Biolfiltation makes use of biofilter media. These media are merely masses of
surfaces serving as the attachment basis for micro-organisms. The spacing
between these surfaces is important, both for the passage of water and to provide
sufficient room for bacterial growth. Balls, Bio Strata, Bio-Fill, scrub pads, and
even sand can be used as biofilter media. It is recommended that you use
approximately 300 sq. ft. of surface area per 100 lbs. of fish in a warm water
recirculating system. To give a general idea, these manufactured media range
from 26-370 square feet of surface area per every cubic foot of media. Another
general rule of thumb is having the volume of the biofilter to be around 15% of the
total volume of the system.
• Stages of Filtration Systems. Regardless of which type of filtering equipment
you decide to use, the important thing to keep in mind is to always stage your
filtration. It is an all too common mistake to design a system that relies too heavily
on a single filtering device to provide all of the filtering demands that a recirculating
system has. By staging your filtration, you will find your system performing at or
near its peak.
o Sedimentation - removal of solid wastes from the water:
1. Do whatever is possible to allow fish feces to drop intact into the waste
collection area or self cleaning bottom with minimal damage. Minimize the
use of pumps, aerators and air diffusers wherever feces is present.
2. Do not pump the waste prior to separation. Design for gravity flow (or
siphon) into a sedimentation tank or basin. Splashing and turbulence can
attach air bubbles and break apart solids. Feces and food particles smaller
than 40 microns may not settle without chemical flocculants.
3. Always locate your biofilter after the solids removal system. Solids provide
carbon for heterotrophic bacteria which can foul a biofilter and/or reduce its
performance.
4. Clean both the settling area and filters at least once a day even if they
contain little waste.
5. If further filtration is required after sedimentation, pump the water to an
affinity bead clarifier or particulate filter.
o Mechanical entrapments or beads. Mechanical entrapments act like a net or a
filter cloth that allows the liquid to pass but not the solids. On the other hand,
bead filtration utilizes an electrostatic attraction to draw particles out of the
water.
Even as biofilter media can be incorporated at any point in the system, many
practitioners locate this biofiltration material as part of the mechanical
entrapment filters. Biofilters are merely "surfaces" which are "fed" water
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containing ammonia. The "surfaces" include the inside surfaces of the water
pipes and fish tanks and the biofilter media, the beads in the bead filter, a sand
filter and a fluidized bed filter. After a period of time, the surface will develop a
slimy layer of nitrosomonas and nitrobacter bacteria. The population of these
bacteria will continue to multiply until their population becomes proportional to
their food supply: ammonia and nitrite.
o Degassing - removal of BIOFILTER BITS
dangerous gasses from the BIOFILTER MATS
water:
Degassing is a process which is
used to remove undesirable
gasses, that are present in
greater concentrations in the
water than would otherwise
naturally be found. When they are
in this state, such gasses are
called supersaturated gasses.
When exposed to an interface
between air and water,
supersaturated gas has a natural
tendency to escape out of the
water and into the surrounding
air. The main function of a
degasser is to create a large
interface between the water and
the air. This is achieved in a
variety of ways. One way is by
heavy aeration, where the
surface area of the bubbles
creates a large interface as they
rise through the water. Aeration
also creates a lot of turbulence,
bringing water to the surface
where the gas can escape
directly to the atmosphere.
Another degassing method is
letting the water fall over weirs
and cascades, where it is broken
up into droplets, thereby
increasing the interface. Also
commonly used are packed
columns, which are vessels filled
with a type of media over which
the water runs.
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INFORMATION SHEET # 4-5
IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS IN CHOOSING A POWER PLANT
o Fuel costs. One of the biggest costs ELECTRIC BLOWER
of a power plant that operates many
hours is the cost of the fuel. In order to
estimate this cost, the performance of
the power plant must be known.
Manufacturers have performance data
for their products. The fuel economy
can be expressed in several ways.
Electric motors and some internal
combustion engines use efficiency.
For other internal combustion engines,
fuel economy is expressed in terms of
power and amount of fuel used. For
example, gallons per hp hour and
pounds of fuel per hp hour may be
used to express an engine’s fuel
economy. This method is often
denoted as Brake Specific Fuel
Consumption (BSFC).
o Maintenance costs. Maintenance
costs are considerably higher for
internal combustion engines than for
electric motors. The exact costs are
difficult to pin down as they depend
on duty cycle, cost of labor and
degree of maintenance. However, a
rough rule of thumb is to assess
internal combustion engines a one
cent per horsepower-hour
maintenance cost penalty in
comparison with electric motors.
PRESSURE BLOWER
o Safety. Your first priority should be
safe working conditions and safe
working practices. Safety is
important. Make certain all safety
guards are in place and
in good condition, especially on PTO shafts and stub gear. Perform any inspection
or service only after equipment is shut down. Refuel only when engine is not
operating and is cooled down. Make sure that tractor operators are experienced,
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especially when equipment is used on levees and around ponds. When using
tractors to relocate or place aeration equipment, set brakes securely and block
wheels.
Handle fuel with caution. Do not smoke around fuel. Use a vent on your fuel
storage tank and make sure the tank is grounded. For electrical safety, do not
drive over wires. This can damage the wire’s insulation. Make sure that power is
shut off and locked out at the control box before any maintenance work is done.
Use qualified electricians to install wiring and avoid a jury-rigged job. Use only
approved wiring and follow applicable electrical codes. Your local electrical
inspector, supply house, electrician or power supplier may be able to advise you.
To prevent rodents from damaging any wiring, place exposed wiring in conduits.
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JOB SHEET # 4-3
TITLE: POWERING LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Purpose To choose the appropriate power source for the hatchery.
Equipment, tools, Writing pads and instruments
materials
Make sure you have a good list of types and descriptions of
Precautions equipment available in the market.
Procedures
STEP #1 Choose a power source for aquaculture production: a choice between
electric motors and internal combustion engines. In some instances a combination of
electric motors and generators powered by internal combustion engines may be used.
STEP #2 Weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each type of power equipment.
