serway1 (1)

31

Faraday’s Law

CHAPTER OUTLINE ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

31.1 Faraday’s Law of Induction Q31.1 Magnetic flux measures the “flow” of the magnetic
31.2 Motional emf field through a given area of a loop—even though the
31.3 Lenz’s Law field does not actually flow. By changing the size of the
31.4 Induced emf and Electric Fields loop, or the orientation of the loop and the field, one
31.5 Generators and Motors can change the magnetic flux through the loop, but the
31.6 Eddy Currents magnetic field will not change.

*Q31.2 The emf is given by the negative of the time derivative
of the magnetic flux. We pick out the steepest downward
slope at instant F as marking the moment of largest emf.
Next comes A. At B and at D the graph line is horizon-
tal so the emf is zero. At E the flux graph slopes gently
upward so the emf is slightly negative. At C the emf has
its greatest negative value. The answer is then F > A >
B = D = 0 > E > C.

*Q31.3 (i) c (ii) b. The magnetic flux is ΦB = BA cosθ. Therefore the flux is a maximum when B is
perpendicular to the loop of wire and zero when there is no component of magnetic field

perpendicular to the loop. The flux is zero when the loop is turned so that the field lies in the

plane of its area.

*Q31.4 (i) Answer (c). The magnetic flux through the coil is constant in time, so the induced emf is zero.
(ii) Answer (a). Positive test charges in the leading and trailing sides of the square experience a

( )F = q v × B force that is in direction (to the right) × (perpendicularly into the plane away from

you) = toward the top of the square. The charges migrate upward to give positive charge to the
top of the square until there is a downward electric field large enough to prevent more charge
separation.

Q31.5 ( )By the magnetic force law F = q v × B : the positive charges in the moving bar will feel a

magnetic force in direction (right) × (perpendicularly out of the page) = downward toward the
bottom end of the bar. These charges will move downward and therefore clockwise in the circuit.

If the bar is moving to the left, the positive charge in the bar will flow upward and therefore coun-

terclockwise in the circuit.

*Q31.6 (i) No. A magnetic force acts within the front and back edges of the coil, but produces no current
and has no influence on the forward motion of the coil.

(ii) Yes. An induced current exists in the bar, which we can attribute either to an induced emf in
the loop or to magnetic force on free charges in the bar. Then a backward magnetic force acts on
the current and an external force must counterbalance it to maintain steady motion.

(iii) No. A magnetic force acts within the bar, but produces no current and has no influence on the
forward motion of the bar.

201

202 Chapter 31

Q31.7 As water falls, it gains speed and kinetic energy. It then pushes against turbine blades, transfer-

ring its energy to the rotor coils of a large AC generator. The rotor of the generator turns within a

strong magnetic field. Because the rotor is spinning, the magnetic flux through its turns changes

in time as ΦB = BA cosω t. Generated in the rotor is an induced emf of ε = −NdΦB . This
dt
induced emf is the voltage driving the current in our electric power lines.

Q31.8 Yes. The induced eddy currents on the surface of the aluminum will slow the descent of the alu-
minum. In a strong field the plate may fall very slowly.

*Q31.9 Answer (b). The rate of changes of flux of the external magnetic field in the turns of the coil is
doubled, to double the maximum induced emf.

Q31.10 The increasing counterclockwise
current in the solenoid coil pro-
duces an upward magnetic field that
increases rapidly. The increasing
upward flux of this field through
the ring induces an emf to produce
clockwise current in the ring. The
magnetic field of the solenoid has a
radially outward component at each
point on the ring. This field com-
ponent exerts upward force on the
current in the ring there. The whole
ring feels a total upward force larger
than its weight.

FIG. Q31.10

Q31.11 Oscillating current in the solenoid produces an always-changing magnetic field. Vertical flux

through the ring, alternately increasing and decreasing, produces current in it with a direction that

is alternately clockwise and counterclockwise. The current through the ring’s resistance converts
electrically transmitted energy into internal energy at the rate I 2R.

*Q31.12 (i) Answer (a). The south pole of the magnet produces an upward magnetic field that increases
as the magnet approaches the loop. The loop opposes change by making its own downward
magnetic field; it carries current clockwise, which goes to the left through the resistor.

(ii) Answer (b). The north pole of the magnet produces an upward magnetic field. The loop sees
decreasing upward flux as the magnet falls away, and tries to make an upward magnetic field of
its own by carrying current counterclockwise, to the right in the resistor.

(iii) Answer (c). The north pole of the magnet creates some downward flux through the section
of the coil straight below it, but the south pole creates an equal amount of upward flux. The net
flux through the coil due to the magnet is always zero so the induced emf is zero and the current
is zero.

Faraday’s Law 203

*Q31.13 (i) Answer (b). The battery makes counter-
clockwise current I1 in the primary coil,

so its magnetic field B1 is to the right and
increasing just after the switch is closed. The
secondary coil will oppose the change

with a leftward field B2, which comes from
an induced clockwise current I2 that goes
to the right in the resistor. The upper pair of
hands in the diagram represent this effect.

(ii) Answer (d). At steady state the primary
magnetic field is unchanging, so no emf is
induced in the secondary.

(iii) Answer (a). The primary’s field is to

the right and decreasing as the switch

is opened. The secondary coil opposes this FIG. Q31.13

decrease by making its own field to the right,

carrying counterclockwise current to the left in the resistor. The lower pair of hands diagrammed

represent this chain of events.

*Q31.14 A positive electric charge carried around a circular electric field line in the direction of the field
gains energy from the field every step of the way. It can be a test charge imagined to exist in
vacuum or it can be an actual free charge participating in a current driven by an induced emf. By
doing net work on an object carried around a closed path to its starting point, the magnetically-
induced electric field exerts by definition a nonconservative force. We can get a larger and larger
voltage just by looping a wire around into a coil with more and more turns.

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 31.1 Faraday’s Law of Induction
Section 31.3 Lenz’s Law

*P31.1 (a) ε = −N ∆BA cosθ = −1π r 2 ⎛ B f − Bi ⎞ = −⎣⎡π (0.00160 m)2 ⎤⎦ ⎛⎝⎜ 1.5 T − 0 ⎞⎟⎠1
∆t ⎝⎜ ∆t ⎟⎠ cosθ 0.120 s

= −(8.04 × 10−6 m2 )12.5 T/s

= 101 mV tending to produce clockwise current as seen from above

(b) The rate of change of magnetic field in this case is (–0.5 T – 1.5 T)/0.08 s = 25 T/s. It is
twice as large in magnitude and in the opposite sense from the rate of change in case (a), so

the emf is also twice as large in magnitude and in the opposite sense .

( ) ( )ε
P31.2 = ∆ΦB ∆ B⋅A (2.50 T − 0.500 T) 8.00 × 10−4 m2 ⎝⎜⎛1 1 N⋅s ⎞⎟⎠ ⎛⎜⎝11 V⋅C ⎟⎠⎞
∆t = ∆t T ⋅C⋅m N⋅m
=
1.00 s

ε = 1.60 mV and εI loop = = 1.60 mV = 0.800 mA
R 2.00 Ω

204 Chapter 31

P31.3 ε = −N ∆BA cosθ = − NBπ r 2 ⎛ cos θ f − cos θ i ⎞
∆t ⎜⎝ ∆t ⎟⎠

( )= −25.0 ⎡⎣π m)2 ⎤⎦⎛⎜⎝ cos180° − cos 0° ⎞⎟⎠
50.0 × 10−6 T (0.500 0.200 s

ε = +9.82 mV

*P31.4 (a) We evaluate the average emf:

ε = −N ∆BA cosθ = −Nπr2 ⎛ B f − Bi ⎞ cos θ = −12 ⎡⎣π (0.0210 m )2 ⎤⎦⎝⎜⎛ 0 − 0.11 T ⎟⎠⎞ cos 0°
∆t ⎝⎜ ∆t ⎠⎟ 0.180 s

= 0.0102 V

The average induced current will then be 0.0102 V/2.3 Ω = 4.42 mA. If the meter has a
sufficiently short response time, it will register the current. The average current may even
run the meter offscale by a factor of 4.42, so you might wish to slow down the motion of
the coil.

(b) Positive. The coil sees decreasing external magnetic flux toward you, so it makes some flux
of its own in this direction by carrying counterclockwise current, that enters the red termi-
nal of the ammeter.

P31.5 ε(a) = − dΦB = −A dB = ABmax e−t τ

dt dt τ

ε ( )(b) ( )0.350 T
= 0.160 m2 3.79 mV
e =−4.00 2.00
2.00 s

(c) At t = 0 ε = 28.0 mV

*P31.6 ε = −N dΦB = −N d (BA cosθ)

dt dt

( )ε ⎛ ∆A ⎞ ⎛ 39.0 × 10−4 m2 ⎞
= − NB cosθ ⎜⎝ ∆t ⎠⎟ = −200 50.0 × 10−6 T ( cos 62.0° ) ⎜⎝ 1.80 s ⎟⎠ = −10.2 µV

P31.7 Noting unit conversions from F = qv × B and U = qV , the induced voltage is

( ) )(ε = −N d
B⋅A = − N ⎛ 0 − Bi A cosθ ⎞ = +200(1.60 T) 0.200 m2 cos 0° ⎛ 1 N ⋅s ⎞ ⎛ 1 V ⋅ C⎞
dt ⎝ ∆t ⎠ ⎝1 T⋅C⋅m⎠ ⎝ N⋅m ⎠
20.0 × 10−3 s

= 3 200 V

I = ε = 3 200 V = 160 A

R 20.0 Ω

Faraday’s Law 205

∫(a) = µ0 I h+w µ0 IL dx µ0 IL ⎜⎛⎝ h + w ⎟⎠⎞
P31.8 dΦB = B ⋅ dA 2π x Ldx : ΦB = h 2π x = 2π ln h

(b) ε = − dΦB = −d ⎡ µ0 IL ln ⎛ h + w ⎞⎤ = − ⎡ µ0 L ln ⎛ h + w ⎞⎤ dI
dt dt ⎢⎣ 2π ⎝⎜ h ⎠⎟⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2π ⎜⎝ h ⎟⎠⎥⎦ dt

( )ε = −
4π × 10−7 T⋅m A (1.00 m) ln ⎛1.00 +10.0 ⎠⎞⎟(10.0 A s)
2π ⎝⎜ 1.00

= −4.80 µV

The long wire produces magnetic flux into the page through the rectangle, FIG. P31.8
shown by the first hand in the figure to the right.

As the magnetic flux increases, the rectangle produces its own magnetic
field out of the page, which it does by carrying counterclockwise
current (second hand in the figure).

P31.9 ε = d ( BA) = 0.500µ0 nA dI = 0.480 × 10−3 V
dt
dt

ε(a) = = 4.80 × 10−4 = 1.60 A
I ring R 3.00 × 10−4 counterclockwise

(b) Bring = µ0 I = 20.1 µT 5 cm I
2rring Iring

(c) The coil’s field points into the coil, and is increasing, 3 cm

so Bring points away from the center of the coil, or left . FIG. P31.9
in the textbook picture

P31.10 ε = d ( BA) = 0.500µ0 nA dI = 0.500µ0 nπ r22 ∆I
dt ∆t
dt

ε(a) µ0nπr22 ∆I
Iring = R = 2R ∆t counterclockwise I
Iring
r1
r2
(b) B = µ0 I = µ02nπr22 ∆I
2r1 4r1R ∆t FIG. P31.10

(c) The coil’s field points into the coil, and is increasing,
so Bring points away from the center of the coil, or left .
in the textbook picture

206 Chapter 31

P31.11 ( )ΦB = µ0nI Asolenoid

ε ( )= −N dΦB dI
dt dt
= −Nµ0n πr2
solenoid

( )( )ε = −15.0 4π ×10−7 T ⋅ m A 1.00 ×103 m−1 π (0.020 0 m)2 (600 A s) cos(120t)

ε = −14.2 cos(120t) mV

*P31.12 (a) ε = −20(130)4π × 10−7 (0 − 6[1]/13 × 10−6 )π(0.03)21/0.8 = 5.33 V

(b) A flat compact circular coil with 130 turns and radius 40.0 cm carries current 3.00 A coun-
terclockwise. The current is smoothly reversed to become 3.00 A clockwise after 13.0 ms.
At the center of this primary coil is a secondary coil in the same plane, with 20 turns and
radius 3.00 cm. Find the emf induced in the secondary.

P31.13 For a counterclockwise trip around the left-hand loop,
with B = At

( )d⎣⎡ At 2a2 cos 0°⎤⎦ − I1 (5R) − IPQ R = 0

dt

and for the right-hand loop,

d ⎡⎣ Ata 2 ⎤⎦ + IPQ R − I2 (3R) = 0
dt

where IPQ = I1 − I2 is the upward current in QP. FIG. P31.13

( )Thus, 2Aa2 − 5R IPQ + I2 − IPQ R = 0

and Aa2 + IPQ R = I2 (3R)

( )2Aa2 5
− 6 RI PQ − 3 Aa2 + IPQ R =0

I PQ = Aa2 upward, and since R = (0.100 Ω/m)(0.650 m) = 0.0650 Ω
23R

IPQ = ( )1.00 ×10−3 T s (0.650 m)2 = 283 µA upward .

23(0.065 0 Ω)

P31.14 ε = ∆ΦB = N ⎜⎛⎝ dB ⎠⎟⎞ A = N (0.010 0 + 0.080 0t ) A
∆t dt

At t = 5.00 s, ε = 30.0 (0.410 T s)⎣⎡π (0.040 0 m)2 ⎦⎤ = 61.8 mV

( )P31.15 B = µ0nI = µ0n (30.0 A) 1 − e−1.60t

∫ ( ) ∫ΦB = BdA = µ0n (30.0 A) 1 − e−1.60t dA

( )ΦB = µ0n (30.0 A) 1 − e−1.60t π R2

ε = −N dΦB = −Nµ0n (30.0 A) π R2 ( )1.60 e−1.60t
dt
FIG. P31.15

( )( )ε = −(250) 4π ×10−7 N A2 400 m−1 (30.0 A)⎡⎣π (0.060 0 m)2 ⎤⎦1.60 s e−1 −1.60t

ε = (68.2 )mV e−1.60t counterclockwise

Faraday’s Law 207

P31.16 (a) Suppose, first, that the central wire is long and straight. The enclosed current of unknown
amplitude creates a circular magnetic field around it, with the magnitude of the field given
by Ampère’s law.

