Cold fusion, Tesla, Scalar wave, Torsion field, "Free energy", Zeropoint Energy Extraction..= Really All Pseudo Science? Analysis Of Controversial Energy Related Claims Including Questionable Accusations Against Technology Lobbies.

SCIENCE-ACCEPTED “LOWEST COST”
TECH 11: H.R. V THERMO-ELECTRIC 2

• —>> cont: ■■2. Mainly Solid State Harvesting device: based Industrial HEAT RECOVERY as
Electricity:•a Thermoelectric(TE):、

• Though other solid state devices are generally 20%+ as std model, including sterling engine,
TE's ease of use and super compactness is often advantage. And even supposedly conventional
2-8+% operating efficiency device can generate at least up to 1KW range in many cases and
space saving energy recovery with success track record. Often specific efficiency is not
disclosed, some might have much higher rate. Large # of companies offer TE devices(Romny
Scientific, Melcor, TECTEG, Gentherm, Экоген Ecogen, RGS Development Thermagy+),
Some are High temperature(600°C+) capability focus for generally higher efficiency aim, Run
high power requirement meters & switches(НПП Квант+), Steam heat use(Kryotherm+), 1KWh
range generation from large truck diesel engine exhaust is possible(Hi-Z Technology+), Flue
exhaust or flare heat from chimney(Alphabet Energy+), Electricity from heated tire(Goodyear
BH03). Yet there are same 2%+ efficiency range thermoelectric paint available for a long time that
has been ignored by mainstream till quite recently(UNIST Korea, Ashutosh Tiwari+)

• 50-150°C workable wrap-around style sheet of carbon nanotube + plastic(Sekisui Chemical+),
Low temp 60-100°C hot spring water flow placed next to 5-15°C cold spring water wedging
thermoelectric sheet to generate power for >0.5kwh use per 3-4 pairs of water pipe with cold-
hot reverse flow(water pipe is 5-10cm diameter, with latest commercially avail technology): a few
dozen of projects exists in Japan. 5 x 20 x15cm size heatpipe used forked device emit 15w with
70-80C difference if device recovers with 3-5% efficiency(Yos Takefuji: Ai-Cynap) -->>cont:、

51

SCIENCE-ACCEPTED “LOWEST COST”
TECH 12: H.R. VI THERMO-ELECTRIC 3

• —>> cont: ■■2. Mainly Solid State Harvesting device: based Industrial
HEAT RECOVERY as Electricity:•a Thermoelectric:、
Cost effective cooling(Aisin - Toyota, Z-max jp+), 2-3 times more efficient
than conventional Thermoelectric cooler(Phononic), or 10times(NanoFreeze
Technologies Lund AB): Some have potential to replace majority of
existing type refrigerators by much lower cost.

• Note Pelletier cooling has also precise temp control, no maintenance & far
longer lasting, soundless operation compared to conventional compression
refrigeration. Engine heat recovery to save air conditioning etc of 5% fuel
mileage saving overall(VolksWagen+) Also space commercialization etc of
Radio Isotope Thermoelectric generation exists but generally has beyond
harmful level radioactivity emitted in near field,

• Self generating electricity from heat to fan the woodstove chamber to save
30-50% of regular wood cooking fuel and eliminate most of smoke in 3rd
world use(Philips Domestic Appliances and Personal Care BV: van der Sluis),
or additionally it charges battery for portable small cooker(BioLite Energy+).
-->>cont:、
52
linkedin.com/in/newnatureparadigm - Ben Rusuisiak: Specialty Cleantech Analysis, Vancouver, Canada

SCIENCE-ACCEPTED “LOWEST COST”
TECH 13: H.R. VII THERMO-GALVANIC ETC

• —>> cont: ■■2. Mainly Solid State Harvesting device: based Industrial HEAT
RECOVERY as Electricity:•a Thermoelectric:、

• Free standing type woodstove fan is widely available: If 2 or more combined use of high
power low temp activation types in certain room shape or air flow configuration it can
save 15-30% heating cost but most come with low Curie temperature(loses effect of
thermoelectric) at 300°C range(SmartFan ie, Valiant Accessories+). Generally more
powerful sterling engine type fan(some also directionally rotates) saves more though
starting temperature is high(Valcan Stove Fan, Warpfive Stove Fan), Campfire cook
stove phone charging(JikoPower+)

