Understanding English Grammar 9th Edition

434 Index

Reciprocal pronouns, 43, 46, 297 Retained object, 91
defined, 361 defined, 361

Recursiveness. See Embedding Revising prose
Redundancy, 333 with appositives, 318-19
Reed and Kellogg diagrams, 55-58, 366-70. to avoid sexism, 336-39
with verbs, 3 1 6 -1 7
See also D iagram m ing
variations from original, 367—68 Rhetoric, 309
Referent. See also Antecedent, Rhetorical grammar, 309-39
ambiguity of, 62 R hythm o f sentences, 95 -9 7 , 312-15.
defined, 361
o f direct object, 42—43 See also Intonation; Stress,
o f indefinite relative pronouns, with cleft transformations, 97-99
w'kh coordinate series, 331, 3 3 3 -3 5
299, 304 effect o f adverbials on, 3 26-27
of noun phrase, 30, 34, 43, 45, w ith ihere transform ation, 9 5 -9 7
Roberts, Paul, 8-10
48, 116 Rules of thum b
related io punctuation, 151-54 for punctuating adjectival clauses and
Reflexive pronoun, 43, 46, 2 9 5 -9 6
defined, 361 phrases, 153-54
emphatic, 296 for punctuation prenoun adjectives, 132
Regionalisms, 4, 10 for understanding participles,
defined, 361
Regular verb, 64 145—46
defined, 361
Relative adverb, 142 Safire, W illiam , 141
defined, 361 School gram m ar, 5 -6 . See also T raditional
Relative clauses
as adjectivals, 138-43, 151-54, Grammar.
Second amendment, 200
293-94 Semantic feamres of words, 83-84
diagramming, 138-40 Semi-auxiliaries, See Modal-like verbs.
with indefinite relative pronouns, Semicolon, 218, 342
Sentence, 17, 2 0 -2 2 , 3 0 -3 1 . See also
301-302,305
punctuation of, 151-54 Sentence patterns,
with relative adverbs, 142 coordination, 2 1 6 -2 0 , 341 —42
with broad reference, 203-204 defined, 121-22, 362
defined, 361 focus of, 3 15-16
as sentence modifiers, 203—204 formula, 20-22, 29-30
Relative pronouns, 138—40, 293—94, rhydim . ,&<• R hythm o f sentences,
slots, 31
2 9 8 -9 9 . See also Indefinite
relative pronouns, punctuation and, 54—55
case of, 139-41, 298-99 Sentence appositive, 202-203, 319
defined, 361 Sentence combining, 162, 207, 224
deletion of, 140
expanded, 299 as revision tool, 3 25-26
Rem ote past tense, 81 Sentence fragments, 124-25
Repetition as stylistic device, 333 -3 5
Reporting tags, 345 as stylistic device, 3 3 2 -3 3
Required adverbial, 31, 32, 51 Sentence modifiers, 189-208
Restrictive modifier. See also PuncLuation.
defined, 361 absolute phrases as, 199 -2 0 2
adverbs, 190-91
appositives as, 2 0 2 -2 0 3 , 332
defined, 362
diagramming, 190, 192, 201