∫ B⋅d s = µ0I: B = µ0 Imax sin ω t
2π R

at the location of the Rogowski coil, which we assume is centered on the wire. This field
passes perpendicularly through each turn of the toroid, producing flux

B ⋅ A = µ0 Imax A sinω t
2π R

The toroid has 2π Rn turns. As the magnetic field varies, the emf induced in it is

ε= −N d B ⋅ A = −2π Rn µ0 Imax A d sin ω t = −µ0 ImaxnAω cosω t
dt 2π R dt

This is an alternating voltage with amplitude εmax = µ0nAω Imax. Measuring the amplitude

determines the size Imax of the central current. Our assumptions that the central wire is
long and straight and passes perpendicularly through the center of the Rogowski coil are all

unnecessary.

(b) If the wire is not centered, the coil will respond to stronger magnetic fields on one side,
but to correspondingly weaker fields on the opposite side. The emf induced in the coil is
proportional to the line integral of the magnetic field around the circular axis of the toroid.
Ampère’s law says that this line integral depends only on the amount of current the coil
encloses. It does not depend on the shape or location of the current within the coil, or on
any currents outside the coil.

P31.17 ( )ε = d NB 2 cosθ = N 2∆B cosθ
dt ∆t

( )= ε ∆t =
80.0 ×10−3 V (0.400 s) = 1.36 m

( )N∆B cosθ (50) 600 ×10−6 T − 200 ×10−6 T cos(30.0°)

Length = 4 N = 4 (1.36 m)(50) = 272 m

P31.18 In a toroid, all the flux is confined to the inside of the
toroid.

B = µ0 NI = 500µ0 I
2πr 2πr

BdA = 500µ0 Imax sin ω t adr
2π r
∫ ∫ΦB =

ΦB = 500µ0 Imax a sinω t ln ⎛ b + R⎞
2π ⎝ R⎠

ε = N2 dΦB = 20 ⎛ 500µ0 I max ⎟⎠⎞ω a ln ⎛ b +R ⎞ cosω t FIG. P31.18
dt ⎝⎜ 2π ⎝⎜ R ⎟⎠

( )ε = 104 ⎛ (3.00 + 4.00) cm ⎞
4π × 10−7 N A2 (50.0 A) ( 377 rad s)(0.020 0 m) ln ⎜ ⎟ cosω t
2π ⎝ 4.00 cm ⎠

= (0.422 V) cosω t

208 Chapter 31

P31.19 The upper loop has area π (0.05 m)2 = 7.85 × 10−3 m2. The induced emf in it is

ε = −N d BA cosθ = −1A cos 0° dB = −7.85 × 10−3 m2 (2 T s) = −1.57 × 10−2 V

dt dt
The minus sign indicates that it tends to produce counterclockwise current, to make its own
magnetic field out of the page. Similarly, the induced emf in the lower loop is

ε = −NA cosθ dB = −π (0.09 m)2 2 T s = −5.09 ×10−2 V = +5.09 ×10−2 V to produce

dt

counterclockwise current in the lower loop, which becomes clockwise current in the upper loop .

The net emf for current in this sense around the figure 8 is
5.09 × 10−2 V − 1.57 × 10−2 V = 3.52 × 10−2 V.

It pushes current in this sense through series resistance [2π (0.05 m) + 2π (0.09 m)]3 Ω m = 2.64 Ω.
The current is I = ε = 3.52 ×10−2 V = 13.3 mA .

R 2.64 Ω

Section 31.2 Motional emf

Section 31.3 Lenz’s Law

P31.20 (a) For maximum induced emf, with positive charge at the top of the antenna,

( )F+ = q+ v × B , so the auto must move east .

ε=B v= ⎛ 65.0 × 103 m ⎞
( )(b) ⎜ ⎟ 4.58 × 10−4 V
5.00 × 10−5 T (1.20 m) ⎝ 3 600 s ⎠ cos 65.0° =

( )*P31.21 (a) ε = B v = 1.2 ×10−6 T (14.0 m) (70 m/s) = 1.18 ×10−3 V . A free positive test charge

in the wing feels a magnetic force in direction v × B = north × down = west. Then it
migrates west to make the left-hand wingtip positive.

(b) No change. The charges in the horizontally-moving wing respond only to the vertical
component of the Earth’s field.

(c) No. If we tried to connect the wings into a circuit with the light bulb, we would run an extra
insulated wire along the wing. With the wing it would form a one-turn coil, in which the
emf is zero as the coil moves in a uniform field.

P31.22 I = ε = B v = 2.5(1.2)v/6 = 0.5

RR

v = 1.00 m s

FIG. P31.22

Faraday’s Law 209

P31.23 (a) FB = I × B = I B

When I=ε

R

and ε = B v

we get FB = B v( B) = B2 2v = (2.50)2 (1.20)2 (2.00)
R
R 6.00 FIG. P31.23

= 3.00 N.

The applied force is 3.00 N to the right .

(b) P = I 2R = B2 2v2 = 6.00 W or P = Fv = 6.00 W

R

*P31.24 FB = I B and ε = B v

I=ε =B v so B = IR
v
RR
and I =
(a) FB = I2 R FBv = 0.500 A
v R

(b) I 2 R = 2.00 W

(c) For constant force, P = F ⋅ v = (1.00 N)(2.00 m s) = 2.00 W .

(d) The powers computed in parts (b) and (c) are mathematically equal. More profoundly, they
are physically identical. Each bit of energy delivered to the circuit mechanically immediately
goes through being electrically transmitted to the resistor and there becomes additional internal
energy. Counting the 2 W twice is like counting your lunch money twice.

P31.25 Observe that the homopolar generator has no commutator and

produces a voltage constant in time: DC with no ripple. In time
dt, the disk turns by angle dθ = ωdt. The outer brush slides over
distance rdθ. The radial line to the outer brush sweeps over area

dA = 1 rrdθ = 1 r2ωdt
22

The emf generated is ε = −N d B⋅A

dt dA 1
dt 2
ε = − (1) B cos 0º = − B ⎛ r 2ω ⎞
⎝ ⎠

(We could think of this as following from the result of the FIG. P31.25
example in the chapter text about the helicopter blade.)
The magnitude of the emf is

ε = B ⎝⎛⎜ 1 r 2ω ⎠⎞⎟ = (0.9 N⋅s C ⋅ m) ⎡ 1 (0.4 m)2 (3 200 rev min)⎤⎦⎥⎛⎜⎝ 2π rad rev ⎞
2 ⎢⎣ 2 60 s min ⎟
⎠

ε = 24.1 V

A free positive charge q shown, turning with the disk, feels a magnetic force qv × B
radially outward. Thus the outer contact is positive .

210 Chapter 31

P31.26 The speed of waves on the wire is

v= T= 267 N ⋅ m = 298 m s
µ 3 × 10−3 kg

In the simplest standing-wave vibration state,

dNN = 0.64 m = λ λ = 1.28 m
2

and f = v = 298 m s = 233 Hz
λ 1.28 m

(a) The changing flux of magnetic field through the circuit containing the wire will drive

current to the left in the wire as it moves up and to the right as it moves down. The emf

will have this same frequency of 233 Hz .

(b) The vertical coordinate of the center of the wire is described by

x = A cosω t = (1.5 cm)cos(2π 233t s).

Its velocity is v = dx = − (1.5 cm) (2π 233 s) sin (2π 233 t s).

dt

Its maximum speed is 1.5 cm (2π ) 233 s = 22.0 m s.

The induced emf is ε = −B v, with amplitude
εmax = B vmax = 4.50 × 10−3 T (0.02 m) 22 m s = 1.98 × 10−3 V .

P31.27 ω = (2.00 rev s)(2π rad rev) = 4.00π rad s

ε = 1 Bω 2 = 2.83 mV

2

P31.28 (a) Bext = Bext ˆi and Bext decreases; therefore, FIG. P31.28
the induced field is B0 = B0ˆi (to the right)
and the current in the resistor is directed
to the right .

( )(b) Bext = Bext −ˆi increases; therefore, the
( )induced field B0 = B0 +ˆi is to the right,

and the current in the resistor is directed

out of the plane in the textbook picture and

to the right in the diagram here.

( )(c) Bext = Bext −kˆ into the paper and Bext
decreases; therefore, the induced field is
( )B0 = B0 −kˆ into the paper, and the current in

the resistor is directed to the right .

( )(d) By the magnetic force law, FB = q v × B .

Therefore, a positive charge will move to the

top of the bar if B is into the paper .

Faraday’s Law 211

P31.29 (a) The force on the side of the coil entering the field
(consisting of N wires) is

F = N (ILB) = N (IwB)

The induced emf in the coil is

ε = N dΦB = N d (Bwx) = NBwv

dt dt

so the current is I = ε = NBwv counterclockwise.

RR
The force on the leading side of the coil is then:

F = N ⎛ NBwv ⎞ wB = N 2B2w2v to the left
⎝ R⎠ R

(b) Once the coil is entirely inside the field,

ΦB = NBA = constant,

so ε = 0, I = 0, and F = 0

FIG. P31.29

(c) As the coil starts to leave the field, the flux decreases at the rate Bwv, so the magnitude
of the current is the same as in part (a), but now the current is clockwise. Thus, the force
exerted on the trailing side of the coil is:

F = N 2B2w2v to the left again
R

P31.30 Look in the direction of ba. The bar magnet creates a field into the page, and the field increases.
The loop will create a field out of the page by carrying a counterclockwise current. Therefore,
current must flow from b to a through the resistor. Hence, Va − Vb will be negative .

P31.31 Name the currents as shown in the diagram:

Left loop: +Bdv2 − I2 R2 − I1R1 = 0

Right loop: +Bdv3 − I3R3 + I1R1 = 0

At the junction: I2 = I1 + I3

Then, Bdv2 − I1R2 − I3R2 − I1R1 = 0

I3 = Bd v3 + I1 R1 FIG. P31.31
R3 R3

So, Bdv2 − I1 (R1 + R2 ) − Bd v3 R2 − I1 R1 R2 = 0
R3 R3

I1 = ⎛ v2 R3 − v3R2 ⎞ upward
Bd ⎜ ⎟
⎝ R1R2 + R1R3 + R2 R3 ⎠

T) (0.100 ⎡ (4.00 m s)(15.0 Ω) − (2.00 m s)(10.0 Ω) ⎤
I1 = (0.010 0 m)⎢ Ω)(10.0 Ω) + (5.00 Ω)(15.0 Ω) + (10.0 Ω)(15.0 = 145 µA
(5.00 Ω)⎦⎥⎥
⎣⎢

upward.

212 Chapter 31

Section 31.4 Induced emf and Electric Fields

P31.32 (a) dB = 6.00t 2 − 8.00t ε = dΦB
dt
At t = 2.00 s, dt

E = π R2 (dB dt)

2π r2

= 8.00π (0.0250)2
2π (0.0500)

F = qE = 8.00 × 10−21 N FIG. P31.32

(b) When 6.00t 2 − 8.00t = 0, t = 1.33 s

P31.33 dB = 0.060 0t ε= dΦB = π r12 dB = 2πr1E
P31.34 dt dt dt
At t = 3.00 s,

⎛ π r12 ⎞ dB 0.020 0 m s)⎛⎝⎜1 1 N⋅s ⎞
( )E=⎜ ⎟ (3.00 T ⋅C⋅m ⎠⎟
⎝ 2πr1 ⎠ dt = 2 0.060 0 T s2

E = 1.80 ×10−3 N C perpendicular to r1 and counterclockwise FIG. P31.33

(a) ∫ E⋅d = dΦB
dt

2πrE = (πr2 ) dB so E = (9.87 mV m) cos(100π t )
dt

(b) The E field is always opposite to increasing B. Therefore it is clockwise .

Section 31.5 Generators and Motors

P31.35 (a) εmax = NABω = (1 000)(0.100)(0.200)(120π ) = 7.54 kV
(b) ε (t ) = NBAω sinω t = NBAω sinθ

ε is maximal when sinθ = 1 FIG. P31.35

or θ = ± π
2

so the plane of coil is parallel to B .

P31.36 For the alternator, ω = (3 000 rev min) ⎛ 2π rad ⎞ ⎛ 1 min ⎞ = 314 rad s
⎝⎜ 1 rev ⎠⎟ ⎝⎜ 60 s ⎠⎟

) )( (ε = −N dΦB d (314 s)sin(314t )
dt dt
= −250 ⎣⎡ 2.50 × 10−4 T ⋅ m2 cos ( 314t s)⎦⎤ = +250 2.50 × 10−4 T ⋅ m2

(a) ε = (19.6 V)sin(314t )

ε(b) max = 19.6 V

Faraday’s Law 213

( )( )P31.37 B = µ0nI = 4π ×10−7 T ⋅ m A 200 m−1 (15.0 A) = 3.77 ×10−3 T

( )For the small coil, ΦB = NB ⋅ A = NBA cosω t = NB πr2 cosω t.

Thus, ε = − dΦB = NBπr2ω sinω t

dt

ε = (30.0)(3.77 × 10−3 T)π (0.080 0 m)2 (4.00π )s−1 sin(4.00π t ) = (28.6 mV)sin(4.00π t )

P31.38 As the magnet rotates, the flux

through the coil varies sinusoidally 1
in time with ΦB = 0 at t = 0.
Choosing the flux as positive 0.5

when the field passes from left I/ Imax 0
0
to right through the area of the 0.5 1 1.5 2

coil, the flux at any time may be –0.5 t/T = (wt/2p)
written as ΦB = −Φmax sin ω t FIG. P31.38
so the induced emf is given by

ε= − dΦB = ω Φmax cosω t. –1
dt

The current in the coil is then

εI = = ω Φmax cosω t = Imax cosω t .