Each power source has its advantages and disadvantages, many of which are site and
application dependent. Which type of power plant you use will depend upon your
particular situation and preferences; however, you should consider the following factors
before making your decision:
Æ Ability to do the job;
Æ Reliability of power source and fuel supply;
Æ Initial cost of equipment and installation;
Æ Expected useful life;
Æ Convenience of operation and ease of maintenance;
Æ Procurement, current operating, and future costs; and
Æ Safety.
• Internal combustion engines. Internal combustion engines supply a significant
percentage of power for aquaculture operations. This is largely due to the
scattered nature of power needs which may make a low-cost electric power source
(electric service) unattainable. Diesel, gasoline, and LPG engines can be supplied
with fuel from storage tanks which allows considerable freedom in locating the
power plant.
The speed of internal combustion engines may be adjusted if needed (although
efficiency may suffer), giving them more flexibility in this respect than electric
motors. On the other hand, internal combustion engines are sensitive to their duty
cycle. Cycles of short duration with lengthy off cycles are particularly detrimental to
their performance and longevity because of substantial running time under cold-
engine conditions. In general, internal combustion engines are best suited to
higher horsepower applications with high annual hours of use. Fuel efficiency is
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usually better for higher horsepower engines (properly matched to load), and the
higher fixed cost can be spread over more operating hours.
ENGINE
Hereunder are some basis for selecting the right type of engine:
o Continuous Service Rating. Base your selection of an engine as a power
source for pumping or similar applications requiring long run times on the
continuous service rating rather than on the maximum brake horsepower
(bhp) rating. Be aware that many engines are tested without components
such as alternators, radiator fans or water pumps.
o Engine Sized for the Load. An engine may show substandard performance
if it is not loaded properly. Diesel, gasoline and propane engines should be
sized to the load, whether the load is a generator or an aerator. Properly
sizing the power source can improve fuel efficiency.
o Proper Maintenance. The engine should be maintained in good operating
condition. Ignition, timing and carburetion should be adjusted on spark-
ignited engines. Diesel engines require fuel injection timing. Have a
qualified specialist make adjustments to ensure the greatest efficiency
under the operating conditions. An additional consideration for diesel,
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gasoline and LPG engines is fuel storage. Storage tanks should be
designed to prevent pollution and, if a leak or spill occurs, to permit cleaning
up the fuel.
• Electric motors. There are obvious advantages of electric motors if the energy
and standby charges are not prohibitive. The electric motor provides ease of
operation (flip a switch to start), and long life, requires minimal maintenance and
maintains its performance level year after year. In addition, initial costs are usually
less than the cost of internal combustion engines. Reliability of electric motors is
higher than that of internal combustion engines; however, they can be shut down
by the loss of electrical power. This may be a deciding factor if you live in an area
that has frequent power losses or you cannot tolerate a loss of power.
The amount of power needed is one of the first points to consider. Motors of five
horsepower or less can be powered from the usual 220 volt single-phase current
supply. Larger motors usually require three-phase, 220 or 440 volt current. As a
rule, electric motors need not be rated from the horsepower indicated on the
nameplate. An electric motor should be selected to operate at nearly full load
since the motor efficiency is lower when under-loaded (particularly at 50 percent or
smaller load). Standby and energy costs are also higher than necessary when the
motor is under-loaded. However, you should not overload the motor. If motor
requirements fall between motor sizes, select the larger motor. For example, if
power required is 34 hp, choose the 40 hp motor rather than the 30 hp one.
Electric motors vary in efficiency of converting electric energy to mechanical
energy. Motors in the 15 to 40 hp range average about 86 percent efficiency; in the
50 to 150 hp range, they average about 90 percent efficiency.
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SELF CHECK #4-1
1. List down the procedure for analyzing your piping system or a piping system
you are considering.
2. What is the procedure for evaluating an aerator?
3. What are the things to remember when powering the life support systems?
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ANSWER KEY #4-1
1. List down the procedure for analyzing your piping system or a piping system
you are considering.
Answer:
The following procedure should be used to analyze your piping system or a piping system
you are considering:
Determine the required flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm). You may want to add
a safety factor, say 10 percent, to take care of pump wear and pipe aging.
Determine the lift in feet.
Choose the diameter of the pipe.
Determine the total equivalent length of the pipe. This is equal to the length of the
pipe plus the equivalent length of all fittings.
Use the velocity head table and diameter of the pipe at the discharge to determine
the velocity head. (It will not help much to suddenly enlarge the pipe here because
of the losses the enlargement will cause.)
Use the friction loss tables to determine the friction loss.
If the diameter of the pipe changes, treat each section of pipe of different
diameters separately and then add the total friction losses.
Add up the lift, the friction losses and the velocity head. The result is the total
head in feet that the pump will have to supply. The pressure (in psi) the pump must
supply is equal to the total head divided by 2.3.
The power a perfect pump (100 percent efficient) would require is called the water
horsepower and is computed as the sum of GPM multiplied by the Total Head (in
feet) divided by 3,960:
GPM x Total Head (in feet)
Water Horsepower =
3,960
Examine the pressure and power requirements of the piping system. If the
performance is not suitable, try a different design and repeat the steps.
Determine the suction required of the pump. The suction required is the sum of the
lift to the pump, the friction head loss from the water source to the pump and the
velocity head. Choose a suitable pump. If no suitable pump can be found, redesign
the piping system.
2. How do you determine the appropriate aerator system for the hatchery?
Answer:
Aerators are tested to determine the rate at which they transfer oxygen into water. These
tests are conducted in large tanks under standard conditions with clean tap water at 68° F
and no initial dissolved oxygen. Two terms are commonly used to compare the aerator
performance:
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o The standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR) is the amount of oxygen that the
aerator adds to the water per hour under standard conditions and is
reported as lb O2/hr. Ratings for tractor-powered aerators are generally
given as standard oxygen transfer ratings (SOTR).
o The standard aeration efficiency (SAE) is the standard oxygen transfer rate
divided by the amount of power required and is expressed as lbs O2/hr per
horsepower (hp) or lbs O2/hp-hr. Smaller aerators are normally given
standard aeration efficiency ratings (SAE).