• •b ThermoGalvanic Cell/ThermoElectric Cell/ThermoCell(DIFFERENT FROM Solid
State ThermoElectric device): This is not semiconductor but made of electrodes and
liquid electrolyte(redox ion) to function as enclosed thermoelectric device by
temperature dif between electrodes within cell, also there is time lag in effects to use
as battery without no heat input for short time. Basically works permanently as long as
there is temp difference. Low key image & mostly forgotten since 1980s but now some
seem to show similar significant effectiveness as best performing Solid
Thermoelectric cell at 50-200°C low temp range(ATC - Australian Research
Council[Ted Abraham], Tsukuba Univ[Kobayashi & Moritomo et al]), New much thinner
flat Carbon Nanotube CNT use(Renchong Hu+), CNT & Aerogel-Based
ThermoElectrochemical Cell(Yong Hyup Kim +) -->>cont:、

53

SCIENCE-ACCEPTED “LOWEST COST”
TECH 14: H.R. VIII THERMO-MAGNETIC

• —>> cont: ■■2. Mainly Solid Harvester based HEAT RECOVERY as ELECTRICITY:
•c"MagnetoThermoElectric", Thermo Magnetic Motor, Curie Engine etc:
At least two of following three combined energy generation mechanics are used:
@1 Ferromagnetic material(become magnet when gets close to it and retain
magnet state somewhat even after removed[hysteresis]) "motor" is placed
between heated magnetic and cold heat sink, and it oscillates back and forth by
thermal demagnetization at Curie temperature on heated magnetic side and re-
magnetization inducing cold sink side: this vibration between heating and cooling
states are recovered as electricity via piezo effect or/and electromagnetic
induction for micro devices. @2 Losing and gaining magnetic field in time-variant
oscillating manner is used to generate electricity. Also for rotating motor type:
@3 Kinetic rotation motion is converted to power.

• Despite some mainstream media and "science blog" debunking, recent academic
documents and other witnesses indicate this is also one of highest efficiency
amongst mainstream approved heat recovery tech, also can be good combo
with solar energy for heat recovery(Prime Photonics+). Water based 20°C temp
difference workable system(Swiss Blue Energy AG), Opportunity to synergize
further for even higher efficiency with Pyroelectric effect(produce electricity from
rapid temperature change oscillation), and Shape Memory Alloy/Polymer(heat or
magnetic): applicable to micro and industrial size power generation both.
54

SCIENCE-ACCEPTED “LOWEST COST”
TECH 15: H.R. IX THERMIONIC, PYRO-ELECT.

• —>> cont: ■■2. Mainly Solid Harvester device based HEAT
RECOVERY as ELECTRICITY: :

• •d Thermionic device(electron discharged from one electrode to
other as collector across vacuum when there is temp difference
between them), super high temp use, NASA used 12% efficient
device in 1976, 25% range at 1500°C in 1960s in Soviet block(Orlinov
& Stafanov et al), then disappeared from civilian market.

• But now Carnot limit(max heat energy engine conversion limit: about
37%) far exceeding(lately this is not necessarily auto pseudo-
scientization treatment) MicroPower Global device exists: ex-ENECO
inc, Sevastyanenko, Kucherov,& Hagelstein: LENR researchers) 40%
range? at 250-600°C: Beyond Carnot Limit should be explainable by
current science(Joh Roßnagel+), Single Layer Graphene use would
boost 40%+ at below 700°C(Shi-Jun Liang+), -->>cont:

55

SCIENCE-ACCEPTED “LOWEST COST”
TECH 16: H.R. X THERMO-ACOUSTIC ETC

• —>> cont: ■■2. Mainly Solid State Harvesting device based HEAT
RECOVERY as ELECTRICITY:、
•e Pyro-electric(oscillating temperature to generate electricity), also
nanogenerator for micro device exists(PENG): PyroElectric generator often
requires temperature alternating device to cause rapid temperature
oscillation to activate effect. New mechanics are improving effectiveness:
Self heat-cool alternating polymeric PyroElectric Nanogenerator by water
vapor, without any energy using heat alternating device(Fengxian Gao et al),
30% efficient by MEMS use(Sc Hunter/ORNL+), Nanowire use(Wenxi Guo et.
al+) can be hybridized with piezoelectric generator(Ju-Hyuck Lee+), Heatpipe
use for rapid temperature change transfer to increase efficiency(Dan Zebek+),