Index 435

elliptical clauses as, 197-99 Singular See also N um ber, as feature.
as function, 106 defined, 362
infinitives as, 192
interjections as, 194-95 Singular they, 293, 301—302, 337
as m etadiscourse, 190, 3 2 7 -2 9 defined, 362
participles as, 192
punctuation of, 191-92,194, Some/any rule, 302
Speech-writing differences
196-97, 345
relative clauses as, 2 0 3 -2 0 4 in conveying m eaning, 98—99
subordinate clauses as, 195-99 with interjections, 194
vocatives, 193-94 w ith whom, 12, 140—41, 2 9 3 -9 4
Sentence openers, 345. See also Sentence Spelling
change, 12
modifiers. o f irregular plurals, 233—34, 242n
Sentence patterns, 2 8 -6 2 , 3 1 0 -1 2 . See also of possessive nouns, 2 3 3 -3 4
recognition o f morphemes in, 237, 248
patterns listed by number, Split infinitive, 119-20
ambiguity in, 62, 262 Standard English. See Kdited American
defined, 362
diagramming of, 56-58, 366-67 English; Formal style; Speech-
writing differences; Usage.
in passive voice, 87, 91 -9 2 Stand-in auxiliary, 7 7 -7 9 , 84. See also
distinguishing, 60-61, 115-16 Do Support,
exceptions to 39, 51, 61 defined, 362
form ulas of, 31 Stative, as word feature, 83, 84
of gerunds, 169-70 defined, 362
o f infinitives, 117-18, 174 Stem, o f word. See Base m orphem e.
o f lie and lay, 7 9 -8 0 Stock phrases. See Idioms.
of participles, 144-145 Stress. See also Intonation,
and punctuation, 54—55 in cleft sentences, 9 9 -1 0 0
o f there transform ation, 9 5 -9 8 degrees of, 235n
Sentence slots, 30-31, 164 patterns in com pound w'ords,
Sentence types, 51-54, ^8 235-36
cleft, 9 8 -1 0 0 ,3 1 5 -1 6 and rhychm, 313-15
declarative, 51-52 o f structure classes, 265
emphatic, 79 with superlative degree, 259
exclamatory, 51-52, 54 o f there transform ation, 95-98, 283
imperative, 51, 53 Structural grammar, 6 -7 , 225, 239
interrogative, 51, 52-53, 78 Structuralism, 6 -7
there, 9 5 -9 8 . See also 77tere defined, 362
Structure classes, 6, 2 6 -2 7 , 2 2 5 -2 6 ,
transform ation. 2 6 5 -8 8 . See also entries
Serial comma, 2 1 1-12, 343 o f subclasses,
auxiliaries, 66 -8 1 , 2 70-72
defined, 362 conjunctions, 49, 209-10, 213-16,
Series, 2 1 1 -1 2 , 329, 3 3 1-32, 343 278-82
Set phrases. See Idioms. defined, 362
Sexism in language, 290, 292-93, 305-306, determiners, 18-19, 1 3 0 -3 1 ,2 6 5 -7 0
expletives, 2 8 2 -8 4
336-339 interrogatives, 180-83
Shakespeare, 84, 187. 262 prepositions, 24-25, 274-78
Shifting adverbials, 322-23 qualifiers, 2 72-74
Sibilant sounds, 242
Simple prepositions, 274

defined, 362

436 Index Suffix, 17, 23, 64, 2 2 9 -3 3 . See also
Derivational affixes;
Strunk, William, 243 Inflectional suffixes,
Style, 329-30
Subject, 20-22, 29-30 defined, 363
Superlative degree
abstract:, 3 2 1 -2 2
clause as, 181, 182, 184 o f adjectives, 22, 253-55
compound, 49-50 o f adverbs, 22, 110, 254, 259
defined, 363 Surface structure
of gerund, 171 defined, 363
gerund as, 167-68 Syllable, 228
o f infinitive, 119, 156-57, 175-77 added for possessive, 243
infinitive as, 1” 3 -7 4 Syntax, 5, 7, 227
o f participle, 146, 149-50 defined, 363
understood, 53, 157
Subject complements, 31, 33-37 T (tense m arker), 73. also Tense,
adjectives as, 31, 33, 35 fa g question, 9 -1 0 , 8 4 -8 5 , 102
compound, 49-50 Tense, 69-70, 72, 75-76
defined, 363
diagramm ing of, 57, 58 defined, 363
gerunds as, 168 future, 72-73
infinitives as, 173 of modal auxiliaries, 70-71
nom inal clauses as, 179 past, 69, 75
noun phrases as, 34, 36 present, 70-71
in passive voice, 90—92 traditional labels for, ^ 5 -7 6
prepositional phrases as, 33 -3 4 , 35 Tensed verbs, 69
Subject-verb agreement See Agreement. defined, 364
Subjective case That
defined, 363 with broad reference, 298
of personal pronouns, 290-91 as dem onstrative pronoun, 18, 130-31,
o f relative pronouns, 140—41
Subjective genitive, 261 297-98
Subjunctive mood, 73-74 as expletive, 178-79, 187-88, 283
defined, 363
Subordinate clauses, compared with relative pronoun,
179-80
121-23, 195-99
of comparison, 198-99 m ultiple functions of, 187
defined, 363 as nom inalizer, 1 87-88, 283
elliptical, 197-99 as relative pronoun, 138-40, 153
punctuation of, 124-25, 196-97
as sentence modifiers, 195-99 com pared with expletive, 179-80
Subordinating conjunctions, 122, 195, in restrictive clauses, 153
in subjunctive clauses, 7 3 -7 4
280-82 vague reference of, 298
when, distinguished from interrogative, There, as adverb, 9 6 -9 7 , 110-11
There T ransform ation, 9 5 -9 8 , 283
181-82 w ith dangling participle, 150
Subordinator. See ako Subordinating defined, 364
diagramm ing of, 96
conjunctions, in prose, 316
defined, 363 sentence rhythm of, 96-97
Subscript numbers, 30 They, w ith neutral status, 292
Substantive. See also N om inal, with singular meaning.
defined, 363
See Singular ihey.

