INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO
PHARMACOLOGY

PHA 2063

PN DAHLILAWATI AHMAD

PN DAHLILAWATI AHMAD (FKSK)

LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of the lecture, the students must be
able to:

1. Define pharmacology
2. State important terminologies in pharmacology
3. Define drug
4. State sources of drugs
5. State the right way of naming the drug
6. Identify different types and forms of drugs
7. Explain the methods of giving medications and

their differences
8. Appreciate the knowledge of pharmacology in

nursing practice

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INTRODUCTION

Pharmacology comes from Greek word:

Pharmakon :drug
Logos:pengetahuan

Pharmacology = knowledge about drugs and
its interaction with the living system

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TERMINOLOGIES

Clinical Study about drugs and its

Pharmacology development in human’s body

Pharmaceutics Drug in solid form (tablet/pill)
disintegrated into a small
particles in order for it to
dissolve into a liquid.

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TERMINOLOGIES

Pharmaco- Study of how drugs can be best
therapeutics used in the treatment of illness/
the use of drugs and the
clinical indications for
administering drugs to prevent
and treat diseases

PPhhaarrmmaaccoo-logist Psoemngehoanseiltarna,ipneendyiendtihaeanscience
dofods,rpuegnsg(athgeihdarnugdrcuogms position
genetics and uses and effects)

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TERMINOLOGIES

Pharmacy preparation of chemicals,
counting and dispensing drugs

Pharmacist licensed to prepare and
dispense drugs -
knowledgeable concerning
their properties

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Pharmaco- TERMINOLOGIES
dynamics
Effect of drugs to the body
(What drug does to body)

Pharmacokinetics Body action towards the drug
(what body does to the drugs)

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Pharmacodynamic
•Drug mechanism

•Effect of drug

Pharmacokinetics

•Absorption

•Distribution

•Metabolism

•Excretion PN DAHLILAWATI AHMAD

DRUGS

Drugs substances produced synthetically or
naturally, when administered - will change
and effects physiologically/physically
psychologically - used as a treatment, cure
or prevention.

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DRUG AND ITS NAME

1) CHEMICAL Based on chemical N-acetyl-para-
aminophenol
NAME molecule arrangement
Paracetamol/
- Long and difficult to acetaminophen

remember

2) GENERIC Official and worldwide

NAME standardization

3) TRADE Brand name from Panadol/Uphamol/
NAME manufacturer
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- Difference according to
the manufacturer

DRUG USES

1. Symptomatic Paracetamol for fever

2. Preventive or Hepatitis B vaccine
Prophylactic

3. Diagnostic Radio-opaque X-ray

4. Curative Antibiotic

5. Health maintenance Vitamin, Insulin
6. Contraceptive Prevent pregnancPyN DAHLILAWATI AHMAD

Different types and forms
of drugs

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capsule • Cylinder shape, small,

made of gelatin,
• Contain powder, liquid.
• Suitable for smelly drug like

antibiotic cod fish oil

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Lozenges • Flat disc shape
• contains ‘base’ for sweeter
and better taste
• Need to be sucked for
better absorption

Tablet • Dry, compressed powder
drug

• Contains disintegrator
(substance that dissolve in
water)

• various shapes

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emulsion • Thick lotion
• Contains emulsion ate / gelatin agent

to reduce the bitter taste drug

suspension •Thick solution contains particles

•Needs to shake well before use

Linctus •Clear fluid drug to reduce the irritation

caused by cough
• Do not drink water –for better effect

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suppositories • Bullet shape
• Inserted in the rectum

enema • Clear fluid
• Inserted in the rectum

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Pessaries • Compact bullet drug
inserted in the
vagina

Inhalation • Indicated for
respiratory
disorder

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Irrigation •Sterile solution

Nasal • Solutions as drops / spray
drops

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Ear • Solution/ suspension instilled
drops in the ear

Eye • Clear solution instilled in the
drops eyes

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Cream • Emulsion semi solid
• For external use
• Non sticky and come off with

water

Lotion • Contain ‘aqueous’ – soothe,
protect, reduce skin rashes

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Ointment • semi solid , dissolved and

oily
• Stay longer than crème
• Unable to get off with water

liniments • External use
• Usually contains

turpentine and
methylsalicylate

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Gels • Semisolid
• External use
• Less oily

Gargles • Clear fluid
• Used to treat throat infection
• Some needs to be diluted

with water
• Cannot be swallowed – only

gargle

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Mouthwash • Same like gargle
• Used to treat bad

breath/mouth
• contains antiseptic and

bactericidal agent

aerosol • Spray like medication
• Usually used for asthmatic

treatment and muscle
sprain.

