The Fishkeeper 11.12 2021

Using Salt in a Koi Pond!

THE FISHKEEPERNOVEMBER/DECEMBER ‘21 Vol. 12/No. 06

For the Aquarist: Freshwater & Marine

Seahorses! The
website for the aquarist
Their History,
Care and Breeding fishkeeper .co.za

Overall impression Asexual reproduction
of the IAPLC 2021! within corals!

The Lampeyes!

www.thefishkeeper.co.za November/December 2021 the fishkeeper 1

While mandarins are often found
in small groups or pairs in the wild,
males are intolerant of each other

in the confines of an aquarium.

Terrarium Plants 101...pg28 Should I Feed Mice or Rats?...pg04

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2 the fishkeeper November/December 2021 www.thefishkeeper.co.za

For the Aquarist: Freshwater & Marine Contents

South Africa’s only magazine for marine and freshwater aquarium hobbyists.

November/December Vol 12 / No 6/ 2021

12

features 28 YOUR QUESTIONS ANSWERED

06 THE LAMPEYES! We all have questions when it comes to fishkeeping so due to
popular demand we have decided to start up a new section within
Lampeyes belong to the killifish family and are a peaceful group the magazine where we do our best to answer the questions that
of fish small enough for a nano aquarium. The name Lampeye you our readers have.
refers to the horizontal crescent at the top of its eye that seems
to “glow” under the aquarium light 30 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION WITHIN CORALS

12 OVERALL IMPRESSION OF THE IAPLC 2021! Asexual reproduction is the most common form of reproduction
amongst corals. It has the advantage of being fast, which
Every year Aqua Design Amano open entries for aquascapers guarantees a more efficient colonisation of the species’
to enter their aquatic creation into the international aquatic plant immediate environment.
layout contest. These entries come in from all over the world
and are judged based off numerous criteria with a placing being 36 USING SALT IN A KOI POND!
awarded to each and every entry.
Salt is regularly used within freshwater fishkeeping to aid with
20 SEAHORSES! disease and stress. What are the pro’s and con’s to using it within
THEIR HISTORY, CARE AND BREEDING the koi pond though?

Seahorses are just fascinating with their cunning resemblance to regulars
the animal of which they are named after. Unfortunately they are
one of the groupings of fish that are under the greatest pressure 04 From the Editor
mainly due to their illegal harvesting. Breeding efforts within the
aquaria can definitely aid these challenging fish in their long term 05 About the Editor
well being.
39 Advertiser’s Index

www.thefishkeeper.co.za November/December 2021 the fishkeeper 3

Editorial

And just like that we have come to the end of another year. They just THE FISHKEEPER
seem to be getting faster and faster.
Volume 12 | Number 06
Our covid level has come down significantly allowing us to meet up with November/December 2021
loved ones, especially for the holiday season which is great for our own
well being but let us still practice the basics of covid prevention and not Managing Editor
be complacent as the last thing we need and specifically for the hobby is Design Layout
another look down. Glass prices have been increasing on a monthly basis Advertisements
this last year making the cost of getting into the hobby climb overtime. Subscriptions

Unfortunately this year, I have once again witnessed the decline in the Sales
amount of people keeping marine aquariums, largely due to the exorbant Matt Needham
costs which keep pilling onto the hobbyists due to covids wrath or so we Proof Reading
are told. This is quite sad but as our economy hopefully picks up so will Liaquat H Sain
the marine hobby.
Contact the Editor at
What has been amazing to see though, is a steady increase yet again in [email protected]
the freshwater fishkeeping hobby. The interest in aquascaping particularly for any inquiries on advertising,
has soared over the last year and this promises a great outlook of the
hobby within South Africa. sales etc

Over the last few weeks there have been some exciting things occuring Disclaimer: The Editor and
here at TheFishkeeper. One in particular is a large add on to our fishroom Publishers of The Fishkeeper do
with an aim to bring some quality locally bred and imported fish to our not accept any liability whatsoever
pet stores. with regard to any statement, fact,
advertisement or recommendation
Lastly I just would like to wish everyone a Merry Christmas and Happy made in this magazine and do not
New Year. Please stay safe and look after yourselves and your families. necessarily agree with the viewpoints
I wish you all a good year a head. expressed by contributors to The

I hope you enjoy this issue! Happy reading, and happy fishkeeping! Fishkeeper magazine.

The Editor © 2021 by The Fishkeeper. All rights
reserved. Reproduction of any

material from this issue in whole or in
part is strictly prohibited.

“a righteous man cares for the
needs of his animals,”
PROVERBS 12:10

Editor: [email protected]

DEADLINES Subscribe now!
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Issue Colour Adverts co.za for info on how to subscribe,
January/February 20 November alternatively you can purchase your
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Cover Photo:

Seahorse

Pixabay

4 the fishkeeper November/December 2021 www.thefishkeeper.co.za

About the Editor!

Matt Needham was born in Durban, South Above and Below: The Editor with two different species of Loricariidae
Africa in 1985. His passion for fish began found along tributaries of the Rio Negro river, Brazil.
at a very young age with picking up his first
aquarium at the age of 10 as a Christmas SeaWorld under SAAMBR. He started working there
present. Around the time he was 16 he had as an intern in January 2011 of which he then received
20 tanks and had started working at his a full time position as an Aquarist in the aquarium from
local petshop on weekends, where he was April that year, where he works with various species
approached to run their fish section. of marine fish, elasmobranchs, corals and other
Once he had finished school he attended invertebrate species. During his time at SAAMBR he
the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal where has been involved with numerous projects ranging
he acquired a degree in Environmental from the reproduction of fish at the aquarium and
sciences life stream. During this period he helping ORI with coral work in Sodwana Bay. In 2017
had purchased approximately 100 tanks and he won an award at the Pan African Association for
had begun to breed freshwater Angelfish on Zoos and Aquaria conferance for his presentation on
a commercial scale, with around 20 pairs the captive spawning of the coral Acropora appressa
and linking it to the wild.
spawning. After University he moved to the In 2013 Matt was invited along as a representative
UK for a couple of seasons to pursue his on an Amazon fisheries project called Project Piaba.
cricket career and unfortunately shut down The goal of the project was to help the local fisherman
his breeding operation where he bred well improve their methods of capturing wild caught
specimens for the aquarium hobby. In doing this it kept
over 50 different species of fish with great them in a self sustainable industry instead of moving
success, with the majority of these being
over to destructive practices such as forestry and
Cichlids. During this period he studied a mining.
Diploma in Ichthyology through the Institute Matt has well over 20 years of experience in the
of Animal Health Care in the UK. commercial trade and breeding of ornamental fish
On his arrival back into the country in 2010, he and has regularly contributed to The Fishkeeper over
inquired about a potential position at uShaka the years. He was approached mid way through 2019
with regards to taking over the production of The
Fishkeeper.

www.thefishkeeper.co.za November/December 2021 the fishkeeper 5

Freshwater

The
Lampeyes!

