SHARKS AND OTHER DEADLY OCEAN CREATURE

GROWING UP Zebra shark pup Adult zebra shark

The habitat and even appearance of a shark Egg cases
can change as it grows up. Many newborn
sharks spend their infancy in the shelter
of shallow bays before venturing out into
the deeper ocean. Young sharks of some
species have striking patterns, possibly for
camouflage. Zebra shark pups, for instance,
lose their stripes and become spotted as
they grow older. These stripes may help
the pups look like sea snakes.

Sharks that lay egg cases Some sharks produce leathery egg cases that
harden soon after release. Some cases are
Referenceridged to help them get wedged between
rocks, such as the spiral casing of this bullhead
shark case. Others have tassels so they snag
on weed and don’t get washed away.

Growing in the egg case

Young get nourishment from their yolk sac
and grow bigger inside their egg cases. The
cases may take a year to hatch, but some
kinds of shark retain them for longer in their
body for protection, and only release them
when their development is nearly complete.

199

SHARKS IN OCEAN HABITATS

With a few exceptions, all sharks live in the saltwater MIGRATION Mating
of the ocean. Some sharks, including the most primitive
kinds, prefer to stick to deep, dark waters that make up Some sharks are long-distance Pupping
the biggest proportion of the ocean habitat by volume. travelers, following migratory
Others hunt near the surface, or stay in the shallower routes that may differ between
coastal waters of the ocean’s continental shelves. age groups or sexes. Female
blue sharks cross the Atlantic
Surface ocean waters Ocean, between mating grounds
0–656 ft (0–200 m) in the west and sites for giving
The clear, sunlit ocean surface supports birth in the east.
billions of tiny animals and plants
called plankton—food for filter-feeders
such as whale sharks and forming the
start of a food chain that ends with
meat-eaters such as the great white.

Twilight Zone Sunlight Zone Intertidal zone
656–3,280 ft 0–656 ft 0–66 ft (0–20 m)
(200–1,000m) (0–200 m) Where the ocean meets the land,
animals must cope with the movement
of tides and the crashing of waves. A few
sharks, such as the epaulette shark, can
survive out of water while the tide is low.

Midnight Zone
3,280–13,120 ft
(1,000–4,000 m)

Abyss Coastal ocean waters
13,120–19,680 ft 0–656 ft (0–200 m)
(4,000–6,000 m) Many sharks stick to the waters along
the edges of continents and islands,
where nutrient-rich waters can teem
with prey. Females of some shark species,
such as the lemon shark, give birth in
shallow bays and lagoons.

Deep ocean waters
3,280–13,120 ft (1,000–4,000 m)
The deep ocean is home to bizarre
animals, such as the frilled shark.
Light dims into complete darkness
at greater depths, through the gloom
of the “twilight zone,” the pitch
blackness of the “midnight zone,”
to the “abyss” at the bottom.

SHARK FACTS AND FIGURES

Sharks are dominant predators in the world’s SHARK HABITATS
oceans—a place they share with a huge variety
of animals. They have incredible, record-breaking BLPLsLloyohionngnandgmrggkeseyesh(sss1tatth2trvaks,i4merh(k2r1ae7t(8riasckmthuamloirlelveusaisgirhsvs/rta2e)a4r0dtk,,9i0oom20un00it:gfGkotr/mrfa1etw),ai5ota0ntw0e:hmri:t)e
lives. Impressive predators, the biggest meat- sSsSdhDhmhoaeaargaerkllfkplil(ose(e0hswss.o1tte(m-1hssl2qtioev-,tm0lmiiin5mveig7lieenrfssa/gth0n/b3.asg3ah,r6reksae7:q:lrB5yPkklom:samuErc)t)kbputmagiupuelereregsteteeefd)
eating sharks are at the top of the ocean
food chain.

SHARK LIFE CYCLES
L(SsmFo(hlaanoaasswgxrtakeieemsjss(ut0tutv-.m3lggei9vrnroroeiielwnwdec/:otts11hhrh8dcarrmeaiarndtkt/pee:a4e::Sg6rWGpecyri:hnmee7aeya5lnpred)yleoaserhgnayafdriesrsak)hr)

Biggest sharks shown to scale

Reference Great white shark Basking shark
(16.4 ft/6 m) (33 ft/10 m)

