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Published by capintec, 2015-10-13 11:17:15

CRC ® -35R Dose Calibrator Manual- Revision E

CRC-35R Manual - 9250-0054 Rev E

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

If the entered nuclide name is an additional nuclide (AL28 in the example) Fig 11-14
appears:

DONE DEL

[Fig 11-14]

Press DEL to delete the nuclide.

The message DO YOU WANT TO DELETE AL28 ?
will appear. Yes or No

Press YES if this is the nuclide that you want to delete.
Press NO if you do not want to delete this nuclide.

CALIBRATION NUMBER CHANGES

In some cases, a calibration number other than the one built into the CRC®-35R may be
desired. Calibration numbers may be changed for up to 10 nuclides.

Select CALIBRATION NUMBER CHANGES to change a nuclide's calibration number or to
return it to the original value.

Fig 11-15 will appear with the names of nuclides which have new calibration numbers
displayed (if any).

August, 94 11 - 9 SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

DONE

[Fig 11-15]
Use the NUCLIDE KEYS, USER KEYS or NUCL KEY to choose the nuclide.
If the chosen nuclide does not have a new calibration number, Fig 11-16 appears:

DONE NEW

[Fig 11-16]
Press NEW to enter a new calibration number.

[Fig 11-17]

Enter the new Calibration Number.

To return a calibration number to the original (built-in) value:

August, 94 11 - 10 SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

DONE ORIG

[Fig 11-18]
Press ORIG to return to the original calibration number. Fig 11-19 appears:

[Fig 11-19]

Press YES to return to original calibration number.
Press NO to keep user input calibration number.

August, 94 11 - 11 SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

USER KEY ASSIGNMENTS

There are 5 user keys labeled U1 through U5. A USER KEY is used in the same way as a
NUCLIDE key after a nuclide has been assigned to it.

Any nuclide in memory (including user input nuclides) may be assigned to a USER KEY.

Select USER KEY ASSIGNMENTS from the SETUP MENU to assign a USER KEY or
change the assignment of one of the USER KEYS.

[Fig 11-20]
Press the USER key which is to be assigned a nuclide.
Fig 11-21 appears with the current setting shown (example is for U2 being pressed):

[Fig 11-21]

Press NO if assignment is OK. Return to Fig. 11-20.
Press YES then ENTER to change assignment.

If YES was pressed, Fig 11-21 appears:

August, 94 11 - 12 SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

[Fig 11-22]

Enter nuclide to be assigned to key as if NUCL key had been pressed.
When ENTER is pressed, OK? Yes or NO will be displayed.

If NO is pressed, you will be returned to Fig 11-20.
If YES then ENTER is pressed, the entry will be accepted and you will be returned to
Fig 11-19.

Setting a USER key to NONE
Select the USER key. Fig 11-20 will appear. Press YES and ENTER to change the
assignment. Fig 11-21 appears. Press ENTER. This assignment will be changed to NONE.
Press YES and ENTER to be returned to Fig 11-19.

August, 94 11 - 13 SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

COMPOUNDS

When an item is added to inventory, a list of compounds associated with the chosen nuclide
is displayed.
There are more than 30 compounds built into the CRC®-35R. Up to 10 compounds may be
added by the user. Since all the compounds will not be used at all installations, you may
choose which compounds are displayed when the compound list is accessed.

COMPOUND MENU

When COMPOUND MENU is chosen from the SETUP MENU, the menu in Fig 11-22
appears:

[Fig 11-22]

Select ADDITIONAL COMPOUNDS to change the additional nuclides. Fig 11-23 appears
with the current additional compounds displayed:

DONE

[Fig 11-23]
The compound name consists of a nuclide name and a 'cold' compound name.

August, 94 11 - 14 SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

Use NUCLIDE KEYS, NUCL KEY or USER KEYS to choose the nuclide .
After a nuclide name had been chosen, the Fig 11-24 appears:

DONE DEL ADD

[Fig 11-24]
ADDING A COMPOUND
Press ADD to add a compound. Fig 11-25 will appear:

OK

[Fig 11-25]

Enter the remainder of the compound name and press ENTER.
Press OK to accept the compound and return to Fig 11-23.

August, 94 11 - 15 SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

DELETING AN ADDITIONAL COMPOUND

To delete a compound listed under additional compounds, press DEL in Fig 11-24.

If there are no additional compounds for that nuclide, an error message appears and you
will be returned to Fig 11-24.

Fig 11-26 appears with the existing additional compounds displayed.
In the example Tc99m has been chosen and 3 additional compounds have previously been
entered.

DONE DEL

[Fig 11-26]

Use the arrow keys to highlight the compound to be deleted.

Press DEL to Delete Selected Compound and return to Fig 11-23.
Press DONE or PREV SCREEN if none of the compounds is to be deleted.

August, 94 11 - 16 SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

COMPOUNDS TO DISPLAY

Select COMPOUNDS TO DISPLAY to change the list of compounds.
When the compound menus are displayed, only those compounds selected in this utility will
be displayed on the screen. Note: the 'bare' nuclide (e.g. Tc99m) will always be displayed.
The compounds for the current nuclide (from measurement screen) will be displayed.
The currently selected compounds for that nuclide will be marked by # to the left of the name.
Use NUCLIDE KEYS, NUCL KEY or USER KEYS to change the nuclide if desired.

SELECT ALL DE SEL DONE

[Fig 11-27]

Press SELECT to select the highlighted compound.
Press ALL to select all compounds listed.
Press DE SEL to de-select the highlighted compound.
Press DONE to accept the selections and return to COMPOUND MENU screen, Fig 11-22.

August, 94 11 - 17 SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

DEFINITION OF TESTS

A linearity test may be performed on the CRC®-35R by one of three methods:
Standard Method (Decay), Lineator Test, Calicheck Test.

The method must be chosen and its parameters defined. For Lineator and Calicheck tests, a
calibration must be performed.

Constancy Test data can be calculated for up to 10 nuclides which the user selects.

When DEFINE TESTS is selected from SETUP MENU, the menu in Fig 11-28 appears:

[Fig 11-28]

LINEARITY TEST

If LINEARITY TEST is selected and a Linearity test has already been defined, the user
will be asked to confirm that a new definition is desired.

S/L/C S/V OK

[Fig 11-29]

August, 94 11 - 18 SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

S/L/C Toggles between Standard Linearity Test, Lineator or Calicheck tests
S/V Toggles between using a Syringe or a Vial
OK Accepts inputs and goes to next screen. for the type of test selected.

