost kitchen refers to ...................................... restaurant. 5. Swiggy and Zomato are examples of ...................................... . Fill in the blanks. AI in Our Lives Chatbots Chatbots provide answers to common questions by recognising the words and phrases. Some chatbots are so accurate in answering your questions that it seems that you are talking to a real person. Facebook Some of the ways in which Facebook is using AI recently are as follows: • Facebook launched a proactive detection feature that scans the posts on its website to detect patterns that indicate if a user may be considering self-harm. This AI-powered program sends mental health resources to that person and his/her friends. • Facebook uses an AI model to track and delete accounts that seem fake. Thinkbot What do you think will happen if an AI-driven robot replaces your teacher? Think of any two advantages and disadvantages of this change. 40 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 40 09-09-2021 07:24:44 PM
E-mail Communication AI improves e-mail communication in the following ways: E-mail Filters in Gmail Gmail filters all the received e-mails into Primary, Social, Promotions, Updates, Forums and Spam categories. It claims that more than 99% of spam e-mails are filtered using AI. Smart Replies in Gmail Smart replies are based on the content of an e-mail. Users can reply by typing a manual response or choose a one-click smart reply such as ‘Thanks!’, ‘Sure, will let you know.’ or ‘Let’s do it!’. Smart replies mimic manual replies and often do a pretty good job of mirroring the way a user might respond. Nudging Reminders in Gmail You can also follow up on e-mails that are forgotten or you have not replied to. Gmail identifies the e-mails that need a response using AI and shows a reminder after a few days. Google Some of the ways in which you can see Google using AI are as follows: • Google uses AI for recommending the complete term when you start typing some text in the search bar. Predictive searches, the drop-down menu showing text suggestions, are based on data that Google collects about you, such as your location, age, your most searched content and other details. • Google also uses algorithms that collect information regarding the items, text or phrases that you searched or visited and shows you similar results in advertisements on the websites you visit. Product Recommendations Amazon and other shopping websites use AI to gather information about the buying patterns and habits of their customers. Based on this data, they provide you with a personalised shopping experience by suggesting similar or closely related products. Music Recommendations Music apps use AI to track music choices, genres3 , artists and other preferences, and then recommend related music that you might like to hear. Fig. 2.3 Google Predictive Search 3 Genres: A style or category of art, music or literature 41 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 41 09-09-2021 07:24:45 PM
Mobile Banking Banks use AI to give a personalised experience through their mobile apps to customers. The account information helps in providing personalised alerts for bill payment reminders, pre-overdraft alerts and transfer prompts. Financial Institutions Fraud Prevention Banks and other financial institutions send timely mobile alerts to prevent fraud. For a transaction involving a huge amount, you might get an alert message on your phone. In case of unusual patterns noticed in your spending habits, you receive alert messages. Hence, AI helps in keeping track of your day-to-day financial transactions. Maps and Directions Navigation software such as Google Maps finds out the quickest route to your destination by calculations based on real-time traffic conditions. It uses AI to analyse historical traffic patterns for roads over time and combines the database with live traffic conditions to generate predictions. The map shows traffic conditions on a route using different colors. Ride-sharing Apps Ride-sharing apps such as Uber and Ola widely use AI to improve their services. Using AI helps such apps provide better customer service, better location accuracy reduces cancellations and so on. SMART LIVING: Sma rt Homes Smart homes are considered secure and efficient for living. There are a number of smart devices that can transform a home into a ‘smart home’. By using Artificial Intelligence, home automation becomes more useful. A home equipped with electronic devices such as sensors, appliances, lighting and heating machines that are connected to the Internet and controlled remotely via a smartphone or computer is a smart home. The various smart devices installed in a smart home become a part of IoT (Internet of Things). Fig. 2.4 Mobile Banking Fig. 2.5 Google Map Fig. 2.7 Smart Home A code once written in AI cannot be changed! This is not true as a learning algorithm always changes according to experience and data it gets. Get it right Fig. 2.6 Ola and Uber 42 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 42 09-09-2021 07:25:05 PM
