ARIF IMRAN BIN KAMARUZAMAN MUHAMMAD NAJMI NAIM BIN ABD RAZAK NUR FATHIN NADZIRAH BINTI MOHAMAD NUR NASHRAH SABELLA BINTI MOHAMAD NOR AFFENDY NURUL IZZAH BINTI AMINURRASHID 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PREPARED BY : BUILDING SERVICES II BQS554 Case Study Menara OBYU, Kuala Lumpur UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING BACHELOR IN QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONS) DR. SITI NOR AZNIZA BINTI AHMAD SEKAK PREPARED FOR : (2022786451) (2022780003) (2022779763) (2022787167) (2022777789)
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND 2 3.0 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 4 4.0 TELECOMMUNICATION 13 5.0 SPECIAL SERVICES 19 6.0 MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEM 27 7.0 HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIRCONDITIONING SYSTEMS (HVAC) 39 8.0 CONCLUSION 49 9.0 REFERENCES 51 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR The construction and implementation of smart buildings has recently become the focus of most developers and other construction parties in order to create an energyefficient environment. As the number of "smart" buildings grows, we can expect to see improvements in building-wide lighting management, control of mechanical services, and the application of artificial intelligence (Ramesh. G., 2021). Smart buildings are defined as buildings that contain integrated technology systems that aid in the control and automation of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, procedures, and processes. Furthermore, some smart buildings would contain Artificial Intelligence to operate the majority of the building's functions. Aside from that, smart buildings have enhanced control over their building functions and can deliver excellent benefits to both occupants and the building. The purpose of this study is to identify the fundamental concepts, procedures, and equipment of various building services systems through the study of actual construction projects. A case study from real life was used to support the overall execution of this report. Moreover, the purpose of this report is to give an exposure to writers on the integration of various building services in a building. This is because it is impossible for a building to function fully without involving several types of systems in it. Since the report progresses, members of the group and readers will be able to demonstrate their knowledge of the building services system, as a significant amount of information is given. This report will focus on the proposal of smart building services systems onto the existing office building namely Menara OBYU, Kuala Lumpur. The smart building services will be described in terms of their application, system, installation, advantages, and potential implementation issues. The study will also describe the purpose, connection, and placement of the proposed smart services for the building. Aside from that, the report will also explain how each system in the smart building services works, how much space it needs, and what building regulations are needed. Five types of smart systems will be proposed for the case study building which includes firefighting system, mechanical handling system, special services system, telecommunication system and air-conditioning system. These systems will be capable of creating a version of the case study building that is smarter and more intelligent. PAGE 1
PROJECT BACKGROUND 2.0 PAGE 2
MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR Menara OBYU, located in Kuala Lumpur, was chosen as the case study building for this paper. This Grade-A stand-alone corporate office tower was once known as Point 92. The skyscraper was finished in 2012 and is located in Damansara Perdana, a more affluent area of Kuala Lumpur. It is situated between the Putra Jaya Trade Centre, Empire Damansara, Neo Damansara, and Metropolitan Square. The structure was constructed on 0.92 acres of land, thus the former name Point 92. The office building has 19 floors, with 11 floors dedicated to offices, one dedicated to the lobby, and the other levels dedicated to parking. Subsequently, this office tower is a green structure that was constructed in accordance with the Green Building Index (GBI). This is undoubtedly one of the reasons why the office tower has a very modern design and characteristics. The office tower and its surroundings are a plus because the area is filled with upscale cafes, bars, and restaurants. Shopping malls are also nearby, allowing residents and visitors to relax. This office tower also boasts its own sky garden, which adds to the building's charm. Despite its sophisticated and aesthetically beautiful green building features, the office tower was constructed roughly ten years ago, which means that their building services systems are obsolete and traditional. The goal of designing a green building is to increase energy efficiency, thus the structure must be smart on the outside and inside. As a result, this report will recommend the finest smart building services system to further improve the case study building. MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR. PAGE 3
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.0 PAGE 4
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM A firefighting or fire protection system is one of the most essential building services, as it tries to prevent fire damage to a building's occupants and property. It can also be known as a prevention activity during a fire spreading event in buildings such as homes, schools, warehouses, factories and more. In other words, firefighting system is used to prevent, extinguish, localize or block fire in enclosed spaces (Adam. M. H. et,al.,2014). This system is also to be applied to buildings in order to limit the spread of fire and may contain a variety of devices. For example, fire suppression systems, smoke detectors, and sprinkler systems are utilised to alert occupants of the presence of a fire. This report will detail the planned firefighting system for the case study, Menara OBYU in Kuala Lumpur. This is a 19-storey office building that would require upgrades to its fire prevention system due to the high number of occupants and vehicles. The proposed firefighting systems will be able to provide a smarter office building for the safety and convenience of the occupants. In order to attain the objective of being a smart building, most of the systems are automated and managed by Internet of Things (IoT) apps and procedures. 3.0 MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM PAGE 5
SMART SMOKE DETECTOR FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM APPLICATION OF SMART SMOKE DETECTORS A smoke detector is an electronic fire protection equipment that automatically detects and indicates the presence of smoke caused by a fire. Smart smoke detectors are comparable to conventional smoke detectors, with the addition of specialised technology. The smart smoke detectors function similarly to regular smoke detectors in that their purpose is to alert occupants to the presence of smoke that would signal a fire. The implementation of intelligent smoke detectors will assist in alerting the case study building's occupants to the threat of smoke, fire, or even faulty appliances. These smart detectors can alert people to a hazardous condition even when they are not in the building, allowing them to immediately call for help. The building's occupants will be able to contact emergency services to prevent severe damage. In addition, the application of smart smoke detectors works by detecting tiny particles in the air that surpass a particular threshold to activate the system's alarms. It is a fact that smoke detectors will save many lives in the event of a fire. SYSTEM OF SMART SMOKE DETECTORS The smart smoke detector is a component of the active firefighting system. Active firefighting refers to a system whose response to a fire is initiated. It is referred to as an active system since it operates during fire spread or when little fire indicators are identified. Active fire defence is a proactive strategy to suppressing fire and controlling the spread of smoke. The smart smoke detector is a component of the active firefighting system. Active firefighting refers to a system whose response to a fire is initiated. It is referred to as an active system since it operates during fire spread or when little fire indicators are identified. Active fire defence is a proactive strategy to suppressing fire and controlling the spread of smoke. PAGE 6
SMART SMOKE DETECTOR FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM INSTALLATION OF SMART SMOKE DETECTORS The typical installation of smart smoke detectors depend on either they are powered by batteries or hard-wired. Battery-powered smart smoke detectors are easier to be installed as compared to the hardwired ones. But, this case study shall use the hardwired smart smoke detector installation because the office building is large and will require a durable firefighting system that would have a longer lifespan. Hard-wired smart smoke detectors require the assistance of a power source and connections with other electrical systems. Once the smoke detectors have been put on the ceiling or walls of an office building, the responsible authorities must connect their smart phones to the application of the smart smoke detector. The relevant mobile application will wirelessly connect occupants to the smoke detectors. When the alarms of the smoke detectors are engaged, the application not only sends an audio alert, but also specifies whether smoke or carbon dioxide is present within the structure. To prevent accidents involving the technician, the initial step of the installation will involve turning off all power sources in the office building via the main circuit breaker. The intelligent smoke detector will subsequently be mounted on the ceiling or wall, depending on the specifications. Technicians will secure the smoke detector and connect the cables that come with the device to other wiring connections around the building. Wire nuts will allow for an orderly distribution of wires along the roof and walls of the structure. To power the system, all connections from the building's smart smoke detectors will end up at the main power source. PAGE 7