Choose the type of test to be performed using the S/L/C key.

Choose Syringe or Vial using the S/V key (this is not used in the test, but is just printed).

If Standard test is chosen, enter the number of tests.
If Calicheck is chosen, enter the number of tubes.

STANDARD TEST
If the Standard Test has been selected, Fig 11-30 appears:

OK

[Fig 11-30]

This screen will appear for test #2 through the maximum test number entered in Fig 11-29.
Input the time at which each measurement is to be taken.

Press OK to accept the input and go to the next test number.
After last test, data is saved and you will return to DEFINE TESTS menu.

August, 94 11 - 19 SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

LINEATOR TEST

If Lineator Test was selected, Fig 11-31 will appear for each tube.
The tubes must be calibrated in the SETUP MENU before performing a linearity test in the
TEST MENU. Place the linearity test source in the dose calibrator and begin the calibration
measurement process when Fig 11-31 appears.

OK

[Fig 11-31]
The tube number and tube name will be automatically filled in.
Press OK to accept the measurement and go to the next screen.

MEAS OK

[Fig 11-32]
The Initial Factor will be filled in.
Press MEAS to go back to repeat the measurement.
Press OK to accept Initial Factor and measure next tube.

August, 94 11 - 20 SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

If this was the last tube, Fig 11-33 appears:

8
2, 3, 4

MEAS SAVE PRINT

[Fig 11-33]

Press MEAS to repeat the measurement.
Press SAVE to save the Lineator test definition and return to DEFINE TESTS MENU

screen.
Press PRINT to print a calibration report and save the Lineator test definition and

remain on screen.

August, 94 11 - 21 SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

CALICHECK TEST

If Calicheck Test was selected, Fig 11-34 will appear for each tube.
The tubes must be calibrated in the SETUP MENU before performing a linearity test in the
TEST MENU. Place the linearity test source in the dose calibrator and begin the calibration
measurement process when Fig 11-34 appears.

OK

[Fig 11-34]
The tube number and name will be automatically filled in.
Press OK to accept the measurement and go to the next screen.

MEAS OK

[Fig 11-35]

The Calibration Factor will be filled in.

Press MEAS to repeat the measurement.
Press OK to accept Calibration Factor and measure next tube.

August, 94 11 - 22 SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

If this was the last tube, Fig 11-36 appears:

MEAS SAVE PRINT

[Fig 11-36]

Press MEAS to repeat the measurement.
Press SAVE to save the Calicheck test definition and return to DEFINE TEST MENU

screen.
Press PRINT to print a calibration report and save the Calicheck test definition and remain

on screen.

CONSTANCY TEST DEFINITION

In order to save or print the results of the constancy test, the nuclides to be used in the test
must be chosen. Up to 10 nuclides can be chosen.
When the test is performed, a base activity can be chosen and stored for each nuclide /
chamber combination, and the deviation from this activity (after decay factor applied)
calculated and printed.

When CONSTANCY TEST is selected in DEFINE TESTS MENU, Fig 11-37 appears with the
current constancy nuclides displayed:

DONE

August, 94 [Fig 11-37] SETUP
11 - 23

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

Use NUCLIDE KEYS, NUCL KEY or USER KEYS to choose a nuclide.
Fig. 11-38 will appear:

ADDING A CONSTANCY NUCLIDE

DONE ADD

[Fig 11-38]
Press ADD if you want the chosen nuclide to be a constancy nuclide.
DELETING A CONSTANCY NUCLIDE
If the chosen nuclide is already a constancy nuclide, Fig 11-39 appears:

DONE DEL

[Fig 11-39]

Press DEL if you no longer want the chosen nuclide to be a constancy nuclide.
Press DONE to exit the DEFINE CONSTANCY NUCLIDE SCREEN.

August, 94 11 - 24 SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

PARAMETERS / USER PREFERENCES

The functions on this menu allow the user to select various parameters if the default values
are not acceptable.

[Fig 11-40]

MOLY ASSAY TEST METHOD

The Moly Assay test can be performed using the CAPMAC or the Canister.
If no test method has been selected or both are selected, a selection menu will appear when
the Mo99Assay Key is pressed. To skip the selection menu, choose only one method. The
default setting is both methods.

When MOLY ASSAY is selected from Fig 11-40, Fig 11-41 appears with the current settings
shown:

CAPMAC CAN SAVE

[Fig 11-41]

Press CAPMAC to toggle between YES and NO for use of CAPMAC.

Press CAN to toggle between YES and NO for use of Canister.

Press SAVE when the settings are correct.

August, 94 11 - 25 SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

ALLOWED VARIATION
There are three types of results which are compared with allowed maximum values. Error
messages appear if the results are outside of these limits. These limits, however, can be
changed by the user.

The three types of results are: (deviation of results from expected value)
Calibrator Test Results (deviation from Rx value if it was entered)
Patient Dose (absolute value of ratio)
Mo / Tc99m

When ALLOWED VARIATIONS is chosen is Fig 11-40, the following screen appears with the
current values displayed (default values are shown in parentheses):

SAVE

[Fig 11-42]

Enter any desired changes.
Press SAVE to save the values and return to Fig 11-40.

August, 94 11 - 26 SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

TYPE OF PRINTING
The printing of a measurement result (i.e. when PRINT is pressed on the Measurement
Screen) can either be in the form of a Ticket or a Single Line summary. The default is Ticket
printing. However, the user can change to Single Line or back to Ticket whenever desired.

When TYPE OF PRINTING is chosen in Fig 11-40, Fig 11-43 appears with the current
printing format displayed:

T/L SAVE

[Fig 11-43]

Press T / L to toggle between Ticket and Single Line.
Press SAVE when the desired choice is displayed.

August, 94 11 - 27 SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

DATE INPUT FORMAT
Although dates are displayed as month name day year, the date is input in numeric format
(2 digits for month, 2 digits for day, 2 digits for year).
This format differs around the world. You may use this facility to choose the format that you
use.
The format choices are: MONTH DAY YEAR or DAY MONTH YEAR or
YEAR MONTH DAY . The default is MONTH DAY YEAR.

When DATE INPUT FORMAT is chosen in Fig 11-40, Fig 11-44 appears with the current
format displayed:

FORMAT SAVE

[Fig 11-44]

Press FORMAT to select one of the possible formats.
Press SAVE when desired format is displayed.

