1essential_esl_dictionary_9_000_words_for_learners_of_english

atmosphere 449

thermosphere atmosphere

mesosphere geosphere
stratosphere
core crust
ozone layer

troposphere mantle

hemisphere parallel meridian

Northern
Hemisphere

Southern equator Greenwich
Hemisphere meridian

450

US and Canada relief mapSanLorenzo Ellesmere
Island Island
Point Barrow
Islands
R Prince Queen Elizabeth Greenland
B ro oks Patrick
Nunivak
Island
Island
Parry Islands
ange
Melville

Mount Banks Island Devon
Island Island
Michelson Bylot
Somerset Island
Mount McKinley (2 816) Prince Island

Al a sk a (6 194) Mount Sanford of Wales
Pe nins ul a Victoria Island
Baffin Island
(4 996) Mackenzie Mountains R Island Boothia

Kodiak Coast Mount Peninsula
Island Mount San EliasLogan
(5 959) King William Melville Prince Penny Icecap Cape Dyer
Charles (2 591) Cape Mercy
Keele Peak Island

Peninsula Island

(2 972) Foxe Hall
Peninsula Peninsula

Southampton

Alexander Island Cape Chidley

Archipelago o a Coats Ungava
i Island Mansel
G d Island Peninsula TMoronugnatat ins
a
Queen Charlotte Selkirk MoMuntainosMount n Cape Churchill Labrador
Islands c k yColumbia MountainsRobson a Peninsula
(3 954) C Belcher
Cape Scott Mountains Islands
t
a n
e
r S
h
Vancouver ield Newfoundland
Island
Anticosti
Ra ng e Cape
Cape Flattery ascade Range Island
Race
Mount Olympus Prince
(2 428) l Monts Notre-Dame
P Edward Cape Breton
Mount Rainier Island
(4 392) Island

C The Nova
Blue Mountains Scotia
Cape Blanco ains
Peninsula
untain
Cape Sable
Sierra Nevada
Cape Mendocino Coast Mount Shasta p a l a c h i a nAlleghMeonyuMnotuntaaiinn s

(4 317) Gannett Peak s
Cape Cod
Great (4 202)
Basin Kings Peak Long Island
(4 123) Elbert
Wheeler Peak h (4 399)
ChannW(Me4hlo4itu1nn8etM)yDeosjVDaeavre(elta3leth9yG82ra)nCPdolClaoaWtrneaaysadoautnoc ngeRa Wheeler Peak

s (4 011) Ozark Plateau umberlaAndpPlateau

Islands Baldy Peak Ouachita Cape Hatteras
(3 476) Mountains
Sonoran
Desert Llano C

Estacado

Edwards t a l Plain
Plateau
a s Cape Canaveral
C The Florida
o Peninsula

Cape Sable

Cape San Lucas

SCALE

0 500 1 000 1 500 km

451

A USR C T I C andO C E A N Canada political map

Barrow

Bethel A LASKA
Homer
(U.S.A.)

Fairbanks Inuvik
Anchorage

Dawson Kugluktuk
(Coppermine)
Y UKON

T E R R I T O R Y Norman Wells

Whitehorse NORTHWEST N UNAVUT
T E R R I TO R I E S
Iqaluit

Juneau

Fort Providence Yellowknife

Fort Nelson

Fort Vermilion Arviat

Hazelton C A N A D AUranium City NEWFOUNDLAND AND
LABRADOR
Prince Rupert BRITISH Kuujjuaq
(Fort Chimo)

Kitimat COLUMBIA Dawson Creek Churchill Goose Bay
Fort McMurray

Prince George A L B E RTA Schefferville

Edmonton La Ronge MANITOBA

SASKATCHEWAN St. John’s

Victoria Vancouver Calgary Saskatoon Q U E B E C Sept-Îles

P A C I F I C U N I T E D S TO A T E S A OT LCAENATNI CSan FrSaaLnnocisBJsoSWacAsakSoCecneAarrgAaSnsmeLfHPiDlIeeoeIFlinNrdeOsSttOGgolaRaoFTlnNerROedmICsRNAEnaOeGornlsNiomoOSnEpNeVCiaaAittytDLleAaABsIoVRDSiIsedISApeZPgaUaoHOhahlTktToOsouaNLAcneFaAsHaenkolHeilxsneClieNtynEaWMAWlbSYOuDaMEOPqnNelCCtuMunPTahEBeeOvAaeIXFbrieNslyqLNellIroeoiOuCGRnAneOgaRCnspRoAeieldDogATrCOSimaniYdtaaONyoLoEFrrUuioEklSblDTrtXoNpBBKbtoHriOPARonWsiOASnWAicmkKADegioRkNloirOSCaOascrrTASuSrtehihTKtHchxKKAiAoyLktAOWFOaiLmSnamATiclaMnlAoaHsWTnhilMoOnnDiTaappnGucaMFeIeeoDlraNIlksSgaalAerKOaaaNtpngs.asCodoEWJLPnLMeAWilSitaFistfMOAsyoftOoDRaauelUiertslTTKunrIkeJsAhISlWaeRAsruSoLSulcSsoNotoInSaknMGhOAcIouSipsSdkCnrNUCioAMreeCsiItiAtnShRenSrOyaMnSgiIBdNINcfiIaLBiMialTSSsewLyagoSITIlEIeydnNaNnoMKIBNmAduPAaOioNrKikLPppamInEAeIShuRIEntMSieBNgsiMnNaskSoLAgDIpTIoaaNmEMhCoIDUosnOFEAaaHeTlisrsAeCnimNsarisoIiAtGKmygnGhnrAntrgYoSvlmAkeeaOiiufeNeltnGCioldnnWetoHrbsaEAvtlWIuuiOEuCOlTrmlSigoReCynoCTulbGlduesrNVAusICvomtCAsoRaIehOonRrbOlPOalRaGtuuVLrEContHTIBJSmMlSsItNNaedhHINaauaRbOIcNsarowAfNAvkritGfSrUCaainaoaslCsYEIhonTlntoNbhoRLWantHrVnuiItaQreWacAMeAAlrvloRCheYageuNliaouRsbilileAcOlIsgtntiaeAhbocRihhRtnmhmnpeiOKyPnmNiecoLghloonIiteiNrdnNolfraAodnedHlkDwMeaCBClrIFpoOStYRBArfPnhTUeoLIoAoNoNcRdUriNusrraodeEEIkttMgSrCloWrudaWiTBncnsItItdOCoAaKnFEPDRWMINNAoRCMDNMVN(CCRAn(H(EOhOHDEPEEET(ncAAaaVDRrrNOtLWWnlrSRoeoAiAMolNDafonnSvYaWvHJpEEStiOtLAxEedtooCAAeCANCrRIenlT)tNRSHiMOTnSo)sIELDCUcTwE)PAeUIYSnSAN)TEHDTITRSE
O CEAN Baton
Austin Houston Rouge Tallahassee