SMART SMOKE DETECTOR FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM PROBLEMS OF SMART SMOKE DETECTOR BENEFITS OF SMART SMOKE DETECTORS The installation of smart smoke detectors for the office building's firefighting system has a number of benefits. One of the advantages is that the detectors are sensitive and accurate. This will improve the accuracy of information received by occupants throughout a fire's spread. As the smart smoke detectors are regularly maintained, system failures will also be minimized. As several detectors will be pre-installed on the building, the probability that they will all malfunction simultaneously is also minimal. Moreover, this technology is advantageous to occupants because it may automatically send notifications to accessible emergency services. This method will allow other firefighting systems to extinguish the fire while simultaneously contacting the authorities. When opposed to manually calling for help and waiting for their arrival, having an automatic smart smoke detection system saves a substantial amount of time. Those in need of assistance will have less difficulty attempting to reach safety. Each installation of intelligent gadgets in a building will confront numerous obstacles. The time required to install a smart smoke detector is one of the issues that will arise as a result of its implementation. This is because one story of the building requires more than ten smoke detectors in each required location. In addition, smoke detectors will be installed on every level of stairways and escape routes. Due to the case study building's 19 storeys, it will take a considerable amount of time to connect all wires to the main power supply in order to guarantee the working of smoke detectors. Next, the price of smart smoke detectors is also high due to the use of advanced technology to link with the mobile application. The gadgets are linked to the software to make the firefighting system more portable and user-friendly. Last but not least, the hard-wired smart smoke detectors would fail easily if their primary power source fails. Therefore, when a fire in the building destroys the building's electricity, the smoke detectors and other electrical fire appliances cannot function. PAGE 8
SMART SMOKE DETECTOR FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM FUNCTION, CONNECTION AND POSITION OF SMART SMOKE DETECTOR The smart smoke detector proposed for the building serves as an alert to the building's fire protection system. The smart smoke detector operates by sensors put in the devices and wires connected throughout the structure. The sensors can detect particles and collect data from specific surroundings. The recorded data will thereafter be converted into physical qualities that may be measured via electrical signals. The functionality of the smart smoke detectors will be applied to the building through the use of an internal computational resource. Then, the connection of hard-wired smart smoke detectors is usually implemented via direct 120V AC power, and they interact using DC signals where cables are interconnected. The length of wires will depend on the size of the structure, as larger structures would require longer connecting runs. Every 300 metres of cable will only allow 12 smoke detectors to be interconnected at the same location. Since alarms are also electronically connected to mobile applications, a wireless connection is utilised. This approach eliminates the need for wiring by connecting smart smoke detectors to mobile market phones via radio frequency communication. There will be a sufficient number of smart smoke detectors put on every 19th story of the building. This is because a single detector cannot cover all regions on a single floor. Some locations may not be able to be warned of a fire if smoke detectors are not installed, causing a risk to the safety of the occupants. Additionally, smoke detectors should be installed on all stairways and escape routes, as these areas are frequently the origin of fires. This is because occupants tend to smoke in the stairwell area. PRINCIPLE, SPACE IMPLICATIONS AND BUILDING REGULATIONS OF SMOKE DETECTORS The principle of a smoke detector is how it operates and its primary functions, which are regarded as fundamental system components. As stated previously, intelligent smoke detectors detect the presence of particles that may indicate a fire incident. To accomplish this, every smoke detector must be equipped with a particle-scanning sensor that can send alert signals to the system. In addition to the sensor, the smoke detector must feature a loud electronic siren to immediately alert people to leave. Without the sensors and the horn, the intelligent smoke detector would not be functioning. Next, the implication of the space in the building would not be disrupted by the installation of the smart smoke detector although it might require hundreds of them to cater to all floors. This is because the smart smoke detectors does not take up any space at all as they are small and would are installed directly onto ceilings or walls. The only issue with the devices would be the complications on connecting all wires across all floors of the building. Some parts of ceilings or walls would need to be drilled to allow a passage for wires to be linked with one another. In order for the installation of smart smoke detectors to be permitted, building regulations must be observed. The code and standard that permits the installation of the smart smoke detector is M.S. 1176: Part 7, which concentrates on the specification for components of automatic fire detection systems. The exception applies to smoke detectors that use scattered light, transmitted light, or ionization. Aside from that, the smoke detectors also adhere to the automatic fire detection and alarm system criteria of UBBL 1984, such as Bylaws 133, 225, 237, and others. PAGE 9
SMART FIRE DOORS Fire doors play a significant part in supplying both occupants and the building with a firefighting system. Typically, fire doors are constructed from materials that are resistant and retardant to fire. They are also engineered to close automatically to avoid fire breaches at any time. This is why fire doors are critical to be stayed shut at all times if not in use. Other than that, smart fire doors have been first introduced in 2018 which makes it applicable in the near future. Smart fire doors utilize QR codes that would provide all necessary information regarding the specifications of the fire doors. The doors will be connected to a software enables management for various aspects of the doors such as maintenance, replacement, monitoring damages and more. These high-tech fire doors include customizable chips that provide users with the information they need. The smart fire doors are also less of a hassle to keep locked and secure. APPLICATION OF SMART FIRE DOORS The system of smart fire doors is a component of the passive fire prevention system. The passive fire defense the system differs from the active fire protection system. This is because the passive fire protection system seeks to prevent fires from happening or spreading. A passive firefighting system employs materials and features that are already resistant to fire to prevent its ignition and rapid spread. In other words, the passive firefighting system is integrated into the building's construction to ensure safety and prevent any fire-related damage. Smart fire doors are a component of the compartmentation strategy for preventing fires. This is because fire doors prevent fire from spreading freely to multiple levels of a building, giving residents more time to escape. SYSTEM OF SMART FIRE DOORS INSTALLATION OF SMART FIRE DOORS Smart fire doors would initially be manufactured in a factory. This is because each door is constructed from a unique material and has its own fire rating. Modern smart fire doors are not only coated with intumescent paint, but new inventions have also been developed. Depending on the size of the building, the doors would either have a single leaf or a double leaf. Once the smart fire doors have been chosen and delivered to the site, the installation process is similar to that of standard fire doors. The doors would have to be put in their designated openings on each storey of the building and secured with the appropriate ironmongery. Signage is also installed to instruct occupants on how to utilize the smart fire doors safely. The installation of smart fire doors is comparable to that of smart smoke detectors since smart fire doors are linked to software that can help to monitor the state of doors at all times. The fire doors must also be hardwired in order to get the electricity they require to work. To receive power, the cables will be linked to the main breaker. When everyone has left the area, the electricity will allow the smart fire doors to properly close and lock. In addition to installing the door, many interfaces or screens will be installed to monitor the operation of the fire doors. Owners can anticipate any problems with the fire doors using the interface or even their mobile phones. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM PAGE 10
SMART FIRE DOORS There is no denying that smart fire doors provide numerous benefits to both occupants and the case study building. The independent locking mechanism of smart fire doors is advantageous since it ensures that the doors are always shut. The smart fire doors have the capacity to ensure that they close soon after being opened. This will assist prevent the fire from spreading during evacuation. In addition, the intelligent fire doors are outfitted with alarm systems that emit a loud siren in the event of a fire or power outage and the need for assistance. Next, another advantage of smart fire doors is that they enhance the building's intelligence and reduce labor-related energy consumption. This is due to the fact that all repairs and maintenance can be monitored through the established interfaces, and technicians no longer need to visit each floor to inspect the fire door system. The fire doors also help to categorise hazardous smoke caused by a fire, which would otherwise harm occupants. BENEFITS OF SMART FIRE DOORS PROBLEMS OF SMART FIRE DOORS Due to their size, the installation of smart fire doors may provide some obstacles. Fire doors are frequently heavy and require proper accessibility for installation. Therefore, the necessary equipment to transport all door components must be provided to facilitate transportation. Another issue that may occur during the installation of smart fire doors is the cost of installing the fire doors. This is due to the fact that each fire door is equipped with high-tech components such as processors, sensors, and motors that allow them to function properly. In addition to contributing to the installation process's complexity, its price will also play a role. Wires will be used to connect the doors throughout the office building, necessitating the drilling of walls and ceilings. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM PAGE 11