RR

850 mA

P31.39 120 V M To analyze the actual circuit, we model it as

850 mA

120 V 11.8 Ω

e back

(a) The loop rule gives +120 V − 0.85 A(11.8 εΩ) − back = 0 ε =back 110 V

(b) The resistor is the device changing electrical work input into internal energy:

P = I 2R = (0.85 A)2 (11.8 Ω) = 8.53 W

(c) With no motion, the motor does not function as a generator, and εback = 0. Then

120 V − Ic (11.8 Ω) = 0 Ic = 10.2 A

Pc = I 2 R = (10.2 A)2 (11.8 Ω) = 1.22 kW
c

214 Chapter 31

)P31.40 (a) (ΦB = BA cosθ = BA cosω t = (0.800 T) 0.010 0 m2 cos 2π (60.0)t
= (8.00 mT ⋅ m2 )cos(377t )

(b) ε = − dΦB = (3.02 V)sin(377t )

dt

(c) I = ε = (3.02 A)sin(377t )

R

(d) P = I 2R = (9.10 W)sin2 (377t )

(e) P = Fv = τω so τ = P = (24.1 mN ⋅ m)sin2 (377t)

ω

Section 31.6 Eddy Currents

P31.41 The current in the magnet creates an upward magnetic field, so the N and S poles on
the solenoid core are shown correctly. On the rail in front of the brake, the upward flux of B
increases as the coil approaches, so a current is induced here to create a downward magnetic field.
This is clockwise current, so the S pole on the rail is shown correctly. On the rail behind
the brake, the upward magnetic flux is decreasing. The induced current in the rail will produce
upward magnetic field by being counterclockwise as the picture correctly shows.

P31.42 (a) Consider an annulus of radius r, width dr, height b, and resistivity r. Around its circumfer-
ence, a voltage is induced according to

ε= −N d B⋅A = −1 d Bmax (cosω t)πr2 = + Bmaxπ r2ω sin ω t
dt dt
ρ = ρ(2π r)
The resistance around the loop is Ax bdr

The eddy current in the ring is dI = ε = Bmaxπ r2ω (sinω t )bdr = Bmaxrbωdr sinω t
2ρ
resistance ρ(2π r)

The instantaneous power is εdPi = dI = Bm2axπ r3bω 2dr sin2 ω t
2ρ

The time average of the function sin2 ω t = 1 − 1 cos 2ω t is 1 − 0 = 1
22 22

so the time-averaged power delivered to the annulus is

dP = Bm2axπ r3bω 2dr ∫ ∫P = dP = R Bm2axπbω 2 r3dr
4ρ
0 4ρ
The power delivered to the disk is

Bm2 axπ bω 2 ⎛ R4 − 0⎠⎟⎞ π B2 R4bω 2
4ρ ⎝⎜ 4 max
P = =
16ρ

(b) When Bmax gets two times larger, B2 and P get 4 times larger.
max

(c) When f and ω = 2π f double, ω 2 and P get 4 times larger.

(d) When R doubles, R4 and P become 24 = 16 times larger.

Faraday’s Law 215

P31.43 (a) At terminal speed,

Mg = FB = IwB = ⎜⎛⎝ ε ⎟⎞⎠ wB = ⎝⎜⎛ BwvT ⎞⎟⎠ wB = B 2 w 2 vT
R R
R

or vT = MgR
B2ω 2

(b) The emf is directly proportional to vT , but the
current is inversely proportional to R. A large R

means a small current at a given speed, so the loop
must travel faster to get FB = mg.

FIG. P31.43

(c) At a given speed, the current is directly proportional to the magnetic field. But the force

is proportional to the product of the current and the field. For a small B, the speed must

increase to compensate for both the small B and also the current, so vT ∝1/ B2.

Additional Problems

*P31.44 (a) The circuit encloses increasing flux of magnetic field into the page, so it tries to make its
own field out of the page, by carrying counterclockwise current.

(b) I = e/R = B v/R = (0.4 T 0.8 m 15 m/s)/48 Ω = 100 mA

(c) The magnetic field exerts a backward magnetic force on the induced current. With the
values in (b), this force is I B = 0.1 A 0.8 m 0.4 T = 0.032 N, much less than 0.6 N. The
speed of the bar increases until the backward magnetic force exerted on the current in the
bar is equal to 0.6 N. The terminal speed is given by 0.6 N = I B = (B )2v/R.

Then v = 0.6 N R/(B )2 = 0.6 N 48 Ω/(0.4 T 0.8 m)2 = 281 m/s .

(d) Fv = 0.6 N 281 m/s = 169 W

(e) The terminal speed becomes larger . The bar must move faster to generate a larger emf to
produce enough current in the larger resistance to feel the 0.6-N magnetic force.

(f) The power delivered to the circuit by the agent moving the bar, and then converted into

internal energy by the resistor, is described by P = Fv = F2R/ B2 2. Thus the power is

directly proportional to the resistance and becomes larger as the bulb heats up.

P31.45 ε = −N d ( BA cosθ ) = −N (πr2 ) cos 0° ⎛⎜⎝ dB ⎞⎠⎟
dt dt

( ) ( )ε = −(30.0)⎢⎡⎣π ⎦⎤⎥(1) d
2.70 ×10−3 m 2 dt ⎣⎡50.0 mT + (3.20 mT) sin 2π ⎡⎣523t s−1⎦⎤ ⎤⎦

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )ε = −(30.0)⎢⎣⎡π
2.70 ×10−3 m 2⎤ 3.20 ×10−3 T ⎡⎢⎣2π 523 s−1 cos 2π ⎡⎣523t s−1⎦⎤ ⎤
⎦⎥ ⎦

( ) ( )ε = − 7.22 ×10−3 V cos⎡⎣2π 523t s−1 ⎤⎦

216 Chapter 31

P31.46 ε = −N ∆ ( BA cos θ ) = −N (πr2 ) cos° ∆B = −1(0.005 00 m2 ) (1) ⎛1.50 T − 5.00 T ⎞ = 0.875 V
∆t ∆t ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 20.0 × 10−3 s ⎠

(a) I = ε = 0.875 V = 43.8 A

R 0.020 0 Ω

(b) P = ε I = (0.875 V)(43.8 A) = 38.3 W

P31.47 (a) Doubling the number of turns has this effect:

Amplitude doubles and period unchanged

(b) Doubling the angular velocity has this effect:

doubles the amplitude and cuts the period in half

(c) Doubling the angular velocity while reducing FIG. P31.47
the number of turns to one half the original value
has this effect:

Amplitude unchanged and period is cut in half

P31.48 In the loop on the left, the induced emf is

ε = dΦB = A dB = π (0.100 m)2 (100 T s) = π V

dt dt

and it attempts to produce a counterclockwise current
in this loop.

In the loop on the right, the induced emf is

ε = dΦB = π (0.150 m)2 (100 T s) = 2.25π V FIG. P31.48

dt

and it attempts to produce a clockwise current. Assume that I1 flows down through the 6.00-Ω
resistor, I2 flows down through the 5.00-Ω resistor, and that I3 flows up through the 3.00-Ω

resistor.

From Kirchhoff’s junction rule: I3 = I1 + I2 (1)
(2)
Using the loop rule on the left loop: 6.00I1 + 3.00I3 = π (3)

Using the loop rule on the right loop: 5.00I2 + 3.00I3 = 2.25π

Solving these three equations simultaneously, I3 = (p – 3I3)/6 + (2.25 p – 3I3)/5

I1 = 0.062 3 A , I2 = 0.860 A , and I3 = 0.923 A .

Faraday’s Law 217

P31.49 The emf induced between the ends of the moving bar is

ε = B v = (2.50 T)(0.350 m)(8.00 m s) = 7.00 V

The left-hand loop contains decreasing flux away from you, so the induced current in it will be

clockwise, to produce its own field directed away from you. Let I1 represent the current
flowing upward through the 2.00-Ω resistor. The right-hand loop will carry counterclockwise
current. Let I3 be the upward current in the 5.00-Ω resistor.

(a) Kirchhoff’s loop rule then gives: +7.00 V − I1 (2.00 Ω) = 0 I1 = 3.50 A

and +7.00 V − I3 (5.00 Ω) = 0 I3 = 1.40 A

(b) The total power converted in the resistors of the circuit is

P = ε I1 + ε I3 = ε (I1 + I3 ) = (7.00 V)(3.50 A + 1.40 A) = 34.3 W

(c) Method 1: The current in the sliding conductor is downward with value

I2 = 3.50 A + 1.40 A = 4.90 A. The magnetic field exerts a force of
Fm = I B = (4.90 A)(0.350 m)(2.50 T) = 4.29 N directed
toward the right

on this conductor. An outside agent must then exert a force of 4.29 N to the left to keep
the bar moving.

Method 2: The agent moving the bar must supply the power according to
P = F ⋅ v = Fv cos 0°. The force required is then:

F = P = 34.3 W = 4.29 N

v 8.00 m s

P31.50 ε εI = + induced and εinduced = − d ( BA)
dt
R

F = m dv = IBd
dt

ε εdv = IBd = Bd ( + )induced

dt m mR

dv = Bd (ε − Bvd) FIG. P31.50

dt mR

To solve the differential equation, let u = ε − Bvd

du = −Bd dv
dt dt
− 1 du = Bd u

Bd dt mR

so u du = t ( Bd )2 dt
u
∫ −∫ mR
u0 0

Integrating from t = 0 to t = t, ln u = − (Bd)2 t

u0 mR

or u = e− B2d2t mR
u0
Since v = 0 when t = 0,
and u0 = ε
u = ε − Bvd

ε ε− Bvd = e− B2d2t mR

Therefore, ε ( )v = 1 − e−B2d2t mR
Bd

218 Chapter 31

P31.51 Suppose we wrap twenty turns of wire into a flat compact circular coil of diameter 3 cm. Suppose
we use a bar magnet to produce field 10−3 T through the coil in one direction along its axis.
Suppose we then flip the magnet to reverse the flux in 10−1 s. The average induced emf is then

= −N ∆[BA cosθ ] = −NB(π r2
∆t
)ε = −N ∆ΦB ⎛ cos180° − cos 0°⎞
∆t ⎝ ∆t ⎠

( )ε π (0.0150 )2 ⎛ −2 ⎞ ~ 10−4 V
= −(20) 10−3 T m ⎝ 10−1 s⎠

P31.52 (a) I = dq = ε where ε = −N dΦB ∫ ∫so dq = N Φ2
dt R dt R
dΦB

Φ1

and the charge passing any point in the circuit will be Q = N (Φ2 − Φ1 ).
R

(b) Q = N ⎢⎣⎡BA cos 0 − BA cos ⎛ π ⎞ ⎤ = BAN
R ⎜⎝ 2 ⎠⎟ ⎥⎦ R

))( (so
B= RQ (200 Ω) 5.00 × 10−4 C = 0.250 T
NA = (100) 40.0 × 10−4 m2

P31.53 I=ε =B A

R R ∆t

so q = I ∆t = (15.0 µT)(0.200 m)2 = 1.20 µC

0.500 Ω

P31.54 The enclosed flux is ΦB = BA = Bπ r2

The particle moves according to ∑F = ma: qvB sin 90° = mv2
r
Then
r = mv
qB

ΦB = Bπ m2v2
q2B2

15 ×10−6 T ⋅ m2 30 ×10−9 C 2 (0.6 T)
( ( )( ) )(a)
v= ΦBq2B = π 2 × 10−16 kg 2 = 2.54 ×105 m s
π m2

(b) Energy for the particle-electric field system is conserved in the firing process:

Ui = K f: q∆V = 1 mv2
2

( )( )∆V = mv2 =
( )2q
2 × 10−16 kg 2.54 × 105 m s 2 = 215 V

2 30 × 10−9 C

Faraday’s Law 219

P31.55 (a) ε = B v = 0.360 V I = ε = 0.900 A

R

(b) FB = I B = 0.108 N

(c) Since the magnetic flux B ⋅ A is in effect decreasing, the
induced current flow through R is

from b to a. Point b is at higher potential.

(d) No . Magnetic flux will increase through a loop to the FIG. P31.55

left of ab. Here counterclockwise current will flow to I
produce upward magnetic field. The current in R is still from b to a.

P31.56 ε = B v at a distance r from wire

ε = ⎛⎝⎜ µ0 I ⎠⎞⎟ v
2πr

FIG. P31.56

P31.57 ε = − d ( NBA) = −1⎝⎛⎜ dB ⎠⎟⎞ π a2 = πa2K
dt dt

(a) Q = Cε = Cπa2K

(b) B into the paper is decreasing; therefore, current will attempt to counteract this. Positive
charge will go to upper plate .

(c) The changing magnetic field through the enclosed area induces an electric field ,
surrounding the B -field, and this pushes on charges in the wire.

*P31.58 (a) We would need to know whether the field is increasing or decreasing.

(b) P =εI =ε2/R = ⎛ dB πr2 cos 0°⎞⎠⎟ 2 R
⎜⎝ N dt

⎛ dB ⎞ 2 P = ⎣⎡220(0.020 T/s)π (0.12 m)2 ⎦⎤2 = 248 mΩ
⎝⎜ dt ⎠⎟ 160 W
R = N πr2

Higher resistance would reduce the power delivered.

P31.59 The flux through the coil is ΦB = B ⋅ A = BA cosθ = BA cosω t. The induced emf is

ε = −N dΦB = −NBA d (cosω t ) = NBAω sinω t

dt dt

( )(a) εmax = NBAω = 60.0 (1.00 T) 0.100 × 0.200 m2 (30.0 rad s) = 36.0 V

(b) dΦB = ε , thus dΦB ε= max = 36.0 V = 0.600 V = 0.600 Wb s
dt N dt max N 60.0

(c) At t = 0.050 0 s, ω t = 1.50 rad and

ε = εmax sin(1.50 rad) = (36.0 V)sin(1.50 rad) = 35.9 V

(d) The torque on the coil at any time is in magnitude

τ = µ×B = NIA × B = (NAB) I sinω t = ⎜⎛⎝ εmax ⎠⎞⎟ ⎛ ε ⎞ sinω t
⎝ ⎠
ω R

When ε ε= max , sinω t = 1.00 and ε2 = (36.0 V)2 = 4.32 N ⋅ m .
(30.0 rad s) (10.0 Ω)
τ = max
ωR

220 Chapter 31

P31.60 (a) We use ε = −N ∆ΦB , with N = 1.