August, 94 11 - 28 SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

Chapter 12

SYSTEM SETUP

System setup procedures are discussed in this chapter. They are reached by pressing UTIL,
SETUP and choosing from the setup menu.

CONFIGURATION MENU

The functions on this menu (Fig 12-1) allow you to setup the configuration of chambers and
remotes, select nuclides for each remote display, and to print the current setup.

[Fig 12-1]

SETUP SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

The system may have up to 8 chambers and 8 remotes.

The unit's ID is a hardware designation and goes from 1 to 16. Each chamber and remote
comes from the factory with a built-in ID which cannot be changed. Each chamber and
remote will arrive from the factory with its ID and Serial Number attached.

The Chamber # is the number by which the chamber will be selected by the user (1 - 8).
The Remote # is the number by which the remote is known to the user (1 - 8).
Although the chamber and remote numbers do not have to start from 1 and be in sequence
(e.g., 1,2,3 etc.) it is recommended that they be designated in sequential order for
convenience. However, if a chamber or remote must be removed from the system, the
chambers or remotes do not have to be re-numbered.

Each remote must be assigned to a particular chamber, but a chamber does not have to
have a remote assigned to it. The remote unit displays the activity of the chamber to which it
is assigned. It can also control that chamber. Therefore, the number of remotes cannot
exceed the number of chambers.

August, 94 12 - 1 SYSTEM SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

Each system arrives from the factory with a pre-set configuration for the number of chambers
and remotes that have been ordered. In the event that new chambers or remotes must be
added or a component must be removed, SETUP, SYSTEM CONFIGURATION allows the
user to modify the factory configuration settings.

OK

[Fig 12-2]

The current number of chambers and remotes is shown.

If the number of chambers and/or remotes is not correct, enter the number of chambers
and/or remotes in the system.

Press OK when correct number of chambers and remotes are shown.

Fig 12-3 will appear for each unit ID (1-16). If your system does not currently have a
chamber or remote with the ID displayed, the type is NONE. If there is a chamber with this
ID, CHAMBER is displayed for type. If there is a remote with this ID, REMOTE is displayed
for type.

DONE TYPE OK

[Fig 12-3]

Press DONE when all changes have been made.
Press TYPE to toggle between: NONE, CHAMBER, REMOTE.
Press OK when correct type is shown.

If a type NONE (no chamber or remote with that ID) was chosen, Fig 12-3 is repeated for

August, 94 12 - 2 SYSTEM SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

the next ID.
If type CHAMBER was chosen, Fig 12-4 appears:

OK

[Fig 12-4]

The current data will be displayed.
The line with Remote # only appears if the number of remotes chosen in Fig 12-2 is not 0.
If no remote is assigned to this chamber, the remote # is 0.

CHAMBER #: Enter the number you will use to select the chamber (1 - 8).
REMOTE #: Enter the number of the remote which is assigned to this chamber.
If no remote is assigned to it, enter 0.

Press OK when all entries are correct. Fig 12-3 will be shown for the next ID.

If type REMOTE was chosen, Fig 12-5 appears:

OK

[Fig 12-5]

REMOTE #: Enter the number by which the remote is known to the user.
This must correspond to a remote # assigned to a chamber using
Fig 12-4.

Press OK when all entries are correct. Fig 12-3 will be shown for the next ID.

August, 94 12 - 3 SYSTEM SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

When DONE is pressed in Fig 12-3 (or all ID's have been input), the entries are checked for
consistency and the configuration is saved. If an inconsistency is found, an error message
will appear and you will be required to re-enter all the data for the configuration setup.

The following examples will help clarify the procedures.

Adding a Chamber
Assume that the system consists of:

Chamber 1 ID 2
Chamber 2 ID 5
Remote 1 ID 3 assigned to Chamber 1
and you have received another chamber to add. The new chamber has ID = 4.

When SETUP SYSTEM CONFIGURATION is chosen, Fig 12-2 will appear with the number
of chambers = 2 and number of remotes = 1.
Change the number of chambers to 3 and press OK.

When Figs 12-3 and 12-4 or 12-5 appear for IDs 1,2 and 3, press OK to accept the current
entries.

When Fig 12-3 appears for ID 4, change the type to CHAMBER and press OK.

Fig 12-4 will appear. Enter 3 for the Chamber # . Enter the Serial Number of the new
chamber. Enter 0 for the remote # since no remote is to be assigned to this chamber.
Press OK.

When Fig 12-3 appears for ID 5 you may press DONE.

Adding a Remote
Assume that the system consists of:

Chamber 1 ID 2
Chamber 2 ID 5
Remote 1 ID 3 assigned to Chamber 1
and you have received another remote to add. The new remote has ID = 4 and you want to
assign it to chamber 2.

When SETUP SYSTEM CONFIGURATION is chosen, Fig 12-2 will appear with the number
of chambers = 2 and number of remotes = 1.
Change the number of remote to 2 and press OK.

When Figs 12-3 and 12-4 or 12-5 appear for IDs 1,2 and 3, press OK to accept the current
entries.

When Fig 12-3 appears for ID 4, change the type to REMOTE and press OK.

Fig 12-5 will appear. Enter 2 for the Remote # . Enter the Serial Number of the new remote.
Press OK.

August, 94 12 - 4 SYSTEM SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

When Fig 12-3 appears for ID 5 press OK.
Fig 12 -4 will appear. Change the Remote # to 2, since the new remote is being assigned to
this chamber. Press OK.

When Fig 12-3 appears for ID 6 you may press DONE.

Changing a Remote's Assignment
Assume that the system consists of:

Chamber 1 ID 2
Chamber 2 ID 5
Remote 1 ID 3 assigned to Chamber 1
and you want to re-assign remote 1 to chamber 2.

When SETUP SYSTEM CONFIGURATION is chosen, Fig 12-2 will appear with the number
of chambers = 2 and number of remotes = 1, press OK to accept.

When Fig 12-4 appears for ID 2 (Chamber 1), change Remote # to 0 and press OK.

Do not make any changes for ID 3 (Remote 1).

When Fig 12-4 appears for ID 5 (Chamber 2) change Remote # to 1 and press OK.

When Fig 12-3 appears for ID 6 you may press DONE.

Removing a Chamber from the system
Assume that the system consists of:

Chamber 1 ID 2
Chamber 2 ID 5
Remote 1 ID 3 assigned to Chamber 1
and chamber 1 has to be removed from the system.
Remote 1 can either be removed from the system or re-assigned to chamber 2.