Efficiency ratings are based on the horsepower applied to the aerator shaft and not the
horsepower of the power source. Most commercial aerators have ratings between 1 and
5 lbs O2/hp-hr. Test results of different aerators can be compared in selecting an
effective and energy-efficient unit. Some manufacturers test their own equipment. When
comparing test results, it is important to know if test conditions were standardized. Also,
an aerator may have a high oxygen transfer rate with low efficiency rating. Cost of
operation should be less for a more efficient aerator.
3. How do you determine the appropriate power plant for the hatchery?
Answer:
Which type of power plant you use will depend upon your particular situation and
preferences; however, you should consider the following factors before making your
decision:
Æ Ability to do the job;
Æ Reliability of power source and fuel supply;
Æ Initial cost of equipment and installation;
Æ Expected useful life;
Æ Convenience of operation and ease of maintenance;
Æ Procurement, current operating, and future costs; and
Æ Safety.
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QUALIFICATION : AQUACULTURE NC III
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : Operate Catfish Hatchery
MODULE : Layout, Designing and Constructing a
Catfish Hatchery
LEARNING OUTCOME #5:
Fabricate egg incubator based on specification
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Types of egg incubators are identified.
2. Components of egg incubators are identified and prepared.
3. Knowledge in the fabrication must be achieved.
4. Specification plans are followed.
CONTENTS
1. Types of incubators
2. Identification of components of egg incubator
3. Safe handling of incubator
4. Interpret specification plan
5. Fabrication of egg incubators
RESOURCES Tools and Instruments Supplies and Materials
Equipment and Facilities 1. Electrical tools 1. Baskets
2. Plumbing tools 2. Mats
1. Aerators 3. Hoses
2. Incubators 4. Air stones
REFERENCES:
Santiago CB, Gonzal AC, 1997. Growth and reproductive performance of the Asian
catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) fed artificial diets. Journal of Applied
Ichthyology 13: 37-40
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Tan-Fermin JD, 1991. Suitability of different formalin-containing fixatives for the eggs of
freshwater Asian catfish, Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther). The Israeli Journal of
Aquaculture – Bamidgeh 43 (2): 57-61
Tan-Fermin JD, 1992. Induction of oocyte maturation and ovulation in the freshwater
Asian catfish, Clarias macrocephalus by LHRHa and pimozide. Journal of Applied
Ichthyology 8: 90-98
Tan-Fermin JD, Emata AC, 1993. Induced spawning by LHRHa and pimozide in the
Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther). Journal of Applied Ichthyology 9:
89-96
Tan-Fermin JD, Ijiri S, Ueda H, Adachi S, Yamauchi K, 1997. Ovarian development and
serum steroid hormone profiles in hatchery-bred female catfish Clarias
macrocephalus (Gunther) during an annual reproductive cycle. Fisheries Science
63 (6): 867-872
Tan-Fermin JD, Marte CL, Ueda H, Adachi S, Yamauchi K (in press). Effect of season on
oocyte development and serum steroid hormones in LHRHa and pimozide-injected
catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) Fisheries Science
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Learning Outcome # 5: Fabricate egg incubator based on specification
LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. In the workshop with appropriate List down the important considerations
guidance and materials, the trainees will for ensuring a proper incubating and
perform the correct steps and prepare hatching environment ;
the requirements in determining pond Prepare and fill up index cards for
materials and equipment for a catfish recording the features of each type of
hatchery. egg incubator.
1.1Read Information Sheets # 5-1, Make a checklist of the different
“Basic of Fish Egg Artificial Incubator” ; features of types of incubators.
1.2Perform Job Sheet # 5-1, “Procedure Make a list of the steps in fabricating a
for identifying the different types of egg Conical incubator.
incubators.”
1.3Read Information Sheet # 5-2,
“Managing a Conical Incubator.”
1.4Perform Job Sheet # 5-2, “Procedure
for fabricating a conical incubator”.
2. Answer Self-Check # 5-1. .
3. Check your answers.
Read Self-Check # 5-1 questions and
write down your answers.
Refer to Answer Key # 5-1 and check if
you got the right answers.
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INFORMATION SHEET # 5-1
BASICS OF FISH EGG ARTIFICIAL INCUBATOR
Artificial incubation and hatching of fish embryos simulate the natural processes of
incubation. Whereas in the wild, eggs (or egg masses) are susceptible to predation, and
are easily damaged by the continual change of the natural environment, man-made
hatcheries present a major advantage because the environment can be controlled and
manipulated.
Artificial incubation of fish eggs is a hatchery practice that will increase the economic
efficiency of a commercial fish culture operation. Hatching rates and survival will be
increased using artificial incubation. Also, removal of the eggs from the parents may
increase egg production by shortening the time for another spawning to occur.
Developing embryos and newly-hatched larvae (fry) are the most sensitive and delicate of
the stages in the life history of a fish. Therefore, great care must be taken to provide them
with the proper incubating and hatching environment. Water temperature, light, water
quality, water flow, shock prevention, and type and size of the egg are very important
considerations.
• Water Temperature. Spawning of broodstock, embryo development, survival, and
growth of fish larvae occur within a narrow range of water temperatures. Incubation
temperature has a direct effect on the timing of embryonic development and thus
determines hatch rate. Fish development and hatching is delayed at low
temperatures, and accelerated at high temperatures. Incubating temperatures are
also known to modify the behavior of larvae and determine certain morphological
characteristics. There is an optimum temperature required for each developmental
life stage, and these vary among species.
Water temperatures should be maintained with minimal fluctuations, preferably no
more than ± 1°C (2°F) from optimal. If a species' optimum water temperature for
incubation is unknown, use the optimum temperature of a related species or of a
fish that inhabits a similar geographic area. In general, optimum temperatures for
spawning, incubating, and rearing newly-hatched tropical ornamental freshwater
species are 24-28°C (75-82°F). Avoid temperatures above or below this range.
Poor embryo survival, low hatch success, reduced growth rates, larval deformities,
and increase in fry/larvae diseases often result from temperature fluctuations or
temperatures outside the optimum range for the species.
• Amount of Light. The amount and incidence of light received during incubation
can affect both fish development and larval survival. Incubation of fish embryos
should occur in either dim light or darkness. Light can also be used to synchronize
hatching. Many species of fish will not hatch in daylight, therefore, if the lights are
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switched off, hatching will occur a few hours later.