∆t
Taking a = 5.00 × 10−3 m to be the radius of the washer, and h = 0.500 m,

∆Φ B = B2 A − B1A = A ( B2 − B1 ) = πa2 ⎛ 2π µ0 I a) − µ0I ⎞
⎝⎜ 2π a⎠⎟
(h +

= a2µ0 I ⎛ h 1 a − 1⎞ = − µ0 ahI
2 ⎝ + a⎠
2(h + a)

The time for the washer to drop a distance h (from rest) is: ∆t = 2h .
g

Therefore, ε = µ0ahI = µ0ahI g = µ0aI gh

2 (h + a) ∆t 2 (h + a) 2h 2 (h + a) 2

and ε = (4π )(× 10−7 T ⋅ m A 5.00 × 10−3 m)(10.0 A) (9.80 m s2 )(0.500 m)

2(0.500 m + 0.005 00 m) 2

= 97.4 nV

(b) Since the magnetic flux going through the washer (into the plane of the paper) is
decreasing in time, a current will form in the washer so as to oppose that decrease.
Therefore, the current will flow in a clockwise direction .

P31.61 Find an expression for the flux through a rectangular area “swept I r v vt
out” by the bar in time t. The magnetic field at a distance x from
wire is

∫B = µ0 I

2π x
and ΦB = BdA. Therefore,

= µ0 I vt r+ dx where vt is the distance the bar has moved in
2π r x
∫ΦB FIG. P31.61

time t.

Then, ε = dΦB = µ0 I v ln ⎛⎝⎜1 + r ⎞⎠⎟ .
2π
dt

P31.62 The magnetic field at a distance x from a long wire is B = µ0 I . We find an expression for the
2π x
flux through the loop.

dΦB = µ0I ( dx) ∫so ΦB = µ0 I r+w ln ⎜⎝⎛1 + w ⎞
2π r ⎠⎟
2π x dx = µ0 I
r x 2π

Therefore, ε = − dΦB = µ0I v w and I = ε = µ0I v w
dt 2πr
(r + w) R 2π Rr (r + w)

Faraday’s Law 221

P31.63 We are given ( )ΦB = 6.00t 3 − 18.0t 2 T ⋅ m2
and
ε = − dΦB = −18.0t 2 + 36.0t
Maximum e occurs when
dt
which gives
Therefore, the maximum current (at t = 1.00 s ) is dε = −36.0t + 36.0 = 0

dt

t = 1.00 s

I = ε = (−18.0 + 36.0) V = 6.00 A

R 3.00 Ω

P31.64 For the suspended mass, M: ∑ F = Mg − T = Ma.

For the sliding bar, m: ∑ F = T − I B = ma, where I=ε =B v

RR

Mg − B2 2v = (m + M ) a or a = dv = Mg − B2 2v

R dt m + M R (M + m)

v (α dv = t dt where α= Mg and β= B2 2
M +m
∫ − βv) ∫ R(M + m)

0 0

Therefore, the velocity varies with time as ( )v = α 1 − e−βt = MgR ⎣⎡1 − e− B2 2t R(M +m) ⎤⎦
β B2 2

P31.65 Suppose the field is vertically down. When an electron is moving away
from you the force on it is in the direction given by

qv × Bc as − (away) × down = − = −left = right.

Therefore, the electrons circulate clockwise. FIG. P31.65

(a) As the downward field increases, an emf is induced to produce some
current that in turn produces an upward field. This current is

directed counterclockwise, carried by negative electrons moving clockwise.

Therefore the original electron motion speeds up.

∑(b) At the circumference, we have Fc = mac: q vBc sin 90° = mv2
r

mv = q rBc

The increasing magnetic field Bav in the area enclosed by the orbit produces a tangential
electric field according to

∫ E⋅ds = −d Bav ⋅A E (2πr) = πr2 dBav E = r dBav
dt 2 dt
dt

∑An electron feels a tangential force according to Ft = mat: q E = m dv
dt

Then q r dBav = m dv q r Bav = mv = q rBc
and 2 dt dt 2

Bav = 2Bc

222 Chapter 31

B = µ0I ,
2π y
( )The induced emf is ε = B s2
*P31.66 (a) v where vf = vi + gt = 9.80 m t, and

( )yf= − 1 gt 2 = − s2 t2
yi 2 0.800 m 4.90 m

) ) )( ( (ε = 4π × 10−7 T ⋅ m A (200 A) (0.300 m) 9.80 m s2 t =
)(2π ⎡⎣0.800 m − 4.90 m s2 t 2 ⎦⎤
1.18 × 10−4 t
⎡⎣0.800 − 4.90t 2 ⎦⎤ V

(b) The emf is zero at t = 0.

(c) The emf diverges to infinity at 0.404 s.

)(d)
At t = 0.300 s, ε = (1.18 × 10−4 (0.300) ⎦⎤ V= 98.3 µV .

⎣⎡0.800 − 4.90(0.300)2

P31.67 The magnetic field produced by the current in the straight wire is per-

pendicular to the plane of the coil at all points within the coil. The

magnitude of the field is B = µ0 I . Thus, the flux linkage is
2πr

µ0 NIL h+w dr µ0 NImax L h + w⎞
2π r 2π h⎠
∫N Φ B = = ln ⎛ sin (ω t + φ)
⎝
h

Finally, the induced emf is

ε = − µ0 NI max Lω ln ⎝⎜⎛1 + w ⎠⎞⎟ cos (ωt + φ) FIG. P31.67
2π h

ε = − (4π ×10−7 ) (100) (50.0) (0.200 m) (200π )s−1 ln ⎛⎜⎝1+ 5.00 cm ⎟⎠⎞ cos (ωt +φ)
5.00 cm
2π

ε = − (87.1 mV) cos (200πt + φ)

The term sin (ωt + φ) in the expression for the current in the straight wire does not change appre-

ciably when ωt changes by 0.10 rad or less. Thus, the current does not change appreciably during

a time interval

0.10 = 1.6 × 10−4 s
200π s−1
( )∆t <

( ) ( )We define a critical length c∆t = 3.00 ×108 m s 1.6 ×10−4 s = 4.8 ×104 m equal to the distance

to which field changes could be propagated during an interval of 1.6 × 10−4 s. This length is so
much larger than any dimension of the coil or its distance from the wire that, although we con-
sider the straight wire to be infinitely long, we can also safely ignore the field propagation effects
in the vicinity of the coil. Moreover, the phase angle can be considered to be constant along the
wire in the vicinity of the coil.

If the angular frequency w were much larger, say, 200π × 105 s−1, the corresponding critical

length would be only 48 cm. In this situation propagation effects would be important and the
above expression for ε would
require modification. As a general rule we can consider fiωel,dthat
propagation effects for circuits of laboratory size to be negligible for frequencies, f = 2π

are less than about 106 Hz.

Faraday’s Law 223

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P31.2 0.800 mA

P31.4 (a) If the meter has a sufficiently short response time, it will register the current. The average
current may even run the meter offscale by a factor of 4.42, so you might wish to slow down the
motion of the coil. (b) Positive. The coil sees decreasing external magnetic flux toward you, so
it makes some flux of its own in this direction by carrying counterclockwise current, that enters
the red terminal of the ammeter.

P31.6 –10.2 mV

P31.8 (a) (m0IL/2p) ln(1 + w/h) (b) –4.80 mV; current is counterclockwise

P31.10 (a) µ0nπr22 ∆I counterclockwise (b) µ02nπ r22 ∆I (c) left
P31.12 2R ∆t
4r1R ∆t

(a) 5.33 V (b) A flat compact circular coil with 130 turns and radius 40.0 cm carries current
3.00 A counterclockwise. The current is smoothly reversed to become 3.00 A clockwise after
13.0 ms. At the center of this primary coil is a secondary coil in the same plane, with 20 turns and
radius 3.00 cm. Find the emf induced in the secondary.

P31.14 61.8 mV

P31.16 (a) See the solution. (b) If the wire is not centered, the coil will respond to stronger magnetic
fields on one side, but to correspondingly weaker fields on the opposite side. The emf induced
in the coil is proportional to the line integral of the magnetic field around the circular axis of the
toroid. Ampère’s law says that this line integral depends only on the amount of current the coil
encloses. It does not depend on the shape or location of the current within the coil, or on any
currents outside the coil.

P31.18 (0.422 V)cos w t

P31.20 (a) eastward (b) 458 mV

P31.22 1.00 m s

P31.24 (a) 500 mA (b) 2.00 W (c) 2.00 W (d) They are physically identical.

P31.26 (a) 233 Hz (b) 1.98 mV

P31.28 (a) to the right (b) out of the plane of the paper (c) to the right (d) into the paper

P31.30 Negative; see the solution.
P31.32 (a) 8.00 × 10−21 N downward perpendicular to r1 (b) 1.33 s

P31.34 (a) (9.87 mV m) cos (100πt) (b) clockwise

P31.36 (a) (19.6 V)sin (314t ) (b) 19.6 V

P31.38 See the solution.

224 Chapter 31

P31.40 (a) 8.00 Wb cos(377t) (b) 3.02 V sin(377t) (c) 3.02 A sin(377t) (d) 9.10 Wsin2 (377t)
(e) 24.1 mN·m sin2(377t)

π B2 R 4 bω 2
max
P31.42 (a) (b) 4 times larger (c) 4 times larger (d) 16 times larger
P31.44 16ρ

(a) counterclockwise (b) 100 mA (c) The speed of the bar increases until the backward mag-
netic force exerted on the current in the bar is equal to 0.6 N. The terminal speed is 281 m/s
(d) 169 W (e) The terminal speed becomes larger. The bar must move faster to generate a larger
emf to produce enough current in the larger resistance to feel the 0.6-N magnetic force.
(f) The power delivered to the circuit by the agent moving the bar, and then converted into

internal energy by the resistor, is described by P = Fv = F2R/B2 2. Thus the power is directly

proportional to the resistance.

P31.46 (a) 43.8 A (b) 38.3 W

P31.48 62.3 mA down through 6.00 Ω, 860 mA down through 5.00 Ω, 923 mA up through 3.00 Ω

P31.50 See the solution.

P31.52 (a) See the solution. (b) 0.250 T

P31.54 (a) 254 km/s (b) 215 V

P31.56 See the solution.

P31.58 (a) We would need to know whether the field is increasing or decreasing. (b) 248 m Ω. Higher
resistance would reduce the power delivered.

P31.60 (a) 97.4 nV (b) clockwise

P31.62 µ0 I v w

2π Rr (r + w)

P31.64 MgR ⎣⎡1 − e− B2 2t R(M +m)⎤
P31.66 B2 2 ⎦

(a) 118t mV/(0.8 − 4.9t2) where t is in seconds. (b) The emf is zero at t = 0. (c) The emf
diverges to infinity at 0.404. (d) 98.3 mV

32

Inductance

CHAPTER OUTLINE ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

32.1 Self-Induction and Inductance Q32.1 The coil has an inductance regardless of the nature of the
32.2 RL Circuits current in the circuit. Inductance depends only on the coil
32.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field geometry and its construction. Since the current is con-
32.4 Mutual Inductance stant, the self-induced emf in the coil is zero, and the coil
32.5 Oscillations in an LC Circuit does not affect the steady-state current. (We assume the
32.6 The RLC Circuit resistance of the coil is negligible.)

Q32.2 The inductance of a coil is determined by (a) the geometry
of the coil and (b) the “contents” of the coil. This is similar
to the parameters that determine the capacitance of a
capacitor and the resistance of a resistor. With an inductor,
the most important factor in the geometry is the number
of turns of wire, or turns per unit length. By the “contents”
we refer to the material in which the inductor establishes
a magnetic field, notably the magnetic properties of the
core around which the wire is wrapped.

*Q32.3 The emf across an inductor is zero whenever the current is constant, large or small. Answer (d).

*Q32.4 The fine wire has considerable resistance, so a few seconds is many time constants. The final
current is not affected by the inductance of the coil. Answer (c).

*Q32.5 The inductance of a solenoid is proportional to the number of turns squared, to the cross-sectional
area, and to the reciprocal of the length. Coil A has twice as many turns with the same length of
wire, so its circumference must be half as large as that of coil B. Its radius is half as large and its
area one quarter as large. For coil A the inductance will be different by the factor 22(1/4)(1/2) =
1/2. Answer (e).

Q32.6 When it is being opened. When the switch is initially standing open, there is no current in the
circuit. Just after the switch is then closed, the inductor tends to maintain the zero-current
condition, and there is very little chance of sparking. When the switch is standing closed, there
is current in the circuit. When the switch is then opened, the current rapidly decreases. The
induced emf is created in the inductor, and this emf tends to maintain the original current.
Sparking occurs as the current bridges the air gap between the contacts of the switch.

*Q32.7 Just before the switch is thrown, the voltage across the twelve-ohm resistor is very nearly 12 V.
Just after the switch is thrown, the current is nearly the same, maintained by the inductor. The
voltage across the 1 200-Ω resistor is then much more than 12 V. By Kirchhoff's loop rule,
the voltage across the coil is larger still: ∆VL > ∆V1 200 Ω > 12.0 V > ∆V12 Ω.

225

226 Chapter 32

*Q32.8 (i) (a) The bulb glows brightly right away, and then more and more faintly as the capacitor
charges up. (b) The bulb gradually gets brighter and brighter, changing rapidly at first and then
more and more slowly. (c) The bulb gradually gets brighter and brighter. (d) The bulb
glows brightly right away, and then more and more faintly as the inductor starts carrying more
and more current.

(ii) (a) The bulb goes out immediately. (b) The bulb glows for a moment as a spark jumps
across the switch. (c) The bulb stays lit for a while, gradually getting fainter and fainter.
(d) The bulb suddenly glows brightly. Then its brightness decreases to zero, changing rapidly at
first and then more and more slowly.

*Q32.9 The wire’s magnetic field goes in circles around it. We want this field to “shine” perpendicularly
through the area of the coil. Answer (c).