According to a survey by Gartner in 2017, on connected home solutions, a smart home has been defined as follows: Smart homes consist of a set of devices and services that are connected to each other and the Internet and can automatically respond to pre-set rules, be remotely accessed and managed by mobile apps or a browser and send alerts or messages to the user(s). In a smart home, you can control the working of the devices from a remote location. This means that you can switch the AC on/off, switch off the lights, switch on the garden sprinkler, set your room temperature, check things in the fridge and so on even if you are not at home. These devices are also interconnected and can communicate with each other, too. They can even collect information about your schedules and the way you control the devices and can learn and work, accordingly. Currently, most of the devices perform tasks on commands. Hence, they cannot adapt to our needs. In the future, these devices will be able to learn and adapt to our needs. For example, they will be able to set an alarm, set an AC temperature according to the environment and turn off the heater or fan or lights and lock the doors when no one is in the house. A smart kitchen could be set up so as to start preparing food and other things before the user returns home. talkbot Will there be more power consumption in operating a smart home? How would you deal with a power failure in a smart home? checkbot 1. You can follow up on e-mails that are forgotten or have not replied by using AI. ............... 2. Gmail claims that 100% of spam e-mails are filtered by using AI. ............... 3. Chatbots are human. ............... 4. Most of the shopping websites use AI to gather information about the buying patterns of people. ............... 5. AI helps us switch on AC before reaching home. ............... Write T for True or F for False. Fig. 2.8 Smart Fridge Fig. 2.9 Smart Kitchen 43 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 43 09-09-2021 07:25:18 PM
factbot A PwC report estimates that AI will contribute $15.7 trillion to the global economy by 2030. A ctivitybot Type the following URL in the address bar of the browser. Watch the video and list what you would like in your smart home. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CajaUoI3vU Smart Homes - YouTube 1. .................................................................................................................................................................................... 2. .................................................................................................................................................................................... 3. .................................................................................................................................................................................... 4. .................................................................................................................................................................................... 5. .................................................................................................................................................................................... 6. .................................................................................................................................................................................... 7. .................................................................................................................................................................................... 8. .................................................................................................................................................................................... 9. .................................................................................................................................................................................... 10. .................................................................................................................................................................................... Some Common Devices Used in the Smart Homes Smart speaker: Amazon’s fourth-gen Echo is a brand new and fairly impressive speaker. The device can be used to ask about the weather, set a timer and alarm, make phone calls, answer questions and play a song. It has advanced voice control. You can also create a shopping list, turn on your TV or AC, order food and do so many things sitting on your chair. Smart light bulbs: They are color-changing bulbs and can be controlled by smart assistants either by Echo or Alexa, etc. You can set an alarm with a color code. They do not consume much electricity. Smart thermostat: It is a Wi-Fi-based thermostat that lets you control your home’s cooling and heating system with an app or using your voice. It can read the ambient temperature of whatever room it is in and adjust the temperature, accordingly all on its own. Fig. 2.10 Smart Speaker Fig. 2.11 Smart Light Bulb Fig. 2.12 Smart Thermostat 44 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 44 09-09-2021 07:25:41 PM