When SETUP SYSTEM CONFIGURATION is chosen, Fig 12-2 will appear with the number
of chambers = 2 and number of remotes = 1. Change the number of chambers to 1. If the
remote is to be removed, change remotes to 0. Press OK .

When Fig 12-3 appears for ID 2 (Chamber 1) , change type to NONE and press OK.

If the remote is to be removed, when Fig 12-3 appears for ID 3, change type to NONE and
press OK. If it is to be re-assigned, do not make any changes.

If the remote is being re-assigned to chamber 2, when Fig 12-4 appears for ID 5 (Chamber 2)
change Remote # to 1 and press OK. If the remote is being removed, do not make any
changes for ID 5.

When Fig 12-3 appears for ID 6, you may press DONE.

August, 94 12 - 5 SYSTEM SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

Removing a Remote from the system
Assume that the system consists of:

Chamber 1 ID 2
Chamber 2 ID 5
Remote 1 ID 3 assigned to Chamber 1
and remote 1 has to be removed from the system.

When SETUP, SYSTEM CONFIGURATION is chosen, Fig 12-2 will appear with the number
of chambers = 2 and number of remotes = 1. Change remotes to 0. Press OK .

When Fig 12-4 appears for ID 2, change Remote # to 0 since this remote is being removed.

When Fig 12-3 appears for ID 3 (Remote 1), change type to NONE.

When Fig 12-3 appears for ID 4, you may press DONE.

PRINT SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
Select Print System Configuration to obtain a printout of the configuration.

August, 94 12 - 6 SYSTEM SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

SETUP REMOTE NUCLIDES
This function is not active if there are no remotes in the system.

Each remote can scroll through up to 10 nuclides. The default nuclides are the 8 nuclides for
the 8 pre-set nuclide keys. The nuclides associated with each remote may be selected by
the user.

DONE NEXT DEL ADD

[Fig 12-6]

Press DONE to return to SETUP.
If there is more than 1 remote in the system, press NEXT to go to next Remote or Remote

#1 if this is the last remote.
Press DEL to delete chosen nuclide.
Press ADD to add chosen nuclide.

PRINT REMOTE NUCLIDES
Select Print Remote Nuclide to obtain a printout of the nuclides for each remote in the
system.

August, 94 12 - 7 SYSTEM SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

TIME / DATE SETUP

To change the Date or Time, press UTIL, SETUP and select TIME/DATE SETUP.
The current date and time will be displayed as in Fig 12-7:

[Fig 12-7]

Press YES to change the date or time.
Press NO if date and time are OK.

If YES is pressed, Fig 12-8 appears with the current date and time shown as the defaults.
The example which shows how to enter the date is given in the format selected by the user
(or the default of Month Day Year if no selection has been made).

OK

[Fig 12-8]
Enter the correct date and/or time and press OK.
Fig 12-7 is repeated with the changes.

August, 94 12 - 8 SYSTEM SETUP

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R
HOSPITAL NAME SETUP

HOSPITAL NAME

[Fig 12-9]

To enter the facility name or report header, select HOSPITAL NAME from SETUP MENU.
Fig. 12-9 will appear:

Enter the name in alphanumeric characters, up to 30 characters will be printed.

When the input is correct, press SAVE to store the name and exit the screen.

August, 94 12 - 9 SYSTEM SETUP



CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

CHAPTER 13

PRINCIPLE OF THE CALIBRATOR

GENERAL

The definition of activity, the basic principle of the calibrator, and the detailed discussion on
the calibration are presented in this section.

Definition of Activity

Activity
Activity is defined as:

The activity, A, of a quantity of a radioactive nuclide is the quotient of dN by dt, where dN is
the number of spontaneous nuclear transformations which occur in this quantity in time
interval dt

A = dN
dt

The special unit of activity is Curie (Ci):

1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 s-1 (exactly)

Note: The term nuclear transformation is meant to designate a change of nuclide of an
isomeric transition. (ICRU REPORT 19, 1971)

The SI (International System of Units) unit for activity is the reciprocal second, s-1, and is
named the Becquerel (Bq), i.e.;

1 Bq = 1 Nuclear Transformation per second

1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq

Types of Transformations
1) α-decay

The nucleus emits a helium nucleus (α-particle).

2) Electron Capture (ε-decay)
The nucleus captures one of its own orbital electrons, usually from the K
shell, and a neutrino is emitted.

3) β- decay

August, 94 13 - 1 PRINCIPLE OF THE CALIBRATOR

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

The nucleus emits an electron (β- particle), and a neutrino.

4) β+ decay
The nucleus emits a positron (β+ particle) and a neutrino.

5) Nuclear Transition
A photon (electromagnetic radiation, γ-decay), electron (Internal Conversion
Electron Emission, CE or electron-positron pair (Internal-pair emission, e±) is
emitted by a nucleus in a transition from a higher to lower energy state.
No nuclear transformation occurs if there is no change in the atomic number nor the
mass number. The de-excitation of a nucleus in its unstable state (metastable state)
is, however, included in the definition of activity.

Measurement of Activity

A Nuclear Transformation is always associated with one or more of the following types of
radiation:

α
β+, β-, and ν
Photons

We can, therefore, measure activity by detecting one or more of the above radiations.

α-Particle Radiation
The most energetic α-particle emitted by a radionuclide has an energy of less than 10MeV,
which corresponds to a range of about 10mg/cm2 (8cm in air). Because of its short range,
an α-particle from a radionuclide cannot penetrate to the ionization chamber's sensitive
volume and therefore, cannot be detected.

All α-decays, however, are accompanied by photon radiation as the daughter nucleus
decays to its ground state. The activity of a nuclide which decays through a radiation can
therefore, be measured by detecting the associated photon radiation.

August, 94 13 - 2 PRINCIPLE OF THE CALIBRATOR

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

β+ Radiation

β+ particle (positron) emitted from a nucleus comes to rest in the media by losing its kinetic
energy mainly by direct ionization processes and then annihilates with an electron to produce
two photons of 511 keV each. These photons are easily detected by the ionization chamber.
De-excitation photons are also associated with β+ decay.

β- Radiation

The ejected electron loses kinetic energy in matter mainly by direct ionization.