By: Tim Smith

6 the fishkeeper November/December 2021 www.thefishkeeper.co.za

Killifishes are a diverse they were thought to be very close
group, but when one thinks relatives to the familiar livebearers,
of killies our thoughts often like guppies and mosquito fishes;
turn to the famous annual fishes however, the lampeyes have
of tropical seasonal habitats. since been moved to their own
However, not all killifishes live families, primarily Procatopodidae
annual lifestyles, and particular but the primitive Pantanodontidae
favourite from among these are are sometimes designated as
the so-called lampeye killifishes, or lampeyes as well. If we focus on
lampeyes for short. the Procatopodidae, the group is
restricted to the African continent,
They are so named for a unique and is widespread here.
iridescence within their eyes,
which can look particularly They’re much like the livebearers
stunning under natural sunlight. in that they’re great additions to
That isn’t to say their beauty the aquarium, and even if they
stops there, as these animals don’t give birth to live young,
carry range of subtle but stunning they’re still quite easy to breed.
colours that put them into a class Many species are a good choice
of their own. to add to a nano aquarium, whilst
others add a stunning layer to
Given their shapes and ecologies, biotope aquaria.

www.thefishkeeper.co.za November/December 2021 the fishkeeper 7

Lampeyes, some 70 species in
all, can be found across tropical

and subtropical Africa in a variety

of habitats from streams to

rivers and even in the African
Rift Lakes themselves. Of all
these species, however, only a
select few regularly make it into
the mainstream trade. Norman’s
lampeye, Poropanchax normani,
is the “aquarium staple” lampeye,
usually seen in fair numbers and
a regular addition to nano-type
displays. The bluegreen lampeye
Procatopus aberrans is seen

occasionally, but does not share

the popularity of the previous
species.

Many of the other species,
however, are traded among

specialist keepers who have
taken a liking to this lovely
group, and may be available

from breeders’ conventions
and auctions. It is definitely Nelize Van Driel
worthwhile asking around, since
these less-common species
are perhaps among the most

stunning in the family!

This article is a broad overview
of what one can expect with

lampeyes in general, especially

the most popular species among
them. However, always do
your homework with unfamiliar
species, since there may be

nuances to their care not
discussed here.

Aquarium Maintenance

Oxygen appears to be one of

the more critical environmental

components for lampeyes. To

this end I try to keep them at the

lower end of their temperature

range, which ensures greater

“If you intend to keep lampeyes with other oxygen saturation in the water
than would be possible at higher

fishes, then those that keep to the middle temperatures. In any case,
sufficient surface agitation should
or bottom of the aquarium are ideal.” be present to keep oxygen levels

sufficient.

For those species that hail
from streams and similar

8 the fishkeeper November/December 2021 www.thefishkeeper.co.za

Pixabay

Above: A favourite amongst many aquarists, Norman’s
Lampeye (Poropanchax normani)

environments, a gentle current may be some degree, but neither provide the wholesale
appreciated but certainly is not necessary. In protection a proper aquarium lid or glass cover
the best case scenario, you could offer areas can offer.
with either current or still waters, allowing your
animals to move freely between the two. That The lampeyes are generally specialist feeders of
said, I’ve had my lampeyes spawn equally well aquatic invertebrates, particularly small pelagic
in either environment, although I did notice they crustaceans and insect larvae. Ideally including
spend a good amount of time “playing” in a these in the diet will ensure you’ll get the best
current. health and colours out of your animals, so do try
feeding them up with frozen or live bloodworms,
Many lampeye species are found in areas just mosquito larvae, and Daphnia. Most fish should
adjacent to emergent aquatic vegetation, and convert fairly easily to high-quality dry foods as
readily duck into cover when disturbed. Including well; some of these insect-based dry foods have
some sort of plant cover, especially near the proven popular with my fishes. Lampeyes prefer
surface and edges of your aquarium, can help to feed from the surface so try to avoid foods that
these fishes to feel at ease and overall live a less sink too quickly - if it even has a chance to!
stressed life. Lighting needn’t be too harsh for
these animals, but you’ll certainly want enough If you intend to keep lampeyes with other
light to highlight their iridescent markings. The fishes, then those that keep to the middle or
plants mentioned above will provide some bottom of the aquarium are ideal. Neither party
reprieve from the light, if the fish feel it is should bother the other, and keeps all levels
necessary. of your tank looking dynamic. Keeping in mind
that most lampeyes don’t get particularly large,
These fish may jump, particularly if startled. Plant avoid predatory types - especially those that
cover and dimmer light may help with this to could easily fit their mouths around the relatively

www.thefishkeeper.co.za November/December 2021 the fishkeeper 9

slender lampeye body. mop. Some species prefer particularly “deep”
spawning substrates, like a thick clump of moss
Breeding or a very large spawning mop. This means
As stated, breeding these fishes tends to be that they’re able to distribute eggs throughout,
quite simple. If maintained well with a good diet so you’ll need patience and a keen eye if you
revolving around live and frozen foods, most wish to remove all the eggs from these bigger
species will spawn regularly. Lulls in breeding spawning substrates. Another breeding strategy,
activity may be indicative of unfavourable called crevice spawning, means that some
environmental conditions, which when corrected species will opt to drop eggs between wood and
usually see spawning resume with some rocks, although sufficiently densely planted areas
regularity. may suffice.

Many species prefer to spawn in dense That said, removing the individual eggs from
vegetation, or an alternative such as a spawning the spawning substrate isn’t necessary. In most

10 the fishkeeper November/December 2021 www.thefishkeeper.co.za

Tim Smith cases it is much simpler to transfer the
entire spawning mop to the rearing tank,
Tim Smith where the eggs can hatch in peace.
Top and Above: Two of the author’s Johnston’s Lampeyes However, be sure to have a spare
Below: A juvenile Johnston’s Lampeye bred by the author spawning mop on hand to replace that
one since your lampeyes may be ready to
Tim Smith spawn again fairly soon.