San Antonio New Orleans FLORIDA

Orlando

Tampa

Laredo Corpus Christi Cape Coral
Miami

Honolulu

HAWAII

SCALE international boundary
national boundary
0 500 1 000 1 500 km capital city
city or town

452

Beaufort Baffin Greenland A RCTIC
Bay (Den.)
World poS elaitical map Jan Mayen
(Nor.)
Greenland
Sea

Alaska ICELAND N O RWA
(U.S.A.)
Reykjavik
Faroe Islands
(Denmark)

Bering Hudson Bergen
Sea Bay

Aleutian Is. Gulf of C ANADA UNITED Copenhagen
(U.S.A.) Alaska
KINGDOM DENMARK

Dublin LondonBNEEL.THG.LEUBR.eMrliAnNY

REPUBLIC
OF IRELAND

Paris L.

Ottawa St. Pierre FRANCE SW.
and Miquelon MONACO

(Fra.) Andorra la VellaMontecarlo S.

U SN I T E D T A T E S Washington (D.C.) ANDORRA Rome
PORTUGAL Madrid

OF A MERICA Lisbon SPAIN e d iter
Tunis
Azores M r
(Por.)
Algiers
A TLANTIC Madeira
(Por.) Rabat TUNISIA
Bermuda
(U.K.) OROCCO

Canary Islands M
GHANA
M O CRevillagigedo Is. (Spa.) A LG E R I A
BENÍN
(Mex.) WESTERN GABO
Gulf of E AN SAHARA

Hawaiian Islands EGMXuIeaCxSGtEiOecaULomnASCaSTliaAEatylLMvCVaiAAtdyLMDoABOreeRxlHmBiHcTOoEMeoapLNgvIaaDZuannNEncUaiaIRgKgJCaAAuiCAnlaMSpRgUaTsAABtHGICoCAEUnaANABHraSsiAAbsHIeaTbAuaIMDeCSOaAa.MSnnAtINoNPSIuDDCeToSArtN.moN.DRVi.nRLic.g.oE.oP(GGAUM.u...SaaB.rAdAtAeiN.n)lRoiDquBupBeAe.(D(FFOrraSa..)) MAURITANIA
(U.S.A.) Nouakchott M A LI NIGER

P ACIF IC CAPE VERDE SENEGAL
N Praia Dakar
O CEA BanjulBamako Niamey
GAMBIA
KIRIBATI Bissau Ouagadougou
GUINEA-BISSAU GUINEA
COSTA RICA Panama City TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO BURKINA NIGERIA
Conakry COTE TOGO
San José V Caracas Abuja
ENEZUELA Georgetown Freetown Yamoussoukro
PANAMA Paramaribo SIERRA LEONE
SURINAM D’IVOIRELome Porto
GUYANA French Guiana Monrovia
LIBERIA
P ERUBogotá Accra Novo

COLOMBIA (Fra.) Malabo
SAO TOMÉ EQUATORIA
Galapagos Islands

(Ecu.) Quito AND PRÍNCIPE

ECUADOR Libreville

Brazzaville

B RAZIL Ascension
(U.K.)
Lima
St. Elena
Cook Is. BOLIVIA Brasília (U.K.)

Niue (N.Z.) French La Paz
Z.) Polinesia
Sucre
(Fra.)
PARAG
Pitcairn Is. HILE UAY
(U.K.) Asunción

Easter Island I. Sala y Gómez San Félix San Ambrosio
(Chl.) (Chl.) (Chl.) (Chl.)

Juan Fernández RGENTIN URUGUAY
Islands Santiago A
(Chl.) Montevideo
Buenos Aires

C Tristan da Cunha
(U.K.)

Gough Island
(U.K.)

A Falkland Islands
(U.K.)

South Georgia South Sandwich
Islands Islands

(U.K.) (U.K.)

Scale South Shetland
Islands
0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 km
(U.K.)
South Orkney A NTARCTIC
Islands

(U.K.)

Abbreviation of states and the capital cities

A. Albania (Tirana) C. AND N. St. Kitts and Nevis (Basseterre)
A. AND B. Antigua and Barbuda (Saint John’s) CY. Cyprus (Nicosia)
Austria (Viena) D. Dominica (Roseau)
AU. Bosnia-Herzegovina (Sarajevo) G. Grenada (Saint Georges)
B. AND H. Belgium (Brussels) H. Hungary (Budapest)
Croatia (Zagreb) L. Liechtenstein (Vaduz)
BEL.
C.

Severnaya 453
Zemlya

Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa

Svalbard
(Nor.)

O CEAN Novaya World political map
Zemlya

Barents

Sea

N FINLAND Alaska
(U.S.A.)
W AY R USSIAN F EDERATION
WEDE

S

Helsinki

Tallinn Sea of Bering
Stockholm ESTONIA Okhotsk
Sea
nhagen Riga LATVIA Moscow
LITHUANIA Aleutian Is.
(U.S.A.)
R.F. Vilnius

Berlin POLAND Minsk Astana

BELARUS

ERMANY Warsaw Kiev

CZ. R. UKRAINE K AZAKHSTAN Ulan Bator
SLA. MOLDOVA
Chisinau M ONGOLIA
AU. H.