0 16.4 ft (5 m)
202

THE SHARK MACHINE SHARKS AS HUNTERS
BMBsSBBiwheSi(geLasgT8igsamhgcgohsghh.raoi2kengaktaealinieosrcgeilnsr(knktlddkse6tsge/eots(sh6bss(2hsshnt6mathi1fthagartt(asilaeks/6ancrgfhr2rakkm6i/ke(okal0t1i1stfnfrr-a5(9lottmekeo3tl/o.oail:cs6n3h2vafmhDtltg0aoeftafiaawtnvt)i)nlmn/vt/regalg6o1keyer)d0elsnmfaotavhaoglmlnnaeyialtvgisonr:hrmlei)nkWto)lzeia:gtnevhroGl):gen:adTr)dWlesahe:hayhrtea:asrlkeher
HStaGShtotrNrereroneoafnwontsgrthgwceoaeehsnrstiokttissef(bh3aasia3thmber8aikteroNekabfesii(anwut1ner8tteyoh,f0monia0srsen0)cniitamNtssoeaesfwl)i:zftoeor:ncse;—
Fastest bite: Wobbegong (1⁄50 second)
Biggest shark teeth
(7 in/18 cm long) ever: Megalodon

LBtBaoiigrgdgggaeeye-s:tstoGtotrseethhaeaettrhdwkrhcteoeitloeeakttshiiehvocaeufrtktaot(ne2syr.i7zssehihn:aa/rr7kkcamli)ve
mFaasktoessthsawrkim(6m2 imngphs/h1a0r0k:kSphho)rt-finned
sShloawrke(s0t.7swmimphm/1in.2g5skhpahr)k: Greenland

Megalodon
(66 ft/20 m)

Whale shark Reference
(66 ft/20 m)

49.2 ft (15 m) 66 ft (20 m)
203

GLOSSARY

Anal fin Cartilage Egg case
An unpaired fin on the A tough, rubbery material A tough, protective, horny
underside of a fish, behind that makes up the skeleton casing that encloses the
the pelvic fins and in front of sharks and related fish. fertilized eggs of some
of the tail. Most other vertebrates sharks and rays.
(back-boned animals) have
Antenna a skeleton made mainly of Feeding frenzy
A feeler-like sense organ on bone with a little cartilage When a group of predators,
the head of certain kinds of in places. such as sharks, gathers together
invertebrate (animals without to herd and attack prey.
a backbone). Cold-blooded
An animal whose body Filter-feeder
Barbel temperature varies with An animal that feeds by
A whisker-like, sensory organ that of the surroundings. straining out plankton
near the mouth of certain kinds Reptiles, amphibians, fish, or other small particles of
of fish, such as the sawshark. and invertebrates are food suspended in water.
cold-blooded.
Bioluminescence Flatfish
The production of light Continental shelf A type of bony fish in which
by living things, caused by A region of shallow ocean water both eyes have moved to
chemical reactions in the that surrounds a continent. On the same side of the head
body. Many deep-sea animals its outer edge, it plunges down by the time it has become
are luminous (produce light), into the deep sea. an adult. It then lives with its
which helps them attract “blind side” facing downward
prey, distract predators, Crustacean close to the seabed. Plaice
or communicate. and flounders are flatfish.
An invertebrate with jointed
Bivalve legs and, usually, a hard, outer Food chain
A shelled mollusk with a shell shell. Shrimp, crabs, lobsters, A sequence in which energy
made up of two connected and krill are crustaceans. in food passes from one living
parts. Clams and mussels thing to another, such as when
are bivalves. Denticle plants are eaten by herbivores,
A tiny, hard, toothlike scale on and herbivores are eaten
Buoyancy the skin of sharks and rays. by carnivores.
The ability of an aquatic
(water-living) living thing Dorsal fin Fossil
to float in water. An unpaired upright fin on the The remains or traces of
back of a fish, whale, or dolphin. long-extinct animals or
Camouflage plants left in rocks.
The way the appearance of Echinoderm
an animal, such as its color An invertebrate with a starlike Gill
or shape, helps it blend in body, hard chalky plates in its A part of the body used by
with its surroundings. skin, and tube feet. Starfish and an animal to breathe in water.
sea urchins are echinoderms.