The eggs are usually quite large - some
2mm in diameter in some species -
and should be quick to spot even from
outside the tank. However it is good
practice to pull the mop out regularly and
inspect for eggs. Don’t worry - the eggs
are remarkably hardy as long as they
stay wet. They’re even quite tolerant of
handling, and so long as your hands are
clean (and wet) you can even pick the
eggs off the mop with your fingers.

In many instances there will be eggs that
were deposited somewhere outside of the
spawning mop. You probably won’t realize
this until you see fry swimming around the
surface of the aquarium. Some fry might
survive like this, especially if the aquarium
is mature and the adults are well-fed.
For greater success, though, it is best to
remove as many eggs as possible and
rear the fry separately.

Surprisingly small fry hatch from these
large eggs, and may remain with their yolk
sac for a few days.

Once they start feeding, be sure to have
small live foods on hand. Most species
start off too small to accept freshly
hatched Artemia right away, but smaller
food items like infusoria or vinegar eels
seem to suit them fine. Within a few
days to a week they should be able to
move on to baby Artemia and the likes
of microworms. Try offering very small
frozen foods from when they’re about
10mm, in order to help wean them onto
non-living foods.

Well-fed and maintained fry should grow
into breeding adults relatively quickly, and
should be separated or moved on if you’re
worried about explosive population growth
or excessive inbreeding. However, once
you’ve reached this stage you can be
sure that you’ve got it all right, with your
lampeyes providing you with a stress-free
addition to your breeding projects.

www.thefishkeeper.co.za November/December 2021 the fishkeeper 11

Planted Tank

Overall

impression

of the

International

Aquatic

Plants Layout

Contest 2021

By: Aqua Design Amano

The International Aquatic Plants Layout Contest whose official name is updated as IAPLC from the year
2021, got off to the 21st start for the next 10 years. As it was perfect for its new beginning, there were
2,617 entries, the largest number ever from 84 countries and areas, and works up to the 2,000th place in
the world rankings are published in this Contest Book. For IAPLC2021, not only its name but its award bracket
has been changed too, and winning works are now works up to the world ranking 100th place. And starting
this year, the top 100 winners will receive a top 100 medal with their ranking in addition to the conventional
certificate. As a recent tendency, all works ranked 100th place or higher in the world rankings are extremely
well-finished, and the competition among their abilities is very close. Among them, the top 27 works from Grand
Prix to Honour Prize have outstanding sensibilities and ideas. However, the works from 28th to 100th place
are not inferior in terms of their abilities. For that reason, in order to praise their abilities to reach the top 100 in
the world ranking, we decided to present them with a commemorative top 100 medal. This top 100 medal will
continue from next year onwards. Therefore, we would like all participants to make this medal as one of their
goals. In terms of the overall IAPLC2021 evaluation, not only are the top winners’ abilities close, but we strongly
felt that the lower-ranked creators also demonstrated their improved skills in their works. Among past entries,
there were quite a few works that were difficult to evaluate as planted aquariums. This year, it seems that there
are very few of such works. On the other hand, there are quite many works that were technically not so bad,
but they gave a little disappointing impression. As examples of such works, lack of novelty due to compositions
and planting that are too standard as planted aquariums, imitating past IAPLC prize-winning works and giving
a sense of déjà vu, spoiling a natural feeling by intentionally placing artificial objects, destroying a view of the
world due to mismatched fish sizes and species, and not being able to focus on an aquascape because walls
of the room behind the aquarium is in the picture. Because of the tendency of works like the above, it has been
extremely difficult to determine especially the lower world rankings. The decision and presentation systems may
need to be considered about the world rankings after this year. In addition, the lineup of judges who perform the
world evaluations has been significantly updated since this year. Therefore, please keep a close eye on their
evaluation results too. We believe that reflecting back on this year’s IAPLC with works published in this contest
book will definitely lead to next year’s results. However, what we would like to tell everyone who is planning to
apply next year is that if just following this year’s top prize-winning works, it will be difficult to win the top prizes
next year. We look forward to seeing your new ideas.

12 the fishkeeper November/December 2021 www.thefishkeeper.co.za

Above: Map showing the entries from around the world and their locations.

GRAND PRIZE

World Ranking: 0001 This aquascape reminiscent of a buttress roots supporting the huge
Yoyo Prayogi submerged tropical forest won the
Gender: Male tree by widely spreading the roots is
Country: Indonesia Grand Prix of IAPLC2021 making
Title: Ancient Tree a fresh start. Although works with well-expressed although the roots
Dimensions: 120 x 50 x 50 a submerged forest motif are not cannot be stretched out deeply in

Plants: so unusual every year, a huge the ground. The presence of the
Anubias barteri var. nana “Petite” huge tree in the center stands out
Buchephalandra sp. tree is placed in the center of this
Cryptocoryne wendtii brown because of the expression of the
Tonina fluviatilis work, and its stunning presence
Glossostigma elatinoides differentiates the work from similar buttress roots and relatively simple
Heteranthera zosterifolia works. By elaborating only the
Micranthemum sp. “Monte Carlo” submerged buttress roots to full- trees around the buttress roots.
Rotala nanjean width of the aquarium tank, it The competition among the top
Rotala sp. “Gia Lai” makes us wonder how big the tree winners’ abilities was very close
Vesicularia montagnei could be although we wouldn’t be this year again, but the boldness of
Fish and Inverts: able to see the whole tree, and it
Hyphessobrycon amandae those expressions was impressive
has even led to the expression of
as an aquascape, and as a result,
a realistic underwater feeling. In it was highly evaluated by many
addition, using only white cosmetic
of the judges. The creator’s skills
sand around the buttress roots is for the aquatic plant planting and
maintenance are high, and the
effective, and the strength of the
aquascape is nicely finished and
worthy of winning the Grand Prix.