SL. C. ROMANIA TAN
CasSpeiaan
C H I N ARomrSea.TIrnMiTpVe.BALoaMMa.lLlHiIlAYOeBnA.NNtLtDY.TaAGAAS.SAMR.teEhB.EeaUSCnLosEGBfAEiuaRCcJIGeAahriaYurCIrosPBSeYBTasR.lTelaUteAiAcrmERuknLtLKkSJEaOeEBrASaRAYDAamYDTNaRR’OAmGmMbYINNAaEiaeElOnisrNsecRIIiuvAGRasIMBAnAAKaaQZUgnEWhBaRBdmaABKaAkIuAaTdHuIwJRTAaeQAINiThtIARNAUrTasRAAUnhKRNZgMBaEbENKaItSISTATNashKkPaebAADnNuKtulITSsKATBhAYJaIiIssNRKnlhGaNIbSkYmeeeTZwAakSNbTDaAedNlhNi EKPaAthLmandu Beijing N. KOREA

AFGHANIST P’yongyang J APA N

Seoul Tokyo

S. KOREA P ACIFIC

Thimbu Ryukyu
BHUTAN Islands
PHILIPPINES
(Jap.) O CEAN
VIETNAM
SARUiyDaIdhARADUBohI.AAa.EA. buMDushcaabti INDIA THAILADhaka
MYANMAR
Red Sea M BANGLADESH Ha Noi
AN
LAOS Northern Mariana
Islands
Khartoum O Vientiane Philippines
(U.S.A.)
CHAD Asmara SanaYaEMEN Rangoon

Ndjamena ERITREA Arabian ND Manila MARSHALL
Socotra Sea ISLANDS
SUDAN DJIBOUTI Djibouti Andaman Is. Bangkok CAMBODIA Guam
(Yem.) (India) (U.S.A.) Delap-Uliga-Djarrit
Sea Phnom
Gulf of Bairiki

CAMEROON Addis Ababa Bengala Penh

CENTRAL AFRICAN SOUTH ETHIOPIA S SRI LANKA Palikir
REPUBLIC SUDAN
OMALIA Sri Jayawardenepura BRUNEI Koror FEDERATED STATES
Juba Male M ALAYSIA Bandar OF MICRONESIA
Bangui Seri Begawan PALAU
Yaoundé MALDIVES Kuala Lumpur
QUATORIAL GUINEA UGANDA
Kampala KENYA Mogadishu SINGAPORE
GABON Singapore
CONGO Nairobi
RWANDA Yaren
Kigali I NDONESIA KIRIBATI
Bujumbura NAURU
BURUNDI CHELLES
Brazzaville DEM. REP. Victoria PAPUA
NEW GUINEA
Kinshasa Dodoma Jakarta
Port Moresby
OF CONGO TANZANIA S EY British Dili SALOMON Funafuti
Indian Ocean ISLANDS
Luanda EAST TUVALU
Territory TIMOR Honiara
M AL AWI MoroniCOMOROS Cocos Islands Christmas Island
I NDI (Aut.) SAMOA
ANGOLA (Aut.)
Lilongwe Mayotte Wallis and
ZAMBIA (Fra.) Coral Port Vila
AN Futuna Apia

Lusaka MADAGASCAR S e a VANUATU (Fra.)

MOZAMBIQUE Antananarivo Suva TONGA

NAMIBIA Harare MAURITIUS New Caledonia FIJI
(Fra.)
ZIMBABWE Port Louis Nuku’Alofa
Reunión
Windhoek O CE AN
(Fra.)
BOTSWANA

Gaborone A USTRALIA
Maputo

Pretoria Mbabane

Bloemfontein SWAZILAND
LESOTHO
Maseru

REPUBLIC OF
SOUTH AFRICA

Cape Town Canberra

Ile Amsterdam (Fra.)

Ile Saint Paul (Fra.) EALAND

Ta s m a n Z Wellington

Sea NEW

Prince Edward Island Iles Crozet
(R.S.) (Fra.)

Iles Kerguelen
(Fra.)

Heard Island
(Aut.)

international boundary
capital city

O CEAN

LU. Luxembourg (Luxembourg) S. Serbia (Belgrade)
M. Macedonia (Skopje) S. L. St. Lucia (Castries)
MON. Montenegro (Podgorica) Slovenia (Ljubljana)
NETH. Netherlands (Amsterdam) SL. Slovakia (Bratislava)
CZ. R. Czech Republic (Prague) SLA. Switzerland (Bern)
R. F. Russian Federation (Moscow) SW. San Marino (San Marino)
S. M.

454 A RCTIC

the English-speaking world

ALASKA

(U.S.A.)

C ANADA REPUBLIC UNITED
OF IRELAND KINGDOM
Quebec

U NITED S TATES

OF AMERICA A TLANTIC GIBRALTAR

(U.K.)

Bermuda (U.K.)

BAHAMAS O CEAN

Hawaiian Islands PUERTO RICO
(U.S.A.)
(U.S.A.)
BELIZE
JAMAICA

P ACIFIC GAMBIA

GUAYANA SIERRA LEONE NIGERIA
LIBERIA GHANA

KIRIBATI O CEAN

AMERICAN
SAMOA

Scale Falkland Islands (U.K.)

0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 km A NTARC TIC

The English- speaking world
Countries and territories where English is official language and mother tongue
Countries and territories where English is one of the official languages

O CEAN 455

the English-speaking world

MALTA P ACIFIC

PAKISTAN Midway
INDIA (U.S.A.)

O CEAN

HONG NORTHERN
KONG MARIANA IS.