SMART FIRE DOORS FUNCTION, CONNECTION AND POSITION OF SMART DOORS The purpose of the smart fire doors is to create a barrier between the dangerous and safe areas of the building. Its primary purpose is to prevent fire from spreading and smoke from entering other sections of the building for an extended period of time. They function to allow the doors to be closed after many building occupants have passed through them. These doors enable for the safe closure and monitoring of door usage. The intelligent fire doors not only allow barrier-free access, but also provide excellent fire safety. Next, wiring is used to link the smart fire doors to the primary power source. The power supplied to the door's internal components will operate the system effectively. The optimal link within each fire door is between the sensors, the alarm system, the door lock system, the door control unit, and the motor lock. This combination and connections will enable the smart fire doors to function effectively Lastly, the location of the smart fire doors throughout the case study building will be positioned at every escape route on every floor. This is due to the fact that occupants will use the escape routes to reach safety. It is essential to have smart fire doors at all building exits. As regular doors lack a fire rating and are not resistant to fire, failure to construct the required number of fire doors on each storey would provide a significant danger of inability to escape. PRINCIPLE, SPACE IMPLICATIONS AND BUILDING REGULATIONS OF SMART DOORS The smart fire doors also have a few principles on the main elements that need to be integrated into them in order for them to achieve their key functions. Its principle is the compartmentalization of the building where it separates the fire and smoke from the areas of safety. When the compartmentalization is closed by the fire doors, it will stop the spread of fire and when opened, means of escape can be accessed. Other than that, the smart fire doors use technology to connect themselves to available interfaces and mobile phones to ease the process of monitoring, management and more. Furthermore, one of the consequences of installing smart fire doors in a building is a reduction in the amount of space available for individuals. This is due to the fact that fire doors take up more room than smaller alarm systems. Smart fire doors, on the other hand, will offer various places for people to use as escape routes or normal walkways. The addition of a large number of smart fire doors to the building will undoubtedly increase the load carried by the building's substructure. If the building is subjected to extra stress, substructure modifications may be required. Last but not least, the building regulations of the smart fire doors will follow the rules set by UBBL 1984. Since smart fire doors are one of the methods of compartmentation, the smart fire doors can be applied to the case study building since buildings that are more than 28 metres high must have fire doors. Due to its height (at least 64 metres), the Menara OBYU has been granted permission to install smart fire doors, which will make the building more secure and efficient. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM PAGE 12
4.0 TELECOMMUNICATION PAGE 13
MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR Telecommunication refers to the transmission of a message over a great distance in order to communicate. Today's telecommunication uses include the use of electrical equipment such as telegraphs, telephones, and teletypes, radio, microwave transmission, fibre optics, and other associated electronics, as well as the use of orbiting satellites, computer networks, and the internet. A telecommunications system can also be defined as a system that facilitates in the timely and efficient transmission of messages. It must be well-organized, long-lasting, adaptive, and simple for the end user to maintain. Cabling systems used for telephone communications can also be utilized for fire alarms, security alarms, computer networking, and teleprinters. The voltage and current are extremely low, and they are not directly connected to the main power supply of a structure. Telecommunications and mains cabling should be separated in discrete conduits and trunking for safety and to avoid interference. PLC technology is divided into two categories, one of which being Broadband Power Line Communication. Broadband technology operates at frequencies ranging from 1.8 to 500 MHz, with physical layer data speeds ranging from a few Mbps to Gbps. It is often referred to as BPL (Broadband over Power Lines) (BPL). Many organisations are involved in the development of broadband technology standards, including the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the Universal Powerline Association (UPA), the Open PLC European Research Alliance (OPERA), the Consumer Electronics Power line Communication Alliance (CEPCA), the International Telecommunication Union (ITUT-T), and the HomePlug Powerline Alliance. As for the plan to realise the smart building setting, we offer Broadband Power Line Communication (BPLC) as the building's telecommunication system. Power Line Communication (PLC) transmits data over existing power lines using a low-voltage (LV), medium-voltage (MV), or high-voltage carrier frequency (HV). PLC is the technology that may be compared to wireless solutions in terms of the cost of creating a communication infrastructure because power lines have already been built and are generally available. As a result, the main advantage is the potential to save money when establishing a communication infrastructure. BROADBANDPOWER LINECOMMUNICATION (BPLC) PAGE 14
MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR Broadband PLC technology is being developed for the Smart Building idea in order to ensure support for all protocols used in Smart Building applications, as well as the possibility of adequate communication security. The greater throughput comes at the expense of a shorter communication range. Throughput, efficiency, packet loss, interference immunity, and communication range are the major variables that must be defined before this technology can be deployed. There is no doubt that the adoption of BPL networks is a replacement or supplement to technologies such as Long Term Evolution (LTE), 5G, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), or fibre optic. There are various large-scale deployments using BPL communication to reduce energy usage and costs, manage load batteries, and implement variable energy pricing. Power Quality (PQ) and Micro Grid and Distribution Generation are two applications based on Broadband Power Line in Smart Building (DG). In terms of PQ, wind and solar power plants have enlarged the distributed power system, making it more diverse and difficult to control. Power monitoring devices, which measured at multiple locations using PLC without the usage of any additional communication lines, enabled continuous monitoring of the PQ. Monitoring power quality in a complex of buildings that houses critical infrastructure, such as an office building or hospital complex, is another key issue. For connecting a PQ monitor measuring device, BPL is a suitable and useful alternative to LTE. As a result, the connection of a BPL and a PQ monitor provides a system that improves power supply quality and maintains transition to a backup power source in the event of natural catastrophes, energy network oscillations, or other abnormal effects. This solution is critical, especially when developing smart buildings, because a protracted network disruption could have an impact on the smart building's performance as well as other deadly consequences. Smart buildings will be equipped with renewable sources such as solar panels, tiny wind turbines, natural gas cells, energy storage, battery systems, and combined heat and power to allow users to create electricity for the grid. HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), demand response capability, and emergency backup generation will also be considered. These Distribution Generation (DG) and Micro Grid applications needed to be more sophisticated, with higher data rates and bandwidths, as well as meet security requirements. A microgrid seamlessly combines data connectivity and energy transmission. Actual information gathering, accurate and consistent data transmission, successful processing of multilayer information, and intellectual examination of that information are the fundamental requirements for appropriateness, precision, and generality of data. Two-way Broadband communication via an existing power-line network is the primary feature that makes a microgrid smarter, and it has largely contributed to the establishment of a smart building. APPLICATION BROADBANDPOWER LINECOMMUNICATION (BPLC) PAGE 15
MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR Broadband power line communication refers to the technology for transferring data over the cables and standing power lines that serve as the major conduits for electric power. Broadband power line communication employs power line technology that operates at frequencies greater than 2MHz. Power line networks (PLNs) are an unfavourable environment for high-speed data transfer; but, with considerable advances in communications technology, high-speed data transfer technology has emerged via the power transmission network, which was originally designed to convey energy. Furthermore, this technology connects users to the internet via low- and medium-voltage power lines. It is a third means of access that could compete with cable modems and DSL connections. According to recent advancements, BPL technology will shift its focus from broadband service provision to the deployment of smart metres, resulting in cheaper pricing and more effective energy management via the formation of a smart grid. First, the injector for Power Line Communication (PLC) is installed in a new or existing power line. This enables the presence of electricity lines to indirectly produce connections, particularly in terms of internet, for the building's residents. Following the installation of the PLC injector, the internet connection will be transmitted throughout the building via the installation of the main router and main cable. The main router is normally installed in a room dedicated to all the wires and other components for ease of maintenance and safety. Following that, a PLC socket is put on each floor of the building to allow personal routers/modems to transmit internet connections. Only the personal router can then be connected to the socket established on each floor of the building for the permission of an internet connection distributed evenly to each floor of the building. SYSTEM INSTALLATION PROCESS BROADBANDPOWER LINECOMMUNICATION (BPLC) PAGE 16
MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR The key advantage of this system is its ease of installation in structures by simply replacing existing electrical outlets. Current home PLC adapter designs rely on an adapter that plugs directly into an electrical outlet, which may present issues when operating built-in appliances with a PLC adapter. Here is an example of a standard PLC adaptor. Another benefit is that, unlike PLC adapters, the inbuilt modem does not limit the appearance or device connecting options of the socket. One of the primary advantages of power-line communication over alternative choices is that it can be implemented at a low cost due to the utilization of existing power lines as a communication channel. Furthermore, power-line communication is the sole form of communication that is directly related to the structure of the power distribution network. As a result, knowledge of the power-line communication grid architecture may be used to quickly infer information on power system connection. Furthermore, power-line communication offers critical physical safety characteristics that not all alternatives do. Furthermore, numerous users can join to a wireless network simultaneously. Without any setups, connections can be established utilising the router or hotspot technologies in a matter of seconds. The performance potentials of BPL for application in smart buildings are still unknown. For new, advanced applications like as battery chargers, more bandwidth and quicker communication rates are required. More bandwidth is also required to meet new security standards and apply the security measures required for internet connection and remote switching activities. Because of the large overhead caused by cybersecurity and protocol overhead, BPL and high bandwidth requirements are taken into account. For example, the British Standards Institution (BSI) security criteria for TLS (Transport Layer Security) must be taken into account during Germany's BPL rollout. TLS requires 4-7 KB for connection establishment and 21 B for each transmission. Aside from that, the BPL method involves injecting modified data signals onto power lines, causing them to clash with signals from other communication devices operating at the same frequency. Data loss results from these intersections, which cause outside influence. There are many different forms of signals on power line networks, however all signals, save communications signals, are considered interference or noise for communications. Data attenuation may be the key barrier preventing broadband over power lines technology from competing with current broadband providers. Increased distance and frequency cause the signal to diminish, while cable loss makes the signal even weaker. The other big issue is the attenuation produced by load switching caused by end-user devices connected to the network. Where each piece of equipment has an effect on the parameters of the communication channel. BENEFITS PROBLEMS BROADBANDPOWER LINECOMMUNICATION (BPLC) PAGE 17
MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR It is a technique that sends data over existing power lines, allowing power lines to be used for data communication. By using a power line as a communication network, a system can be built fast and economically. BPLC attracts attention due to its usage in smart metre (AMI) and solar panel monitoring systems, which contribute to the realisation of a smart society. It employs a modular signal to enable broadband data communications on conductors that are already in use for power transmission. This can now be performed using the building's wiring or the current electrical power distribution system. This technology, also known as power-line Internet, supports PLC and allows Internet access through transmission lines. BPL technology with PLC is widely used in remote places with limited cable Internet connectivity. The internet connection will be transmitted first from the building's external power lines, whether new or existing. Following the installation of a connection from the power lines, it transmits to the main router before connecting through the PLC socket attached to the walls. Only after the personal router/modem is installed in the socket will the building's residents obtain internet connections that are dispersed across the building. Furthermore, because wireless technology struggles to transmit across walls or floors, it is essential to connect the terminal. There are several broadband PLC-to-Wi-Fi 802.11 bridges available for use in building networks. Typically, a bridge of this type is simply connected to a power socket and is positioned and installed through the walls. Furthermore, the gateway for the internet connection must be wirelessly connected to the building, although the terminal is hardwired to the PLC. Long-term evolution (LTE), namely the gateway with an outward projection for the fourthgeneration mobile network standard and the distribution of the Internet signal within the building, is an example of the above. Technical implementations would connect the LTE signal to broadband PLC, which is normally defined by system professionals. A high frequency signal (1.6 to 30 MHz) with low energy must be transmitted on electrical impulses with low frequency and high energy levels for BPL to function (50 Hz, 220 V). Because the signal is sent through the power infrastructure, any BPL receiver connected to the same electrical grid can receive it. The basic idea behind this technology is that it provides users with high-speed Internet access via distributed wiring within buildings, eliminating the need for data transmission via wired networks such as coaxial cables, fiber optics, short-range satellite systems, and wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi and Wi-Max. Simply put, it uses power transmission networks to transfer both electricity and data at the same time. This type of technology necessitated personal space or rooms in the building to locate all of the cables, the main router, and for maintenance and safety purposes. It makes no attempt to occupy a large amount of space in the structure. Finally, because the personal router/modem will be put through the walls, space will be saved indirectly. FUNCTIONS CONNECTION & POSITIONS BROADBANDPOWER LINECOMMUNICATION (BPLC) PRINCIPLES SPACE IMPLICATIONS PAGE 18
5.0 SPECIAL SERVICES PAGE 19
MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR SPECIAL SERVICES With the advancement of computer technology, control technology, communication technology, and the technology itself in the application in numerous industries, intelligent buildings have developed quickly. It is still being developed, though, because it has too many sophisticated parts. There is currently no agreed-upon definition of a "intelligent building," and definitions vary among nations and regions. (S. L. Wang 2016). The American Intelligent Building Institute has defined intelligent building as the best fusion of structure, service, system, operation, and interconnection to accomplish the best fusion of high efficiency, high functionality, and high comfort. According to Kerzner & Harold (2003) they noted that all intelligent buildings share the sole trait of having structural designs that may be modified to accommodate modern conveniences and cost-saving measures. Asia's definition of intelligent buildings is as follows: intelligent buildings are designed and built using high-quality environment modules that are properly selected, and they satisfy user needs by using the right construction tools and attaining long-term construction value (Bo, 2017). INTELLIGENT BUILDING THE APPLICATION With the advancement of computer technology, control technology, communication technology, and the technology itself in the application in numerous industries, intelligent buildings have developed quickly. It is still being developed, though, because it has too many sophisticated parts. There is currently no agreed-upon definition of a "intelligent building," and definitions vary among nations and regions. (S. L. Wang 2016). The American Intelligent Building Institute has defined intelligent building as the best fusion of structure, service, system, operation, and interconnection to accomplish the best fusion of high efficiency, high functionality, and high comfort. According to Kerzner & Harold (2003) they noted that all intelligent buildings share the sole trait of having structural designs that may be modified to accommodate modern conveniences and costsaving measures. Asia's definition of intelligent buildings is as follows: intelligent buildings are designed and built using high-quality environment modules that are properly selected, and they satisfy user needs by using the right construction tools and attaining long-term construction value (Bo, 2017). PAGE 20
MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR SPECIAL SERVICES SYSTEM There are now three different types of smart buildings that can be employed for their systems, including information systems, analysis systems, and control systems. First, the information system will go through a process of gathering data from various systems, aggregating it, and offering capabilities for reporting and visualisation that aid in understanding trends and helping to guide decisions. This system can be utilised with interval metres, bill data, or both. While this is going on, the analysis system will take the data acquisition along with metrics and data points from external sources, such as weather data or occupancy data, and run quantitative, statistical, or other analyses on the data to pinpoint specific problems or insights. Modeling to give measurements and verification capabilities or fault detection and diagnostics are some of the common uses. Over the past few years, many information systems have increased their capabilities. The control system is therefore referred to as a system that connects and manages building resources like HVAC and lighting systems, which then modify the environment. With operational systems and metering infrastructures networked to it, it also serves as the hub of the building. Building automation systems (BAS), for example, offer a number of widely recognised advantages, including monitoring the facility's operational costs and occupant comfort. Building automation systems have been utilised in large buildings for a number of years, and it has been established that there are numerous hidden costs, such as the need for human intervention in system management and maintenance. If there is possibilities where less human involvement is needed, the Building Automation System would be even more valuable and cost effective (Joseph Amiador, 2016). One example of an intelligent building is the Capital Tower in Singapore, which has energy-efficient technology integrated throughout, including an energy recovery wheel system in its air-conditioning unit that enables cool air to be recovered in order to maintain the effectiveness of the chillers. Motion sensors in the lift lobby and restrooms save energy, and double-glazed windows cut energy use by reducing heat transfer. As a result, we will use control systems for this building, such as the building automation system and the building security system (Elizabeth Dukes, 2018). PAGE 21
MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR SPECIAL SERVICES COMPONENTS Motion sensors, security cameras, and the control system, which includes a room with a team managing the building's systems such as the HVAC, lighting, and more, are some of the components that will be used in this intelligent building. These components will also be used in the building security system and building automation system. The next set of components will include a variety of smart capabilities, including light monitoring and control, lift monitoring, occupancy tracking, object identification, parking lot monitoring, asset tracking, and air quality monitoring. First, daylight harvesting and light scheduling will be used for light monitoring and control, allowing the ceiling lights to automatically vary their brightness in response to daylight. This system will have a sensor that monitors the building's lighting, and it will make adjustments as necessary. But on weekdays and weekends, lights are programmed to activate a presence detection mode, which activates when workers walk by through the sensors. The system will then monitor the levels of temperature, humidity, CO2, and TVOC in various parts of the building. If the air quality indexes are outside of the acceptable range, the sensors will then deliver the notifications. The utilisation of Bluetooth beacons in a variety of shapes and sizes will thereafter be employed for asset tracking. The dashboard can be used to track the position of assets in real time while also providing access to past data thanks to the card beacon's five-year battery life. In the event that an asset leaves its assigned zone, notifications will be sent. Additionally, this building will have lift monitoring, which is made possible by the lift manager solution, which also allows for centralised monitoring and proactive maintenance. On the physical circumstances, usage, and ride comfort, there will be real-time data and reports. The systems will show the amount of downtime still to come and will offer suggestions for how to avoid a breakdown. The sensors used for occupancy tracking will identify the movement of individuals and display it on the floor layout. Additionally, if a person is found in a restricted area, alerts may be sent. However, everyone will be able to view the current occupancy status of shared facilities like the gym and café. Then, with the use of cctv cameras equipped with object counting capabilities, the parking occupancy will be monitored for security alerts and monitoring. The dashboard will display both historical and real-time occupancy data. The security systems that will be installed in specific locations to guarantee the building's safety are also included in these systems. Last but not least, automated warnings will be sent when cargo is about to pass through public areas thanks to security cameras and sensors. The cameras and sensors have been set up to recognise specific items. This is going to be the majority of the smart building technology used in the proposed skyscraper (BoschIQ, 2020). PAGE 221
INSTALLATION PROCESS MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR SPECIAL SERVICES Project Scope and Purpose Starting with intelligent design, the installation procedure will carefully assess "the existing and future use of the project." To begin, it is important to understand the goals and requirements of the specific building's tenants. Concept and Design Starting with intelligent design, the installation procedure will carefully assess "the existing and future use of the project." To begin, it is important to understand the goals and requirements of the specific building's tenants. Site Selection and Intregation An intelligent design starts by considering the site's integration with the neighbourhood. Site integration and impact are crucial for environmental impact and have a big influence on how people use the building. Environmental Design An environmentally sustainable design is the foundation of an intelligent structure. Developing an environmentally and energy-conscious enterprise is directly related to many of the clever qualities. Building Modelling A full model is necessary as the foundation for intelligent design. Early on in the modelling process, CAD concepts are developed into project renderings. This information can be easily communicated with HVAC and other system models using emerging standards like GBXML and AEC-XML. Building Circulation and Networking Buildings are designed to promote collaboration, allowing people to work effectively and creatively. Improved occupant circulation, interaction, and collaboration are made possible by intelligent buildings (Sasidhar D, 2021). PAGE 23
MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR SPECIAL SERVICES ADVANTAGES By implementing HVAC systems, intelligent lighting, occupancy measurement sensors, and other IoT technologies, this building can benefit from the much lower operating expenses associated with smart buildings' lower maintenance costs, which can result in operational cost savings of more than 30%. COST REDUCTION Real-time data and artificial intelligence can also help to reduce the amount of maintenance work and speed up problem-solving. The sensors and algorithms can identify situations that could harm equipment within a building and can either shut it down or alert people before it gets expensive. PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE It will be feasible to cut energy use by improving the efficiency of how power, water, and gas are used. The sensors may determine which room has a large number of people present and alter the lighting and environment accordingly. REDUCED ENERGY CONSUMPTION After the Covid-19 incident, working from home has become the new standard. By offering improved lighting and environmental conditions, this smart building may contribute to making the workplace, whether it be at home or in the office, more fun and productive. Additionally, especially in a building like this one, employees may rent rooms and navigate the office more quickly. INCREASE IN PRODUCTIVITY HEALTH AND WELL-BEING Last but not least, the system will support a smart HVAC system that will guarantee improved building temperature control and air quality. If there are senior persons with health difficulties, the sensors may detect them and help alter it in accordance with their needs (Eric Rosenkranz, 2021). PAGE 24
MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR SPECIAL SERVICES DISADVANTAGES But smart buildings can have a number of drawbacks. One of them is cyber security, where there is risk involved when connecting almost every gadget in a facility to the internet. Particularly when the structure lacks the greatest security software and can thus be easily hacked CYBER SECURITY The building's initial installation costs, which might reach the hundreds of thousands, must be considered. For small businesses, this may need a large expenditure. The building will still give the businesses a profit, though. INITIAL INSTALLATION COST Additionally, the requirement for an internet connection is one of the key drawbacks of smart buildings. Smart buildings won't work as they should without an internet connection. To make the most of intelligent technology, a trustworthy network must be developed. INTERNET CONNECTION Last but not least, a significant portion of the population still has usability concerns with smart buildings. How to use each of the smart features may be covered in tutorials or seminars offered by the companies (Eric Rosenkranz, 2021). USABILITY OF SMART TECHNOLOGY FOR TENANTS PAGE 25
MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR SPECIAL SERVICES LOCATION AND CONNECTION Next, each of the smart systems will be placed in its own area within the smart facilities. For instance, the security camera would be installed at the building's most important location where supervision was required, and the sensor would be positioned next to the hallways, in the spaces between the doors, and in the elevator to keep track of the data gathered. The positioning of windows or locations that require lighting will be taken into account while planning the lighting. Additionally, these smart facilities' connections will be made using circuits supplied by the power supply and directed to the Smart Building Management Room. A team that manages the entrance, outflow, and the purposes or duration of the facilities will be in this room. This is done to guarantee that the smart building will run without a hitch. Additionally, this crew will include technicians who will look after the smart amenities in the building. The dashboard from the management rooms would make it simple for the tea to find and correct any mistakes made by the smart facilities. PAGE 261
6.0 MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEM PAGE 27
MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEM According to Section 124 in UBBL 1984, “For non-residential buildings that exceed 4-storeys above/below the main entrance, a lift shall be provided, ” . MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR 6.0 A mechanical transportation system is an essential component of a modern structure. The system is made up of mechanical conveyances that can move people and goods vertically or horizontally. Along with allowing for faster movement, it boosts user productivity and efficiency. Transportation systems include things like lifts, escalators, and travelators. Lifts are the mechanical transportation system proposed for Menara OBYU. The building has 20 levels, and by having a mechanical transportation system like lifts available, people can be moved to a different floor comfortably and quickly rather than taking the stairs, which is unquestionably inconvenient. Furthermore, the lifts are beneficial to the disabled. As a result, lifts are needed at Menara OBYU. PAGE 28
LIFT A lift is also known as an elevator. It is a vehicle that travels vertically up and down a shaft to transport people and objects between floors of a multistory structure. Lifts are typically propelled by electric motors that either drive traction cables and counterweight systems, similar to hoists, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston, similar to jacks. Furthermore, a lift is required in structures with fewer than four stories so that workers of various ages and disabled people can access the space. The speed of lifts varies depending on the type and function of the lift, which is represented in the table below, along with the layouts of the lift. Because the building has more than 15 floors, the proposed speed for the lifts in Menara OBYU is 5.0 - 7.0 m/s, according to the table above. This is because the proposed building, which is an office headquarters, requires a lift speed of 5.0 - 7.0 m/s. Workers do not have to wait for an extended period of time before entering the lift, which reduces waiting time and prevents overcrowding in the elevator waiting area. (Greeno & Hall, 2003) PAGE 29