Oxygen in the water moves into Operculum rays. Some of the water taken
the blood in the gills. A flap that covers the gill into the mouth for breathing
openings in most kinds of fish. emerges through the spiracles;
Intertidal zone It is not found in sharks and the rest moves out over the gills.
The region of ocean shoreline rays, which is why their gill
that is regularly uncovered and slits are visible. Reef
then covered by water during A large, rocky structure,
the ebb and flow of the tide. Parasite usually found around tropical
A living thing that gets food or coastlines, which is formed
Invertebrate shelter from another, called the by the growth of coral.
An animal without a backbone. host, causing the other harm.
Reptile
Keel Pectoral fin A back-boned, cold-blooded
A ridge running down each A pair of fins connected to the animal with dry, scaly skin.
side of the body near the tail, “chest” region of a fish, usually Turtles, lizards, snakes, and
in some kinds of fish. Keels just behind the head. crocodiles are reptiles.
help stabilize the fish in the
water and are prominent Pelvic fin Scavenger
in fast swimmers. A pair of fins connected to the An animal that gets its food
underside of a fish, behind by eating the leftovers of
Larva the pectoral fins and usually other animals.
The young stage of certain in the region of the belly.
kinds of animal. Usually a Tentacle
larva looks different from Photosynthesis Long, soft, moving “arms” in
the adult form. A chemical process in plants, some kinds of animal, including
algae, and seaweed in which octopuses and squid. They use
Mammal sunlight is used to make food the tentacles to catch prey.
A back-boned, warm-blooded from carbon dioxide and water.
animal, such as a human or Venom
whale. Mothers of all mammals Plankton A poisonous substance that
feed their young with milk. Tiny animals and plants that harms the body when it enters
swim or float in water. through a bite or a sting.
Migration
A periodic animal journey, Polyp Vertebrate
usually to reach feeding A tiny, anemone-like, moving An animal with a backbone.
or breeding grounds. Many part of a coral. Each polyp Examples include fish,
ocean animals migrate across has stinging tentacles for amphibians, reptiles,
stretches of ocean, but others grabbing prey. birds, and mammals.
do vertical migration from
the depths of the ocean to Predator Warm-blooded
its surface. An animal that kills another An animal whose body
animal for food. temperature stays warm, even
Mollusk when the surroundings are cold.
An invertebrate with a soft, Prey Mammals and birds are warm-
muscular body. Some mollusks, An animal that is killed by blooded. A few fish, such as the
such as snails and clams, have a predator for food. great white and sailfish, are
a hard shell. Others, such as partly warm-blooded too.
squid and octopuses, do not. Spiracle
A small breathing hole behind
the eyes of most sharks and

INDEX fossils 193
frilled shark 9, 20–21, 192, 201,
A Cladoselache 12–13, 192
alligator gar 28–29 coastal ocean waters 132–65, 203
ambushes 197 fringehead, sarcastic 152
anatomy 194–95, 203 201 frogfish, psychedelic 98
angelsharks 193, 197 coelacanth 30 frogmouth, pink 99
cone shell 86–87 G
common 39 cookiecutter shark 59, 203 Galapagos shark 172
sand devil 38 coral, brain 186 gestation 198
anglerfish 96–97 coral reefs 166–89 giant squid 68–69
humpback 68–69 Cretaceous Period gills 195
goblin shark 117
B chimaera 22–23 great white shark 112–13, 193, 197,
bambooshark, white-spotted 84–85 Hybodont shark 16
barbeled dragonfish 64–65 plesiosaurs 31 202, 203
barracuda, great 120 crocodile, saltwater 160–61 Greenland shark 56–57, 202, 203
basking shark 106–07, 202, 203 crocodile shark 111 grouper, giant 100
birth 198 guitarfish
bites 203 D
blacktip shark 168 deep-ocean habitat 52–71, 201 common 41
blind shark 77, 202 Devonian Period giant 42
blue shark 177, 200, 202 gummy shark 146–47
bony fish 35, 105, 193 placoderms 11 H
sharks 12–13 habitats 200–01, 202
giant Jurassic 28–29 dogfish hagfish 192
brain coral 186 Portuguese 202 hammerhead sharks 203
bronze whaler 176 spiny 60–61, 202 great 180–81
bull shark 150–51 dragonfish, barbeled 64–65 scalloped 182
bullhead sharks 193, 199 Dunkleosteus 11, 192 hatchetfish, Sladen’s 63
dusky shark 171 Helicoprion 20–21, 192
horn shark 95 horn shark 95, 193, 203
zebra bullhead 74 E hound sharks
eagle ray, spotted 118 banded 146–47
C eel-like shark, prehistoric 14–15 big-eyed 142–43
camouflage 35, 197 eels gummy shark 146–47
Carboniferous Period starry smooth hound 145
green moray 184 humpback whale 124–25
shark 14–15 pelican 62 hunting 196–97, 203
spiny shark 22–23, 193 eggs 198, 199 hybodont shark (Hybodus) 16, 192
carpet shark, collared 76 electric ray, lesser 45 IJK
cat sharks 193 elephant seal, southern 157 ichthyosaurs 9, 32
black-mouthed 141 emperor penguin 159 intertidal zone 72–89, 191, 200
coral 136 epaulette shark 82–83, 200, 202 jawless fish 192
grey-spotted 140 jaws 195
pyjama shark 137 F jellyfish
red-spotted 138 Falcatus 14–15, 192 box 128
small-spotted 134–35 family tree 192–93, 203 lion’s mane 129
chimaeras 192 fertilization 198 Jurassic Period
Australian ploughnose 24 filter-feeders 196, 200 giant bony fish 28–29
Cretaceous 22–23 fins 194 ichthyosaurs 32
Pacific longnose 25 flatfish 35 killer whale 154–55
rabbitfish 26–27 flounder, peacock 48–49 kitefin shark 60–61