IGERIA SOUTH SRI LANKA (U.S.A.) MARSHALL
SUDAN ISLANDS
CAMEROON GUAM
UGANDA (U.S.A.)
KENYA
PALAU

SINGAPORE

TANZANIA SEYCHELLES PAPUA NEW NAURU TUVALU
GUINEA SOLOMON
I NDIAN ISLANDS WESTERN
ZAMBIA MALAWI SAMOA
MAURITIUS VANUATU FIJI
ZIMBABWE
BOTSWANA O CEAN TONGA

SWAZILAND AUSTRALIA
SOUTH LESOTHO
AFRICA

NEW ZEALAND

O CEAN

456

drawing tools

picture

watercolours

pencil

crayons

ruler rubber

glue

felt tip pens

compass scissors set square

457

shapes

square rectangle
circle
rhombus

triangle

straight line wavy line

parallel line

perpendicular line

spiral line

458

musical instruments

string

harp violin

viola cello

double bass guitar

piano

459

musical instruments

percussion

drum

timpani bass drum

maraca cymbal triangle

wind

clarinet oboe tuba

flute

trombone

saxophone

460

musical symbols

musical notes

CD E FG A B

treble clef

stave
accent

breve
semibreve

minim

crotchet

quaver

semiquaver
demisemi-

quaver

461

CONVERSATION GUIDE

The weather........................................................... 462
In class................................................................. 464
Introductions ......................................................... 465
Greetings, congratulations ..................................... 466
Sorry! Excuse me... Pardon? ................................... 467
Directions ............................................................. 468
Transportation ....................................................... 470
Restaurant ............................................................. 472
At a fast food restaurant / take out......................... 473
Shopping for clothes .............................................. 474
Talking on the phone.............................................. 476
Telling the time...................................................... 478
Measurements....................................................... 480
Daily routine.......................................................... 482
Going shopping..................................................... 484
Music..................................................................... 485
Writing letters and notes....................................... 486
Sports................................................................... 488
The laboratory ....................................................... 490
Weekend activities with the family ..........................491

462

The weather

What's the weather like? ºC ºF

35 hot 100
30 warm 90
25 cool 80
20 cold 70
15 freezing 60
10 50
40
5 30
0 20
-5 10
-10 0
-15
-20 degrees Fahrenheit

degrees Celsius

Glossary thick / dense fog
storm
weather forecast heavy shower
sunny drizzle
clear rainbow
unpleasant foggy
cloudy It’s pouring down.
windy It looks like rain.
snowy
rainy ð ,W
V KRW WRGD\ LVQ
W LW"
ð <HV LW LV 'R \RX WKLQN LW ZLOO
Conversations
last?
ð , KRSH QRW ,
P URDVWLQJ

ð :KDW D ORYHO\ ZDUP GD\
Isn't it a nice day?

ð < HV LW LV :H
YH EHHQ OXFN\
with the weather this week.

463

ð , W
V ZLQG\ WRGD\ LVQ
W LW" ð ,W
V YHU\ FORXG\ WRGD\ ,V LW UDLQLQJ"

ð ,W FHUWDLQO\ LV ,V LW DOZD\V ð 1R MXVW GUL]]OLQJ ,W ZRQ
W ODVW ORQJ
this windy here?
ð 'R \RX WKLQN WKH VXQ ZLOO FRPH RXW
ð 1R LW
V EORZLQJ D UHDO JDOH later?
today.
ð 0D\EH 7KH IRUHFDVW VD\V LW ZLOO
clear up inthe afternoon, but they're
usually wrong.

ð :KDW D JUD\ GD\ 'R \RX WKLQN LW LV ð , W
V SRXULQJ GRZQ
going to rain?
ð <HV ,
P VRDNHG 'RHV LW
ð , WKLQN VR 3UREDEO\ 7KH IRUHFDVW usually rain so much?
is heavy showers.
ð , W UDLQV TXLWH D ORW KHUH
ð ,
YH EHHQ KHUH WZR ZHHNV DQG but we've had particularly
I haven't seen the sun yet! The bad weather this month.
weather's been awful.

ð , W
V FROG WRGD\ LVQ
W LW"

ð ,
P IUHH]LQJ ,W
V IUHH]LQJ ,
P QRW
used to this.

ð <HV LW
V QRW YHU\ SOHDVDQW LV LW" :H
get an easterly wind that brings in
the cold from ...

464

In class to take an exam
to pass
Glossary to fail
to get an A, B, C, D, E
to mean VXEMHFW
to do the homework
to underline
to summarize
to study
to check / go over

Asking the teacher

ð :KDW GRHV mean?

ð + RZ GR \RX VD\ in
English?

ð +RZ GR \RX SURQRXQFH WKDW
word?

ð , GRQ
W XQGHUVWDQG \RX &RXOG
you repeat that sentence,
please?

ð &RXOG \RX VSHDN PRUH VORZO\
please?

ð ,
P VRUU\ , GRQ
W XQGHUVWDQG

ð & RXOG :RXOG \RX SOHDVH
spell it for me?

ð ,V WKLV FRUUHFW SOHDVH"

ð 0D\ , JR WR WKH UHVWURRP"

ð +RZ PXFK WLPH GR ZH VWLOO
have before the bell rings?

465 +L ,
P -RUJH
+RZ DUH \RX"
Introductions

Introducing yourself

+HOOR P\ QDPH LV 0DU¯D *RQ]£OH]

Fine, and you?

Introducing someone

INFORMAL

This is Jorge.

+L ,
P $QQH +RZ DUH \RX"

Fine, and you?
1LFH WR PHHW \RX

FORMAL +RZ GR \RX GR 3OHDVHG
to meet you.
Let me introduce you. Sara, this is
Robert. Robert, this is Sara.

+RZ GR \RX GR
Pleased to meet you.

466 Bless you!

Greetings, congratulations

+DSS\ ELUWKGD\

+DYH D QLFH ZHHNHQG

Congratulations for your good
grades!

The same to you. Good luck!

Merry Christmas and
D +DSS\ 1HZ <HDU

467

Sorry! Excuse me... Pardon?

Sorry! I'm late! Sorry to hear about I'm sorry, I didn't
your accident. do it on purpose.