Index 437

Ihird-person singular Verb-expansion rule, 67- “ 2
defined, 364 branching diagram of, 69
of pronouns, 290 defined, 364
with verbs, 64 exceptions to, 76-77
lack of, in subjunctive, 73-74 passive voice of, 88

Time V erb-form ing affixes, 250-51
adverbs of, 23, 31, 32, 110-11, 259 Verb phrases, 19 -2 2 , 6 6 -7 6 . See also
prepositional phrases of, 25,
32, 38 Gerunds; Infinitives;
Participles,
To, as sign of infinitive, 117 as adjectivals, 148-53
Traditional grammar as adverbials, 117-19, 151
compound, 49-50, 58, 209-12
adverbial objectives in, 115 defined, 364
accusativc cast in, 290n diagramm ing of, 50, 58
definition of adverb in, 257 introductory, 118, 124, 147,
definition o f noun in, 17 191-92
direct objects in, 42 as predicates, 20, 2 9 -3 0
future tense in, 72 Verbs, 17, 19-20, 6 3 -8 5 . See also Be, Verb
genitive case in, 261, 290n phrases.
interjections in, 194-95 agreement o f subjects with, 97, 129-3 0 ;
nom inative case in, 290n 213-15, 223, 270
Transformational grammar, 7 -8 base form of, 16-17, 63-65
defined, 364 categories of, 31
T ransitivc-passive relationship, 90 choosing, in writing, 316-17
T ransitive verbs, 19, 31, 4 3 -4 9 . See also compound, 49-50, 209-12
defined, 17, 364
Pattern VII; Pattern VIII; derivational affixes of, 232, 250-51
P attern DC; I’atLCrn X. W fo rm of, 17, 65, 69
defined, 364 emphasis on, 329-30
Two-letter words, 287 -en form of, 64, 65, 66-70, 74, 76
Two-word verbs. See Phrasal verbs. expanded, 66-76, 78-79
as form class, 2 5 0 -5 2
Understood subject, 53 formed by functional shift, 250
U ngram m atical forms of, 64-65, 66 -7 6
inflectional suffixes of, 17, 6 4 -6 5 , 231,
defined, 369 251-52
Unwanted apostrophe, 292 exceptions to rule, 252
Up, in idiom s, 2 7 5 -7 6 -ing form of, 17, 64-65,
Usage, 5 ,8 -1 1 , 2 4 9 -5 0 . See also Usage 66-70, 75-76
intransitive, 19, 3 1 ,3 8 -4 1
Matters. irregular, 64-65
Usage Matters linking, 31, 35-36
nom inalization of, 321-22
Capitalization, 249 passive, 86-95
Case, 293-94 past participle of, 17, 65
Dangling participles, 149-50 phrasal, 40-41, 43-44, 62, 316-18
The ending preposition, 277-7 8 predicating, 30, 66-76
Focusing tools, 100 principal parts of, 17, 64, 94
Hopefully, 193 regular, 6 3 -64
Lie and lay, 7 9 -8 0
Problem pronouns, 301-02
The “split” infinitive, 119-20
Ihe unwanted apostrophe, 292
Who or whom, 140-41

438 Index W ord, as form , 106
size of, 287
Verbs, (cont)
semantic features of, 84 W ord classes, 2 2 5 -3 0 6 . See also Form
-s form of, 65, 66 classes; Structure Classes;
cense o f 17 , 6 9 -7 0 , 72, 7 5 - 7 6 Pronouns.
transitive, 19, 31, 42 -4 9
voice of, 86-95 W ord counts, 274n, 286
W ord form ation, 2 2 7 -3 8 , 264. See also
Vocatives, 193-94, 206
defined, 364 Derivational affixes.
punctuation of, 345 W ord order

Voice. See Active voice; Passive voice. o f adverbs, 111
Volition, as feature o f adjectives, 83 in cleft sentences, 98-100
in exclam atory sentences,
W hat clause
in cleft sencence, 9 8 -100, 3 15-16 52, 54
diagram of, 369 o f prcnoun modifiers, 129-31
as nom inal, 180-81 in quescions, 52-53
stylistic variation in, 329-31
When, role o f in clause, 18 1 -8 2 in there transform ation, 95-98
Whei'e, role o f in clause, 181-82 W ords and phrases, 16-27
Whether (or not), 182, 284 W orld language, 3
Which clause, 139—40, 153, Would, uses of, 272

203-204 Yes/no incerrogative, 1S2
wiih broad reference, 203-204 defined, 365
wholwhomlwhose, 12-13, 52, 139-41
tt/'A-question, 5 2 -5 3 Yes/no question, 52
defined, 364 defined, 365
W ill as nom inal clause, 182
to express future, 72
for polite requests, 272 You
for various meanings, 73 nonscandard plurals of, 4
as undersrood subject, 53

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