The range of most emitted β's is very short. It should be noted that in β+ and β-emission, the
emitted electron or positron has a continuous energy spectrum, which ranges from Emax to
zero, where Emax is the maximum transition energy. β-rays (with the exception of a small
portion of very high energy βs) will be stopped in the sample, in the chamber liner, and in the
chamber wall.

As the electron decelerates, it also produces continuous low energy photon emission called
Bremsstrahlung (stopping or braking radiation).

Many radionuclides which decay by β emission also emit de-excitation photons (x-rays, γ-
rays), which can be detected by the ionization chamber.

Electron Capture

The actual electron capture process cannot be detected since the electron is not emitted but
is captured by the nucleus. The capture of the orbital electron, however, leaves a vacancy in
the atomic orbital shell, resulting in x-rays as the atom de-excites.

The energy of k x-ray is approximately

Ek ≈ Z2 [keV]
100

where Z is the atomic number of the daughter nucleus.

γ-rays are also often given off as the daughter nucleus de-excites.

August, 94 13 - 3 PRINCIPLE OF THE CALIBRATOR

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

Photon Radiation
Photon radiation is associated with most nuclear transformations. A high energy photon
interacts with matter very weakly. Photon intensity is therefore, not altered substantially by
the surrounding media, i.e., measurement of activity can be accomplished with a minimum of
disturbance from the sample configuration.

As can be seen from the above, in all cases we are detecting photons. We will therefore,
discuss photons and their interactions with matter in detail.

PHOTONS

Photon is the general term for a quantum of radiation. Photons are classified according to
their method of production.

a) γ-Rays

Photons resulting from nuclear transitions, nuclear reaction or annihilation of particles (e.g.,
electron-positron annihilation) are called Gamma-rays (γ-rays). Radioisotope sources
(radionuclides) are the most common means of γ-ray production. Radioisotope γ-sources
emit photons of one or more discrete energies.

b) X-Rays

X-rays are associated with the deceleration of electrons or with orbital electron transitions in
atoms.

The radiation from a γ-source is often accompanied by characteristic x-rays from transitions
of the orbital electrons in the daughter atom.

c) Bremsstrahlung

When very fast electrons are brought to rest in a medium (or pass through media) a
continuous low energy photon spectrum occurs. This is called Bremsstrahlung ("stopping or
braking radiation").

The intensity and the energy spectrum of Bremsstrahlung are highly dependent upon the
source configuration and media surrounding the sample. (See Appendix of this manual for
more detailed discussion on Bremsstrahlung.)

In this manual, the term photon will be used when the method of production of the radiation
has no bearing on the discussion.

Interactions of Photons with Matter
There are three mechanisms by which photons can interact with matter and, thus, deposit
their energy. These mechanisms are: Photoelectric effect, Compton effect, and, pair
production. The energy of the photon determines which process (or processes) are possible.

August, 94 13 - 4 PRINCIPLE OF THE CALIBRATOR

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

Photoelectric Effect

The photoelectric effect is an interaction between a photon and an electron which is bound to
an atom. In the photoelectric process, the photon is absorbed by the atom and a bound
electron is ejected. The kinetic energy of the ejected electron is equal to the photon energy
minus the binding energy of the electron. The binding energy of an electron is the energy
which must be supplied in order to remove the electron from the atom.

In nuclear medicine, we are interested in photon energies of 20 keV or greater. At these
energies, all the electrons in the materials used for the chambers are able to participate in
the photoelectric process. The photoelectric effect is the most important process at low
energies. However, for photon energies much greater than electron binding energies, the
processes described below become more important and the number of photoelectric
interactions occurring become small. At a given energy, the number of photoelectric
interactions per unit mass varies as the 4th power of the atomic number and is inversely
proportional to the atomic weight of the medium (Z4/A).

Compton Effect

The Compton Effect is a collision between a photon and an electron which can be
considered unbound. An electron can be considered to be unbound (or "free") if the energy
of the incident photon is much greater than the binding energy of the electron. The kinetic
energy of the scattered electron is not constant, but is a function of the angle through which it
is scattered. The scattered photon must interact again in order to impart all of its energy to
the medium.

The Compton effect is the dominant process for photon energies from 100 keV to about 10
MeV in the region of the atomic numbers for detector materials. At 100 keV, the maximum
kinetic energy of the scattered electron is about 30 per cent of that of the incident photon; at
1 MeV, it is about 80 per cent; and at 10 MeV, it is about 98 per cent. The number of
Compton interactions per unit mass varies directly as the atomic number and inversely as the
atomic weight of the medium (Z/A).

August, 94 13 - 5 PRINCIPLE OF THE CALIBRATOR

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

Pair Production

The process of pair production is difficult to comprehend because it is strictly a relativistic
quantum mechanical effect. What is observed to take place, is that in the presence of the
electric field of a nucleus, the incident photon disappears and an electron and a positron
appear. (A positron is a particle with the same properties as an electron, except that it has a
positive charge.)

In order to produce an electron-positron pair, the incident photon must have an energy of at
least twice the mass of an electron, i.e., 1.022 MeV. This process dominates for very high
energies, that is, above about 10 MeV. The number of pair production interactions per unit
mass is proportional to the square of the atomic number and inversely proportional to the
atomic weight of the medium (Z2/A).

Ionization Chamber Measuring Process

An ionization chamber consists of two or more electrodes. The electrodes confine a volume
of gas and collect the charge (ions) produced by radiation within the volume. Thus,
ionization chambers can be used to measure radiation fields if the relationship between the
radiation field and the charge produced is known.

The radiation enters the chamber through the chamber wall and interacts with the gas in the
chamber or with the chamber wall. It must be pointed out that photons cannot produce
ionization directly, but must first interact with the chamber material (gas and wall) producing
electrons. That is, through a series of interactions, the photon transfers its energy to one or
more electrons.

The electron is slowed down through collisions with the chamber gas (argon). The collisions
knock electrons off the molecules producing positive ions (this is the ionization process).

The collection voltage across the chamber sets up an electric field. The positive ions will drift
towards the negative electrode and the electron (and negative ions if they are formed) will
drift towards the positive electrode, thus producing a current. The electronic circuitry then
measures either the current or the total charge produced during the period of interest.

The number of ions produced in the chamber is directly related to the energy deposited in the
chamber by the radiation.

August, 94 13 - 6 PRINCIPLE OF THE CALIBRATOR

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

Method of Determining Calibration Setting Numbers

A method of determining a calibration setting number is described in this section.*

Response and Sensitivity

It is very convenient to express the response of the detector to a radioisotope, A, relative to
that of a standard reference material, e.g. Co60.