LAYOUTS OF THE LIFT (Greeno & Hall, 2003) QUANTITY OF LIFTS A few factors must be considered when determining the number of lifts required in a structure. Among the variables are the building's population, the type of occupants, the number of floors and height, the initial cost, and the ongoing cost. The cost of installation, capital expenditures, and maintenance all increase as the number of lifts increases. However, the waiting time increases as the number of lifts available increases. The chart below provides an estimate of the required lifts. There are 6 lifts proposed to be built for Menara OBYU, where 5 of those are passenger lifts and the other is firefighting lift. 3 According to MS 1184 : 2014 15 Lifts 15.1 “All accessible levels of a building shall be accessible with ramps and lifts. Lifts are preferable, and shall be accessible for all people, including people with disabilities. At least one lift car, adjacent to a building entrance that is accessible for disabled persons, shall be designed as a lift for wheelchair users,”. PAGE 30
TYPE OF LIFTS Traction with Machine Room and Machine-Room-Less Traction are the two types of electric lifts (MRL). MRL is the one proposed for Menara OBYU. They are situated near the firefighter lift. They provide access to the high zone's upper floors and connect the ground floor to the basement levels. Elevators that do not have a designated machine room above the shaft are referred to as machine-room-less elevators. When maintenance or repairs are required, the equipment is located in the override space and is accessible from the elevator cab's top. There is no separate chamber for the control panels in the MRL lifts. Instead, the machine-room-free has a control panel near the lifts and its controllers inside the hoistway. The table below summarises the benefits and drawbacks of MRL. (Fujidh, 2016) 3 Aside from that, the type of electric lift used in the building would have a significant impact on space in the building. For example, the proposed type of electric elevator for Menara OBYU is machine-room-less traction (MRL), which requires no additional room for machinery. The elevator must meet the space requirements of the building. It must be large enough to accommodate normal daily traffic and the movement of relevant items within the structure. It cannot be made too large, as this would jeopardise the structure of the building. The size of the elevator's motor and other system components can aid in the identification of any potential weight constraints. This weight limit must be adequate for daily use. PAGE 31
ZONING OF LIFTS For skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, it is critical to divide the structure into zones of elevator serving levels, such as low, medium, and high zones. Zoning is required to provide as much lift service to each user on an equal basis as possible. The optimal number of floors served by each group ranges from 10 to 15. Express zones with express or shuttle elevators are occasionally provided between the lobby and each zone to transport visitors to their target zone as quickly as possible. This will also improve highspeed elevator performance, reduce round-trip time, increase passenger handling capacity, and decrease the number of elevators used. Seven to ten serving floors per zone are generally preferred. The space above the low and middle zone elevator shafts in the building can be used for offices and other purposes. Furthermore, the elevator hall area between levels served by speed elevators can be used for storage. As a result, the building's rentable space will be increased (SIGMA, 2017). Because Menara OBYU is a 20-story building, zoning is extremely beneficial in terms of saving space. Furthermore, because Menara OBYU is an office headquarters, this system will function efficiently during peak hours. 3 As a result, users can travel to their desired floor in a short period of time because the system is divided into two zones: low zone and high zone. The arrangement of the lift will also affect the amount of space taken up by the elevator. As a result, proper elevator layout planning is critical. As a result, the Menara OBYU will be proposed with two zones: low zone and high zone. The low zone has six basement levels, while the high zone has twelve office-heavy top floors. The lobby and entry levels separate these two areas. Two passenger lifts descend from the lobby level to the basements, while three passenger lifts transport people from the ground floor to the upper stories. The only elevator that can access all levels is the firefighting elevator. PAGE 32
FUNCTIONS OF LIFTS Passengers are transported between floors at reasonable speeds in an entirely enclosed lift car that travels vertically within a specially constructed lift shaft. Control systems are frequently designed to ensure that passengers are distributed as efficiently as possible throughout the building (Invalifts, 2016). There are five passenger lifts proposed for Menara OBYU. Two of the passenger lifts descend from the lobby level to the basement levels (low zones), while the other three, which require special access, ascend to the upper floors (high zones). Because it is roomy, economical, and capable of carrying up to 11 passengers while moving at up to 1.75 m/s, this lift is appropriate for use in a commercial building where people must be transported to different levels on a regular basis. 3 The purpose of the firefighting lift is to provide firemen with a facility that allows them to travel vertically around a building more easily. A firefighting lift is frequently available in a tall, complicated building or one with a deep basement. It can operate for longer than a typical passenger lift when there is a fire in areas of the building beyond the firefighting shaft because it is used to transfer firefighters and their equipment to a floor of their choice (National Operational Guidance, 2017). There is only one proposed firefighting lift in Menara OBYU, and it is the only lift with a two-sided entrance and access to all levels. Only this lift has access to levels in both the low and high zones. It has a top speed of 1.75 m/s and can carry up to 15 passengers. Because of the firefighting lift switch, the fire service can take immediate control of the firefighting lift in a firefighting shaft. The doors of the firefighting lift should open, and it should begin working once it reaches the fire service access level. Its advantage is that it makes it easier to move firefighters and equipment vertically into a building. However, there are potential drawbacks, such as users being trapped in the lift, movement of the lift increasing ventilation to fire, and it being unknown and unidentifiable. PAGE 33
COMPONENTS OF MRL The primary component of MRL is an overspeed governor. An overspeed governor acts as a braking system if the elevator travels faster than intended. When the lift car in a machine-roomless elevator exceeds its rated speed, the overspeed governer activates the lift car's safety gears via the governer rope. As a result, the lift car will become immobile and cling to the elevator shaft's guard rails. The following component is a control panel. The control panel is mounted to the wall next to the elevator rather than in a machine room, and the controllers are located in the hoistway. It can be seen from the elevator lobby, but it is usually covered by a metal plate. 3 An overspeed governer and control panel of an MRL Components of an MRL PAGE 34
COMPONENTS OF MRL (CONT'D) The elevator car, car operation panel, and lift landing door are additional components. The lift doors on the landings are visible from every story of the building. They are sometimes referred to as hoistway or exterior doors. During crises, these hoistway doors can be manually operated or opened and closed by electric motors. Additionally, the doors contain motion sensor systems that prevent them from shutting when something or someone is in between the doors. Although hoist doors are fixed doors on each landing floor, elevator car doors move along the hoistway with the lift car. Next, an elevator car is essentially a platform that is mechanically propelled or pulled upward. A modern elevator consists of a cab, also known as a car, positioned on a platform inside of a room known as a shaft or occasionally a "hoistway." The car frame and car sling of an elevator car are used to support the cabin, which can be found in three distinct locations (the top, sides, and bottom), respectively. The car sling is the framework that encloses the cab. Additionally, it meets the need for attaching the rope guides and platform to the automobile frame. The cab height determines the height of the automobile sling. 3 Car Sling Elevator Car Car Frame PAGE 35
COMPONENTS OF MRL (CONT'D) The elevator car has a car operational panel installed. The car's operating panels include controls such as an open and close button that instructs the landing doors to open or close. There is a floor request option that allows users to specify which floors they prefer. When the lift capacity is exceeded by an overload warning, a warning sound is produced. In addition, an intercom system connects the lift car interior to a control room in the event of an emergency. If there is a power outage and the lift has not yet arrived at the designated floor, the automatic emergency rescue device (AERD) will activate, causing the lift to stop at the nearest floor and open the doors. Due to the fire alarm home landing, which also activates the fire alarm, the elevator will then return to the selected floor. 3 Car Operating Panel PAGE 36
COMPONENTS OF MRL : SAFETY FEATURES The elevator also has safety features such as an apron that protects evacuated passengers by preventing them from falling back into the hoist when the cabin is above ground. The width of the largest hoist door opening must not be less than the enlarged width. The safety door edges feature detects an object or a person at the doorway and prevents the door from closing (usually fitted to access). If a person or object blocks the door and the sensors detect it, the door will open and stay open until the obstruction is removed or the item is reopened. Finally, progressive safety equipment is a mechanical device that, in the event of a fault involving a free moving vehicle, stops the lift car or counterweight by grabbing the guide rails. The overspeed governor engages safety equipment located at the bottom of the automobile sling. 3 Apron Progressive Safety Gear Safety Door Edges PAGE 37