Q32.10 A physicist’s list of constituents of the universe in 1829 might include matter, light, heat, the stuff
of stars, charge, momentum, and several other entries. Our list today might include the quarks,
electrons, muons, tauons, and neutrinos of matter; gravitons of gravitational fields; photons of
electric and magnetic fields; W and Z particles; gluons; energy; momentum; angular momentum;
charge; baryon number; three different lepton numbers; upness; downness; strangeness; charm;
topness; and bottomness. Alternatively, the relativistic interconvertibility of mass and energy,
and of electric and magnetic fields, can be used to make the list look shorter. Some might think
of the conserved quantities energy, momentum, … bottomness as properties of matter, rather than
as things with their own existence. The idea of a field is not due to Henry, but rather to Faraday,
to whom Henry personally demonstrated self-induction. Still the thesis stated in the question has
an important germ of truth. Henry precipitated a basic change if he did not cause it. The biggest
difference between the two lists is that the 1829 list does not include fields and today’s list does.

*Q32.11 The energy stored in the magnetic field of an inductor is proportional to the square of the current.
Doubling I makes U = 1 LI 2 get four times larger. Answer (a).
2

*Q32.12 Cutting the number of turns in half makes the inductance four times smaller. Doubling the
current would by itself make the stored energy four times larger, to just compensate. Answer (b).

Q32.13 The energy stored in a capacitor is proportional to the square of the electric field, and the energy stored
in an induction coil is proportional to the square of the magnetic field. The capacitor’s energy is
proportional to its capacitance, which depends on its geometry and the dielectric material inside. The
coil’s energy is proportional to its inductance, which depends on its geometry and the core mate-
rial. On the other hand, we can think of Henry’s discovery of self-inductance as fundamentally new.
Before a certain school vacation at the Albany Academy about 1830, one could visualize the universe
as consisting of only one thing, matter. All the forms of energy then known (kinetic, gravitational,
elastic, internal, electrical) belonged to chunks of matter. But the energy that temporarily maintains a
current in a coil after the battery is removed is not energy that belongs to any bit of matter. This energy
is vastly larger than the kinetic energy of the drifting electrons in the wires. This energy belongs to
the magnetic field around the coil. Beginning in 1830, Nature has forced us to admit that the universe
consists of matter and also of fields, massless and invisible, known only by their effects.

Inductance 227

*Q32.14 (a) The instant after the switch is closed, the situation is IL = 0 + – ∆VL = e 0
as shown in the circuit diagram of Figure (a).
The requested quantities are: IR = e 0/R

ε εIL 0 Q=0 ∆VR = e 0
= 0, IC = 0, IR = ∆VC = 0
R R
IC = e 0/R + –
ε ε∆VL = 0 , ∆VC = 0, ∆VR = 0 e
0

(b) After the switch has been closed a long time, the Figure (a)
steady-state conditions shown in Figure (b) will
exist. The currents and voltages are: IL = 0 + – ∆VL = 0

IL = 0, IC = 0, IR = 0 IR = 0

ε∆VL = 0, ∆VC = 0 , ∆VR = 0 Q = Ce 0 ∆VR = 0
∆VC = e 0
+ –
e
0

Figure (b)

FIG. Q32.14

*Q32.15 (i) Answer (a). The mutual inductance of two loops in free space—that is, ignoring the use of
cores—is a maximum if the loops are coaxial. In this way, the maximum flux of the primary loop
will pass through the secondary loop, generating the largest possible emf given the changing
magnetic field due to the first.

(ii) Answer (c). The mutual inductance is a minimum if the magnetic field of the first coil lies in
the plane of the second coil, producing no flux through the area the second coil encloses.

Q32.16 When the capacitor is fully discharged, the current in the circuit is a maximum. The inductance of
the coil is making the current continue to flow. At this time the magnetic field of the coil contains
all the energy that was originally stored in the charged capacitor. The current has just finished
discharging the capacitor and is proceeding to charge it up again with the opposite polarity.

Q32.17 If R > 4L , then the oscillator is overdamped—it will not oscillate. If R < 4L , then the
CC

oscillator is underdamped and can go through several cycles of oscillation before the radiated
signal falls below background noise.

Q32.18 An object cannot exert a net force on itself. An object cannot create momentum out of nothing.
A coil can induce an emf in itself. When it does so, the actual forces acting on charges in
different parts of the loop add as vectors to zero. The term electromotive force does not refer to
a force, but to a voltage.

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 32.1 Self-Induction and Inductance

P32.1 ε = −L ∆I = (−2.00 H)⎝⎜⎛ 0 − 0.500 A⎞ ⎛ 1 V⋅s ⎞ = 100 V
∆t 0.010 0 s ⎠⎟ ⎝1 H⋅A⎠

P32.2 Treating the telephone cord as a solenoid, we have:

( ) ( )L = µ0 N 2A = 4π × 10−7 T ⋅ m A (70.0)2 π 6.50 × 10−3 m 2 = 1.36 µH
0.600 m

228 Chapter 32

( )ε = −L dI d
dt dt
*P32.3 = −L ( I max sinω t) = − Lω I max cosω t = − 10.0 ×10−3 (120π )(5.00) cosω t

ε = −(6.00π ) cos(120π t) = −(18.8 V) cos(377t)

P32.4 From ε = L ⎛ ∆I ⎞ , we have L = ε = 24.0 × 10−3 V = 2.40 × 10−3 H
P32.5 ⎝ ∆t ⎠ 10.0 A s
(∆I ∆t )

( )ΦB
From L = NΦB , we have = LI = 2.40 × 10−3 H (4.00 A) 19.2 µT ⋅ m2
I N
=
500

( )L = µ0 N 2A = µ0 (420)2 3.00 × 10−4 = 4.16 × 10−4 H
0.160

ε = −L dI → dI = −ε = −175 ×10−6 V = −0.421 A s
dt dt 4.16 ×10−4 H
L

P32.6 ( ) ( )ε = L dI = 90.0 ×10−3 d t2 − 6t V
dt dt

(a) At t = 1.00 s, ε = 360 mV
(b) At t = 4.00 s, ε = 180 mV

( )(c) ε = 90.0 ×10−3 (2t − 6) = 0

when t = 3.00 s

P32.7 (a) B = µ0 nI = µ0 ⎛ 450 ⎞ (0.040 0 A) = 188 µT
⎝ 0.120 ⎠

(b) ΦB = BA = 3.33 × 10−8 T ⋅ m2

(c) L = NΦB = 0.375 mH
I

(d) B and ΦB are proportional to current; L is independent of current.

P32.8 L = NΦB = NBA ≈ NA ⋅ µ0 NI = µ0 N 2A
I I I 2π R 2π R

P32.9 ε ε= e− kt = −L dI
dt
0

FIG. P32.8

εdI = − 0 e−kt dt εI = 0 e−kt = dq

L kL dt

If we require I → 0 as t → ∞, the solution is

∞ εQ= 0

∫ ∫ ε εQ = Idt = 0 e−ktdt = − 0 k2L

0 kL k2 L

Inductance 229

Section 32.2 RL Circuits

P32.10 Taking τ = L , I = Iie−t τ : dI = I i e−t τ ⎛⎝⎜− 1 ⎞
R dt τ ⎟⎠

IR + L dI = 0 will be true if ( )Ii R e−t τ + L ⎝⎛− 1 ⎞
dt Iie−t τ τ ⎠ = 0

Because τ = L , we have agreement with 0 = 0.
R

I (t) = ε (1− e−t τ ) I (A)
R
P32.11 (a) At time t, Imax
where τ = L = 0.200 s 1
After a long time, R 0.2 0.4
FIG. P32.11
At I (t ) = 0.500Imax ( )ε εImax = 0.5
1 − e−∞ 0 t (s)
so = 0.6

RR

( )ε ε 1 − e−t 0.200 s 0

(0.500) =

RR

0.500 = 1 − e−t 0.200 s

Isolating the constants ( )ln e−t 0.200 s = ln(0.500)
on the right,

and solving for t, − t = −0.693
or 0.200 s

t = 0.139 s

(b) Similarly, to reach 90% of Imax , 0.900 = 1 − e−t τ
and
Thus, t = −τ ln(1− 0.900)
t = − (0.200 s)ln(0.100) = 0.461 s

*P32.12 The current increases from 0 to asymptotically I
approach 500 mA. In case (a) the current jumps up 500 mA
essentially instantaneously. In case (b) it increases (a)
with a longer time constant, and in case (c) the increase 0 (b) (c)
is still slower.
0
FIG. P32.12 t

230 Chapter 32

P32.13 (a) τ = L = 2.00 × 10−3 s = 2.00 ms
(b) R
(c)
( ) ( )I = Imax 1 − e−t τ ⎛ 6.00 V ⎞
= ⎝ 4.00 Ω ⎠ 1 − e−0.250 2.00 = 0.176 A

I max = ε = 6.00 V = 1.50 A
4.00 Ω
R FIG. P32.13

(d) 0.800 = 1 − e−t 2.00 ms → t = − (2.00 ms)ln(0.200) = 3.22 ms

P32.14 ε ( ) ( )I = 1 − e−t τ = 120 1 − e−1.80 7.00 = 3.02 A
R 9.00

∆VR = IR = (3.02)(9.00) = 27.2 V

∆VL = ε − ∆VR = 120 − 27.2 = 92.8 V

P32.15 (a) ∆VR = IR = (8.00 Ω)(2.00 A) = 16.0 V

and ∆VL = ε − ∆VR = 36.0 V − 16.0 V = 20.0 V

Therefore, ∆VR = 16.0 V = 0.800
∆VL 20.0 V

(b) ∆VR = IR = (4.50 A)(8.00 Ω) = 36.0 V FIG. P32.15

∆VL = ε − ∆VR = 0

P32.16 After a long time, 12.0 V = (0.200 A) R. Thus, R = 60.0 Ω. Now, τ = L gives

R

)L = τ (R = 5.00 × 10−4 s (60.0 V A) = 30.0 mH

( )P32.17 I = Imax 1− e−t τ : ( )dI = e−t τ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎝ τ ⎠
dt
− Imax −

τ = L = 15.0 H = 0.500 s: εdI R τ
R 30.0 Ω L
dt
= I max e− t and Imax = R

(a) t = 0: dI = R I max e0 =ε = 100 V = 6.67 A s
dt L 15.0 H
L

ε(b) t = 1.50 s: ( ) ( )dI = e−t τ = 6.67 A s e =−1.50 (0.500) 6.67 A s e−3.00 = 0.332 A s

dt L

P32.18 Name the currents as shown. By Kirchhoff’s laws:

I1 = I2 + I3 (1)
(2)
+10.0 V − 4.00I1 − 4.00I2 = 0 (3)

+10.0 V − 4.00I1 − 8.00I3 − (1.00) dI3 = 0 FIG. P32.18

dt

continued on next page

Inductance 231

From (1) and (2), +10.0 − 4.00I1 − 4.00I1 + 4.00I3 = 0
and
Then (3) becomes I1 = 0.500I3 + 1.25 A

10.0 V − 4.00(0.500I3 + 1.25 A) − 8.00I3 − (1.00) dI3 = 0

dt

(1.00 H ) ⎛ dI3 ⎞ + (10.0 Ω) I3 = 5.00 V
⎝ dt ⎠

We solve the differential equation using equations from the chapter text:

I3 (t ) = ⎛ 5.00 V ⎞ ⎡⎣1 − e−(10.0 Ω)t 1.00 H ⎦⎤ = (0.500 A)⎣⎡1 − e−10t s ⎤⎦
⎜⎝ 10.0 Ω ⎠⎟

I1 = 1.25 + 0.500I3 = 1.50 A − (0.250 A) e−10t s

P32.19 (a) Using τ = RC = L , we get R = L= 3.00 H F = 1.00 × 103 Ω= 1.00 kΩ .
R C 3.00 × 10−6

( )( )(b) τ = RC = 1.00 × 103 Ω 3.00 × 10−6 F = 3.00 × 10−3 s = 3.00 ms

P32.20 For t ≤ 0, the current in the inductor is zero . At t = 0, it starts to

grow from zero toward 10.0 A with time constant

τ = L = (10.0 mH) = 1.00 × 10−4 s
R (100 Ω)

( ) ( )For 0 ≤ t ≤ 200 µs, I = Imax 1− e−t τ = ( )10.0 A 1− e−10 000t s .

( )At t = 200 µs, I = (10.00 A) 1 − e−2.00 = 8.65 A. FIG. P32.20

Thereafter, it decays exponentially as I = Iie−t′ τ , so for t ≥ 200 µs,

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )I = 8.65 A e =−10 000(t−200 µs) s 8.65 A e =−10 000t s+2.00 8.65e2.00 A e =−10 000t s 63.9 A e−10 000t s

P32.21 τ = L = 0.140 = 28.6 ms
R 4.90

I max = ε = 6.00 V = 1.22 A
4.90 Ω
R

( )(a) I = Imax 1 − e−t τ so ( )0.220 = 1.22 1 − e−t τ

e−t τ = 0.820: t = −τ ln(0.820) = 5.66 ms FIG. P32.21

( ) ( )(b) I = Imax 1 − e−10.0 0.028 6 = (1.22 A) 1 − e−350 = 1.22 A

(c) I = Imaxe−t τ and 0.160 = 1.22e−t τ

so t = −τ ln(0.131) = 58.1 ms

232 Chapter 32

P32.22 (a) For a series connection, both inductors carry equal currents at every instant, so dI is the
dt
same for both. The voltage across the pair is

Leq dI = L1 dI + L2 dI so Leq = L1 + L2
dt dt dt

(b) Leq dI = L1 dI1 = L2 dI2 = ∆VL where I = I1 + I2 and dI = dI1 + dI2
dt dt dt dt dt dt

Thus, ∆VL = ∆VL + ∆VL and 1 =1+1
Leq L1 L2 Leq L1 L2

(c) Leq dI + Req I = L1 dI + IR1 + L2 dI + IR2
dt dt dt

Now I and dI are separate quantities under our control, so functional equality requires
dt

both Leq = L1 + L2 and Req = R1 + R2 .

(d) ∆V = Leq dI + Req I = L1 dI1 + R1 I1 = L2 dI2 + R2 I2 where I = I1 + I2 and dI = dI1 + dI2 .
dt dt dt dt dt dt

We may choose to keep the currents constant in time. Then, 1 =1+1
Req R1 R2

We may choose to make the current swing through 0. Then, 1 =1+1
Leq L1 L2

This equivalent coil with resistance will be equivalent to the pair of real inductors for
all other currents as well.