⎛ Detector Output due to Sample A⎞ (1)
⎜⎟
⎝ Activity of Sample A ⎠
R A ≡ ⎛ Detector Output due to SRM Co60⎞
⎝⎜ Certified Activity of SRM Co60 ⎟⎠

The sensitivity of the detector for a photon of energy Ei is defined as:
Detector Output due to 3.7x1010 Photons of Ei
Si ≡ Detector Output due to one Curie of Co60 (2)

The detector response and the sensitivity have the following relation:

∑R i ≡ IiSi (3)

i

Where Ii is the intensity of the photon whose energy is Ei.

The procedure is to measure the response of the detector to all the available primary
standard samples and to establish the sensitivity of the detector as a function of photon
energy so as to satisfy equation (3) for all standards.

Once the sensitivity curve has been determined, the response of the detector to any
radioisotope may be calculated using equation (3), provided that the decay data are known.

* See Suzuki, A., Suzuki M.N., and Weis A.M.: Analysis of a Radioisotope Calibrator;
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology Dec. 1976 for more detailed discussions.

August, 94 13 - 7 PRINCIPLE OF THE CALIBRATOR

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

The sensitivity curve for a CRC®-ionization chamber is given in Appendix I.

The figure depicts the sensitivity of the ionization chamber as a function of photon energy up
to 1.9 MeV. Above a photon energy of 200 keV, the ionization in the chamber is mainly due
to electrons resulting from Compton scattering of photons by the filling gas (argon) and the
chamber walls (aluminum).

The peak in the low-energy region of the sensitivity curve is due to the rapid increase in
photoelectric effect as photon energy decreases and to the attenuation of low energy
photons by the sample holder, the chamber liner and the chamber walls, as well as the
absorption of photons in the sample material and its container.

Although a significant fraction of photons with energies below 50 keV are stopped in the
chamber wall, some photons could enter the sensitive volume of the chamber and could,
therefore, contribute to the activity measurement. All photons with energies below about 13
keV are stopped before they reach the sensitive volume of the chamber and, therefore, these
photons do not contribute to the activity measurement.

Calibration Setting Numbers

The relationship between the response of the detector and the gain setting (relative to that
for Co60, in order for the instrument to give a direct reading of the activity) is given by:

GA ≡ 1 (4)
RA

The calibration setting number is linearly related to the chamber response.

All the calibrators are calibrated with certified Cobalt-60 and Cobalt-57 standard source.

A calibration setting number of 990 was assigned to Co60 and 112 was chosen for Co57.

The calibration setting number of CRC® Calibrator for radioisotope A, NA, is given by:

( ) ( )⎛ ⎛ ⎞⎞
= ⎜⎜⎝ R A − ⎜1 − R Co60 − R Co57 * ⎟ ⎟⎟⎠ * N Co60 − N Co57
⎝ N Co60 − N Co57 ⎠ R Co60 − R Co57
( ) ( )NA N Co60 (5)

August, 94 13 - 8 PRINCIPLE OF THE CALIBRATOR

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

Entering numerical values:

NCo60 = 990 NCo57 = 112 (6)
RCo60 = 1.000
one obtains: b gRCo57 = 0.189 ± 2%

NA = 1076 RA − 0.080

The accuracy of the sensitivity curve and the calibration number determination was tested by
calculating calibration numbers for all the radioisotope standards used for the studies of the
sensitivity. The agreement between the calculated and the observed responses were all
within ±3%.

The accuracy of the chamber response calculation for a particular radioisotope, hence the
accuracy which can be attained by using a calculated Calibration Setting Number depends
not only on the accuracy of the available primary standards used to determine Figure 13-1,
on the nuclear data, on the variation in the chamber sensitivity and electrometer gain setting,
but also on the sample configuration due to low energy photon absorption.

The calibration Setting Numbers for pure and equilibrium state radioisotopes for the
CRC® calibrators are listed in Appendix I of this manual. Appendix II contains tables of
multiplication factors for obtaining the activity of a parent nuclide when it is not in equilibrium
with the daughter nuclide. A general equation for this situation is also given in that appendix.

Since the determination of the Calibration Numbers and the calibrations (normalization) of
the instrument are performed using standard reference materials issued by the NIST and/or
the LMR, the Calibration Numbers for radioisotopes are given for sample configuration
similar to those issued by the NIST.

All of the NIST standards, with the exception of Xe133, were of the liquid solution form.
Approximately 5 g of radioactive liquid were sealed in borosilicate glass ampoules having a
diameter of about 17 mm, a length of 40 mm, and a wall thickness of 0.6 mm. The Xe133
standard was sealed together with inactive xenon gas in a borosilicate glass ampoule having
a volume of about 5 ml, a length of 45 mm, a diameter of 15 mm, and a wall thickness of 1.3
mm.

August, 94 13 - 9 PRINCIPLE OF THE CALIBRATOR

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

Detailed Discussions

Effects of the Integral Shield

The advantage of the shield is the reduction of radiation exposure to the personnel handling
the radioisotopes, as well as reduction of the background effects on the activity
measurements.

It is important to note, however, that if a shield is placed around or near a calibrator, the
sensitivity of the ionization chamber is enhanced due to backscattering of photons by the
shielding. Above about 250 keV, the scattering of photons is mainly forward and at the low
energy region, attenuation of photons by the outer wall of the chamber becomes significant.
For a CRC® calibrator the backscattering effects are more significant for photons of energies
between 70 keV and 250 keV than photons in other energy regions.

Effects of the Container

The radioactive standard materials in the ampoules now being provided by NIST are a good
approximation to an assay of a radiopharmaceutical in a plastic syringe or in a glass syringe
(a wall thickness of about 1.2 mm), even for radioisotopes which decay with a significant
abundance of low-energy photons.

The user should select, whenever possible, a standardized procedure, volume, and container
for all radioactivity measurements. The plastic syringe is convenient since it represents the
delivery vehicle to the patient in most clinical situations.

Significant errors will occur in some instances, e.g., if the radioisotope is assayed in an
appreciably different material and/or wall thickness than that of the standards.

The ampoules of recently available standards from NIST are uniform. Plastic syringes also
have a rather uniform wall thickness and absorption is low. However, a random sampling of
5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 125-ml size multi-injection dose vials from several sources indicated
that the wall thickness varied randomly from 1 to 3 mm quite independently of the volume of
glass vial.