Smart Camera: It has a lot of basic security camera features, including HD live streaming, night vision, two-way talk, as well as support for Alexa and Google Assistant voice control. You can install it inside or outside your home to monitor the activities of the home and the surroundings. It monitors and detects any suspicious movement, sends alerts or even records movements. You can also customise it to automatically record when you are not at home or set it to a time-based schedule. Smart TV: It can connect streaming services such as Netflix, Amazon, your cable box and other devices in one place. It also offers voice control capabilities that allow you to ask the TV to search for a video, music, movie or show. Smart Locks: Using smart locks and garage-door openers, you can grant or deny access to visitors. They can use face detection or fingerprint sensors to lock and unlock. They can even be locked or unlocked by your smartphones. Smart Plugs: They can convert an object into a smarter version of itself. Just plug your devices into your normal outlets and then whatever is being powered by them can easily be turned on and off from your smart device. They have an energy-monitoring feature, also. Video Doorbell: It has sensors that can show you the video footage and can alert you when a visitor is at the front door. It also has an inbuilt speaker that lets the members of the house talk with the person standing outside the door if they are not at home. Smart Oven: You can control your smart oven from anywhere or let it be controlled by Alexa. You can also lookup for a recipe, queue up the time and temperature needed for it. A ctivitybot Flipkart has started a new store that provides you with the devices to make your home a smart home. Visit the website using the following link. https://www.flipkart.com/smart-home-automation-store Fig. 2.13 Smart Camera Fig. 2.18 Smart Oven Fig. 2.17 Smart Doorbell Fig. 2.16 Smart Plugs Fig. 2.15 Smart Locks Fig. 2.14 Smart TV 45 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 45 09-09-2021 07:26:29 PM
Fig. 2.19 Automation Store Explore the devices which can be used in your smart home. Write the name of any five smart devices which you are able to find. Give reasons for your choice. ............................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................................ Challenges of Smart Homes The technologies used in smart homes are useful but there are some challenges to implement these technologies. Some of the challenges of smart homes are as follows: • Smart home devices are very expensive. Most people cannot afford them. • These devices require a stable and good internet connection to operate. • The security issue is another problem. The data can be hacked and operated remotely if compromised. • If there is some problem with the functionality of these devices, you need a technical expert to fix them. • Repairing and maintenance of these devices are also very expensive. • Some new devices may not be compatible with the old devices. Sometimes, all the old devices need to be updated while installing new devices. SMART LIVING: SMART CITIES A smart city refers to the city that uses AI systems along with other digital and ICT-based components to make the life of the people better and more comfortable. In smart cities, smart homes are connected with each other to provide a number of benefits. Following are a few benefits, provided by smart cities to their residents: • Door-step services • Automating city resources such as water and electricity • A sustainable ecosystem, with reduced emissions and cleaner cities 46 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 46 09-09-2021 07:26:30 PM
• Smart transportation, reducing congestion and pollution • Smart buildings, connected with each other • Different sensors for different problems • Efficient public utilities • Affordable housing for all people • Use data to analyse different aspects of citizens • Improved and good health care services • Modern education policies • New opportunities for economic development opportunities The standard definition of a smart city depends on a few factors. Some of the factors are as follows: • Country: Different countries adopt and implement technologies in different ways. • City: In terms of cities, different cities may have different levels of technological adaptation. • Level of development: The development and standard of living are different in different cities because of the administration, citizens of a particular city, and government. • Willingness to change and reform: Technological evolution brings changes in many things as the latest equipment and components are required which must be compatible with new technology. • Resources and aspirations of city residents: A city is made up of resources and aspirations of city residents. A city can be defined by the people living in the city. Fig. 2.20 Smart City Challenges Faced by Smart Cities There are many challenges faced while establishing smart cities. Some of them are as follows: • Not secure: The use of security cameras and intelligent systems may be hacked by some hackers and cause big trouble for all the cities. 47 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 47 09-09-2021 07:26:30 PM