www.thefishkeeper.co.za November/December 2021 the fishkeeper 13

GOLD PRIZE

World Ranking: 0002 Vesicularia ferriei submerged forest, strangely the
Minh Toan Nguyen Taxiphyllum sp. “Flame”
Gender: Male Riccardia sp. “Chamedryfolia” same as the Grand Prix aquascape.
Country: Vietnam Elatine Hexandra For this work, the expression that
Title: Storming Eleocharis acicularis looks like roots of a huge fallen
Dimensions: 120 x 50 x 50 Marsilea hirsuta tree created by arranging pieces of
Echinodorus Tenellus
Plants: Eriocaulon sp. “Vietnam” driftwood is impressive and makes
Micranthemum sp. “Monte Carlo” Anubias barteri var. nana “Petite” the aquascape look powerful. In
Hemianthus callitrichoides “Cuba” Anubias barteri var. nana “Pinto” general, an overall impression of
Hemianthus micranthemoides Anubias barteri var. glabra “Minina”
Rotala rotundifolia “Green” Bolbitis heudelotii aquascapes with many pieces
Rotala rotundifolia “Red” of driftwood like this work, tends
Hottonia palustris Fish and Inverts: to be dark because there are
Cabomba caroliniana Nematobrycon palmeri shadows under the driftwood
Taxiphyllum alternans Hyphessobrycon amandae
Fissidens splachnobryoides pieces. However, planting a lot of
Fissidens sp. fontanus This year’s Gold Prize went to Hemianthus family in bright green
Taxiphyllum barbieri an aquascape reminiscent of a not just moss in this aquascape
helps avoid the impression getting

too dark. It can be said that this
aquascape is well-finished in terms
of composition and planting.

SILVER PRIZE

14 the fishkeeper November/December 2021 www.thefishkeeper.co.za

World Ranking: 0003 Hemianthus micranthemoides But for this work, the creator took
CHAN HEE BOON Rotala (Red) advantage of the distinctive texture
Gender: Male Rotala (green)
Country: Malaysia Ludwigia inclinata var. verticillata. of the driftwood and made the
Title: Imagine
Dimensions: 120 x 60 x 50 Fish and inverts: expression somewhat in between
Plants: Hemigrammus bleheri stones and driftwood. In general,
Otocinclus affinis compositions that have layout
Hemianthus callitrichoides “Cuba” Crossocheilus oblongus materials sticking out greatly and
Caridina multidentata overhanging tend to give a heavy
Eleocharis sp. impression. However, by creating
The first Silver Prize went to good spaces between the driftwood
Cryptocoryne parva an aquascape with impressive pieces, the impression of this work
driftwood pieces sticking out greatly. is not too heavy while giving a
Bucephalandra sp. Works with similar compositions powerful look. The aquatic plants
are often created by gluing stones. planted behind the driftwood and
Anubias barteri var. nana
on the driftwood help soften the
Micranthemum sp. “Monte Carlo” overall impression too.

Mini Fissidens

Riccardia graeffei

Vesicularia dubyana

SILVER PRIZE

World Ranking: 0004 Hydrocotyle tripartita similar compositions tend to
Eakthanat Isarathikul Bolbitis Heudelotii give an artificial impression, but
Gender: Male Anubias var. nana “Petite” the creator was able to execute
Country: Thailand Taxiphyllum sp. “Flame Moss” the aquascape with a natural
Title: Revolve Plus Juncus repens impression successfully. The
Dimensions: 120 x 60 x 50 Eleocharis acicularis reason is that the assumed circle
Limnophila sp. “Mini”
Plants: Limnophila aromatica is oval shaped instead of a perfect
Riccardia chamedryfolia “Coral Vesicularia montagnei
Moss” Pogostemon erectus circle, and the center of the circle
Micranthemum sp. “Monte Carlo” Fish and inverts: is shifted to the left. In addition, it’s
Hemianthus callitrichoides “Cuba” Rainbow Fish (Short Body) only a small part, but how a small
Bucephalandra sp. Godzilla branch is sticking out in a way
Rotala mexicana The second Silver Prize went to that it divides the central space
Bucephalandra moss an aquascape whose composition
Hygrophila pinnatifida drawn by driftwood reminds us has led to the expression of a
Rotala sp. shimoga of swirls and spirals. Works with
sense of perspective and a natural
feeling. The dynamic composition
and detailed expression made the
aquascape attractive.

www.thefishkeeper.co.za November/December 2021 the fishkeeper 15

BRONZE PRIZE

World Ranking: 0005 Riccardia chamedryfolia to the left and right, creating the
Matthew Israel Manes Hydrocotyle tripartita mini
Gender: Male Rotala rotundifolia ”Colorata” central space and placing stones
Country: Philippines Hemianthus micranthemoides
Title: Synergy Ludwigia arcuata of the same shape with different
Dimensions: 120 x 45 x 45
Fish and Inverts: sizes, a sense of perspective is
Plants: Hemigrammus bleheri var.
Micranthemum sp. “Monte Carlo” Otocinclus sp. well-expressed. In the case of a
Hemianthus callitrichoides Neocaridina sp. geological expression just like this
Schismatoglottis prietoi Nalentina natalensis aquascape, it is hard to combine
Glossostigma elatinoides aquatic plants. However, by nicely
Bucephalandra sp. “Mini Phantom” The first Bronze Prize went to planting Bucephalandra on the
Bucephalandra sp. an aquascape with impressive rock cliffs, it was carefully crafted
Bucephalandra sp. “Angel Tears” exposed layered rock surfaces. By not to give just an impression of the
Marsilea crenata arranging materials to make them
Vesicularia montagnei look like a valley with rock cliffs rising rock cliffs. The red stem plants that
can be seen a little in the central

space, are questionable in terms of
maintaining the landscape, but it is

effectively used as an expression

of a distant view.

World Ranking: 0006 Plants: BRONZE PRIZE
Josh Sim Anubias Barteri var. nana
Blyxa Japonica Eriocaulon sp. Vietnam
Gender: Male Cryptocoryne parva Hemianthus callitrichoides
Country: Malaysia Fissidens Fontanus Ludwigia sp. Super Red
Title: Embrace Eleocharis sp. Microsorium pteropus
Dimensions: 150 x 60 x 60 Rotala sp. Hra
Rotala rotundifolia

16 the fishkeeper November/December 2021 www.thefishkeeper.co.za

Rotala sp. Orange Juice an aquascape which is a fusion of a planted in the background on the
Vesicularia dubyana interesting composition and beauty left and right, are giving color and
of aquatic plants.As a trend of recent comfort to the aquascape. Although
Fish and Inverts: contests, compositional eccentricity bushes of those stem plants and
Hyphessobrycon amandae tends to be emphasized. However,
Otocinclus affinis this aquascape is excellent ferns attached to the driftwood
Crossocheilus oblongus because it successfully expresses
Caridina multidentata remind us of a conventional Nature
strength and a natural feeling in the Aquarium layout, it is interesting
The second Bronze Prize went to that the overall composition of this
relatively orthodox composition with work looks more modern as seen in
driftwood. Moreover, stem plants the recent contests.