Excuse me, Excuse me, Excuse me, could you
can I get by? can I come in? tell me the way to ...

Pardon? What did It's awful!
you say? I beg your pardon?!

468

Directions

Glossary

intersection stop sign
opposite yield
traffic circle crosswalk
straight ahead cul-de-sac
to carry on hill / slope
to turn sidewalk
stoplights perpendicular
turning U-turn

STOP

Asking directions is?
, please?
ð ([FXVH PH FDQ \RX WHOO PH ZKHUH WKH
ð ([FXVH PH FDQ \RX WHOO PH WKH ZD\ WR

Giving directions

ð ,W
V XS WKHUH RQ WKH ULJKW

ð & HUWDLQO\ <RX JR VWUDLJKW
ahead until you get to the
stoplights, and then turn
left …

ð & DUU\ RQ GRZQ WKLV URDG
and take the second turn on
the right. Then when you
pass the next intersection,
it'll be on your left.

ð 6RUU\ , GRQ
W OLYH KHUH

469

Asking "How far...?"

ð ,V LW IDU" +RZ IDU LV LW"
ð +RZ ORQJ ZLOO LW WDNH WR JHW WKHUH"
ð ,W
V DERXW D WHQ PLQXWH ZDON
ð ,W
V MXVW DURXQG WKH FRUQHU
ð +RZ DUH \RX JRLQJ" 2Q IRRW RU E\ FDU"
ð :KHQ \RX JHW WR WKH LQWHUVHFWLRQ

ask again.
ð , W
V D ORQJ ZD\ <RX QHHG

to take the bus.

Turn left.

Turn right.

Go straight ahead.
Go back.

The second turn on the left.

470

Transportation

Asking about transportation

ð : KDW
V WKH EHVW ZD\ WR JR JHW
to ? By bus or by subway?

ð OV WKHUH D GLUHFW EXV WUDLQ WR ?

ð 1 R \RX QHHG WR WDNH D EXV WUDLQ
to and then change.

ð :KHUH LV WKH UDLOZD\ VWDWLRQ SOHDVH"

ð :KHUH FDQ , JHW FDWFK D EXV
to ?

On the bus ð :KDW QXPEHU EXV GR , QHHG WR JR
to ?
ð + RZ PXFK LV LW WR
?

ð 'RHV WKLV EXV JR WR ?

ð &DQ FRXOG \RX WHOO PH ZKHUH
when to get off, please?

ð & RXOG \RX WHOO PH ZKHQ ZH JHW
to , please?

Sightseeing tours

ð + RZ ORQJ GRHV WKH WRXU ODVW"
ð : KHUH GRHV WKH WRXU HQG"
ð :KLFK VLJKWV DUH LQFOXGHG LQ WKH WRXU"
ð 0 D\ , JHW RII DQG JHW RQ DV PDQ\ WLPHV DV , ZDQW WR"
ð 0D\ , NHHS WKH EURFKXUH RU VKDOO , OHDYH LW DW P\ VHDW"

471

At the railway / bus station ð 5HWXUQLQJ ZKHQ"

ð :KHUH LV WKH WLFNHW RIILFH SOHDVH"

ð &DQ , KDYH D VLQJOH UHWXUQ WLFNHW ð &DQ , KDYH D ZHHNO\ SDVV SOHDVH"
to , please? ð )RU ZKDW ]RQHV"
ð : KDW ]RQH LV )LVKHUPDQ
V :KDUI LQ"
ð VW FODVV RU QG FODVV"

The subway

ð :KHUH
V WKH QHDUHVW VXEZD\ VWDWLRQ SOHDVH"

ð : KDW WLPH LV WKH ODVW WUDLQ EDFN SOHDVH"

ð :KHUH DUH WKH HOHYDWRUV HVFDODWRUV"

ð :KDW OLQH LV LW RQ"

ð , W
V RQ WKH 0XVHXP RI 1DWXUDO
+LVWRU\ OLQH

ð 'R , KDYH WR FKDQJH OLQHV"

ð 3OHDVH ZDWFK \RXU VWHS ZKHQ JHWWLQJ
off. Be sure you do not step
between the car and the platform.

On the train

ð 0LQG WKH JDS 0LQG WKH GRRUV ð 1 H[W VWRS &KDQJH KHUH IRU WKH
ð 0DGDP \RX PD\ KDYH P\ VHDW Circle line.
ð :H DSRORJL]H IRU WKH GHOD\
ð (QG RI OLQH

ð , KDYH WR FKDQJH DW WKH QH[W
station.

472

Restaurant Are you ready to order?

Ordering

<HV WR EHJLQ ,
G OLNH D VDODG
And for my main course I'll have

a steak.

Could we see the menu, please?

And for dessert,
an ice cream.

+RZ ZRXOG \RX OLNH \RXU VWHDN
rare, medium or well-done?

Paying

ð & RXOG ZH KDYH WKH ELOO
please?

ð 3OHDVH SD\ DW WKH UHJLVWHU
ð + RZ DUH \RX JRLQJ WR SD\

in cash or by credit card?
ð + HUH
V \RXU FKDQJH

473

At a fast food restaurant / take out

Ordering

ð $ ODUJH EXUJHU DQG IUHQFK IULHV
please.

ð / DUJH IULHV RU VPDOO" $Q\ GULQNV"

ð < HV GR \RX KDYH ERWWOHG ZDWHU"
What kinds of soda do you
have?

ð 7 R WDNH DZD\ RU WR HDW KHUH"
That will be five dollars and
thirty-five cents, please.

At the table ð 0 PP 7KLV LV GHOLFLRXV

ð 3 XW WKH WUD\ RYHU WKHUH ð 'R \RX KDYH DQ\ PD\RQQDLVH IRU WKH
ð & DQ \RX SDVV PH WKH VDOW" burger?