The assay of radioisotopes having a significant abundance of low- energy gamma-, x-,
and/or high-energy beta-ray radiation may be affected by changes in the sample
configuration used to assay the radio-pharmaceutical if the samples are severely different
from the standard source. In such cases, an independent check or determination of a
calibration appropriate to a user's needs is advised. Fortunately, most radioisotopes can be
accurately assayed independently of the sample size.

The radioisotopes most sensitive to source configuration and type of container are 125I and
133Xe. Other radioisotopes which fall into this category are I123, Y169, T1201, and other
radioisotopes which decay with significant low-energy photon emission. It is not unusual to
have a required correction factor of 2 if I125 is measured in a glass vial.

Effects of Impurities

August, 94 13 - 10 PRINCIPLE OF THE CALIBRATOR

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

An Ionization chamber itself does not have intrinsic energy- discrimination capability. The
presence of radioisotope impurities will affect the reading of the instrument unless the effect
of impurities is eliminated by photon filtration as is done with Mo99 breakthrough in Tc99m.
However, the presence of low-level radionuclide impurity does not negate the usefulness of a
radioisotope calibrator, if the user is aware of its presence and has an independently
determined calibration including photons arising from the impurities.

August, 94 13 - 11 PRINCIPLE OF THE CALIBRATOR



CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

CHAPTER 14

ERROR MESSAGES

GENERAL

A summary of error messages is given in this chapter. The message is shown in italics and
a discussion follows each message.

DATA ENTRY

VALUE OUT OF RANGE
There is a minimum and maximum value for all numerical inputs. If an input value is outside
of these limits, the above message appears. Delete the value input and enter a correct
value.

ALL ENTRIES NOT YET INPUT
On some screens, the user is required to input some or all of the data requested. If the
screen is exited before one or more of the required entries have not been made, the above
message will appear.

DATE AND TIME ENTRY

DAY OUT OF RANGE
When entering the date, the day is 0 or greater than the number of days in the entered
month.

MONTH OUT OF RANGE
When entering the date, the month is 0 or greater than 12.

YEAR OUT OF RANGE
1970 TO 2030 ONLY

When entering the date, the year (last 2 digits of year) is less than 70 or greater than 30.
The allowable range of years is from 1970 to 2030. If the year entered is less than 30, it is
assumed to be in the 21st century.

INVALID TIME
When entering the time, the hour is greater than 23 or the minute is greater than 59.

NUCLIDE ENTERED
NO SUCH NUCLIDE

A nuclide code is entered which does not correspond to any nuclide in memory.

SPECIFY FURTHER

August, 94 14 - 1 ERROR MESSAGES

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

A nuclide code is entered which is so short that it refers to more than 50 nuclides in memory.

CALIBRATION NUMBER

INVALID CALIBRATION NUMBER
A calibration number has been entered which does not conform to one of the following rules:

Calibration number is in the form: value ∗ or ÷ factor
Value must be ≤ 1200 and ≥10.
If any character follows value, it must be a blank, ∗ or ÷
If there is ∗ or ÷, a number (factor) must follow it, which may be 2 or 5 or 10 or 100
If there is a ÷, the factor can only be 2 and the value must be ≥400

CHAMBER SELECTION
CHAMBER DOES NOT EXIST

The selected chamber is not in the system configuration.

DISPENSE DOSE
PATIENT LIST FULL

Data for up to 300 patients can be saved. This message means that there are already data
for 300 patients. Print the patient list and delete all patient data.

DOSE TABLE
NO DOSE TABLE FOR THIS NUCLIDE

A dose table can only be printed for the following nuclides:
Co57, Ga67, I123, I131, In111, Tc99m, Tl201 and Xe133.

BACKGROUND
TOO HIGH

Background is greater than 540. µCi (or 19.98MBq). This activity is too high to store and use
as background. Make sure there are no sources in or near the chamber and re-measure.

HIGH
This is a warning message. The background is greater than 100. µCi (or 3.7 MBq). The
background is higher than desirable but may be used.

MOLY ASSAY
ACTIVITY TOO LOW

The Tc99m activity is less than 1 mCi (or 37 MBq).

August, 94 14 - 2 ERROR MESSAGES

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

INVENTORY

NO ROOM TO ADD TO INVENTORY

NO ROOM TO ADD NEW ITEM
The inventory can hold a maximum of 100 items. These messages mean that it already has
the maximum number of items. Print out the inventory list and delete any items which are no
longer needed in the active inventory.

INVALID RX
When attempting to withdraw a dose from inventory, the Rx dose has not been entered or
the required volume is greater than the existing volume. Enter a valid dose.

NO INVENTORY TO DELETE
Delete inventory has been chosen, but there is nothing in inventory.

REPORTS
NO INVENTORY DATA TO PRINT

Print Inventory has been selected, but there is nothing in the inventory.

NO PATIENT DATA TO PRINT
Print patient report has been selected, but no patient data has been saved.

NO ACCURACY TESTS TO PRINT
Print Accuracy Tests has been selected, but no accuracy tests have been saved.

NO GEOMETRY TESTS TO PRINT
Print Geometry Tests has been selected, but no geometry tests have been saved.

NO LINEARITY TESTS TO PRINT
Print Linearity Tests has been selected, but no linearity tests have been saved.

REFERENCE SOURCES
IS ALREADY A REFERENCE NUCLIDE

In Additional Reference Nuclides, Co57, Co60, Ba133 or Cs137 has been chosen. These
are built-in reference nuclides which can neither be added nor deleted.

NO ROOM TO ADD REF NUCLIDE
A maximum of 4 reference nuclides may be added.

CAN’T ADD CONSTANCY REF SOURCE
A maximum of 3 reference sources can be used for constancy test.

NO ROOM FOR REFERENCE SOURCE

August, 94 14 - 3 ERROR MESSAGES

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

A maximum of 10 reference sources may be added.
SOURCE TOO WEAK

The current activity of the source is less than the minimum allowed (10µCi for Ra226, 50µCi
for all other sources).

DAILY TEST

NO DAILY ACCURACY SOURCE
This message appears during the daily test if no accuracy reference source has been
entered which has been designated for daily use. In order to perform a daily accuracy test,
enter a reference source for accuracy test and daily use.

NO DAILY CONSTANCY SOURCE
This message appears during the daily test if no constancy reference source has been
entered which has been designated for daily use. In order to perform a daily constancy test,
enter a reference source for constancy test and daily use.