BRONZE PRIZE

World Ranking: 0007 Bucephalandra sp. Catherine The third Bronze Prize went to
Juan Puchades Bucephalandra sp. Mini Catherine an aquascape in which scenery
Gender: Male Bucephalandra sp. Cherry Mini of a valley was expressed with
Country: Spain Bucephalandra sp. Lamandau Mini
Title: Origin. Dawn Lights Red a distinctive atmosphere. While
Dimensions: 120 x 60 x 55 Bucephalandra sp. Lamandau assuming that a super wide-
Purple angle lens would be used for
Plants: Bucephalandra sp. Theia
Anubias barteri var. nana Bucephalandra sp. “Bukit Kelam/ photoshooting beforehand, a
Anubias barteri var. nana Sintang”
“Pangolino” Bucephalandra sp. Angel Tears method of covering the left and
Anubias barteri var. nana “petit” Bucephalandra sp. Kedagang Mini
Bolbitis heudelotii Micranthemum sp. “Monte Carlo” right sides of the aquarium tank
Fissidens fontanus Cryptocoryne parva by rock walls and a method of
Microsorum sp. “Trident” Eleocharis sp. Minima making an arch with stones
Riccardia chamedryfolia Rotala rotundifolia “Colorata” have become familiar by now.
Hemianthus callitrichoides “Cuba” Rotala sp. Hra However, by creating an arch at a
Littorella uniflora Rotala sp. Orange Juice low position in a deep valley and
Bucephalandra sp. Velvet Entikong
Bucephalandra sp. Red Velvet Fish and Inverts: making a path leading to the back
Bucephalandra sp. Mini Belindae Hemmigrammus erythrozonus under the arch slightly visible, an
Bucephalandra sp. Belindae Trigonostigma hengeli
Bucephalandra sp. Mini Coin Crossocheilus oblongus interesting visual effect is created.
Even the reflection of aquatic
plants on the surface of water

looks like part of the composition,
and this makes the central space
clear and emphasizes a sense of

perspective.

www.thefishkeeper.co.za November/December 2021 the fishkeeper 17

HONOUR PRIZE

World Ranking: 0008 It is an aquascape that expresses placed upwards in the innermost
Efrain Sequera a sense of perspective with the space. The sense of perspective
Country: Spain is further emphasized by the
thickness of driftwood pieces and
Title: In the Darkness their placement. Thick driftwood extreme contrast combined with
Dimensions: 120 x 60 x 50 pieces are laid in the foreground, photoshooting using an ultra-wide
angle lens.
and thin driftwood pieces are

HONOUR PRIZE

World Ranking: 0009 This aquascape has a bright plants. The stone arrangement
Thiago Goncalves de Oliveira impression with stones and stem with few shadows, white sand in
Country: Brazil
Title: Spikes Valley plants. The work remarkably stands the foreground and gradient in
Dimensions: 80 x 40 x 35 out with a combination of bluish
the background are all working
stones and bright colored stem effectively in this aquascape.

HONOUR PRIZE

World Ranking: 0010 Lava stones are used dynamically plants between the stones in this
Javier Lecuna
for this aquascape. Although an work, it has a colorful impression
Country: Mexico overall impression tends to be instead of a heavy impression. The
Title: TLALOC white sand in the foreground is a
Dimensions: 120 x 60 x 50 heavy when using a lot of black Lava
stones, by nicely planting aquatic good choice too.

18 the fishkeeper November/December 2021 www.thefishkeeper.co.za

www.thefishkeeper.co.za November/December 2021 the fishkeeper 19

Marine

Seahorses!

Their History, Care and
Breeding

By: Matt Needham

Seahorses are a spectacular sight to
observe and can be easier to care for than
one might think. Unfortunately, many now
fall into the endangered category due to
overfishing for the illegal medicinal trade.

20 the fishkeeper November/December 2021 www.thefishkeeper.co.za

Of the many years I have been involved with
fish, Seahorses have to be one of the most
characteristic and interesting I have ever had
the pleasure of dealing with. With there characteristic
head being shaped like that of a horse, seahorse
seemed like the perfect name for these little jewels of
the ocean.

Seahorses belong to the family Syngnathidae
which incorporates two subfamilies, Seahorses
(Hippocampinae) and Pipefish (Syngnathinae).
There are bout 35 different species of Seahorse with
only about 10 or so, having actually appeared in the
fishkeeping hobby.

For years fishkeeping enthusiasts were warned of
Seahorses very delicate nature, their impossible
dietary requirements and their need for ideal water
conditions. This was very true as most if not all of the
available species were captured from the wild and
did not last very long in the aquarium. With some
hard work done by Seahorse enthusiasts around
the world, there are now a number of captive bred
species available. Seahorses are still considered
difficult to maintain although if the right conditions
are supplied then even the conscientious amateur
will find them well within their capability.

Pixabay

www.thefishkeeper.co.za November/December 2021 the fishkeeper 21

Some wild seahorse are still Pixabay
collected for the trade, although
some of these make it into dealer’s such as the Knysna Seahorse
tanks with the the requirement for (Hippocampus capensis). This
a Cities certificate, many do die species exists in 3 estuaries
along the way due to improper along the South Coastline of
capture and transport techniques. South Africa, and has become
It is essential that if you wish to endangered due to development
keep or breed Seahorses that destroying the environment in
you purchase captive raised which these animals live. This
individuals. There are many also accounts for many other
reasons why wild seahorses species that exist elsewhere in
should be avoided. Not only are the world. Not all Seahorses
they harvested for the pet trade are highly localized though, the
but also for medicinal purposes Lined Seahorse (Hippocampus
such as in China where they are erectus) occurs right along the
believed to cure many ailments east coastline of the United States,
such as kidney disorders, high into the Gulf of Mexico and down
cholesterol and sexual disorders. to Argentina.
It is believed that around 24 million
Seahorses are traded annually Due to some species being
within this horrible practice. highly threatened, in 2004 all
species of Seahorse were listed in
Seahorses have become
threatened due to the extensive
harvesting of wild populations. In
the Philippines alone, Seahorse
populations have decreased by
as much as 70%. This is very
alarming as these little animals
are generally quite limited in
geographical distribution due to
their limited mobility. Many species
are endemic to certain areas

TimTPSimimxaiStbhmayith
22 the fishkeeper November/December 2021 www.thefishkeeper.co.za

“In some tropical reef environments

herbivorous fishes may account for
almost half the community.”