Glossary cash register
bill
tray change
soda / soft drink to pay in cash
takeout food to pay by (credit) card
large / small (french) fries
well-done / medium-rare hamburger

474

Shopping for clothes dryer
iron
Glossary delicate garment
tight-fitting
receipt tailored / fitted (shirt)
size ILWWHG WLJKW MDFNHW GUHVV
wool
cotton
fiber
to wash it by hand

Can I help you? 1R WKDQNV
,
P MXVW ORRNLQJ

ð ,
P ORRNLQJ IRU D UHG
sweater. / Can you show
me a red sweater?

ð : H GRQ
W KDYH DQ\WKLQJ LQ
red.

ð ' R \RX KDYH RQH LQ EOXH"

ð : KDW VL]H GR \RX ZHDU"

Where can I try this on? The fitting rooms
are over there.

475

Sizes United Latin America ð 7KLV LV WRR VPDOO
.LQJGRP and Spain Can you bring me one in a larger
USA size?
3½ 36
Shoes 4½ 37 ð 7 KLV LV WRR ELJ
5 38 Can you bring me one in a smaller
6 5 39 size?
6 40
6½ 6½ 41
7½ 7 42
8 43
8 9 44
8½ 10
36
9 8 38
10 10 40
11 12 42
Clothes 14 44
6 16 46
8 18 48
10 20
14
14
16
18

ð 2. ,
OO WDNH LW :KHUH GR , SD\"

ð + RZ PXFK LV WKLV"
+RZ PXFK DUH WKHVH"

ð + RZ PXFK LV LW"

ð , V LW PDFKLQH ZDVKDEOH"

ð & DQ , KDYH D UHFHLSW SOHDVH"

ð + HUH
V \RXU GUHVV DQG
here's the receipt.

476

Talking on the phone to pick up the phone
to put someone through
Glossary to call back
collect call
a call missed call
voice mail text / message
beep MMS picture
to ring signal
to phone battery
to dial
to hang up
+ROG RQ
to be busy

land line

Making a call cellphone / mobile (phone)

ð +HOOR ð &DQ , VSHDN WR -RKQ
please?
ð + HOOR 7KLV LV
Rosa. Is John ð -RKQ
V RXW ,
P DIUDLG
there, please? Can I take a message?

ð , WKLQN \RX ð &DQ \RX WHOO KLP WKDW
have the wrong Rosa called?
number.

More telephone language ð +ROG RQ ,
OO SXW \RX WKURXJK

ð ,
P LQ WKH FDU ,
OO FDOO \RX EDFN ð & DQ \RX VSHDN D ELW ORXGHU" ,W
V D
later. bad connection.

ð 7KLV LV WKH YRLFH PDLO RI 'LDQD ð &DQ \RX FDOO EDFN ODWHU" 7KH OLQH LV
Williams. I'm not available at the busy.
PRPHQW <RX FDQ OHDYH D PHVVDJH
and I'll get back to you as soon as
possible.

477

Talking about making a call ð : KDW
V WKH FKHDSHVW WLPH WR FDOO
abroad?
ð ' LG \RX VSHDN WR -RKQ WKLV PRUQLQJ"
ð +RZ FDQ , PDNH D FROOHFW FDOO"
ð 1 R KLV QXPEHU ZDV EXV\ ,
OO WU\
again tonight. ð : KDW LV 6DOO\
V QXPEHU"

ð 'LG \RX VSHDN WR 0DU\"

ð 1R , FDOOHG KHU EXW VKH GLG QRW
answer.

1 missed You have 1
call new message

Call me when you get here. Just let I'll send you a text
it ring once and I'll come down. where to meet.

No service Battery Low

Please Charge Me

, MXVW JRW \RXU PHVVDJH My battery's going.
I had no signal. I'll have to put it on charge.

Switch cellphone off
or to silent

Please switch off cellphones I'd put it on silent so
during the movie. I missed your call.

478

Telling the time ð ,W
V R
FORFN

Asking the time ð ,
P VRUU\ , GRQ
W
have a watch.
ð :KDW WLPH LV LW"

ð :KDW
V WKH WLPH
please?

ð & RXOG \RX WHOO PH
the time, please?

What time is it?

11 12 1

ð : KHQ LW
V H[DFWO\ RQ WKH KRXU ZH VD\ 10 2
It's o'clock. 9 3

84

It's two o'clock. 75
6

ð : KHQ LW
V PLQXWHV SDVW ZH VD\ 11 12 1
10 2
,W
V D TXDUWHU SDVW
93
(or It's fifteen). 84
75
,W
V TXDUWHU SDVW WZR 6
(It's two fifteen).

ð :KHQ LW
V PLQXWHV SDVW ZH VD\ 11 12 1
It's thirty. 10 2

It's two thirty. 93
84
75
6

479

ð ) RU DQ\ WLPH EHWZHHQ R
FORFN DQG PLQXWHV 11 12 1
SDVW ZH VD\ 10 2
It's past . 93

84

It's five past two. 765

ð :KHQ LW
V PLQXWHV SDVW ZH VD\

,W
V TXDUWHU WR [the next hour]. 11 12 1
10 2
(or It's forty-five).
93
,W
V TXDUWHU WR WZR 84
(It's one forty-five). 75
6

ð For any time between 30 minutes past 11 12 1
and o'clock, we say the number of 10 2
minutes remaining to the next hour.
93
It's twenty to two. 84
75
6

Morning or afternoon / evening

The 24-hour clock is not used in spoken English (it is mainly used in bus
and train timetables and the armed forces). To distinguish between 08.00
DQG KRXUV ZH VD\