Section 32.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field

( )P32.23 2⎤
L = µ0 N2A = µ0 (68.0)2 ⎣⎡π 0.600 × 10−2 ⎦ = 8.21 µH

0.080 0

( )U = 1 LI 2 = 1 8.21 × 10−6 H (0.770 A)2 = 2.44 µJ
22

P32.24 (a) The magnetic energy density is given by

= B2 = (4.50 T)2 = 8.06 × 106 J m3
2µ0
1.26 × 10−6 T ⋅ m
( )u 2 A

(b) The magnetic energy stored in the field equals u times the volume of the solenoid
(the volume in which B is non-zero).

( )U = uV = m3 ⎡⎣(0.260 m) π (0.031 0 )2 ⎤
8.06 ×106 J m ⎦ = 6.32 kJ

P32.25 u = ∈0 E2 = 44.2 nJ m3 u = B2 = 995 µJ m3
2 2µ0

Inductance 233

∫ ∫ ( )∞ ∞ ⎛ ⎞
0 ⎝⎜ ⎟⎠
( )e−2Rt Ldt = −
P32.26 L e−2 Rt L −2 Rdt = − L e−2 Rt L ∞ = − L e−∞ − e0 = L 0−1 = L
L 2R 0 2R 2R 2R
0 2R

*P32.27 (a) P = I∆V = 3A 22 V = 66.0 W

(b) P = I∆VR = I2R = (3A)2 5 Ω = 45.0 W FIG. P32.27

(c) When the current is 3.00 A, Kirchhoff’s loop rule reads

+22.0 V − (3.00 A)(5.00 Ω) − ∆VL = 0.

Then ∆VL = 7.00 V
The power being stored in the inductor is

I ∆VL = (3.00 A)(7.00 V) = 21.0 W

(d) At all instants after the connection is made, the battery power is equal to the sum of the power
delivered to the resistor and the power delivered to the magnetic field. Just after t = 0 the
resistor power is nearly zero, and the battery power is nearly all going into the magnetic field.
Long after the connection is made, the magnetic field is absorbing no more power and the
battery power is going into the resistor.

P32.28 From the equation derived in the text, ( )εI = 1 − e−Rt L
(a) The maximum current, after a long time t, is
I = εR = 2.00 A

R

At that time, the inductor is fully energized and P = I (∆V ) = (2.00 A)(10.0 V) = 20.0 W .

(b) Plost = I 2R = (2.00 A)2 (5.00 Ω) = 20.0 W

( )P(c) = Iinductor ∆Vdrop = 0

(d) U = LI 2 = (10.0 H)(2.00 A)2 = 20.0 J

22

P32.29 The total magnetic energy is the volume integral of the energy density, u = B2 .
2µ0

Because B changes with position, u is not constant. For B = B0 ⎛ R ⎞2 , u = ⎛ B02 ⎞ ⎛ R ⎞4 .
⎜⎝ r ⎠⎟ ⎜ 2µ0 ⎟ ⎜⎝ r ⎠⎟
⎝ ⎠

Next, we set up an expression for the magnetic energy in a spherical shell of radius r and
thickness dr. Such a shell has a volume 4πr2dr, so the energy stored in it is

( )dU = u ⎛ 2π B02 R4 ⎞ dr
4π r2dr = ⎜⎝ µ0 ⎠⎟ r2

We integrate this expression for r = R to r = ∞ to obtain the total magnetic energy outside the
sphere. This gives

( ( ) ( ) )U =
2π B02 R3 2π 5.00 × 10−5 T 2 6.00 × 106 m 3 2.70 × 1018 J
µ0 = 1.26 × 10−6 T ⋅ m A =

234 Chapter 32

Section 32.4 Mutual Inductance

P32.30 I1 (t ) = Imaxe−αt sin ω t with Imax = 5.00 A, α = 0.025 0 sϪ1, and ω = 377 rad s

dI1 = Imaxe−α t (−α sinω t +ω cosω t )
dt

At t = 0.800 s, dI1 = (5.00 A )s e− 0.020 0 ⎡⎣− (0.025 0 ) sin ( 0.800 (377))
dt

+ 377 cos(0.800(377))⎤⎦

dI1 = 1.85 × 103 A s
dt

Thus, ε2 = −M dI1 : M = −ε2 = +3.20 V s = 1.73 mH
dt 1.85 × 103 A
dI1 dt

( )( )ε2 dI1
P32.31 = −M dt =− 1.00 ×10−4 H 1.00 ×104 A s cos(1 000t)

ε( ) =2 max 1.00 V

P32.32 Assume the long wire carries current I. Then the magnitude of the magnetic field it generates at
distance x from the wire is B = µ0 I , and this field passes perpendicularly through the plane

2π x

of the loop. The flux through the loop is

B( dx) = µ0 I 1.70 mm dx = µ0 I ⎛ 1.70 ⎞
⎝ 0.400 ⎠
2π
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ΦB =
B ⋅ dA = BdA = x0.400 mm 2π ln

The mutual inductance between the wire and the loop is then

( )( )M = N2Φ12 = N2µ0 I
I1 2π I
ln ⎛ 1.70 ⎞ = N2µ0 1 4π ×10−7 T⋅ m A 2.70 ×10−3 m
⎜⎝ 0.400 ⎠⎟ 2π
(1.45) = (1.45)

2π

M = 7.81×10−10 H = 781 pH

P32.33 (a) ( )M = NBΦBA = 700 90.0 × 10−6 = 18.0 mH
(b) IA 3.50

( )LA
= ΦA = 400 300 × 10−6 = 34.3 mH
IA 3.50

(c) εB = −M dI A = − (18.0 mH) (0.500 A/s) = −9.00 mV
dt

P32.34 (a) Solenoid 1 creates nearly uniform field everywhere inside it, given by m0N1I/
mp R22N1I/
The flux though one turn of solenoid 2 is 0

The emf induced in solenoid 2 is –(m0p R22N1N2/ )(dI/dt)
m p R 2N N /
The mutual inductance is 0 2 12

(b) Solenoid 2 creates nearly uniform field everywhere inside it, given by m N I/
02

and nearly zero field outside.

The flux though one turn of solenoid 1 is m0 p R22N2 I/
m p )(dI/dt)
The emf induced in solenoid 1 is –( 0 R22N1N2/

The mutual inductance is m0p R22N1N2/

(c) The mutual inductances are the same. This is one example of von Neumann’s rule,
mentioned in the next problem.

Inductance 235

N1µ0 I1 R12 . The field is
2 x2 + R12 3 2
P32.35 ( )The large coil produces this field at the center of the small coil:

normal to the area of the small coil and nearly uniform over this area, so it produces flux

= N1µ0 I1R12 π R22
x2 + R12 3
( )Φ12 2 through the face area of the small coil. When current I1 varies,

2

this is the emf induced in the small coil:

d N1µ0 R12π R22 N1N2πµ0 R12 R22 dI1 dI1 N1N2πµ0 R12 R22
dt 2 x2 + R12 3 2 2 x2 + R12 3 2 dt dt 2 x2 + R12 3 2
ε ( ) ( ) ( )2=−N2 I1 = − = −M so M =

P32.36 With I = I1 + I2 , the voltage across the pair is:

∆V = − L1 dI1 −M dI2 = −L2 dI2 −M dI1 = − Leq dI
dt dt dt dt dt

So, − dI1 = ∆V + M dI2
dt L1 L1 dt

and −L2 dI2 + M (∆V ) + M2 dI2 = ∆V FIG. P32.36
dt L1 dt
L1

( )−L1L2 + M 2 dI2 = ∆V (L1 − M)
dt

By substitution, − dI2 = ∆V + M dI1
leads to dt L2 L2 dt

( )−L1L2 + M 2 dI1 = ∆V ( L2 − M)
dt

Adding [1] to [2], ( )−L1L2 + M 2 dI = ∆V (L1 + L2 − 2M )
dt

So, Leq = − ∆V = L1L2 − M 2
dI dt L1 + L2 − 2M

Section 32.5 Oscillations in an LC Circuit

P32.37 At different times, ( )UC max = ( )UL max so ⎡ 1 C ( ∆V )2 ⎤ = ⎛ 1 LI 2⎞
⎢⎣ 2 ⎦⎥ ⎝ 2 ⎠
max max

Imax = C ( ∆V )max = 1.00 × 10−6 F (40.0 V) = 0.400 A
L 10.0 × 10−3 H

P32.38 ⎡ 1 C ( ∆V )2 ⎤ = ⎛ 1 LI 2⎞ so ( )∆VC max = L I max = 20.0 ×10−3 H (0.100 A) = 20.0 V
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎝ 2 ⎠ C 0.500 ×10−6 F
max max

236 Chapter 32

P32.39 When the switch has been closed for a long time, battery, resistor,
=ε.
and coil carry constant current I max When the switch is opened,
R

current in battery and resistor drops to zero, but the coil carries this

same current for a moment as oscillations begin in the LC loop.

We interpret the problem to mean that the voltage amplitude of these

oscillations is ∆V, in 1 C (∆V )2 = 1 LI 2 . FIG. P32.39
2 max
2

( )εThen, L = C (∆V )2 = C (∆V )2 R2 =
0.500 ×10−6 F (150 V)2 (250 Ω)2 = 0.281 H .

I2 2 (50.0 V)2
max

P32.40 (a) f = 1 = 1 = 135 Hz

( )2π LC 2π (0.082 0 H) 17.0 ×10−6 F

(b) Q = Qmax cosω t = (180 µC) cos(847 × 0.001 00) = 119 µC

(c) I = dQ = −ω Qmax sinω t = − (847) (180) sin (0.847) = −114 mA
dt

P32.41 This radio is a radiotelephone on a ship, according to frequency assignments made by

international treaties, laws, and decisions of the National Telecommunications and Information

Administration. f0 = 2π 1
The resonance frequency is LC

= 1 = 1 =
6.30 × 106 Hz ⎦⎤ 2 1.05 × 10−6 H
Thus, ) )( (C(2π )f0 2 L 608 pF
⎣⎡2π

P32.42 (a) f = 1 = 1 = 503 Hz
(b)
( )2π LC 2π (0.100 H) 1.00 ×10−6 F
( )Q = Cε = 1.00 ×10−6 F (12.0 V) = 12.0 µC

ε(c) 1C 2 = 1 LI 2 FIG. P32.42
2 2 max

εImax = C = 12 V 1.00 × 10−6 F = 37.9 mA
L 0.100 H

(d) At all times )(U = 1 Cε 2 = 1 1.00 × 10−6 F (12.0 V)2 = 72.0 µJ
22

P32.43 ω = 1 = 1 = 1.899 ×104 rad s

( )LC (3.30 H) 840 ×10−12 F

Q = Qmax cosω t, I = dQ = −ω Qmax sin ω t
dt

( ) ) ) )( ( ((a)
UC = Q2 = ⎣⎡105 × 10−6 ⎦⎤ cos ⎣⎡ 1.899 × 104 rad s 2.00 × 10−3 s ⎦⎤ 2 = 6.03 J
2C 2 840 × 10−12

continued on next page

Inductance 237

(b) UL = 1 LI 2 = 1 Lω Q2 2 sin2(ω t) = Q2 sin2 (ω t)
2 2 max max 2C

( ) (( ) )( )UL =
105 × 10−6 C 2 sin2 ⎣⎡ 1.899 × 104 rad s 2.00 × 10−3 s ⎤⎦ = 0.529 J
2 840 × 10−12 F

(c) Utotal = UC + UL = 6.56 J

Section 32.6 The RLC Circuit

ωd = 1 − ⎛ R ⎞2 = 1 ⎛ 7.60 ⎞2 = 1.58 × 104 rad
LC ⎝ 2L⎠ 2.20 × 10−3 1.80 × 10−6 − ⎜⎝ 2 2.20 × 10−3 ⎠⎟
( )( ) ( )P32.44 (a) s

Therefore, fd = ωd = 2.51 kHz
2π

(b) Rc = 4L = 69.9 Ω
C

ω0 = 1= 1 = 4.47 krad s
LC
(0.500) 0.100 × 10−6
)(P32.45(a)

(b) ωd = 1 − ⎛ R ⎞2 = 4.36 krad s
LC ⎝ 2L⎠

(c) ∆ω = 2.53% lower
ω0

P32.46 Choose to call positive current clockwise in Figure 32.15. It drains charge from the capacitor

according to I = − dQ . A clockwise trip around the circuit then gives
dt

+ Q − IR − L dI = 0
C dt

+ Q + dQ R + L d dQ = 0, identical with Equation 32.28.
C dt dt dt

P32.47 (a) Q = Qmaxe−Rt 2L cosωdt so Imax ∝ e− Rt 2L

0.500 = e−Rt 2L and Rt = − ln (0.500)

2L

t = − 2L ln (0.500) = ⎛ 2L ⎞
0.693⎜⎝ R ⎟⎠
R

(b) U0 ∝ Q2 and U = 0.500U0 so Q = 0.500Qmax = 0.707Qmax
max

t = − 2L ln (0.707) = 0.347 ⎛ 2L ⎞ (half as long)
⎜⎝ R ⎠⎟
R

238 Chapter 32

Additional Problems

P32.48 (a) Let Q represent the magnitude of the opposite charges on the plates of a parallel plate
capacitor, the two plates having area A and separation d. The negative plate creates electric

field E = Q toward itself. It exerts on the positive plate force F = Q2 toward the
2∈0 A 2∈0 A
negative plate. The total field between the plates is Q . The energy density is
∈0 A
Q2 = Q2 .
uE = 1 ∈0 E2 = 1 ∈0 ∈02 A2 2∈0 A2 Modeling this as a negative or inward pressure,
2 2

we have for the force on one plate F = PA = Q2 , in agreement with our first analysis.
2∈0 A2

(b) The lower of the two current sheets shown creates Js Js
y
( )above it magnetic field B = µ0 Js −kˆ . Let and w
2
represent the length and width of each sheet. The

upper sheet carries current Jsw and feels force x
z
µ0 Js ˆi × −kˆ µ0w J 2
2 s
( )F = I ˆj .
× B = Jsw = 2

FIG. P32.48(b)

The force per area is P = F = µ0 J 2 .
s

w2

µ0 Js + µ0Js
2 2
( ) ( )(c) −kˆ −kˆ = µ0 Jskˆ , with
Between the two sheets the total magnetic field is

magnitude B = µ0 Js . Outside the space they enclose, the fields of the separate sheets are

in opposite directions and add to zero .