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Transdermal • Patches. Stick o the skin

•(eg: GTN, Estrogen, nicotine)

through semi permeable

membrane
• Last for few hrs to 3 weeks

Implant • Solid
• Implanted under the skin
• eg; HRT / prevent pregnancy
• Act slowly and last long

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Ampoule •Made from glass
•Contain single drug
• Need to break the tip

vial •Made from glass - vacuumed

•Contains powder medication

•Needs to be diluted

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METHODS OF ADMINISTERING
DRUGS

ENTERAL PARENTERAL TOPICAL
(injection) -Dermatology
-Oral -IM
-Sublingual -IV (skin) &
-Buccal -ID transdermal
-Rectal -SC -Instillation
-Vagina -Intraspinal/ -Inhalations
-Feeding tube -Intrathecal
-epidural PN DAHLILAWATI AHMAD

ENTERAL ROUTE - ORAL

Give through mouth and swallow
Mostly tablet, syrup, capsule drugs

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ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE - ORAL

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

1. Most convenient 1.Inappropriate for pt with nausea &
vomiting
2. Usually least expensive
2. May have unpleasant taste
3. Safe – does not break skin &
barrier
odor
4. Alternative for patient
who is scares of injection 3. Not suitable for pt with GIT
problems – reduce motility

4. Absorption depends on the
stomach contents

5. Not suitable for elderly pt, loss of
memory, visionPNpDArHoLbILlAeWmATI,AHdMiAffDiculty
to swallow

6. May discolor teeth –Eg;Antibiotic

ENTERAL ROUTE - SUBLINGUAL

 drug is placed under the tongue
 dissolves & absorbed in blood vessel
 Drug should not be swallowed
 Eg: Nitroglycerine (GTN – chest pain)

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ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE - SUBLINGUAL

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

1. Same as oral 1. If swallowed –inactivated by

2. Local effect gastric juice

3. More potent than oral – 2. Drug must remain under

directly absorb into the blood tongue until dissolved &

– bypass liver absorbed

3. May cause irritation to

mucosal membrane

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ENTERAL ROUTE - BUCCAL

 Buccal = pertaining to the cheek

 Drug is placed between teeth and cheek

 Drug may act locally – absorbed by mucous
membrane (mouth) or systemically –

swallowed in the saliva

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

1. Same as sublingual 1. Same as sublingual

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ENTERAL ROUTE - BUCCAL

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ENTERAL ROUTE - RECTAL

 Given through rectal/anal
 For local use or systemic
 Eg: PCM supp,Voltaren supp,fleet enema, anusol

supp, pimperan supp

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ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE - RECTAL

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

1. Alternative for 1. Dose absorbed
odor/tasteless drugs unpredictable

2. Drug released slowly 2. May be unpleasant for
3. Local / systemic patient

therapeutic effect 3. Limited use- Suitable for
4. Fast absorption pt – vomit, unable to
swallow

4. Suitable for child
5. Affect patient’s privacy

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ENTERAL ROUTE - VAGINA

• For women only
• Medication is inserted in the vagina

ADVANTAGE:
• provides local effects
• less pain

DISADVANTAGE
• May be messy or soil clothes
• May cause vaginal discomfort

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TOPICAL ROUTE

 Drug applied direct to the surface area of the body
 area affected - local effect
 E.g: 1. Dermatology application – cream, gel, lotion

2. Instillations & irrigations – Such as eye drop,
nasal drop, ear drop, crème, ointment,
rectum vaginal

3. Inhalations – respiratory tract by nebulizer

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TOPICAL

Advantage Disadvantage

 East to use  Unable to determine
 Safe – only affected` accurate dose

area involved  Leaves residue on skin
 Few side effects – may soil clothes
(Eg:cream)

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1.Transdermal

 Applied on the skin surface  absorbed in blood
circulation

 Eg adhesive plastic patch GTN, fentanyl, nicotine

Advantage:
1. Prolong systemic effect
2. Few side effects
3. Avoid gastrointestinal absorption problem
4. Onset f drug action is faster than oral

Disadvantage:
1. May not be suitable for patient with skin allergies

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2. Inhalation

 Applied direct to lungs/ bronchus
 E.g: combivent,ventolin, GA

(halothane,Nitrous Oxide)

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Advantage Disadvantage

 Fast action : 7-10  Difficult to determine
reach brain accurate dose

 Patient can  Ineffectiveness use
determine amount of the device
required and Eg: inhaler,nebulizer
received

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PARENTERAL - INJECTION

i) Intradermal Under dermis layer without
penetration of subcutaneous
tissue - (10-150)

- e.g: imunization (BCG)

ii) Subcutenous Penetrates the subcutenous
tissue

- e.g: insulin,clexane

iii) Intramuscular In the muscle
- e.g: Hep B vaccine

Iv) Intravenous Direct in blood vessels
- e.g: IV antibiotic, IV drip

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INJECTION

Advantage Disadvantage

• Fast effect • Painful
• Large amount of drug and • Needs assistant . E.g: IM,IV
• Sterile technique
continuous – e.g: IVD • Infectious .E.g:Hepatitis,HIV
• Can be administered by pt • Risk of air embolism-fatal
• Wrong technique – bld vessel
e.g: SC Insulin infiltrated skin bruises
• Useful during emergency

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The End

THANK YOU

PN DAHLILAWATI AHMAD