ð , W
V HLJKW R
FORFN LQ WKH PRUQLQJ ð ,W
V HLJKW R
FORFN LQ WKH HYHQLQJ

480 450 meters / 1,477 feet

Measurements

Length

ð PLOH NLORPHWHUV
ð \DUG PHWHUV
ð IRRW FHQWLPHWHUV RU PHWHUV
ð LQFK PLOOLPHWHUV RU FHQWLPHWHUV
ð LQFKHV IRRW
ð IHHW \DUG

The Petrona Towers,
.XDOD /XPSXU 0DOD\VLD

1,780 meters / 5,839 feet

$NDVKL .DLN\R %ULGJH -DSDQ

Capacity

ð SLQW OLWHU

ð JDOORQ SLQWV OLWHU

a pint of milk a gallon of gasoline

Weight

ð RXQFH JUDPV
ð SRXQG NLORJUDPV
ð RXQFHV SRXQG

481

Temperature ºF 100 ð ) URP |) WR |&
90
35 ºC
80 subtract 32, multiply by 5 and divide by 9.
30 70
25
20 60
15
10 50

5 40 ð ) URP |& WR |)
0 30
-5
-10 20 multiply by 9, divide by 5 and add 32.
-15 10
-20
0

degrees Celsius degrees Fahrenheit

100 ºC or 212 ºF 37 ºC or 98.4 ºF
boiling point of water body temperature

0 ºC or 32 ºF -273,15 ºC or -459.67 ºF
freezing point absolute zero

Measuring instruments

thermometer bathroom scale tape measure

ruler compass VHW VTXDUH WULDQJOH

482

Daily routine

Getting up

Carlos, Ana, it's time to get up.
<RX KDYH WR JR WR VFKRRO

1RRR -XVW D ELW ORQJHU

Good morning, Ana.
Did you sleep all
right?

<HV , KDG D UHDOO\
funny dream!

Leaving for school

ð : KDW GR \RX ZDQW WR HDW IRU EUHDNIDVW"
Breakfast is the most important meal of
theday since it brings you all the energy
you need.

ð + XUU\ XS <RX
OO PLVV WKH EXV
ð %UXVK \RXU WHHWK $QG GRQ
W

forget your lunch.
ð + DYH \RX SXW DOO RI \RXU ERRNV

in your backpack?

483

Coming home ð 0 RP PD\ , JR WR WKH QHLJKERU
V
before dinner? I have finished my
ð + RZ ZDV \RXU GD\ DW VFKRRO" homework.
Do you have much homework?

ð $ QD &DUORV FOHDQ XS \RXU URRP ð & DUORV OLNHV WR UHDG LQ EHG EHIRUH
and put your clothes in the laundry going to sleep. The books he
basket before going to bed. likes most are adventure stories.

ð 'RQ
W IRUJHW WR VHW WKH DODUP IRU ð 6 OHHS ZHOO *RRG QLJKW DQG
seven o'clock. sweet dreams.

484 Glossary

Going shopping newspaper
magazine
At the newsstand weekly
monthly
Can I have today's paper?

At the office supply store Glossary

ð 'R \RX KDYH DQ\ EDVHEDOO ruler
cards? eraser
marker
ð +RZ PXFK LV WKLV FRPSDVV" pencil
paperclips
ð 'R \RX KDYH QRWHERRNV ZLWK UXOHG thumbtacks
paper?

ð 'R \RX KDYH DQ\ ULQJ ELQGHUV"

ð 'R \RX KDYH D 6SDQLVK (QJOLVK
bilingual dictionary?

At the supermarket

ð ' LG ZH EULQJ WKH VKRSSLQJ OLVW"

ð 3 OHDVH JHW D VKRSSLQJ EDVNHW RU
even better a shopping cart.

ð 3OHDVH 7RP KHOS PH SXW WKH
groceries away in the cabinets,
the pantry, and the fridge.

485

Music

piano guitar violin viola

cello (violoncello) double bass flute saxophone

trumpet bassoon clarinet drums

Glossary

to play an instrument
sol-fa class
music
notes
work
composer
orchestra
conductor
performance
festival

486

Writing letters and notes

An informal letter

the date your address
13 Oak Drive

Hawthorne, CA 90235
USA

September 29, 2014

Dear Susan,
It´s been months since we came back from summer camp
and I haven't heard from you.

How are you?

I´m fine. School started a few weeks ago and my parents
have signed me up for basketball, French, and piano lessons.

On the weekends, we go to the countryside and have a picnic.

Our dogs, Ramon and Simon (you remember them? I
showed you some pictures this summer) are having a great
time chasing each other around the bushes and trying to
catch flies.

I´m enclosing some photos of the last picnic.

Looking forward to hearing from you. If you are closed
to the person.

Love / Lots of love, If there is a cordial
Best regards / Regards / Yours, relationship but not
a close one.

Eva

signature

487

Notes

Hey Pepe!
SIYtaowtuui'lrrldebaeiynivnaitteo5du.rtobamckyybairrdthndeaxyt.
aTnhdergea'llmbeess. nacks, balloons,
Bye,
Danny

Dear Cristina,
You're invited to a sleepover at
my house. Paula and Irene are
coming too.
My mom's letting us have
a slumber party.
See you Friday.
Bye,
Rachel

DTyIIcHohechouaaeoaurnrrudsekblSid'nstisaron'tsfr'yhotgaodgrohcuar,oaartymsodpkbuermiaeanbrsytgbieeoecmnncat.eu.uest.oe
Happy birthday!
Robert

488

Sports

Glossary

training / practice trainer / coach
game / match competition
championship
prize
league
cup
medal
changing room
showers
discipline
physical effort
sports drink
tracksuit

Soccer corner offside
soccer boots yellow / red card
goal penalty foul
to score a goal ban
to send off referee
to blow the whistle
linesman / lineswoman
goalkeeper
forward
midfield player
defender
stadium
anthem

489

Ballet

ballet shoes
tights
bun
tutu
barre
mirror

Basketball

basket
ball
to make / score / shoot a basket

Golf

club
ball
hole
tee
golf course
hit balls at the driving range
handicap

Tennis

tennis court
racket
tennis ball
net
sneakers

Other sports

football
volleyball
baseball

490

The laboratory

SURMHFWRU

blackboard / board

hanger chalk

test tube

microscope

chair / seat
laptop

desktop computer
screen

desk keyboard mouse

491

Weekend activities with the family

ð *RLQJ IRU D ZDON LQ WKH
FRXQWU\VLGH ZH SXW RXU UXEEHU
boots on, the raincoat, a scarf
and the woolen cap.