(d) uB = 1 B2 = µ 2 J 2 = µ0 J 2
2µ0 0 s s

2µ0 2

(e) This energy density agrees with the magnetic pressure found in part (b).

P32.49 (a) εL = −L dI = − (1.00 mH) d (20.0t) = −20.0 mV
dt
dt

tt

(b) Q = ∫ Idt = ∫ (20.0t) dt = 10.0t2
00

−Q −10.0t 2
C 1.00 ×10−6
( )∆VC t2
= = F = − 10.0 MV s2

When Q2 ≥ 1 LI 2 , or −10.0t 2 2
(( ) ) ( )(c)
2C 2 2 1.00 ×10−6 ≥ 1 1.00 ×10−3 (20.0t)2, then

2

( )100t 4 ≥ 400 ×10−9 t 2 . The earliest time this is true is at t = 4.00 ×10−9 s = 63.2 µs .

Inductance 239

P32.50 (a) εL = −L dI = −L d ( Kt ) = −LK
dt dt

(b) I = dQ , t t Ktdt = 1 Kt 2
dt
Idt =
so ∫ ∫Q = 2

00

and ∆VC = −Q = − Kt 2
C 2C

(c) When 1 C ( ∆VC )2 = 1 LI 2 , ( )1C ⎛ K 2t4 ⎞ = 1 L K 2t2
2 2 ⎜ 4C2 ⎟ 2
2 ⎝ ⎠

Thus t = 2 LC

P32.51 1 Q2 = 1 ⎛Q ⎞2 + 1 LI 2 so I = 3Q2
2 C 2C ⎝⎜ 2 ⎟⎠ 2 4CL

The flux through each turn of the coil is ΦB = LI = Q 3L
where N is the number of turns. N 2N C

*P32.52 (a) The inductor has no voltage across it. It behaves as a short circuit . The battery sees

(b) equivalent resistance 4 Ω + (1/4 Ω + 1/8 Ω)–1 = 6.67 Ω. The battery current is
(c) 10 V/6.67 Ω = 1.50 A. The voltage across the parallel combination of resistors is
(d) 10 V – 1.50 A 4 Ω = 4 V. The current in the 8-Ω resistor and the inductor is

4V/8Ω = 500 mA .

U = (1/2) LI 2 = (1/2) 1 H(0.5 A)2 = 125 mJ

The energy becomes 125 mJ of additional internal energy in the 8-Ω resistor and the 4-Ω
resistor in the middle branch.

The current decreases from 500 mA toward zero, I

showing exponential decay with a time constant of 500 mA

L/R = 1 H/12 Ω = 83.3 ms.

0 t
0 83.3 ms

FIG. P32.52(d)

*P32.53 (a) Just after the circuit is connected, the potential difference across the resistor is 0 and the
(b) emf across the coil is 24.0 V.
(c)
After several seconds, the potential difference across the resistor is 24.0 V and that across
(d) the coil is 0.

The resistor voltage and inductor voltage always add to 24 V. The resistor voltage increases
monotonically, so the two voltages are equal to each other, both being 12.0 V, just once.

εThe time is given by 12 V = IR = R /R(1 – e–Rt/L) = 24 V(1 – e–6Ωt/0.005 H).

This is 0.5 = e–1 200 t or 1 200 t = ln 2 giving t = 0.578 ms after the circuit is connected .

As the current decays the potential difference across the resistor is always equal to the emf
across the coil. It decreases from 24.0 V to zero.

240 Chapter 32

*P32.54 We have 9 V = 2 A R + L (0.5 A/s) and 5 V = 2 A R + L (–0.5 A/s)
Solving simultaneously, 9 V – 5 V = L(1 A/s) so L = 4.00 H and 7 V = 2 A R so R = 3.50 Ω

*P32.55 Between t = 0 and t = 1 ms, the rate of change of current ∆Vab (mV)
is 2 A/s, so the induced voltage

∆Vab = –L dI/dt is –100 mV. Between t = 1 ms and 100
t = 2 ms, the induced voltage is zero. Between t = 2 ms 00 2 4 6
t (ms)
and t = 3 ms the induced voltage is –50 mV. Between
−100
t = 3 ms and t = 5 ms, the rate of change of current is

(–3/2) A/s, and the induced voltage is +75 mV.

FIG. P32.55

*P32.56 (a) ω = (LC)–1/2 = (0.032 V ⋅ s/A 0.000 5 C/V)–1/2 = 250 rad/s

⎛ 1 ⎡ R ⎤ 2 ⎞1/2 ⎛ 1 ⎡ 4Ω ⎤2 ⎞1/2
⎜⎝⎜ LC ⎢⎣ 2L ⎦⎥ ⎟⎟⎠ ⎝⎜⎜1.6 10−5 ⎣⎢ 0.032 V ⎦⎥ ⎠⎟⎟
(b) ω = − = × s2 − 2 ⋅ ⋅ s/A = 242 rad/s

⎛ 1 ⎡ R ⎤ 2 ⎞1/2 ⎛ 1 ⎡ 15 Ω ⎤2 ⎞1/2
⎜⎝⎜ LC ⎢⎣ 2L ⎦⎥ ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎝⎜1.6 10−5 ⎣⎢ 0.032 V ⎦⎥ ⎟⎠⎟
(c) ω = − = × s2 − 2 ⋅ ⋅ s/A = 87.0 rad/s

⎛ 1 ⎡ R ⎤ 2 ⎞1/2 ⎛ 1 ⎡ 17 Ω ⎤ 2 ⎞1/2
⎜⎜⎝ LC ⎣⎢ 2L ⎦⎥ ⎟⎠⎟ ⎜⎝⎜ 10−5 ⎢⎣ 0.032 V ⎦⎥ ⎠⎟⎟
(d) ω = − = 1.6 × s2 − 2 ⋅ ⋅ s/A gives an imaginary answer. In

parts (a), (b), and (c) the calculated angular frequency is experimentally verifiable.

Experimentally, in part (d) no oscillations occur . The circuit is overdamped.

*P32.57 B = µ0 NI
2πr

BdA = b µ0 NI hdr = µ0 NIh b dr
∫ ∫ ∫(a)
ΦB = a 2πr 2π a r

= µ0 NIh ln ⎛ b ⎞ FIG. P32.57
2π ⎝⎜ a ⎟⎠

L = NΦB = µ0N 2 h ln ⎛ b ⎞
I 2π ⎝⎜ a ⎟⎠

(b) L = µ0 (500 )2 (0.010 0) ln ⎛12.0 ⎞ = 91.2 µH
⎜⎝10.0 ⎟⎠
2π

µ0N 2 ⎛ A ⎞ µ0 (500)2 ⎛ 2.00 ×10−4 m 2 ⎞
2π ⎝⎜ R ⎟⎠ ⎜ ⎟
(c) Lappx = = 2π ⎝ 0.110 ⎠ = 90.9 µH , This approximate result is

only 0.3% different from the precise result.

Inductance 241

N µ0 IR2 = N µ0I
R2 + 02 3 2 2R
P32.58 (a) At the center, ( )B = 2

So the coil creates flux through itself ΦB = BA cosθ = N µ0 I π R2 cos 0° = π N µ0 IR
2R 2

When the current it carries changes, εL = −N dΦB ≈ −N ⎜⎛⎝ π ⎠⎟⎞ Nµ0 R dI = −L dI
dt 2 dt dt

so L ≈ π N 2 µ0 R
2

(b) 2πr = 3(0.3 m) so r ≈ 0.14 m

( )( )L ≈ π 12 4π ×10−7 T⋅ m A (0.14 m) = 2.8 ×10−7 H
2
L ~ 100 nH

(c) L = 2.8 ×10−7 V ⋅ s A = 1.0 ×10−9 s L ~ 1 ns
R 270 V A R

P32.59 Left-hand loop: ε − ( I + I2 ) R1 − I2R2 = 0

Outside loop: ε − (I + )I2 R1 − L dI = 0
Eliminating I2 gives dt
ε ′ − IR′ − L dI = 0
dt

This is of the same form as the differential equation 32.6 in FIG. P32.59

the chapter text for a simple RL circuit, so its solution is of the

same form as the equation 32.7 for the current in the circuit:

( )ε ′I (t ) = 1− e−R′t L
R′

But R′ = R1R2 and ε ′ = R2ε , so ε ′ = ε R2 ( R1 + R2 ) = ε
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 ( R1 + R2 )
R′ R1R2 R1

Thus ( )εI (t ) = 1 − e−R′t L
R1

P32.60 From Ampère’s law, the magnetic field at distance r ≤ R is found as:

( ) ( )B(2πr) = µ0Jπr2= µ0 ⎛ I ⎞ πr2 , or B= µ0 Ir
⎜ π R2 ⎟ 2π R2
⎝ ⎠

The magnetic energy per unit length within the wire is then

∫ ∫U R B2 µ0 I 2 R µ0 I 2 ⎛ R4 ⎞ µ0 I 2
= 0 2µ0 (2π rdr) = 4π R4 = 4π R4 ⎝⎜ 4 ⎠⎟ = 16π
r3dr

0

This is independent of the radius of the wire.

242 Chapter 32

P32.61 (a) While steady-state conditions exist, a 9.00 mA flows clockwise around the right loop of
the circuit. Immediately after the switch is opened, a 9.00 mA current will flow around
the outer loop of the circuit. Applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule to this loop gives:

)(+ε0 − ⎣⎡(2.00 + 6.00) × 103 Ω⎦⎤ 9.00 × 10−3 A = 0

+ε0 = 72.0 V with end b at the higher potential

(b)

FIG. P32.61(b)

(c) After the switch is opened, the current around the outer loop decays as
I = Iie−Rt L with Imax = 9.00 mA, R = 8.00 kΩ, and L = 0.400 H.

Thus, when the current has reached a value I = 2.00 mA, the elapsed time is:

t = ⎛ L⎞ ln ⎛ Ii ⎞ = ⎛ 0.400 H ⎞ ln ⎛ 9.00 ⎞ = 7.52 × 10−5 s= 75.2 µs
⎝ R⎠ ⎝ I ⎠ ⎝ 8.00 × 103 Ω ⎠ ⎝ 2.00 ⎠

P32.62 (a) It has a magnetic field, and it stores energy, so L = 2U is non-zero.
I2

(b) Every field line goes through the rectangle between the conductors.

Φ 1 w −a
(c) Φ = LI so ∫L = =
BdA
I I y=a

1 w −a ⎛ µ0 I µ0 I ⎞ 2 µ0 Ix dy 2µ0 x w−a
I ⎜⎝ 2π y I
xdy (w − y)⎠⎟ ln y

a
∫ ∫L= + = =
2π 2π y 2π a

Thus L = µ0 x ln ⎛ w− a⎞
π ⎝ a ⎠

P32.63 When the switch is closed, as shown
in Figure (a), the current in the
inductor is I: FIG. P32.63

12.0 − 7.50I − 10.0 = 0 → I = 0.267 A

When the switch is opened, the initial
current in the inductor remains at
0.267 A.

IR = ∆V :

(0.267 A) R ≤ 80.0 V

R ≤ 300 Ω

P32.64 For an RL circuit, I (t ) = 1 − 10−9 = e−(R L)t ≅ 1 − R t

( )I t = Iie−(R L)t : Ii L

R t = 10−9 so ( )( )3.14 × 10−8 10−9 = 3.97 × 10−25 Ω
L ( )Rmax = (2.50 yr) 3.16 × 107 s yr

(If the ring were of purest copper, of diameter 1 cm, and cross-sectional area 1 mm2 , its
resistance would be at least 10−6 Ω.)

Inductance 243

1 LI 2 = 1 (50.0 2
2
2
( )P32.65 (a) H) 6.25 ×1010 J
UB = 50.0 ×103 A =

(b) Two adjacent turns are parallel wires carrying current in the same direction. Since the loops

have such large radius, a one-meter section can be regarded as straight.

Then one wire creates a field of B = µ0I
2π r

This causes a force on the next wire of F = I B sinθ

giving F = I µ0 I sin 90º = µ0 I 2
2π r 2π r

) )( (F =
Evaluating the force, 4π × 10−7 N A2 (1.00 m) 50.0 × 103 A 2 = 2 000 N

2π (0.250 m)

P32.66 P = I ∆V I = P = 1.00 × 109 W = 5.00 × 103 A
200 × 103 V
∆V

( )From Ampère’s law, or B = µ I0 enclosed
B 2πr = µ0 Ienclosed 2π r

(a) At r = a = 0.020 0 m, Ienclosed = 5.00 × 103 A

and B = (4π × 10−7 T ⋅ m A) (5.00 × 103 A)

2π (0.020 0 m) FIG. P32.66

= 0.050 0 T = 50.0 mT

(b) At r = b = 0.050 0 m , Ienclosed = I = 5.00 × 103 A

(4π × 10−7 T ⋅ m A)(5.00 × 103 A)

and B = 2π (0.050 0 m) = 0.020 0 T = 20.0 mT

udV = b [B( r)]2 (2π r dr) = µ0 I 2 b dr = µ0 I 2 ⎛ b ⎞
∫ ∫ ∫(c) a r 4π ⎝ a ⎠
U= a 2µ0 4π ln

) ) )( ( (U = 2
4π × 10−7 T ⋅ m A 5.00 × 103 A 1 000 × 103 m 5.00 cm
4π ln ⎛ 2.00 cm ⎞
⎝ ⎠

= 2.29 × 106 J = 2.29 MJ

(d) The magnetic field created by the inner conductor exerts a force of repulsion on the current
in the outer sheath. The strength of this field, from part (b), is 20.0 mT. Consider a small
rectangular section of the outer cylinder of length and width w.