LIFTS OPERATING SYSTEM The "Lift Operating System" is in charge of organising every aspect of the lift service, including travel, speed, acceleration, deceleration, door opening speed and delay, levelling, and hall lantern signals. It can accept inputs such as button signals and outputs such as lift cars moving and doors opening as inputs and outputs. The lift operating system's goal is to direct the lift car to the correct floor. It is also to provide a smooth ride in order to reduce travel time and increase passenger comfort. Last but not least, its goal is to accelerate, decelerate, and remain within safe limits. INSTALLATION OF LIFT There are several steps involved in elevator installation. Install the columns first. There should be enough space to work safely without impeding efficiency. The floors on both levels must be strong enough to support the lift system when it is loaded. The carriage must come next. Lines will be drawn on the floor and walls to ensure that the carriage is properly positioned to ascend the columns evenly and levelly. The carriage is precisely where these markings indicate within the columns. After the wheelblocks have been installed, the carriage uprights will be bolted to the columns. Wheelblocks are connected to previously installed lift chains. The drive base should then be raised in order to install the mechanical lift. The drive base should then be raised in order to install the mechanical lift. Set up and assemble the gates and enclosures next. These should be firmly welded in place. Connect the electrical component to the lift and perform a final check. PA3GE 38
7.0 HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS (HVAC) PAGE 39
WHAT IS HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS (HVAC)? MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR HVAC systems are designed to heat, ventilate, or cool a specific room while maintaining a given level of cleanliness in the immediate area. The demands of occupants in terms of temperature, humidity, and airflow are met by HVAC systems. By controlling and converting the outside air temperatures to the proper indoor air conditions, the HVAC system's main purpose is to offer thermal comfort to humans. Heat distribution and air temperature regulation are the two main purposes. HVAC systems may be found in many different kinds of buildings, including commercial, residential, and educational ones. The selection of an HVAC system is influenced by a variety of factors, including the environment, the age of the building, the preferences of the building owner and the project designer, the project budget, and the design and construction of the structures. PAGE 40
VENTILATION SYSTEM (HYBRID VENTILATION SYSTEM) MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR SYSTEM Mechanical ventilation is the method of ventilation used in the case study. It can be used in all types of weather and climates, and it can even be airconditioned when needed, but it is expensive to set up and maintain. We devised a hybrid ventilation strategy for a multi-story smart building. A two-mode system known as "hybrid ventilation" combines natural and mechanical ventilation. By combining natural and mechanical ventilation components, a highly effective and healthy ventilation system is created. Using this technology, a windmill anemometer is used to measure wind speed and direction, and the data is then sent to the control system. This data is sent into the control system, which then makes use of a network of connected devices to alter the openings of the study's movable roofing in the direction of the wind. A notable enhancement over conventional ventilation systems is the use of a hybrid system, which can automatically switch between natural and mechanical modes to save energy consumption and maintain a suitable interior atmosphere. An airtight structure is necessary for hybrid ventilation techniques. Of course, all ventilation systems require this. It shouldn't be a problem as long as the penetration has no negative effects on a space's comfort, energy use, or ventilation needs. While installing hybrid ventilation systems, extensive collaboration with the design and construction teams is required. Because of particular system duct diameters, thermal mass, the placement of in- and outlet locations, etc., architects or design teams should be ready to face the integration of a hybrid system. APPLICATION This device directs the flow of outside air into the building, so increasing the level of comfort provided by a building's climate control system. Air-conditioning systems are predicted to use less energy as a result of this. With this method, you can save money and minimize your carbon footprint by combining the two types of ventilation to improve air quality and temperature control in your home all year long. The manner of operation changes with the seasons and is influenced by the surrounding environment. PAGE 41
MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR Modern high-tech products are essential to extending the usable life of homes and other habitational constructions. As a result, less energy is used, and fewer greenhouse gas emissions are produced. Using IoT techniques and sensor devices, a wind-tracking architectural design based on a previously described intelligent machine-to-machine communication architecture is created. In addition to the interactive model, a simulation using this technology was also used. We have developed a wind-tracking ventilation system to remove hot and stagnant air from the interior environment. To track and manage the internal environment, a wireless sensor network was constructed inside the structure. In order to do this, we created a wind-tracking ventilation system with energy-saving, indoor air qualityimproving, and Internet of Things (IOT) capabilities. By directing the flow of outside air into the building, this device raises the amount of comfort a building's climate control system can deliver. Because of this, air conditioning systems are expected to require less energy. Using this technique, you may enhance air quality and temperature management in your house year-round while saving money and reducing your carbon impact. The working mode behaves appropriately depending on the time of year and the surroundings. FUNCTION PAGE 42
MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR INSTALLATION PROCESS The hybrid ventilation process is influenced by the external environment, the local microclimate, and the thermal behaviour of the building. In the initial design phase, these components must be taken into account. The first step results in a building orientation, design, and plan that minimises thermal loads on the structure during hot weather, works in conjunction with the chosen ventilation strategy to take advantage of the main driving forces (wind and/or buoyancy), and ensures proper air distribution throughout the structure. Considerations such as the possibility for night cooling, noise and air pollution, fire safety, and security are all important. When the design process is logical, sequential, with increasing detail richness toward the final design, and within a design technique, effective and effective climatization and ventilation of interior spaces has the best chance of success. Due to the broad design team, which consists of users, the building owner, the architect, the civil engineer, and the indoor climate and energy counsellor, hybrid ventilation demands a design strategy. The natural ventilation mode of the hybrid system is created at the climatic design stage. Building apertures are sized and placed in accordance with the day and night ventilation strategy, as are solar chimneys and thermal stacks. Passive methods to warm and cool outdoor air include heat recovery and filtration. For the natural ventilation mode, choices are made regarding automatic and/or manual control and user involvement. While maintaining comfort, hybrid ventilation and whole-system management reduce energy consumption. PAGE 43
MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR Hybrid ventilation integrates both forms of ventilation into a single system to improve and raise the standard of ventilation. To satisfy the demands for excellent indoor environmental performance and energy savings, an advanced hybrid ventilation system optimises indoor air quality, thermal comfort, energy use, and environmental impact. Excellent user satisfaction with hybrid ventilation is facilitated by natural ventilation, individualised control of the interior environment (including adaptable comfort), and a quick and obvious response to user activities. For the complex building developments of today, hybrid ventilation offers a clear and sustainable ventilation solution. When natural ventilation is unable to provide adequate airflows, mechanical ventilation is used. A crucial system parameter, the control strategy may be affected by outside factors, internal conditions, or building usage. Utilizing the outside environment is a feature of both natural and hybrid ventilation systems. It seems that the major barrier to hybrid ventilation is cost. The standards and resources for designing hybrid ventilation systems are constrained. Poor design criteria apply to hybrid systems. Some zoning rules and ventilation regulations are based on descriptive rather than performance criteria. Most laws have clear criteria. They don't frequently place a time restriction on going over essential levels. Even if the demand is for a single value or a narrow range, mechanical ventilation will typically be chosen, even when a natural solution may provide the same result when averaged over time. Following are the key tenets of hybrid ventilation: Both mechanical and natural ventilation. This theory is founded on the notion that the control strategy alternates between or uses for various tasks two completely separate systems. It comprises mechanical ventilation in the centre of the summer or winter and natural ventilation in the middle of the other seasons, or mechanical ventilation during the day and natural ventilation at night. Fan-assisted natural ventilation This system combines natural ventilation with an extract or supply fan. It encompasses natural ventilation systems that may boost pressure differences with mechanical (lowpressure) fans during times of weak natural driving forces or increasing demand. Stack- and wind-assisted mechanical ventilation This method uses a mechanical ventilation system which uses natural driving forces. It includes mechanical ventilation systems with minor pressure difference, where natural driving forces may contribute to needed pressure. BENEFITS PRINCIPLES PROBLEMS PAGE 44
MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR According to the case study, there were several different air-conditioning systems deployed, and one of them is a centralised water system. This technique performs effectively in multi-story buildings. The compressor, condenser, throttling valve, and evaporator are all located in the plant room. For a multi-story smart building, we chose a centralised chilled water system since it is more effective. Unlike centralised chilled water systems for individual buildings, which place their chillers and cooling towers within or outside each structure, this system places its chillers and cooling towers on a single location and provides chilled water to several structures nearby. A systematised evaluation of the chilled water system's energysaving challenge in a smart building is done, and an efficient scheduling technique that satisfies real-time cold load and system operating constraints is offered. By optimising the number of running chillers, their features, and their real-time loads, it lowers system costs. Costs associated with running and managing smart building amenities are decreased through automatic monitoring and management. Air conditioners are a feature of modern buildings that improve the comfort and effectiveness of living and working. AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS: CENTRALIZED CHILLED WATER SYSTEM A Centralized Air-Conditioning System needs a Chilled Water System, or Hydronics. Chilled water is used to cool a building's air and equipment, notably in hotels with several different rooms. Chilled water may be delivered by a public utility or manufactured at the facility that will utilise it. Chilled water cooling is distinct from household air conditioning, which uses refrigerant to chill the air. Chilled water (between 4° and 7°C) is circulated via an air handler, which collects air heat and distributes it throughout the cooled space. The condenser water absorbs heat from the refrigerant in the water chiller's condenser barrel and is delivered to a cooling tower, a heat exchange device, through return lines. The ambient temperature, humidity, and pressure are all important factors in the cooling tower's efficiency. The chilled water circuit water is piped to the air handler and the cycle is repeated after cooling to Wet-bulb or dry-bulb temperature. Pumps, control devices, cooling towers, and chillers are required. The cost of both the initial investment and maintenance is substantial. The previously mentioned operation is carried out in the utility facility with the cooled water that has been delivered there via return pipes after absorbing heat from the air. By eliminating chillers and cooling towers, utility-generated chilled water lowers construction expenditures and maintenance costs. APPLICATION, FUNCTION & SYSTEM PAGE 45
MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR Getting Ready the Area for the New Central A/C In most cases, it will be necessary to prepare the location of the old air conditioner before installing the new one. This entails replacing the AC pad. The new ACs are taller and larger. On sometimes, the earth sinks. Level the ground before installing the new pad. To level or construct the position of the air conditioner, reputable HVAC suppliers use a gravel foundation. Some claim that a new air conditioner is best placed on a concrete pad. A unused concrete pad might crack and shift. Fixing this is difficult. The best pads are composite ones. It is hoped that the composite pad will last the lifetime of the new AC. It reduces noise and tremor by better absorbing machine vibrations than concrete. A new air conditioner cannot be lifted or moved once it is installed without risking damage. The inside is tight and under pressure. Moving it after it has been linked might ruin the system. When levelled, a composite cushion aids in preventing air conditioner damage. INSTALLATION PROCESS Installation or Alteration of Ductwork Ductwork should be limited in buildings that already have furnaces or air conditioners, often merely a return line. To avoid expensive drywall repairs, work with your contractor to conceal ducts in closets or soffits. Duct work should be completed before drywall in new buildings. The New Indoor Evaporator Coil is Installed For contemporary air conditioners, cased and uncased evaporator coils are both available. Cased coils have front panels that may be removed to provide access to the coil within. Repairs are made simpler because the cased coil may simply rest on top of the furnace. It usually matches the colour of the furnace. The producer pre-cases cased coils. Due to this, errors in installation are uncommon, regardless of installer skill. Coils without a casing are uninsulated. It takes longer to instal and prepare. same variants to cased coil Uncased coil installation is challenging. Uncased coils are just as effective and pleasant as cased coils when installed properly. Before putting the coil in the sheet metal supply plenum, certain preparation is required. Manufacturer specifications. The coil type is determined by installation specifics. Connect the Line Set The most obvious path from the evaporator to the condenser will decide the line set's path. Immediately inform the contractor of any route problems. To avoid water ingress, seal outside openings. Electrical Supply Connected Condenser must be stopped off from the outside. The electrical wire runs from the condenser to the shutdown and the service panel. You might need to upgrade the circuit panel for the air conditioner if it is already full. If the panel work was properly scheduled, it should be accounted for in the project estimate. The condenser is connected to the furnace via low-voltage wire so that the thermostat can regulate it. Drain Line for Condensate Like ice water, condensation is a byproduct of all air conditioners. Get rid of the condensate. Units in basements drain to the floor. Like refrigerators, attic units may utilise a drain pan to evaporate water or pipe water outside. Closing Procedures and Cleanup simple scrubbing Remove any and all outdated supplies and machinery. Keep installation dust out of your house by rolling up the floor protection last. It is advisable to sweep every area. The situation will likely remain unchanged. What was installed ought to be displayed to you. Prepare for safety, upkeep, warranty, and special instructions. Finally, the external unit has to have a locking cover put on it. Key lock on this cap Thus, tampering and refrigerant theft are prevented. Which refrigerant your system uses is indicated by the colour of this cap. Evaluate the work's completion visually. The thermostat's operation and commissioning come last. The tour is followed by receipt of the last signatures and cash. Installation Completed Professionally The job is now complete! PAGE 46
MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR In comparison to the centralised chilled water system for individual buildings, the utility system has a number of benefits, including a wider range of equipment, greater energy efficiency, and lower initial, ongoing, and maintenance costs. Systems for centrally cooled water provide versatility. There are several setups for chillers. Their compressors and refrigerants rely on the effectiveness and capacity of the cooling system, and they can be placed indoors or outdoors. Chillers can be customised. To fulfil particular requirements, they may be customised with a range of features and extras. Large commercial structures with high cooling demands employ cost-effective chillers. For safety or other reasons, refrigerant cannot be pumped throughout these buildings. Chillers may be a better option than air conditioners, which are more difficult to instal in big buildings and frequently cool air by direct contact with refrigerant lines. The centralised chilled water system has flaws. The biggest is pipe thermal loss. Thermal and hydraulic losses can be severe in centralised utility building systems with massive piping networks. Pipe insulation can help fix this problem. The thermal loss problem is readily overcome because the ground temperature is near to the chilled water supply and return temperature. Large-distribution piping networks need high-performance pumps to save energy. The utility's centralised chilled water system uses more pump power than individual buildings. This problem can be ignored because reduced chiller power would offset increased pump power. BENEFITS PROBLEMS PAGE 47
MENARA OBYU, KUALA LUMPUR Proper chilled-water system design can affect startup cost, running costs, and HVAC system adaptability.: Air Conditioning Cycle A special phase-changing material is used in every air conditioning system. The tube used in air conditioning contains this refrigerant. Warm refrigerant vapour is pulled into the compressor (item 1 in diagram) after leaving the evaporator coil (which will be explained further below). The density, pressure, and temperature of the refrigerant vapour are raised by compressors. A centrifugal mechanism is used to push the vapour out of the compressor chamber via a set of spinning blades. The condenser (item 2) receives this heated, high-pressure vapour, which travels through coils with thin metal fins. In a manner similar to how a radiator removes heat from engine coolant, a fan blows air over the fins, transferring heat from the refrigerant to the air stream. The condenser coils' circulating air is vented outdoors. In the condenser, the vapour significantly loses heat and transforms into a high-temperature liquid. To create a mist, liquid refrigerant is poured via an expansion valve (item 3). Pressure decreases and a material expands as a liquid turns into a mist, instantly releasing heat. This frosty mist passes through the evaporator coil (item 4), which is placed in the air stream of a rotating fan. The air is cooled and de-heated by passing through cold coils while the fan blows. When the refrigerant absorbs heat, it turns back into a heated vapour and enters the compressor to restart the cycle. Moisture Removal - Dehumidification Air conditioners cool and dry out the air. Cooling was a byproduct of air conditioning's invention to get rid of humidity in industrial settings. During air conditioning operation, warm building air is pulled through cool evaporator coils to remove moisture. Condensation occurs when building air that has been cooled comes into contact with evaporator coils because warm air has a tendency to retain more water than cold air. This moisture evaporates and drains to the outside of the building or to a sewage hookup. By enhancing the body's natural cooling process, reducing the humidity in a structure increases occupant comfort. Lowering temperature and reducing humidity are two aspects of air conditioning. Refrigerants Air-conditioning refrigerants are noncorrosive and efficiently transition between gas and liquid at operational temperatures. Carbon dioxide, ammonia, and nonhalogenated hydrocarbons are common refrigerants. The type utilised depends on the cooling purpose. PRINCIPLES PAGE 48