• Water Quality. It is essential to know the water quality standards for embryos and
larvae of the particular fish species. Because of their size and permeability, fish
embryos and larvae are susceptible to many types of organic or inorganic
materials dissolved or suspended in the water. These may include gases,
minerals, metals, and particulate matter from rocks, soil, plants and animals.
General water quality standards used in fish culture can be used as a reference
point for hatchery water.
• Water Flow. During incubation, a constant water flow is essential for preventing
accumulation of waste products and allowing gas exchange between the egg and
the surrounding water. Constant motion also appears to be necessary for
successful hatching for some species of fish. Proper water flow also reduces
mechanical abrasion.
• Shock Prevention. Eggs of many fish are sensitive to mechanical shock and
should not be moved during certain times during development. For example, eggs
of salmon and trout can only be moved during the first 36 hours after fertilization.
Thereafter, the eggs are kept still until the embryo eye becomes visible. The
amount of water flow necessary for proper incubation of fish embryos depends
largely on egg density (how heavy and large eggs are in water). Some fish eggs
are quite dense and sink to the bottom when released. Other eggs become
buoyant as they "water-harden" and free-float in the water column or at the
surface. Some eggs have hair-like structures or specialized coatings that make
them sticky. Some eggs have an oil drop in them and they float on the surface.
• Type and Size of Eggs. Egg diameter is also an important consideration during
incubation. Screen mesh size should prevent the passage of eggs while allowing
sufficient water circulation and detering debris collection. Most ornamental fish
eggs are around 0.8 mm in diameter, however, the size range is wide. Eggs can
be as large as 1.5-2.0 mm for some ornamental catfish, and as small as 0.4 mm
for gobies.
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JOB SHEET # 5-1
TITLE: PROCEDURE FOR IDENTIFYING TYPES OF EGG INCUBATORS
Purpose To provide a guide for identifying types of egg
incubators.
Equipment, Tools & Writing pads, pens
Materials
Precautions None
A wide variety of devices are used for incubating fish eggs. For practical purposes, we
have classified fish egg incubators into three major types: egg mats, trays, and conical
incubators. Their use is based primarily on the density of the eggs to be hatched, their
stickiness, and the sensitivity of the eggs to mechanical shock.
• Spawning Mats. Use egg mats primarily for adhesive eggs. Simulate a spawning
substrate (plants, rocks, etc.) so that they serve as egg collectors and provide a
place for egg attachment. Since egg mats also serve as a stimulus for spawning,
they are also known as spawning mats. Mats consist of bundles of fibrous material
arranged in a variety of forms and made from a variety of different materials
(plastic shreds, air filters, Spanish moss, coconut fibers, horse hairs, etc.).
Suspend egg mats in the water column or lay them along the bottom or sides of
the spawning container. Remove the mats from the spawning container and
suspend in the air where they can be kept moist at all times with a fine spray of
water. The oxygen content of air is about 20 times more than water, thus
increasing gas exchange between the egg and the thin film of water that surrounds
them. Replace mats with bottle brushes, pots, or slates that are made of
plastic, glass, clay or rock for spawning and incubating eggs of many ornamental
fish, such as angelfish, discus, and corydoras catfish.
• Tray-type Incubators. Use a tray-type incubator consisting of a container that is
screened or perforated, through which a flow of water permeates to supply the
eggs with oxygen and flush away waste products. They are often designed so that
water penetrates the tray from below and flows out over the upper edge. Since the
eggs lay over a screen, tray-type incubators are ideal for fish eggs that can be
injured by movement during incubation. Stack tray incubators and provide easy
access for removal of dead embryos. The newly-hatched larvae can drop through
the screen holes minimizing handling and removal of the egg shells.
Allow the eggs to remain still and in the dark since abrupt movements and direct
sunlight affect embryonic development. Tray-type incubators were originally
designed to hatch trout and salmon eggs. The eggs of salmonid fish are large,
non-adhesive and laid in a gravel bed during natural spawning.
Form the tray-type incubators into baskets that are commonly used to incubate
and hatch channel catfish eggs. Place the baskets in a water trough, and
paddlewheels, which are attached to the trough, provide aeration and gentle
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circulation of the water. Baskets can also be placed outside the spawning tank and
then used as incubators. Use the "hapa" or net enclosures traditionally made for
spawning, egg incubation, and larval rearing of common carp function similarly to
basket or tray incubators.
• Conical-shaped or Jar Incubators. Use conical shaped tanks or jars where
water flows into the bottom or top of the container for fish eggs that are non-
adhesive and require constant movement. Suspend the eggs gently and
constantly tumble in the lower portion of the jar. The flowing water not only insures
that good quality, well oxygenated water is constantly being replaced in the jar, but
the tumbling of the eggs keeps them from collecting debris which can lead to
fungal infections.
Set these incubators in series above a rearing tank. The larvae pour out of the
incubators into the rearing tank as they hatch. A soft meshed material can be
shaped into a cone and used as an incubator. It is advantageous to use screen
because greater surface area is provided for water to flow out, preventing the
eggs, yolk-sac larvae or the larvae from becoming crushed. Incubators made of
net material require structural support and must be suspended inside a larger tank
or placed into the rearing tank.
PADDLEWHEEL TROUGH
RIGID CONICAL
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INFORMATION SHEET #5-2
MANAGING THE CONICAL INCUBATOR
The conical-shaped incubators with water up-flow is a very versatile egg incubator which
is gaining popularity among aquaculturists because it is not only easy to manage, it is
also relatively easy to fabricate.
• Setting the Flow Rate. When first introduced to water, free-floating fish eggs will
almost always swell in size as they absorb water, and usually become more
buoyant. It is therefore critical to make adjustments to the water flow as needed
during the first hour or so. Once the flow has been set to keep the eggs in
suspension, it is important to maintain that level until the eggs hatch. Depending
on the species, this could be hours or days.