Pixabay Appendix II of the Convention of Pixabay
International Trade in Endangered
“Seahorses lack species (Cities). With this in requiring temperatures of around
a true stomach, place, all countries that harvested 26˚C whilst some species prefer
with them needing Seahorses needed to prove cooler temperatures of 20˚C
to the authorities that they did or less. This makes it of vital
to feed on an so in a sustainable manner in importance that if you plan on
almost continual which it would not harm the wild setting up a Seahorse display,
basis in order to populations too significantly. that you do your homework and
remain healthy. plan accordingly. Your local pet
Their tissues hold General Care shop employees should be able
very little fat and Seahorses range in size from to give you a lot of the important
therefore are not the tiniest currently described information you need already but
built for lengthy at 16 millimeters in length doing your own research is always
(Hippocampus denise) to around a great idea.
fastings.” 35cm or so (Hippocampus
abdominalus). Although some Due to Seahorses very slow
species may differ considerably in movement they generally don’t
size, their requirements all remain compete very well with fast active
pretty similar. A pH of 8 to 8.4 fish. A Species only aquarium or
with a density of 1.020 to 1.024 one with other very slow moving
is required although temperature fish, such as Pipefish will suit
will depend on the species. Some them. It is also essential that you
are far more tropical than others don’t keep fragile invertebrates
with them as due to their need
to attach themselves by their tail

www.thefishkeeper.co.za November/December 2021 the fishkeeper 23

to anything they can find, they should consist of plenty of sturdy Pixabay
might end up breaking one of supports for these fish to attach
your prized fragile corals. The themselves too. Branch wood or are not built for lengthy fastings.
size of the aquarium required will hard branched corals do the trick. Due to these fish not possessing
depend on the species you wish adequate fat reserves for egg
Seahorses from my own production, egg maturation is
to keep and how many. The larger experience are generally very dependant upon a constant supply
species should be kept in volumes hardy, although if their immune of fatty acids from continual
of 100litres or more, where you system is compromised then they feeding. In the wild Seahorses
become susceptible to a variety feed continuously on copepods,
would be able to house about 4 or of ailments and pathogens such amphipods, mysid shrimp and
so individuals, the smaller species as refusing to feed and bacterial whatever other small crustaceans
infections such as vibrio. These they can find. Wild caught
such as the Dwarf Seahorse can be combated with many Seahorses require these feeds
(Hippocampus zosterae) which medications that you can find at as well else they will surely perish
grows to around 5cm or so may your local fish shop although a in captivity, although adult brine
Seahorse that refuses to eat may shrimp may suffice. The feeding
be kept in a group of 4 or so in never eat again. response of a wild Seahorse
a 45litre aquarium. It is essential is triggered by movement, if a
that the water is as clean as Diet and Conditioning prey item is not moving, then
Seahorses lack a true stomach, wild Seahorses will rarely strike.
possible with a 10% water change with them needing to feed on an Captive bred Seahorses have
every 2 weeks being sufficient, almost continual basis in order generally been weaned onto dead
with filtration being provided with to remain healthy. Their tissues food, accepting such items such
a system that provides a flow of hold very little fat and therefore as frozen Mysid shrimp or krill. It
twice the tanks volume per hour. is good practice to always ask to
The current need not be very high see whether a Seahorse is feeding
and should be fairly gentle. This
can be achieved by attaching a

flared tube to the outlet. The décor

24 the fishkeeper November/December 2021 www.thefishkeeper.co.za

before you purchase it. Ask that Pixabay
they feed frozen items such as
artemia, mysis etc and pay careful Pixabay
attention as to whether they are Tim Smith
feeding enthusiastically. If it is
eating the dead food that has been
fed then you can be assured that it
is of good stock.

If your goal is to breed your
Seahorses, then a diet
incorporating live food is your
best bet. Artemia cultures can be
set up, growing them out from
juvenile form to a size that is
acceptable for adult Seahorses.
If you are lucky enough to live
close to the sea, then plankton
tows are also a very good choice.
From these tows you may collect
Mysis shrimp, copepods and
amphipods which will be packed
full of the desired nutrients your
Seahorses will require for healthy
reproduction.

Pixabay
www.thefishkeeper.co.za November/December 2021 the fishkeeper 25

Reproduction Only the Brazilian Seahorse’s Pixabay
(Hippocampus reidi) fry have a Above: Many seahorses are
It is believed that in the wild most pelagic stage at which they remain harvested each year, dried and
species of Seahorses are reported in the water column for a number sold in an illegal market for
of days before settling. “medicinal” purposes.
to be monogamous, maintaining
Conclusion Pixabay
learn term pair bonds. This can be
carried into the aquarium, although Seahorses are incredible animals
pair swapping may be experienced and definitely one for the amateur
wanting a bit more of a challenge.
in systems incorporating a number Over the last year that I have kept
and bred this animal, they have
of individuals together. Broodstock captured my heart in a big way,
should be isolated into pairs or driving me to do as much research
as I can and developing a passion
small groups containing 4 to 6 in doing what I can to preserve
heterosexual individuals in equal these iconic fish. There currently
numbers. Generally it is best to is a project known as Project
purchase a number of captive Seahorse where many scientists
especially in the United States
raised pre mature individuals, and United Kingdom have started
dedicating their time into breeding,
and let them grow and pair off studying and protecting these
amazing creatures. I suggest if
naturally. Pairs are available you want to know more that you
from reputable dealers. These look up Project Seahorse on the
will generally be quite pricey net.
although purchasing known pairs
is best if you intend on breeding.
Triggering reproductive behavior
in an aquarium requires little more
than healthy individuals which