• Social control: The ability to track and centralize data gives great power to the person who handles the information. It may be the government or local body but he has all the control of data. • Excess network trust: We are relying entirely on electronics and networks. Hence, cities lose autonomy in decision-making and could become incompetent to react or act in a scenario where these tools are not available. • Cost: Sufficient funds are required to install expensive devices and inadequate utilisation of funds is also a big challenge because of corruption. • Internet facility: A good Internet facility is required to operate all these devices. Although AI-enabled devices can think, reason, solve puzzles, make judgments, plan, learn and communicate on its own, it is currently a hypothetical concept. AI needs people to learn from. AI needs human understanding and experience to build its effectiveness and also train the AI applications to be selfsufficient. In customer service, AI can do good but sometimes, customer’s queries are outside of the scope of AI that leads to poor customer experience, leaving people frustrated and unhappy. To provide services after a particular level, we need humans. In teaching, nursing and other fields involving social and emotional touch, we need humans and not an AI-enabled device. AI GLOSSARY • Chatbot: A software that can automate conversations and interact with people through some messaging platforms • Humanoid: A non-human creature or robot that looks like a human and mimics human behaviour • Smart Homes: Consists of a set of devices and services that are connected to the Internet and can automatically respond to pre-set rules, be remotely accessed and managed by mobile apps or a browser and send alerts or messages to the user(s) • Smart City: A city that uses AI systems along with other digital and ICT-based components to make the life of the people better and more comfortable AI Summary • Artificial Intelligence (AI) assists in every area of our lives. AI is being researched and used widely in the field of education. • Google Maps calculate traffic and construct the quickest route to your destination. It also predicts the time by which you will reach your destination. • Using AI, a bank application keeps track of your day-to-day financial transactions. If unusual patterns in your spending habits are noticed, it sends you an alert. • Music services use AI to track your listening habits and then recommend the song that you might like to hear. • Some chatbots answer your questions so accurately that it seems as if you are talking to a real person. AI can replace human imagination! This is not true as robots can mimic a few emotions but completely lack compassion, kindness, love, etc. Get it right 48 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 48 09-09-2021 07:26:30 PM
• Machine learning enables a machine to draw some useful conclusion from the given data on the basis of their predefined labels, category, property and classify them according to it. • Ola and Uber apps use AI to get your exact locations and set the prices based on what they think you might be willing to pay. They use AI to recommend the charges based on the history of routes and mode of transport used by you, time, day and traffic at the route, etc. • A home equipped with electronic devices, such as sensors, appliances and lighting and heating applications, that are connected to the Internet and controlled remotely via interfaces such as phones or computers is a smart home. • A smart home includes smart devices and appliances that are compatible with one another. • The technologies used in smart homes are useful, but there are some challenges in implementing these technologies. • In smart cities, smart homes are connected with each other to provide a number of benefits. • Some commonly used smart devices in a smart home are smart speakers, smart light bulbs, smart thermostats, smart cameras, smart TV, smart locks and smart plugs. AI lab 1. AI Tool: My Storytime My Storytime is a Google tool that allows you to record stories for your family when you are away from them. It makes them accessible through Google Assistant devices. Installing and working with My Storytime The steps to install and work with the AI tool Storytime are as follows: Step 1: Open the web browser on your computer. Step 2: Type the following URL in the address bar of the browser: https://app.mystorytime.com/ Step 3: Login from the Google home account (if available) or login from any other login account. The following screen will appear: 49 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 49 09-09-2021 07:26:31 PM
Step 4: Click on the GOT IT button. The following screen will appear: Step 5: Click on the NEW STORY button. An instruction page will appear. Step 6: After reading the instructions, click on the NEXT button. Step 7: On the next page, again you have some instructions. Go through them and click on the GOT IT button. Step 8: Now, record the instructions given on screen one-by-one. 10 instructions will be there one after another. Note: Replace the text in square brackets [ ] by the context like if [name] is written there, read the instruction as usual but replace “[name ]” with your name like “Chikoo”. 50 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 50 09-09-2021 07:26:31 PM
Step 9: At the last step, click on the FINISH button. Step 10: Now, you will land on the following page, on which you need to write the title of the story and the name of the author. Record the title of the story with the author (if any) by pressing the mic button. Step 11: Click on the START RECORDING button. 51 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 51 09-09-2021 07:26:32 PM