L R spiny dogfish 60–61, 193, 202
lampreys 10, 192 rabbitfish 26–27 spiny shark 22–23, 193
lancetfish 67 rays 35, 193 spiral-toothed chimeroid 20–21
lantern sharks 193 squid
blue-spotted ribbontail 46–47
dwarf 203 lesser electric 45 giant 68–69
velvet-belly 54–55 manta 105, 119 vampire 70
Leedsichthys 193 marbled torpedo 44 starfish
lemon shark 149, 198, 200 spotted eagle 118 common 88
leopard seal 156 reef sharks 193 crown-of-thorns 183
leopard shark 144 blacktip 174, 202 Stethacanthus 12–13, 192
life cycle 198–99, 202 Caribbean 173 stonefish 101
lionfish, common 102–03 gray 175 surface ocean waters 104–31, 200
liver 194 whitetip 166–67, 178–79 swell sharks, Australian 134–35
lizardfish, deep-sea 66 reef worm, biting 51 T
M requiem sharks 133 tail 194, 203
mako shark, short-finned ribbontail ray, blue-spotted 46–47 teeth 193, 195, 203
114, 203 rough shark, angular 54–55 thresher shark 116, 203
manta rays 105 S tiger shark 148
giant 119 sailfish 105, 121 tope shark 142–43
mantis shrimp, peacock 164 salmon shark 115 torpedo ray, marbled 44
mating 198–99 saltwater crocodile 160–61 trevally, giant 123
Megalodon 33, 193, 203 sand devil 38 tuna, Atlantic bluefin 122
megamouth shark 108 sand stargazer 50 turtle, leatherback 127
migration 200 sandtiger sharks 110 V
Miocene epoch 33 small-toothed 109 vampire squid 70
moray eels, green 184 sawfish, small-toothed 43 velvet-belly 54–55
mud-rooting monsters 34–52 sawsharks 193 venom 86
NO longnose 36–37 Venus comb 84–85
nautilus 163 sea anemone, magnificent 187 vertebrates 192, 193
nurse sharks 95, 193 sea lampreys 10, 192 viperfish, Sloane’s 64–65
tawny 96–97 sea otter 158 W
ocean habitats 200–01 sea slug, Anna’s 189 weever, lesser 48–49
octopuses sea snake 162 whale shark 92–93, 193, 196, 202, 203
giant Pacific 71 seals whales
southern blue-ringed 89 leopard 156 humpback 124–25
otter, sea 158 southern elephant 157 killer 154–55
P senses 195, 196–97 sperm 126
pelican eel 62 sevengill shark whitetip shark, oceanic 169
penguin, emperor 159 broadnose 19, 192 wobbegongs 193, 203
Permian Period 14, 16 sharpnose 17 cobbler 80
pistol shrimp, smooth-clawed 165 shrimps ornate 78
placoderms 11, 192 barrel 131 spotted 79
plankton 105, 167, 196, 200 harlequin 188 tasselled 81
plesiosaur, Cretaceous 31 peacock mantis 164 wolf-fish, Atlantic 153
Portuguese Man o’ War 130 smooth-clawed pistol 165 wrasse, humphead 185
prey 196 silky shark 170 XYZ
primeval sharks 8–33, 192 sixgill shark, bluntnose 18 Xenacanthus 14–15, 192
puffadder shy shark 139 skate, big 40 young 198–99, 202
pygmy shark 58, 202 skeleton 194 zebra shark 94, 199
pyjama shark 137 skin 194, 203
sleeper sharks 193
sperm whale 126

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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