ADDITIONAL NUCLIDES

TO ROOM TO ADD NUCLIDE
A maximum of 10 additional nuclides may be entered.

NOT A VALID NUCLIDE NAME
The name entered for a nuclide is not a valid nuclide name. A valid nuclide name must have
the format: ABIIJm

Where A is a letter
B is a letter or blank
I is a number
J is a number or blank

ALREADY EXISTS, CAN’T DELETE
Nuclide name entered is a built-in nuclide which cannot be deleted.

COMPOUNDS
NO ROOM TO ADD A COMPOUND

A maximum of 10 compounds may be added.

ILLEGAL COMPOUND NAME
When adding a compound, no “cold” name has been entered.

COMPOUND ALREADY EXISTS
The added compound is already in memory.

NO COMPOUNDS FOR THIS NUCLIDE
A nuclide has been entered (in Compounds to Display) which does not have any compounds
in memory.

August, 94 14 - 4 ERROR MESSAGES

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

ACCURACY TEST
THERE ARE NO REFERENCE SOURCES

No reference source has been entered which has been designated as an accuracy source.

NO ROOM TO STORE ACCURACY TEST
PRINT REPORT AND DELETE TESTS

A maximum of 120 accuracy tests can be stored.

SOURCE TOO WEAK
The current activity of the reference source is less than the minimum allowed (10µCi for
Ra226, 50µCi for all other sources).

CONSTANCY TEST
THERE ARE NO REFERENCE SOURCES

No reference source has been entered which has been designated as a constancy source.

SOURCE TOO WEAK
The current activity of the reference source is less than the minimum allowed (10µCi for
Ra226, 50µCi for all other sources).

NOT A CONSTANCY NUCLIDE
An attempt is made to store a base activity for a nuclide which has not been chosen in Define
Constancy Test.

NO ROOM TO ADD BASE
A base activity may be entered for a maximum of 3 reference sources.

GEOMETRY TEST
NO ROOM TO STORE GEOMETRY TEST
PRINT REPORT AND DELETE TESTS

A maximum of 15 geometry tests can be stored.

VOLUME MUST INCREASE
The volume of each sample must be greater than the previous volume.

LINEARITY TEST
NO LINEARITY TEST DEFINED

An attempt is made to perform a linearity test or print linearity tests before the linearity test
has been defined. Choose the type of test and perform calibration if necessary.

LINEARITY DATA STORED
PRINT REPORT AND DELETE

August, 94 14 - 5 ERROR MESSAGES

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

Define Linearity test has been chosen when linearity test data has already been stored.
Before defining a new linearity test, the present data must be deleted. Print a report and
then choose delete.

NO ROOM FOR LINEARITY TEST
PRINT REPORT AND DELETE TESTS
A maximum of 15 linearity tests can be stored.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

# OF REMOTES GREATER THAN
# OF CHAMBERS

The number of remotes must be less than or equal to the number of chambers.

INCORRECT # OF CHAMBERS INPUT

INCORRECT # OF REMOTES INPUT
The number of chambers (or remotes) specified does not equal the number entered in the
first screen.

CHAMBER # DUPLICATED

REMOTE # DUPLICATED
There is more than one chamber (remote) for a particular chamber number (remote number).

REMOTE # CONNECTION DUPLICATED
There is more than 1 chamber connected to a given remote.

NO REMOTE FOR CHAMBER #
The chamber screen indicates a remote, but data for the remote has not been entered.

NO CONNECTION FOR REMOTE #
There is no chamber entry which indicates that a chamber is connected to the remote.

REMOTE DISPLAYS

NO REMOTES IN THE SYSTEM
The system configuration does not contain any remote displays.

NO ROOM TO ADD REMOTE NUCLIDE
A maximum of 10 remote nuclides may be entered.

NOT A REMOTE NUCLIDE
A nuclide has been entered which is not on the list of remote nuclides for the selected
chamber.

August, 94 14 - 6 ERROR MESSAGES

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

SYSTEM ERRORS

SYSTEM FAULT N
PLEASE RESET CRC-35 BY TURNING

OFF POWER AND RESTARTING
SEE USER’S MANUAL
IF PROBLEM PERSISTS

RECORD FAULT NUMBER
FOR FUTURE REFERENCE
The error indicates a serious problem in the system. Turn off the main unit and restart. If the
problem still exists, call Capintec Service and report the problem.

ERROR
NETWORK OVERFLOW

SEE MANUAL
This will occur when keys are being pressed on more than one remote display at a very fast
rate which is inconsistent with normal operation. A second or two after the abnormal activity
stops, the message Press Any Key to Continue will appear. The system will return to normal
operation after a key is pressed.

PATIENT MEMORY ERROR
DELETE VIA PATIENT REPORT

PATIENT MEMORY ERROR
DELETE ALL PATIENTS

These messages indicate a problem with memory retention or a system bug. The problem
should be reported to Capintec Service. Recover from the error by deleting all patients in
Print Patient Report.

August, 94 14 - 7 ERROR MESSAGES

CAPINTEC, INC. CRC®-35R

DEVICE ERROR

SYSTEM ERROR
CHAMBER N NOT SENDING DATA

CHANGE CONFIGURATION
IF DEVICE WAS REMOVED
IF NOT, CHECK HARDWARE
During initialization, the indicated chamber has not sent data for 2 seconds; after
initialization,
the indicated chamber has not sent data for 10 seconds ( a chamber should send data
approximately once a second). This means that the chamber is either not working or has
been removed from the system. When a key is pressed, system configuration will be brought
to the screen. If the chamber has been removed, change the configuration. If not, make
sure that the chamber has power and go through the configuration without making changes.
If it still doesn’t work, remove it from the system and call Capintec Service.

SYSTEM ERROR
REMOTE (CHAMBER) N NOT RESPONDING

CHANGE CONFIGURATION
IF DEVICE WAS REMOVED
IF NOT, CHECK HARDWARE
The indicated remote (chamber) has not responded to a message sent by the Main Unit.
The remote (chamber) is not working or has been removed from the system. Follow
directions for the first Device Error.

SYSTEM ERROR
REMOTE (CHAMBER) N SENDING BAD DATA

REMOVE BAD REMOTE (CHAMBER)
The indicated remote (chamber) has sent incorrect initialization data. Check the remote
(chamber) and try again (via system configuration). If it is still bad, remove it from the
system.

August, 94 14 - 8 ERROR MESSAGES


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