Step 12: The last and the important step of the Storytime is recording the story. Read or try to say any story with feelings and different sounds, after pressing the mic button. Step 13: Click on the SAVE button. Listening to the recorded story The steps to listen to the recorded story are as follows: Step 1: Open the Google Home app on your phone. Step 2: Tap the device icon for the speaker you want to use to listen to My Storytime stories. Step 3: Tap the gear icon in the upper right corner. Step 4: Scroll down and under More, toggle on the Personal results. Once that is enabled, you or anyone you have shared your stories with, can listen to your My Storytime stories by saying, “Hey Google, talk to My Storytime.” 2. AI Tool: Story Speaker The Story Speaker is a Google tool that lets you create a story without any coding. The story you created can be read by any Google Home device. Story Speaker comes as an add-on to Google Docs. It uses Google’s voice recognition to create interactive stories without coding. To use it, you need to write the story in Google Docs and play it on Google Home or any other Google Assistant device. All you need is a Google account and an Internet connection. You can also export your story to share it with your friends. Installing and working of Story Speaker The steps to install and work with the AI tool Story speaker are as follows. Step 1: Open the web browser on your computer. Step 2: Type the following URL in the address bar of the browser: https://experiments.withgoogle.com/story-speaker 52 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 52 09-09-2021 07:26:33 PM
The following screen will appear. Explore the rest of the steps, record your story and share with your friends. 1. Employee self-service digital assistants Employee self-service digital assistants may seem like chatbots but they are much more intelligent in handling queries. They are known as a predictive chatbot. Instead of having to track the correct employeerelated forms, access multiple websites and spend time in completing tedious manual processes, employees can use the digital assistant to help them in easily updating their profile, adding a newborn family member to their insurance, check their leave balance, and more. The digital assistant can unify information from systems across the company—such as Human Capital Management (HCM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM)—and create one messaging flow for its interaction with the employee. Combining CRM with marketing automation tools also improves the company’s ability to market to customers and improve the customer experience. Such new advanced assistants help save money for the business and provide convenience to employees. 2. Robotic vacuum cleaner A popular iRobot is Roomba with a new, much smarter robotic vacuum. The Roomba 980 model uses Artificial Intelligence to scan room size, identify obstacles and remember the most efficient routes for cleaning. The self-deploying Roomba can also determine how much vacuuming is there to do based on a room’s size and it needs no human assistance to clean floors. This is one example of an AI tool that can be used in home cleaning. AI C ase Studies REAL-LIFE CONNECT 53 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 53 09-09-2021 07:26:40 PM
Blend bot SCIENCE Microorganisms are found everywhere. Most of them are harmful and cause several diseases when they enter our bodies. Unclean hands transfer most of the harmful microorganisms in raw and cooked food. Can microorganisms be useful too? Write any three uses of microorganisms. A technology enabled by AI ensures that only clean hands are touching food, doors, tables and utensils. A wall-mounted device uses spectroscopy to screen for disease-causing germs. Spectroscopy is the study of the absorption and emission of light and other radiations by matter. Light reflects from different surfaces differently – including bacteria. The algorithm on the device compares the reflected wavelengths and matches them against the signatures of common germs (E.coli, Salmonella, etc.) to indicate their presence. Can you think of other AI-enabled technology which uses spectroscopy? Name at least two. A. Tick (✓) the correct option. 1. Which of the following is an example of a humanoid? a. Sophia b. Chikoo c. Robot d. None of these 2. Which of the following are examples of smart assistants? a. Amazon’s Alexa b. Apple’s Siri c. Microsoft’s Cortana d. All of these 3. Which of the following can a humanoid do? a. Can give facial expressions b. Can communicate like a human c. Responds to our questions d. All of these 4. Which of the following cannot be an example of a smart reply? a. Thanks! b. Let’s do it! c. Sure, will let you know. d. I am sleeping. 5. Which of the following is a navigation software? a. OLA b. Zomato c. Google Map d. None of these 6. Which of the following is not a characteristic of smart home at present? a. High initial cost b. Needs constant high bandwidth c. Uses low-end technology d. Costly repairs and maintenance 7. Which of the following cannot be installed in a smart home? a. Smart TV b. Smart AC c. Smart Fan d. Smart beauty product 8. Which of the following Wi-Fi-based devices lets you control your home’s cooling and heating system with an app or using your voice? a. Smart thermostat b. Smart TV c. Smart watch d. Smart light bulb 9. Smart homes make use of: a. a set of devices and services that are connected to each other. b. the Internet connectivity. c. pre-set rules that must be followed by smart devices. d. All of these 10. Which of the following is IoT? a. Smart TV b. Smart locks c. Smart oven d. All of these EXERCISEBOT 54 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 54 09-09-2021 07:26:41 PM