are kept under ideal conditions
and fed continuously. It is useful
to maintain a light cycle of 12

to 14 hours of daylight and 10
to 12 hours of darkness. Water
temperature does not normally

play a big role in mating although it

needs to be kept in the parameters
required by the species. Depth in
broodstock tanks is essential due
to their modified spawning ascent.
The mating display of Seahorses
is quite a magnificent spectacle.
A pair hook onto each other with
their tails and rise together off the

tank bottom, dancing together
for a few hours. The female lays
her eggs in the male’s pouch
which are fertilized on the way

in. If the tank is too shallow this
may not occur due to the eggs

being deposited in the modified
brood pouch as they rise up in

the water column together. These
eggs are very well protected from

would be predators once in the

pouch. After around 2 to 4 weeks
of incubation the fry are released

as true replicas of their parents.
These are able to feed on artemia
nauplii from day one and within

a day these tiny individuals start

attaching themselves to objects.

26 the fishkeeper November/December 2021 www.thefishkeeper.co.za

www.thefishkeeper.co.za November/December 2021 the fishkeeper 27

Q&A

Your Questions

Answered!

Send your questions through to [email protected] and
we may pick yours to feature.

Freshwater

QMy friend says that I should stay
away from keeping barbs in my
community aquarium due to them
being known to nip other fish’s fins. I
have three checker barbs which seem
to get on fine with my other fish and I
have yet to see them attempt to chase

their tank companions. Is my friend,
right?

AThe smaller barbs such as checker Above: Tiger barb (Barbus tetrazona) Pixabay
barb (Barbus oligolepis) and the Below: Tinfoil barb (Barbus schwanenfeldi) Pixabay

cherry barb (Barbus titteya) are ideal

for a community tank containing a
mix of smaller fish. The species that
has led to barbs in general getting a

bad name is the tiger barb (Barbus

tetrazona).
If tiger barbs are kept in a community
aquarium, one or two of them will
almost certainly start to chase the

other occupants and in doing so, will

damage the other fish’s fins. Barbs
cannot really nip the fins as they do
not have teeth. Most of the damage is
done by the victim itself in its haste to

get away from the bully.
Large barbs such as the tinfoil barb

(Barbus schwanenfeldi) and the clown

barb (Barbus everetti) are too large

to consider cohabiting with smaller

companions for fear that they may eat

them.
The majority of barbs, including the
tiger barb,should be kept in groups of
six or more. Barbs love to chase each
other and will only chase other species

if they are not in a big enough school.

28 the fishkeeper November/December 2021 www.thefishkeeper.co.za

Marine

QAfter I added some new fish to my
aquarium, all my fish went down
with what I think is white spot disease.
I then treated the tank with a proprietary
cure based on copper. Although the
cure appeared to stop the disease, I lost
almost half of my fish. I waited for six
weeks to make sure the disease had,
indeed, been eliminated and then added

two new fish. These then suffered the
same complaint within a couple of days.
What went wrong?

AFirst, if possible, set up a quarantine Marine
tank and use this for all the new fish.
It may be a little expensive but, in the QA short while ago a bought a parrotfish which initially settled
end, will save money in that you will not down quite well and has been feeding regularly. Recently I
noticed that the fish is surrounded by what looks like a jelly. It is
lose fish in your main tank. In addition, most obvious first thing in the morning and as the day progresses it
you will not suffer the personal trauma slowly dissipates. What is this and is it a concern?

when the fish die. AThere is nothing wrong with your parrotfish. In fact, it looks like
The disease you mention was either white it has settled down to aquarium life quite well. One of the odd
spot (Cryptocaryon) or velvet (Oodinium). characteristics of many of the parrotfish species is that they are
The white spot parasite causes small known to secret a cocoon of mucous around themselves at night.
pimple like spots about 1mm in size, This is thought to be for protection against predators that feed
whereas velvet is much smaller and often during the night and hunt by sense of smell and taste. The cocoon
seems to prevent them detecting the parrotfish. Not all species of
looks more like a fine dust over the body parrotfish are able to manufacture the mucous cocoon in the wild
of the fish. The difficulty in destroying but your fish has acclimatised well to aquarium life.
these parasites is that the creatures are
Pixabay Pixabay
only really susceptible to the copper-
based cures whilst they are in the free-
swimming stage. Any parasites on the
fish or in the form of a cyst lying amongst
the substrate are unaffected by the cure.
When the copper level falls as a result

of being absorbed by the substrate etc,

the parasites are able to reinfect the

fish. I addition, after being infected once,
the fish can develop an immunity to the
disease and whilst they may not show

any symptoms, they may still carry it.
It is a good idea to maintain the level
of copper from the cure in the water for

several weeks to ensure that the pest
has been completely eliminated.
Bear in mind that invertebrates will be
killed by copper-based cures, as will any
of your elasmobranchs.
Setting up and using a quarantine tank
in order to prevent diseases from being

introduced into your main aquarium in the
first place is a vital part of good fishkeeping
practice but is often overlooked.

www.thefishkeeper.co.za November/December 2021 the fishkeeper 29

Marine

Asexual
Reproduction
Within Corals!

Asexual reproduction is the most common
form of reproduction amongst corals. It
has the advantage of being fast, which
guarantees a more efficient colonisation
of the species’ immediate environment.

30 the fishkeeper November/December 2021 www.thefishkeeper.co.za

Pixabay
www.thefishkeeper.co.za November/December 2021 the fishkeeper 31

The methods used by corals Scissiparity
in asexual reproduction This is the normal process of
are as varied as they growth for a coral colony which
are numerous, allowing corals reproduces through fission.
under the right conditions to As it grows, each coral polyp
quickly colonize their immediate regularly divides and multiplies
environment. within the coral colony.