• Maintaining Constant Pressure and Volume. Supplying constant pressure and
volume of water is crucial. Do not use a pump or delivery system incapable of
supplying constant pressure and volume of water to the jars. A good way to insure
that the volume and flow remain constant is by using a header system. A large
diameter PVC pipe (minimum of twice the diameter of the pipe coming from the
pump) is elevated above the incubators. An open-ended elbow is placed on the
opposite end of the pipe to allow surplus water to exit (either as effluent in a flow-
through or back to the sump in a water recirculating system). The supply lines for
the jars are tapped into the large diameter "header" pipe, at equal elevations, thus
supplying all jars with an equal beginning pressure. Each supply line has its own
valve to control the flow to the individual jars, since the amount of eggs in each jar
will not be the same. Even with a good header or other flow control system, the
buoyancy of eggs will change over time. Periodically check to make sure that the
eggs are tumbling properly.
• Overflowing to Rearing Tanks. Hatching jars should be placed so the overflow
goes into the tanks where the fry will be reared. This eliminates the need for
handling the fry. Some fry will swim with the current after hatch, while others will
swim against the current. For the latter group, gently pour them out of the
incubators, instead of increasing the water flow.
If working with an extremely large quantity of eggs, you may want to design a hatching
tank. The tank should have a conical bottom and be made from a smooth surfaced
material (rough concrete will damage many eggs). Again, stick with the principals; provide
water temperature control and good water quality, dim lights, avoid mechanical shock and
if necessary, gently tumble the eggs in the water column; do this and you will not go
wrong.
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JOB SHEET # 5-2
TITLE: PROCEDURE FOR FABRICATING A CONICAL INCUBATOR
Purpose To provide a guide for fabricating a conical incubator.
Equipment, Tools & Writing pads, pens
Materials
Precautions None
Procedures
STEP #1.
Design the incubator and water flow adjustments depending on the species, egg density,
adhesiveness, and susceptibility to mechanical shock. A biological knowledge of the
species requirements is essential, however, the technical principles are simple: supply
good quality water at a constant temperature, incubate in low light, and prevent
mechanical damage to the eggs by providing gentle water flow over the eggs.
STEP #2
Depending on your needs, you can utilize a system of several small incubators attached
to a common supply line or a few large rearing tanks.
STEP #3
Make provisions and install in it barest form the five (5) major components of conical fish
egg incubators , around which a variety of designs could be configured to meet a
particular purpose and requirement. These are:
The conical receptacles for eggs;
The water sump which may serve both as the main supply of water and the
rearing tanks for larvae when they hatch;
The water filtering system to ensure good water quality;
The water pump and distribution system.
• Conical Incubator Receptacles. This receptacle holds the eggs while being
incubated. The size of the receptacle may range from a small chemistry laboratory
glass funnel, to an upside-down 1.5 liter softdrink to 2 gallons water PET bottle
with cut-up bottoms, to a fabricated stainless steel funnel with as wide as 3 feet
diameter mouth. The least requirements for all these are:
Their bottom must be conical (i.e. a three-dimensional hollow object with a
circular top and walls that taper down in circumference at the bottom.); and,
The surface of the material (especially the inner side) must be smooth.
The conical receptacles should also have the following characteristics:
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o Water Inlet. The receptacles should be fitted with tubes through which a
constant flow of water will be supplied from the bottom of the cone. The two
(2) most popular methods are:
For closed-bottom cones, they must be capable of securely holding
small waterline tubes (e.g. usual ¼” plastic tubes commonly used in
aquarium aerators or ½” lawn gardening hose, etc.) from the top,
through the mouth, inside the cone, and held securely just slightly
over the bottom of the cone; or
For open-bottomed cones, the bottom openings should be fashioned
to allow the said waterline tubes to be fastened from outside under
the cone. In this system, there should be provisions for detachable
fine screen mesh to be installed at the mouth of the water inlets when
necessary.
The idea is to enable a constant flow of water from the bottom of the cone to
constantly bouy up the eggs and prevent them from stacking and sticking
together at the bottom of the cone.
o Water Overflow Outlet. Because the conical receptacles are designed to be
constantly filled with water, overflows are expected. To guide the overflow
of water, a spout should be designed and fashioned at the top rim of the
cone or slightly below it. The dimensions of the spout will be largely
determined by the configuration of the conical receptacles vis-à-vis the
water holding tanks:
If the conical receptacles are designed to be installed over the water
holding tank, a simple flat spout like that of an ordinary water pitcher
will do to guide the flow of water direct to the water tank below it.
However,
If the conical receptacles are designed as stand-alones and away
from the water holding tank, then the spout should be designed in a
manner that it will flow without spills into a gutter running alongside
the conical receptacles towards the water holding tank. The gutter
should be properly leveled to have a natural gravitational flow
towards the water tank.
Regardless of the planned location of the conical receptacles (i.e. over the water
tanks or away from it), holding stands for these receptacles should be properly
planned for and installed. Of course, the holding stands must securely hold the
conical receptacles in place. But for smaller receptacles, the stand should
preferably allow for the removal of the receptacles for cleaning or for draining.
• Water Sump. The volume of the water sump should be proportionate to the
number and volume of the conical receptacles. Although there are still no
standards that are universally accepted, a 10: 1 ratio in water volume is a safe
rule-of-thumb. This means that if the cumulative volume of water that all the
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conical receptacles can hold is 5 gallons, then the water sump should be capable
of holding a minimum of 50 gallons.
Various materials can be used as water sump. Ordinary glass aquarium, large
rigid plastic containers, water drums, fiberglass coated wooden boxes, cemented
tanks, etc. are some of the more commonly found materials that can be converted
for use as water sump tanks. In selecting the material, remember the following:
o The sump tank should also double-up as fry-rearing tanks. Therefore, the
physical characteristics of the sump tank should allow it to be fitted with, or
attached to, essential life support systems for larvae/fry:
Fresh water inlet;
Water drainage;
Water Filtration and/or Biofiltration system; and
Aeration.
o In receiving the water overflows from the conical egg receptacles, it is better
to design a free waterfall from the receptacle spouts or water gutters to the
water sump in order to effect better aeration of water.
• Filtration System. A very important aspect in the fabrication of a fish egg
incubator is the filtration system that should be installed for 2 different purposes:
o Fresh water inlet filtration. The life support system for newly hatched larvae
require optimum water quality which in part can be attained through
frequent water change. The addition of fresh water to the sump from
outside source requires an efficient filtration system to weed out harmful
bacteria and micro-substances. There are two options:
Either set up a another sedimentation tank where fresh water from
outside sources are collected and allowed to stand for a day or two.