ð * RLQJ WR KDYH OXQFK DW P\
JUDQGSDUHQWV
IRU GHVVHUW WKH\
always have cheesecake.

ð 0\ GDG GULYHV PH WR WKH OHDJXH
game next Sunday. It is exciting
to see the flags and to hear how
the fans sing our team's anthem.

ð :KHQ WKH ZHDWKHU LV EDG ZH FDQ JR
to the movies, to the theater, and to a
PXVHXP DV ZHOO 1HYHUWKHOHVV LI ZH
stay at home, it is fun when we all sit
around the fireplace to watch a movie
and drink a hot chocolate.

This page intentionally left blank

493

GRAMMAR SUMMARY

1. Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
2. Nouns

2.1 Plural nouns: countable and uncountable nouns . . . . . . . . . 495
2.2 Common nouns and proper nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
3. Adjectives
3.1 Usual word order of adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
3.2 Comparative and superlative forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
4. Pronouns
4.1 Personal pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
4.2 Reflexive pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
4.3 Possessive pronouns and adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
4.4 Interrogative pronouns and adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
5. Possessive apostrophe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
6. Verbs
6.1 Auxiliary verbs: be / do / have . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
6.2 Modal verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
6.3 Irregular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
6.4 Phrasal verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
7. Verb tenses
7.1 Simple tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
7.2 Compound tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
7.3 Progressive tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
8. Conditional sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
9. Idioms and phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

GRAMMAR SUMMARY 494

1 ARTICLES

ðÜWe use the indefinite articles A / AN:

- When we don’t specify the person, animal or object we are talking about.
· There’s a cat on that roof.
The dog has an apple in its mouth.

- With the names of professions and jobs.
· My mother is a doctor.

ðÜWe use the definite article THE:

- When we refer to a specific person, animal or object.
· I get on well with all the girls in my class.

- With the names of musical instruments.
· My brother plays the Piano.

- With the names of rivers, seas and regions.
· the Mississippi
· the Atlantic Ocean
· the South Pole

ðÜNO article:

- When we talk about things in general.
· I don’t watch TV often.
· Animals are classified in mammals, birds, fishes, reptiles, amphibians and insects.

- When we talk about some places (church, college, prison, school, university, work).
· I have to study after school.

- With the sports names.
· She likes playing soccer.

- With meals.
· I always have lunch at one o’clock.

495

GRAMMAR SUMMARY

2 NOUNS

2.1 PLURAL NOUNS

ðÜCountable nouns

— Countable nouns (those which can be counted) usually form their plural by adding -s to the

singular form.

a car   two cars a boy   some boys

— The ones ending in -ch, -sh, -s, -x or -z add -es to the singular form.

a watch   two watches a box   four boxes
a bus   three buses a quiz   two quizzes

— The ones ending in -y preceded by a consonant form their plural by changing the ‘y’ to ‘i’

and adding -es.

a baby   two babies    a city   two cities

— The ones ending in -f or -fe form their plural by changing the ‘f’ to ‘v’ and adding -es or -s respectively.

a thief   two thieves a knife   two knives

—  Some nouns ending in -o form their plural by adding -es.

a potato   two potatoes a tomato   two tomatoes

— Irregular plurals.

child     children foot     feet
man     men tooth    teeth
woman   women goose    geese
person   people mouse    mice

Note: The irregular plurals never end in -s.

ðÜUncountable nouns

Uncountable nouns (those which cannot be counted) do not have plural form and they never
take a, an or a number.

I need a money.   I need money.
Drink one water.  Drink some water.
They give me an advice.  They give me a piece of advice.

2.2 COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS

ðÜCommon nouns

A common noun is a word that names people, objects or ideas in general.
· This city is the capital of Mexico.

ðÜProper nouns

A proper noun is a word that names individual persons or things. These nouns begin with a capital letter.
· Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.

GRAMMAR SUMMARY 496

3 ADJECTIVES

3.1 USUAL WORD ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

ðÜAdjectives always go before nouns or after to be.
my little sister.
Peter is tall.

ðÜWhen a noun is preceded by more than one adjective, they are arranged in a particular order.

general opinion specific opinion size shape age color nacionality material

— For example:

— size + color:
Pamela has short brown hair.

— color + material:
She is carrying a blue plastic bag.

3.2 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS

ðÜWe add -er, -est to all the adjectives with one syllable and those with two syllables ending in -y.

Comparative Superlative

tall taller the tallest

nice nicer the nicest

big bigger the biggest

easy easier the easiest

ðÜWe add more , most to the other adjectives with two syllables and all the adjectives with more than two.

boring Comparative Superlative
more boring the most boring

ðÜIrregular forms. Comparative Superlative

good better best
bad worse worst
little less least
much / many more most
far farther / further farthest / furthest

497

GRAMMAR SUMMARY

4 PRONOUNS

4.1 PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Subject Objet

1st person singular I me
2nd person singular you you
3rd person singular he him
she her
1st person plural it it
2nd person plural we us
3rd person plural you you
they them

ðÜA subject pronoun (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they) functions as the subject of a clause or sentence.

· I went to New York yesterday.
· She is a lawyer.
· They often go to the movies on the weekend.

ðÜA object pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them) functions as the object of a clause or sentence.

· Don’t give the money to me, give it to him.
· If you speak to us, we’ll explain everything.
· The kids must be here, I saw them earlier.

GRAMMAR SUMMARY 498

4.2 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Subject Reflexive

I myself
you yourself
he himself
she herself
it itself
we ourselves
you youselves
they themselves

ðÜReflexive pronouns are used:

— When the subject and object of the clause or sentence are the same person.
· Be careful! Don’t hurt yourself with the scissors!
· Don’t pay attention to me! I’m talking to myself.

— To put emphasis on a particular noun that precedes them.
· He himself told me the truth.
· They ate all the cakes themselves.