The Production of Larvae Colonization of the environment Above: Plerogyra sinuosa
Corals produce ciliate larvae is achieved by one of two
known as planula. Generally, newly formed polyps becoming
these larvae are produced by detached from the main
sexual reproduction as a result structure. This polyp falls close
of gametes being fertilized. by and forms a new colony.
However, they are sometimes This process is particularly
produced asexually, although impressive when it occurs in
evidence of this remains fairly single polyp corals, such as
anecdotal compared with Fungia or Diaseris. In this case,
other methods of asexual the creature is able to divide
reproduction. After being into two identical, fair-sized
expelled, these larvae drift with individuals.
the currents until they find an
appropriate spot to settle, at Budding
which point they become fixed Euphyllia propagate fairly easily
to the substrate. In suitable by producing buds. It is not
growing conditions, they will unusual to find small, perfectly
develop and form an adult formed individuals underneath
colony. the peripheral skeleton tissues

Pixabay

32 the fishkeeper November/December 2021 www.thefishkeeper.co.za

Below: Diagram showing the process of of the mother “plant”, which such as Trachyphyllia or
asexual reproduction known as budding. make ideal cuttings. Catalaphyllia, tissues develop
from small pieces of skeleton.
Young colonies can also develop When breaking off from the
from the base of Plerogyra mother colony, they take with
sinuosa. Being shaded by the them some of the tissue which
mother colony, they should be grows and later forms an
removed from the main structure independent colony.
when they reach a centimetre
in diameter. They are easy to The most frequent mode of
grow and require the same propagation in Fungia is the
maintenance conditions as the formation of offsets. These are
parent colony. small specimens which develop
from the skeleton of the main
In soft corals, budding occurs coral, generally where there is
fairly frequently, for instance it is a lesion in the tissues. These
not unusual for a new individual young corals later break off from
to develop from a Sarcophyton the parent colony and start their
or Lithophyton. It is then easy to life as independent individuals.
remove it and replant it close by. Replant the newcomers,
spreading them around the
Formation of secondary colonies aquarium.
From time to time, skeleton
embryos develop inside the Fission
tissues. A new specimen is
born, right inside the original Fission is the accidental division
colony. Its expanding size of one or several parts of a
causes the colony to expand colony. It is one of the most
and finally burst open. It can frequent modes of reproduction
then be removed and planted in branched corals subjected
elsewhere. to strong currents, such as the
Acropora. Their location on the
In corals with large polyps, reef edge or in the middle of
tidal zones predisposes them

Pixabay
www.thefishkeeper.co.za November/December 2021 the fishkeeper 33

Above: Acropora species are very easy Pixabay
to identify with a large portion of their Pixabay
reproduction occuring through fission.

Right: A coral polyp splitting into two

to the accidental fragmentation of
their skeleton. The damage caused
by storms is obvious to observe.

Corals are organisms endowed
with very strong powers of
regeneration, being able to form a
new colony from a piece of broken
skeleton compromising of several
polyps, sometimes even just a
single one. Thus, the polyps of
this ‘natural cutting’ will continue
to divide and settle until they form
an adult colony. Of course, the
place they land is a crucial factor
and should meet the requirements
of the species in terms of light,
nutrition, stability and so forth.

34 the fishkeeper November/December 2021 www.thefishkeeper.co.za

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Guides to

Fish Diseases

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hobbyists and professionals

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www.thefishkeeper.co.za November/December 2021 the fishkeeper 35

KOI

Using Salt in a
Koi Pond!

By: Angela Beckx
(Koi@jungle)

Salt is widely used in the fishkeeping world for many ailments
ranging from bacterial diseases, too a variety of parasites.

Angela outlines some of the Pro’s and Con’s of it’s use in ponds.

Salt is used in the koi keeping them feel better. Salt is readily
world to maintain healthy koi available and has been used for
and there are pros and cons years in the koi world. Due to this
in using non iodate salt in koi ponds. some of the parasites have become
Salt can balance osmotic pressure
when a koi is sick or stressed and resistant to salt and you often have
help them to recover better and
faster if used correctly. The salt no choice but to use some stronger
improves the mucus slime coat that koi specific medication as well when
koi have on their skin and makes you have a bad parasite problem.
Please always consult with your
professional koi dealer or local vet

36 the fishkeeper November/December 2021 www.thefishkeeper.co.za

before adding any medications to are very useful in controlling

your pond. bacterial infections usually

I feel it is a short-term treatment triggered in poorly maintained

or a treatment used in quarantine ponds. Salt can help work

procedures. Below you will find a against many protozoan

list of Pros and a list of Cons. parasites such as costia,

trichodina and chilodonella

The Pros of using salt: as well as flukes and other

• Salt promotes mucus flow on ectoparasites.

the skin of the koi, which helps • Salt can also assist in

protect the koi against harmful osmoregulation problems

life forms like parasites, fungus, caused by bacteria ulcers and

and bacteria. The extra mucus help clear congested gills.

layer on the skin makes it • Salt is also believed to relax

harder for the fungus, bacteria, the koi and relive stress due to

and parasites to infect the koi. osmosis and allowing the koi to

• Salt is known to have mild recover more quickly.

bactericidal properties that • Salt is safer than many pond

www.thefishkeeper.co.za November/December 2021 the fishkeeper 37

treatments and will not adversely affect the of pond water.
biological filtration in koi ponds. If you add the • If you have sick fish and they are not recovering
salt to the pond and not into the filter section.
• Salt is very affordable and is widely available. after using salt, you will then need to use a

The Cons of using salt: stronger medication to cure your koi. This
• Once you add salt to your koi pond it will is when using salt becomes a problem as it

remain in your system as it will not evaporate, can react negatively with some of the pond
and your filter will not filter it out. This means
you will need to write down when you add salt treatments.
to your system and how much you added. If • Never add salt directly into your filter, as the
you are going to use salt in your pond, I would
recommend buying a salt meter that will read sudden rise in the salinity will negatively affect
how much salt is in your koi pond at any
given time. If you do not have a hydrometer, your biofilter.
controlling salt concentration is very difficult • Using salt can be harmful to your pond plants
to achieve. You need to know your salinity to
make sure you have the correct dose in your and those that don’t die can become yellow. I
pond. The recommended dose of salt is 3Kg would recommend taking out your water plants
of salt per 1000L of pond water. If you are new while you are treating with salt, especially if
to salt you can start with 1kg of salt per 1000L
you have free-floating plants.
• Salt can be corrosive and can promote

corrosion even in some of your metallic

features around your pond.
• If you overdose with salt, it will reverse the

osmotic pressure, making the koi release water
faster than it should until it dies of dehyPdixraatbioayn.

38 the fishkeeper November/December 2021 www.thefishkeeper.co.za

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42 the fishkeeper November/December 2021 www.thefishkeeper.co.za