While in the tank, a disinfection process (e.g. chlorination) may also
be undertaken when risks of water contamination is high. Simple
filtration, such as through fine sand, fine mesh, or foam, may also be
implemented while transferring the “cured” water from the
sedimentation tank to the sump tank;
Or, a filtering device is installed in the water system that feeds to the
sump tank. There are now commercially-available cartridge filters
(e.g. sedimentation filters, granulated active carbon filters, carbon
block filters, etc.) that can be fitted in-line to filter out harmful
chemicals and water pollutants.
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o Recirculating water filtration. The sump tank should also be fitted with a
drainage system that will feed to a filtration system where the water will be
cleaned before it is pumped up again for recirculation into the conical
receptacles. The filtration system should incorporate both:
BIOBFioILfiTltEeRr BBitITsS
Removal of particulate matter. Solids resulting from fish waste and
uneaten feed contribute a portion of the oxygen demand and toxic
ammonia in the system and should be concentrated for removal. This
can be accomplished in a settling basin with reduced water
turbulence, or by mechanical filtration through porous material such
as sponge, screen, sand or gravel.
Mechanical filters require regular cleaning since they are prone to
clogging when dirty. To prevent excess amounts of solids from
accumulating in the biofilter, small particles of matter are usually
removed prior to, or as the first component of biofiltration.
Biological filtration. Media for biofilters can be virtually any substrate
which provides maximum surface area for bacterial growth: oyster
shell, gravel, nylon netting, plastic rings, corrugated fiberglass
panels, and sponge foam pads are among popular choices.
In designing biofilters, the principal concerns should be maximum
surface area for bacterial growth, high dissolved oxygen levels,
uniform water flow through the filter, sufficient void space to prevent
clogging, and proper sizing to ensure adequate ammonia
removal capability. The required size of a biofilter is difficult to
predict since filter surface area, fish density, and water flow are
important considerations. A 3-to-l tank volume to biofilter volume is
usually more than sufficient.
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• Water pump and Distribution System. Clean recirculating water is fed back
from the filtration system to the conical egg receptacles with the use of an efficient
water pump and a calibrated water distribution system.
o Water pump. The most critical element in the hatchery is the water pump.
The pump must be efficient in providing pressure to have a constant flow of
water. It must also be very reliable: It must provide continuous
uninterrupted service while eggs are being incubated.
o Water Header. To ensure controlled water pressure among “competing”
water inlet lines to the conical receptacles, an overhead water header
normally installed. This water header, which is normally fashioned out of a
piece of 6” to 12” PVC pipes, serves as a small water reservoir from where
the water lines to the different conical receptacles are attached. The water
header provides an effective cushion on the water pressure from the pump;
and the built-up volume of water in the header provides a more even
gravity-tempered flow of water into each of the water lines leading to the
cones.
o Overflow pipe. To cope with excess water that is pumped up but not
released through the water lines to the conical receptacles, an overflow tube
(often using common ½” PVC pipes) is normally attached atop the water
header. After being raised an inch or two, PVC elbows are used to channel
back excess water to the sump tank.
o Water Lines. Small holes are drilled at the bottom of the Water Header
where water lines leading to the conical receptacles are connected. In
small systems, these water lines are normally the ¼” plastic tubes used for
aquarium aerator systems. In bigger incubators, ½” to ¾” garden rubber
hoses are used. These water lines are connected to the conical
receptacles.
o Control Valves. Water lines from the leading from the Water Header to the
conical receptacles are normally installed with small control valves to
regulate the flow of water. Again these control valves vary from the simple
air controllers used in aquaria, to gate-valves or ball-valves used in
household plumbing.
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SELF CHECK #5-1
1. Identify the different types of egg incubators?
2. What is the procedure for fabricating a conical incubator?
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ANSWER KEY #5-1
1. What are the different types of fish egg incubator?
Answer:
A wide variety of devices are used for incubating fish eggs. For practical purposes, we
have classified fish egg incubators into three major types: egg mats, trays, and conical
incubators. Their use is based primarily on the density of the eggs to be hatched, their
stickiness, and the sensitivity of the eggs to mechanical shock.
2. What is the procedure for fabricating a conical incubator?
Answer:
STEP #1.
Design the incubator and water flow adjustments depending on the species, egg density,
adhesiveness, and susceptibility to mechanical shock. A biological knowledge of the
species requirements is essential, however, the technical principles are simple: supply
good quality water at a constant temperature, incubate in low light, and prevent
mechanical damage to the eggs by providing gentle water flow over the eggs.
STEP #2
Depending on your needs, you can utilize a system of several small incubators attached
to a common supply line or a few large rearing tanks.
STEP #3
Make provisions and install in it barest form the five (5) major components of conical fish
egg incubators , around which a variety of designs could be configured to meet a
particular purpose and requirement. These are:
The conical receptacles for eggs;
The water sump which may serve both as the main supply of water and the
rearing tanks for larvae when they hatch;
The water filtering system to ensure good water quality;
The water pump and distribution system.
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Performance Assessment
EVIDENCE PLAN
Sector: AGRI-FISHERY
Unit of Competency: Operate catfish hatchery
Module Title: Layout, Designing and Constructing Catfish Hatchery
Ways in which evidences will be collected:
(tick the column) Interview
Demonstration with
The evidence must show that the candidate … Questioning
Observation with
Questioning
Written Test
Presentation of Final
Product
Third Party Report
Portfolio
1. Will be able to select and decide on the types x
of fish tanks/ponds for breeding and life x
support systems/ facilities for preparing to set
up the hatchery; x
2. Choose the type of structures that should be
planned for as components of the hatchery.
3. Prepare a site plan.
4. Prepare the layout design of the hatchery. x
5. Prepare canvass sheet and conduct x
canvassing of prices of materials.
6. Prepare the Bill of Materials and Summary x
Cost Estimates.
7. Make a canvass of the pumps that are
available in your locality and list down their x
respective features.
8. Select the best pump from your list of
available pumps in the market by using x
procedure on determining pump capacities.