B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Artificial Intelligence is an important part of AI-based apps as they learn from every single user ........................................ . 2. A virtual restaurant is also called a ........................................ . 3. Gmail claims that more than ........................................ of spam e-mails are filtered by using AI. 4. ........................................ are based on data that Google collects about you, such as your location, age, and other personal details. 5. ........................................ such as Google Maps find out the quickest route to your destination by calculations based on real-time traffic conditions. 6. ........................................ can set an alarm with color code. 7. ........................................ has sensors that can show you the video footage and can alert you when some visitor is at the front door. C. Write T for True or F for False. 1. The modern virtual keyboards are powered by machine learning algorithms to predict possible next words and auto-text completion. ............ 2. A human-like social humanoid robot has been developed by the company Hanson Robotics, India. ............ 3. Sophia is a male humanoid that received citizenship of Afghanistan. ............ 4. Google uses algorithms that make a list of items or links needed to be shown as a result of a search. ............ 5. In the future, AI will nurture business with its amazing data collection. ............ 6. Google Maps calculates traffic and constructs the quickest route to your destination. ............ 7. By using Artificial Intelligence, home automation becomes less useful. ............ 8. The smart speaker can control your home’s cooling and heating system with an app. ............ 9. Security is not a problem for smart homes. ............ 10. We can rely entirely on electronic devices and networks. ............ D. Short answer questions. 1. How does a virtual keyboard use AI? 2. Who has developed the humanoid Sophia? 3. What is a virtual restaurant? 4. How does the smart reply feature work in Gmail? 5. Define chatbots. Give two examples of chatbots. 6. Who launched the proactive detection feature? 7. Write two features of smart homes. 8. Write the names of any four smart gadgets used in smart homes. 9. Is Internet connection a challenge for smart homes? Give a reason to support your answer. 10. Write any two factors for a smart city. E. Long answer questions. 1. How can artificial assistants help in education? Write any three points. 55 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 55 09-09-2021 07:26:41 PM
2. Explain how the following apps use AI. a. Google Maps b. Uber c. Gmail d. Siri 3. Write a short note on smart homes. Write about any four smart devices commonly used in a smart home. 4. Write any four challenges for a smart home. 5. Define a smart city and write any four challenges faced by smart cities. F. Skill-based questions. 1. List at least five AI gadgets that can be installed in a hospital to make it a smart hospital. Give reason for your choice of each gadget. 2. What features would you want to include to make your school AI-enabled? List at least five such features. Give reasons for your choice. 3. What is a pandemic? Write about the latest pandemic faced by the world recently in 150 words. Does AI help in spreading awareness among people about early detection of the spread, cure, prevention and so on? Think of some ways in which AI can be used to help people in this situation. Are there any such systems presently that can be used during the pandemic? You must take a few precautions during the pandemic. Describe any two changed behaviours that you would like to continue for life and why? 4. Can you think and create an AI-based system to help parents to connect with the school without visiting the school. Answer the following questions: a. For whom would such a system be useful? b. What are the scenarios in which people would use this system? c. What should be the features in the system? d. How will AI be useful in developing such a system? e. Which domains of AI—NLP, Data or Computer Vision—will be used in developing this system? 5. Plan an AI-enabled gadget that can help visually challenged people to do their work effectively and easily. In the ai lab 1. Make a PowerPoint presentation on the topic ‘Artificial Intelligence around us’. 2. Prepare a report on Smart Homes and Smart Cities in Word. 3. Draw a picture of your dream AI-home in Paint. 4. Record the story of ‘Lion and Mouse’ using one of the storytelling software. Also, record any story from your English book. A i Projects 1. Create a job advertisement for the vacancy of a teacher in your AI-enabled school. Brainstorm about the skills needed by the teachers to work in the new environment. 2. There are many smart home hubs launched by different companies in the market. Research these different smart hubs and make a poster on the topic ‘Latest Smart Hubs’. Application skill Technical skill Life skill Problem-solving skill Creative-thinking skill 56 Artificial Intelligence_Book 8 (High Res PDF).indb 56 09-09-2021 07:26:41 PM