It carries a current of ( )5.00 ×103 A ⎛ 2π w 0 ⎞
⎜⎝⎜
(0.050 m) ⎟⎠⎟

and experiences an outward force

F=I (5.00 × 103 A)w )(20.0 × 10−3 T sin 90.0°

B sinθ = 2π (0.050 0 m)

The pressure on it is P=F= F (5.00 × 103 A)(20.0 × 10−3 T) 318 Pa
Aw
= 2π (0.050 0 m) =

244 Chapter 32

( )B = µ0NI =
P32.67 (a) 4π ×10−7 T ⋅ m A (1 400) (2.00 A) 2.93 ×10−3 T (upward)
(b)
=
1.20 m

2.93 × 10−3 T 2
4π × 10−7 T ⋅ m A
( ) ( )u = B2 = = 3.42 J m3 ⎜⎝⎛1 N ⋅m ⎞
( )2µ0 2 1 J ⎠⎟

= 3.42 N m2 = 3.42 Pa

(c) To produce a downward magnetic field, the surface of the superconductor must carry a
clockwise current.

(d) The vertical component of the field of the solenoid exerts an inward force on the supercon-
ductor. The total horizontal force is zero. Over the top end of the solenoid, its field diverges
and has a radially outward horizontal component. This component exerts upward force on

the clockwise superconductor current. The total force on the core is upward . You can

think of it as a force of repulsion between the solenoid with its north end pointing up, and
the core, with its north end pointing down.

F = PA = (3.42 Pa)⎡⎢⎣π 2 ⎤
( )(e) ⎦⎥ 1.30 × 10−3 N
1.10 × 10−2 m =

Note that we have not proved that energy density is pressure. In fact, it is not in some cases.
Chapter 21 proved that the pressure is two-thirds of the translational energy density in an
ideal gas.

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS
P32.2 1.36 µH
P32.4 19.2 µWb
P32.6 (a) 360 mV (b) 180 mV (c) t = 3.00 s
P32.8 See the solution.
P32.10 See the solution.
P32.12 See the solution.
P32.14 92.8 V
P32.16 30.0 mH
P32.18 (500 mA)(1 – e−10t/s), 1.50 A – (0.250 A) e−10t/s
P32.20 0 for t < 0; (10 A)(1 – e−10 )000t for 0 < t < 200 µs; (63.9 A) e−10 000t for t > 200 µs
P32.22 (a), (b), and (c) See the solution. (d) Yes; see the solution.
P32.24 (a) 8.06 MJ m3 (b) 6.32 kJ
P32.26 See the solution.

Inductance 245

P32.28 (a) 20.0 W (b) 20.0 W (c) 0 (d) 20.0 J

P32.30 1.73 mH

P32.32 781 pH

P32.34 (a) and (b) m0p R22N1N2/ (c) They are the same.
P32.36 (L1L2 − M 2)/(L1 + L2 − 2M)
P32.38 20.0 V

P32.40 (a) 135 Hz (b) 119 mC (c) –114 mA

P32.42 (a) 503 Hz (b) 12.0 µC (c) 37.9 mA (d) 72.0 µJ

P32.44 (a) 2.51 kHz (b) 69.9 Ω

P32.46 See the solution.

P32.48 (b) m 0Js2/2 away from the other sheet (c) mJ and zero (d) m 0Js2/2
P32.50 0s
P32.52
(a) εL = −LK (b) ∆Vc = −Kt 2 (c) t = 2 LC
2C

(a) a short circuit; 500 mA (b) 125 mJ (c) The energy becomes 125 mJ of additional internal
energy in the 8-Ω resistor and the 4-Ω resistor in the middle branch. (d) See the solution. The
current decreases from 500 mA toward zero, showing exponential decay with a time constant of
83.3 ms.

P32.54 L = 4.00 H and R = 3.50 Ω

P32.56 (a) 250 rad/s (b) 242 rad/s (c) 87.0 rad/s (d) In parts (a), (b), and (c) the calculated angular
frequency is experimentally verifiable. In part (d) the equation for w gives an imaginary answer.
Experimentally, no oscillations occur when the circuit is overdamped.

P32.58 (a) L ≈ (p /2)N 2m0R (b) ~100 nH (c) ~1 ns
P32.60 See the solution.

P32.62 (a) It creates a magnetic field. (b) The long narrow rectangular area between the conductors
encloses all of the magnetic flux.

P32.64 3.97 ×10−25 Ω

P32.66 (a) 50.0 mT (b) 20.0 mT (c) 2.29 MJ (d) 318 Pa



33

Alternating Current Circuits

CHAPTER OUTLINE ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

33.1 AC Sources *Q33.1 (i) Answer (d). ∆Vavg = ∆Vmax
33.2 Resistors in an AC Circuit 2
33.3 Inductors in an AC Circuit
33.4 Capacitors in an AC Circuit (ii) Answer (c). The average of the squared voltage is
33.5 The RLC Series Circuit
33.6 Power in an AC Circuit ( )[∆V ]2 = (∆Vmax )2 . Then its square root is
33.7 Resonance in a Series RLC avg 2

Circuit ∆Vrms = ∆Vmax
33.8 The Transformer and Power 2

Transmission
33.9 Rectifiers and Filters

*Q33.2 Answer (c). AC ammeters and voltmeters read rms
values. With an oscilloscope you can read a maximum
voltage, or test whether the average is zero.

*Q33.3 (i) Answer (f). The voltage varies between +170 V and −170 V.
(ii) Answer (d).
(iii) 170V/ 2 = 120 V. Answer (c).

Q33.4 The capacitive reactance is proportional to the inverse of the frequency. At higher and higher frequen-
cies, the capacitive reactance approaches zero, making a capacitor behave like a wire. As the frequency
goes to zero, the capacitive reactance approaches infinity—the resistance of an open circuit.

Q33.5 The second letter in each word stands for the circuit element. For an inductor L, the emf ε leads

the current I—thus ELI. For a capacitor C, the current leads the voltage across the device. In a
circuit in which the capacitive reactance is larger than the inductive reactance, the current leads
the source emf—thus ICE.

Q33.6 The voltages are not added in a scalar form, but in a vector form, as shown in the phasor
diagrams throughout the chapter. Kirchhoff’s loop rule is true at any instant, but the voltages
across different circuit elements are not simultaneously at their maximum values. Do not forget
that an inductor can induce an emf in itself and that the voltage across it is 90° ahead of the
current in the circuit in phase.

Q33.7 In an RLC series circuit, the phase angle depends on the source frequency. At very low frequency
the capacitor dominates the impedance and the phase angle is near −90°. The phase angle is zero
at the resonance frequency, where the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal. At very high
frequencies f approaches +90°.

*Q33.8 (i) Inductive reactance doubles when frequency doubles. Answer (f).
(ii) Capacitive reactance is cut in half when frequency doubles. Answer (b).
(iii) The resistance remains unchanged. Answer (d).

*Q33.9 At resonance the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance cancel out. Answer (c).

247

248 Chapter 33

*Q33.10 At resonance the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance add to zero. tan−1(XL−XC)/R = 0.
Answer (c).

*Q33.11 (a) The circuit is in resonance. (b) 10 Ω/20 Ω = 0.5 (c) The resistance of the load could be
increased to make a greater fraction of the emf’s power go to the load. Then the emf would
put out a lot less power and less power would reach the load.

Q33.12 The person is doing work at a rate of P = Fv cosθ. One can consider the emf as the “force” that

moves the charges through the circuit, and the current as the “speed” of the moving charges. The
cosθ factor measures the effectiveness of the cause in producing the effect. Theta is an angle in
real space for the vacuum cleaner and phi is the analogous angle of phase difference between the

emf and the current in the circuit.

*Q33.13 The resonance is high-Q, so at 1 000 Hz both XL and XC are equal and much larger than R. Now XC
at 500 Hz is twice as large as at 1 kHz. And XL at 1.5 kHz is 1.5 times larger than at 1 kHz. Again,
XC at 1 500 Hz is two-thirds as large as at 1 kHz. And XL at 500 Hz is half as large as at 1 kHz. The
resistance does not change with frequency. The ranking is then a > f > b = e > c > d > g = h = i.

Q33.14 In 1881, an assassin shot President James Garfield. The bullet was lost in his body. Alexander
Graham Bell invented the metal detector in an effort to save the President’s life. The coil is
preserved in the Smithsonian Institution. The detector was thrown off by metal springs in
Garfield’s mattress, a new invention itself. Surgeons went hunting for the bullet in the wrong
place. Garfield died.

Q33.15 No. A voltage is only induced in the secondary coil if the flux through the core changes in time.

Q33.16 The Q factor determines the selectivity of the radio receiver. For example, a receiver with a
very low Q factor will respond to a wide range of frequencies and might pick up several adjacent
radio stations at the same time. To discriminate between 102.5 MHz and 102.7 MHz requires a
high-Q circuit. Typically, lowering the resistance in the circuit is the way to get a higher quality
resonance.

*Q33.17 In its intended use, the transformer takes in energy by electric transmission at 12 kV and puts out
nearly the same energy by electric transmission at 120 V. With the small generator putting energy
into the secondary side of the transformer at 120 V, the primary side has 12 kV induced across it.
It is deadly dangerous for the repairman.

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS

Section 33.1 AC Sources

Section 33.2 Resistors in an AC Circuit

P33.1 ∆v (t) = ∆Vmax sin (ω t) = 2∆Vrms sin (ω t) = 200 2 sin⎡⎣2π (100t)⎤⎦ = (283 V)sin (628t)
P33.2
∆Vrms = 170 V = 120 V
2

(a) P = ( )∆Vrms 2 → R = (120 V)2 = 193 Ω

R 75.0 W

(b) R = (120 V)2 = 144 Ω

100 W

Alternating Current Circuits 249

P33.3 Each meter reads the rms value.

∆Vrms = 100 V = 70.7 V
2

I rms = ∆Vrms = 70.7 V = 2.95 A
R 24.0 Ω

FIG. P33.3

P33.4 (a) ∆vR = ∆Vmax sinω t

∆vR = 0.250 (∆Vmax ), so, sinω t = 0.250, or ω t = sin−1 (0.250).

The smallest angle for which this is true is ω t = 0.253 rad. Thus, if t = 0.010 0 s,
ω = 0.253 rad = 25.3 rad s .

0.010 0 s

(b) The second time when ∆vR = 0.250 (∆Vmax ),ω t = sin−1 (0.250) again. For this

occurrence, ω t = π − 0.253 rad = 2.89 rad (to understand why this is true, recall the

identity sin (π − θ ) = sinθ from trigonometry). Thus,

t = 2.89 rad = 0.114 s
25.3 rad s

P33.5 iR = Imax sin ω t becomes 0.600 = sin(ω 0.007 00)
Thus, (0.007 00)ω = sin−1 (0.600) = 0.644

and ω = 91.9 rad s = 2π f so f = 14.6 Hz

P33.6 ∆Vmax = 15.0 V and Rtotal = 8.20 Ω + 10.4 Ω = 18.6 Ω

I max = ∆Vmax = 15.0 V = 0.806 A= 2 I rms
Rtotal 18.6 Ω

Pspeaker = I R2 = ⎛ 0.806 A ⎞⎠⎟ 2 Ω) = 3.38 W
rms speaker ⎜⎝ 2
(10.4

Section 33.3 Inductors in an AC Circuit

P33.7 (a) XL = ∆Vmax = 100 = 13.3 Ω
I max 7.50

L = XL = 13.3 = 0.042 4 H= 42.4 mH
ω
2π (50.0)

(b) XL = ∆Vmax = 100 = 40.0 Ω
I max 2.50

ω = XL = 40.0 = 942 rad s
L 42.4 × 10−3

250 Chapter 33

P33.8 At 50.0 Hz, XL = 2π (50.0 Hz) L = 2π (50.0 Hz ) ⎛ XL 60.0 Hz ) ⎞ = 50.0 (54.0 Ω) = 45.0 Ω
P33.9 ⎜⎝ ⎠⎟ 60.0
2π (60.0 Hz

( )Imax 2 (100 V) = 3.14 A
= ∆Vmax = 2 ∆Vrms =
XL XL 45.0 Ω

∆Vmax ⎛ π ⎞ (80.0 V)sin ⎡⎣(65.0π )(0.015 5) − π 2⎦⎤
ωL ⎝ 2 ⎠ (65.0π rad s) 70.0 × 10
)(iL (t ) = sin ω t − = −3 H

iL (t ) = (5.60 A)sin (1.59 rad) = 5.60 A

P33.10 ω = 2π f = 2π (60.0 s) = 377 rad s

XL = ω L = (377 s)(0.020 0 V ⋅ s A) = 7.54 Ω

I rms = ∆Vrms = 120 V = 15.9 A
XL 7.54 Ω

Imax = 2Irms = 2 (15.9 A) = 22.5 A

i (t) = I max sinω t = (22.5 A) sin ⎛ 2π (60.0) ⋅ 1s ⎞ = (22.5 A) sin 120° = 19.5 A
⎜ 180 ⎟
⎝ s ⎠

U = 1 Li2 = 1 ( 0.020 0 V ⋅ s A)(19.5 A)2 = 3.80 J

22

( )L =
P33.11 NΦB where ΦB is the flux through each turn. NΦB,max = LImax = XL ∆VL,max
I ω XL

( )N ΦB,max =
2 ∆VL,rms = 120 V ⋅s ⎛ T ⋅C⋅m⎞ ⎛ N⋅m⎞ ⎛ J⎞ = 0.450 T ⋅ m2
2π f ⎝ N⋅s ⎠ ⎝ J⎠ ⎝ V ⋅ C⎠
2π (60.0)

Section 33.4 Capacitors in an AC Circuit

P33.12 (a) = 1: 1 < 175 Ω
(b) 2π f C 22.0 ×10−6
( )XC
2π f

1 (175) < f f > 41.3 Hz
22.0 × 10−6
)(2π

XC ∝ 1 , so X (44) = 1 X (22): XC < 87.5 Ω
C
2

P33.13 Imax = 2Irms = 2 (∆Vrms ) = 2 (∆Vrms ) 2π f C

XC

( )(a) Imax = 2 (120 V) 2π (60.0 s) 2.20 ×10−6 C V = 141 mA

( )(b) Imax = 2 (240 V) 2π (50.0 s) 2.20 ×10−6 F = 235 mA

P33.14 Qmax = C (∆Vmax ) = C ⎡⎣ 2 (∆Vrms )⎤⎦ = 2C (∆Vrms )

( )( )P33.15 Imax = (∆Vmax )ωC = (48.0 V)(2π ) 90.0 s−1 3.70 ×10−6 F = 100 mA