9. Select the best type of aerator device based x
on available local aerators by applying the
procedure.
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10. Prepare and fill up index cards for recording x
of materials to be stocked and stored.
x
11. Make a checklist of the documents needed to
be gathered and analyzed during the pre-
construction activities.
12. Select the best protective equipment from x
your list of available equipment in the market x
by using procedure on ensuring safety at the
workplace.
13. Prepare and fill up index cards for recording
the features of each piping system to be
used in the hatchery.
14. Make a checklist of the different features and x
essential points of different aerators.
15. Make a list of your options and select your x
best choice for powering life support systems
for a catfish hatchery.
16. Identify the types and components of egg x
incubators. xX
17. Achieve knowledge in fabrication of egg
incubators.
Note: *Critical aspects of competency
Prepared by: Date:
Date:
Instructor
Supervisor
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PERFORMANCE TEST
Learner’s Name Date:
Competency: Operate Catfish Hatchery
Test Attempt
1st 2nd 3rd
OVERALL EVALUATION
Directions: Level PERFORMANCE LEVELS
CALL Achieved
INSTRUCTOR. 4 - Can perform this skill without supervision and
Ask instructor with initiative and adaptability to problem situations
to assess your
performance in 3 - Can perform this skill satisfactorily without
the following assistance or supervision
critical task and
performance 2 - Can perform this skill satisfactorily with
criteria below. assistance and/ or supervision
You will be rate 1 – Can perform parts this skill satisfactorily, but
based on the requires considerable assistance and/or supervision.
overall
evaluation on
the right side.
Instructor will initial the level achieved.
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS Yes No N/A
For acceptable achievement, all items should receive a
“Yes” or “No response”
1. Did you identify the different parts of a catfish hatchery?
2. Have you laid out or drawn different parts of catfish
hatchery?
3. Have you properly identified and prepared different
materials to be used in catfish hatchery?
4. Have you selected and prepared equipment required in
catfish hatchery construction?
5. Have you selected and prepared required materials for
catfish hatchery construction?
6. Did you properly identify and construct catfish hatchery
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facilities according to plan?
7. Did you follow the procedure for identifying and
preparing life support systems?
8. Have you identified and prepared different parts of life
support systems?
9. Did you properly follow the procedure for installing life
support systems?
10. Have you identified the types of egg incubators?
11. Did you properly identify and prepare the components
of egg incubators?
12. Did you properly apply or demonstrate your
knowledge in fabrication?
13. Did you follow the specification plans?
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Assessment Instruments
DEMONSTRATION WITH QUESTIONING
Candidate’s name Operate Catfish Hatchery
Assessor’s name Aquaculture NCIII
Competency Assessment Title
Qualification
Date of Assessment
Time of Assessment
Instructions for Demonstration
Given the following materials tools and equipment, the candidate must be able to
Operate a Catfish Hatchery
a. Writing pad d. Aerator g. Plumbing tools j. Mats
b. Writing instruments e. Incubator h. Hoses k. Baskets
c. Calculator f. Electrical tools I. Air stones
OBSERVATION Tick (/) to show if evidence is
Demonstrated.
During the demonstration of skills, did the Yes No Actual
5.0
candidate: 1.0-3.0
1. Layout and draw different parts of a
hatchery.
2 Select and prepare equipment to be used
3 Select & prepare required materials in
setting up a catfish hatchery
4 Construct hatchery facilities according to
plan
5 Prepare the different parts of life support
systems.
6 Install life support systems.
7 Prepare the components of egg
incubators.
8 Follow specification plans.
9 Apply knowledge in fabrication.
The candidate’s demonstration was :
Rating ________
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DEMONSTRATION (continued)
Questions Satisfactory Response
The candidate should answer the following Yes No
questions:
1. What are different parts of a catfish hatchery?
2. What are the different materials to be used in
constructing a catfish hatchery”
3. Identify hatchery facilities needed.
4 Identify the different parts of life support systems.
5 Identify the types of egg incubators.
6 Identify the components of egg incubators.
7. Apply knowledge in fabrication.
The candidate’s underpinning knowledge was:
Rating_______
Feedback to candidate
The candidate’s overall performance was: Date:
Rating:__________ Date:
Candidate’s signature
Assessor’s signature:
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INTERVIEW
Candidate’s name: Different parts of a catfish hatchery
Unit of competency are identified.
Competency Standards
Different parts of catfish hatchery are
Oral/ Interview Questions laid-out/drawn.
1. What are the different parts of a catfish
hatchery? Different materials used in catfish
2. What materials are required in hatchery are identified and prepared.
constructing a catfish hatchery?
3. How do you prepare the Bill of Equipment to be used are selected
and prepared.
Required materials are selected and
prepared.
Hatchery facilities are identified and
constructed according to plan.
Life support systems are identified
and prepared.
Different parts of the system are
identified and prepared.
Life support systems are installed.
Types of egg incubators are
identified.
Components of egg incubators are
identified and prepared.
Knowledge in the fabrication must be
achieved.
Specification plans are followed.
Competency Response
YES NO
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Materials ? We prepare the Bill of
Materials using the ff columns:
4. What are the steps to be done in
ordering and stocking of materials?
5. How do you determine the appropriate
aerator system for the hatchery?
6. What are the basic components of a
conical fish incubator?
Feedback to candidate:
Acceptance answer are: Date:
Assessor’s signature:
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Record of Achievement
Module 1 Layout, Designing and Constructing a Catfish Hatchery
Learning Outcome # 1: Layout and set up a complete hatchery for the Catfish
Performance Criteria
Different parts of a catfish hatchery are identified.
Different parts of catfish hatchery are laid-out/drawn.
Comments
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Learner has satisfied the above performance criteria.
Learner’s signature …………………………………….
Trainer’s signature………………………………………
Date ……………………………………………………...
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Record of Achievement
Module 1 Layout, Designing and Constructing a Catfish Hatchery
Learning Outcome # 2: Determine pond materials and equipment.
Performance Criteria
Different materials used in catfish hatchery are identified and prepared.
Equipment to be used are selected and prepared.
Comments
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Learner has satisfied the above performance criteria.
Learner’s signature …………………………………….
Trainer’s signature………………………………………
Date ……………………………………………………...
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Record of Achievement
Module 1 Layout, Designing and Constructing a Catfish Hatchery
Learning Outcome # 3: Construct catfish hatchery facilities.
Performance Criteria
Required materials are selected and prepared.
Hatchery facilities are identified and constructed according to plan.
Comments
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Learner has satisfied the above performance criteria.
Learner’s signature …………………………………….
Trainer’s signature………………………………………
Date ……………………………………………………...
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Record of Achievement
Module 1 Layout, Designing and Constructing a Catfish Hatchery
Learning Outcome #4: Install life support system.
Performance Criteria
Life support systems are identified and prepared.
Different parts of the system are identified and prepared.
Life support systems are installed.
Comments
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Learner has satisfied the above performance criteria.
Learner’s signature …………………………………….
Trainer’s signature………………………………………
Date ……………………………………………………...
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Record of Achievement
Module 1 Layout, Designing and Constructing a Catfish Hatchery
Learning Outcome # 5: Fabricate egg incubator based on specification..
Performance Criteria
Types of egg incubators are identified.
Components of egg incubators are identified and prepared.
Knowledge in the fabrication of egg incubator must be achieved.
Specification plans are followed.
Comments
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Learner has satisfied the above performance criteria.
Learner’s signature …………………………………….
Trainer’s signature………………………………………
Date ……………………………………………………...
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Learner’s Diary
Diary Notes
Record important dates, jobs undertaken and other workplace events that will assist in
providing further details to your Assessor.
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GLOSSARY
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AP Aerator Pipe
cm2 square centimeters
CS Competency standards
C/V Concrete Volume
CHB Concrete Hollow Block
DHSR Direct Hormonal Sex Reversal
DC Drainage Canal
DO Dissolved Oxygen
GFCI Ground Fault Circuit Interruptors
FARMCs Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Management Councils
FIFO First-In First-Out
FLA Fisheries Lease Agreement
GI Galvanized iron
GM Genetic Manipulation
GMT Gentically-Male Tilapia
gpm Gallons per Minute
GSE General Safety Equipment
IP Inlet Pipe
kg Kilogram
l Liter
LGUs Local Government Units
LO Learning outcomes
mm2 square millimeters
m3 cubic meters
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
ppm parts per million
ppt parts per thousand
TESDA Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
PSI Pounds per Square Inch
PT Pythgorean Theorem
PTOs Tractor Power Take Offs
ReBars Reinforcing Bars
SAE Standard Aeration Efficiency
SO Standpipe Outlet
SOTR Standard Oxygen Transfer Rate
S2S Wood Planed on 2 sides
S3S Wood planed on 3 sides
S4S Wood planed on 4 sides
TDA Total Dynamic Head
V Volume
Code No. Lay-Out, Designing and Constructing a Date: Date Page #
Catfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 139
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
LIST OF TECHNICAL TERMS
Aeration: the process of pumping air through tubes to allow air bubbles to rise from the
pond bottom to the surface, and, in the process, supply fresh supply of oxygen to
the water to replace the dissolved oxygen (DO).
Aquaculture: Controlled culture and propagation of aquatic animals, crustaceans,
shellfish, and plants
Broodstock: Adult fish retained for spawning.
Buffer: Chemical capable of taking up or giving up hydrogen ions and sustains pH within
a narrow range.
Carrying Capacity: The population, number, or weight of a species that a given
environment can support..
Dissolved Oxygen: The amount of elemental oxygen, O2, in solution under existing
atmospheric pressure and temperature.
Egg: The mature female germ cell, ovum.
Fingerling: The stage in a fish's life between 1 inch and the length at which it is
restocked for grow-out to market size.
Flow Rate: The volume of water moving past a given point in a unit of time, usually
expressed as cubic feet per second (cfs) or gallons per minute (gpm).
Fry: The stage in a fish's life from the time it hatches until it reaches 1 inch in length.
Incubation (Eggs): Period from fertilization of the egg until it hatches.
McDonald Jar: A type of incubator usually made from clear plastic designed to hold
fertilized eggs during the hatching process.
Oxygen Depletion/Low Oxygen: A condition, normally occurring at night, in which
oxygen dissolved in pond water has been depleted mainly because of the
decomposition of organic matter and respiration of organisms in the pond.
Part Per Thousand (ppt): A concentration at which one unit is contained in a total of
one thousand units. Seawater (35 ppt) is normally expressed in ppt.
pH: An expression of the acid-base relationship designated as the logarithm of the
reciprocal of the hydrogen-ion activity; the value of 7.0 expresses neutral solutions;
values decreasing below 7.0 represent increasingly acidic solutions; values
increasing about 7.0 represent increasingly basic solution.
Quality Assurance: A procedure used to increase evidence of safety and quality of
farm-raised food fish species.
Code No. Lay-Out, Designing and Constructing a Date: Date Page #
Catfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 140
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
Saturation: In solutions, the maximum amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a
liquid without it being precipitated or released into the air.
Sediment: Settleable solids that form bottom deposits.
Seines: Nets used to harvest fish from ponds. Seines are usually 25% longer than the
width of the pond and have a depth 25% deeper than the maximum depth of the
pond.
Spawning (Hatchery Context): Act of obtaining eggs from female fish and sperm from
male fish.
Substrate Spawners: Species of animals which spawn on substrate such as gravel,
rock, perlon mats, or other material.
Water quality: water quality is one of the most important factors in ensuring healthy
fish production. Water quality in aquatic environment considerably affects the
growth and reproduction of fish.
Zygote: Fertilized egg.
Code No. Lay-Out, Designing and Constructing a Date: Date Page #
Catfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 141
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
Acknowledgment
We acknowledge the contribution of the following project team members
Mr. Conrado S. Navarro for project advisory services,
Mr. Alvin R. Manalang for technical writing and review of outputs,
Ms. Yolanda C. Velez for overall technical supervision and editing,
Mr. Jesus Sy for IT services,
Mr. Romulo Oller and Ms. Mina Lim for administrative support, project
monitoring and coordination.
Code No. Lay-Out, Designing and Constructing a Date: Date Page #
Catfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 142
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
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