• •f ThermoAcoustic(heat is recovered to cause air molecule massive
excitation type standing wave effect in confined space, then create
temperature difference & electricity generation), 300°C max. 20%+ efficiency
electricity conversion(Etalim, Aster Thermoacoustic+), Gas combustion use
instead of existing heat recovery but still comes far ahead of conventional
system cost(Nirvana-es.com), High performance cooling from
heat(SoundEnergy BV, Cool Sound Industries+)、
56
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SCIENCE-ACCEPTED “LOWEST COST”
TECH 17: H.R. XI HEAT PUMP, THERMO PV

• —>> cont: ■■2. Mainly Solid State Harvesting device based HEAT RECOVERY as
ELECTRICITY:、 、

• •g High performance unconventional heat pump: 30% extra energy saver for
various heat movement generally not achievable by other systems: Fisonic
Cavitation(Fisenko). CO2 Heat Pump "EcoCute" for hot water generation: part of
industry or residential standard in some nations/regions(eg Japan) somewhat
less to much less installation in other nations for its 10-20+% more saving in
some situations compared to regular heat pump(Denso, Sanden+), Claims of
COP >8(Mayekawa+): defacto 800+% efficiency. This is one of several state
backed energy related tech promoted in Japan: Some tech prospered like this
while others suddenly disappeared till recently(eg SuperCritical water). Non toxic
CO2(R744) can be also used in similar way for refrigeration with less restrictions by
environmental laws. Pure cooling without heating combo has been deemed no cost
saving over conventional medium system, but some industrial sized systems are
actually emerging as energy saving TransCritical CO2 Refrigeration Cycle by unique
combination of elements(Carnot Refrigeration+),

• •h Micron-gap ThermoPhotoVoltaics: MTPV corp(DiMatteo+); generally ignored
Near Field TPVs efficiency is upto a magnitude ahead of mainstream Far Field TPVs,
Jx Crystals TPV: Jx Crystals (Fraas) already measured 35% efficiency in 1989,
57
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SCIENCE-ACCEPTED “LOWEST COST”
TECH 18: H.R. XII THZ-FIR RECTENNA ETC

• —>> cont: ■■2. Mainly Solid State Harvester based HEAT RECOVERY as
ELECTRICITY:
•i Ambient EHF(Extreme High Frequency), Thz(Terahertz), FIR(Far InfraRed)
Rectenna (0.1-30Thz) by nano material use: Likely most disruptive science
approved under-explored heat recovery as EHF-FIR-Thz range EM radiation of
heat harvesting by Frequency Selective Surface(FSS) nanostructures & resonance
amplifying(Redwave Energy, Univ Manchester+): usually focused on industrial
heat <300°C, for industrial size electricity generation with much higher
efficiency than other solid state devices. EM overall density is much higher in
this range than lower RF waves in addition to easier high % harvesting quality.

• Metamaterial(manmade specific geometric pattern) or SRR(Split Ring Resonator
enabled broader band reception should significantly improve efficiency
especially at Extremely High Frequency range harvesting up from 0.001-1Thz
range(Parc Xerox+), But generally 70-80+% conversion range should be
possible & without heat-cooling maintenance concern like thermoelectric.
In addition, FIR Rectenna(FIR absorbing Optical Rectenna) technically allows
microcurrent harvesting perpetually 24hrs since everything emits FIR wave at
above 0K(-273C). Also see various anomalous effects in this EM radiation
range(p198-207), -->>cont:

58

SCIENCE-ACCEPTED “LOWEST COST”
TECH 19: H.R.XIII REV SPIN HALL EFFECT ETC

• —>> cont: ■■2. Mainly Solid State Harvester based HEAT RECOVERY as
ELECTRICITY:

• •j Some high heat generating Fuel Cells can build in CHP to boost efficiency
past 90%+(heat included) level: ■PAFC(Phosphoric acid): Fuji Electric+,
■MCFC(Molten Carbonate): FuelCell Energy+, ■SOFC(Solid Oxide)Bloom
Energy, Ene Farm/Kyocera - Osaka Gas - Toyota, Sunfire GmbH+, Ene
Farm is for house based unit, its SOFC is at 52% electrical efficiency &
produces lower cost power than retail price and can be sold to grid(Japan
only), ■PEMFC(Proton Exchange Membrane): Ene Farm/Panasonic+,

• •k Paintable heat recovery system can significantly benefit: Thermo Diode
Coating(Ne Chernoff) or Spin Seebeck - Reverse Spin Hall Effect Paint:
Surface plasmon effect use dielectric material's spin current generator, & use
of magnon + phonon resonance would further improve efficiency(Ei Saito),
Ultrasonic spray coating hetrojunction Perovskite solar cell of 11%
efficiency(AT Barrows+), Also ferroelectric Perovskite's multi-energy
response ability hasn't been explored(Solar-PyroElectric-PiezoElectric): eg
KBNNO. ->>cont:、
59

SCIENCE-ACCEPTED “LOWEST COST”
TECH 20: H.R. XIV SCRUBBER, STEAM TRAP +

• —>> cont: ■■2. Mainly Solid State Harvester based HEAT RECOVERY as ELECTRICITY:
•l MHD & Faraday effect application: Electrical generation increases if high temp
electro-conductive waste heat exhaust or hot molten salt like flow is passed by MHD
device prior to existing system extraction. Self powered Magnetic Flow Meter by
opposing magnets separate charges in conductive water & picked up by opposed
electrodes to cause electron flow(OMEGA Engineering+), but this industrial level
potential energy harvesting tech is mostly ignored by mainstream.

• ■■3. Heat Recovery as HEAT, can save indicated % of entire related heating system:
•a Condensing Scrubber: Direct contact heat of exhaust fume to water with possible
5-15% range extra saving(while cleaning air) compared to conventional heat
recovery from the same source. Savings can exceed 30%+ compared to no action at
all(Babcock & Wilcox, Bionomic Industries QSense, Valmet+). Use of heat pump
amplifies saving(Condens Heat Recovery Oy, Caligo Industries+), most significant
consistent mainstream use in some Nordic nations.、

• •b Venturi-Orifice steam trap: Loss in steam system is often taken for granted at boiler
or industrial systems. But they can save 5-25% of energy, while additionally eliminating
costs for related maintenance or mechanical systems with fast payback of
0.5-3yrs(Enetrap jp, Thermal Energy International, Delta Steam Systems, Ingrid
Wernicke Industrieservice+). Similar less degree of saving is possible with commonly
available steam eductor/ejector or venturi auto feeder/mixer. -->>cont:

60

SCIENCE-ACCEPTED “LOWEST COST”
TECH 21: H.R. XV CHP, HEAT PIPE

• -->cont: ■■3. Heat Recovery as HEAT, can save indicated % of entire related
heating system:

• •c CHP: Combined Heat & Power/Cogeneration can more than double efficiency
with conventional tech use, well established in some nations(Denmark, Finland,
Russia, Netherlands+), many ex-soviet & its allies+, while surprisingly low use in
others(Japan, France, Sweden+). Often as centralized District Heating System, this
set up allows all types of new heat recovery like Solar thermal, biomass to
incorporate later on): Also further efficient Combined Cooling, Heat & Power
(CCHP, Trigeneration, use of absorption chiller) when there is also cooling need,

• •d Heat Pipe application: Low or no maintenance heat pipe(capillary driven
liquid-vapor phase change circulation system with inner side and outer side within
a sealed vessel) is often still underutilized super efficient heat conductor for
various industrial/residential heat energy saving applications (5-1000times
copper)(Aavid Thermacore, 鞍⼭山鞍明实业有限公司, 常州⻰龙腾光热科技股份有限公
司+) that enables transfer of heat in recoverble shapes(eg Vapor Chamber to
make it possible to use conventional flat thermoelectric device otherwise
unrecoverble, or Heat Pipe to rapidly transfer heat & coolness to maximize
thermoelectric power generation. They are hard to quantify as % recovery
improvement)

61

SCIENCE-ACCEPTED “LOWEST COST”
TECH 22: H.R. XVI HEAT PIPE 2, SMA-NITINOL

• -->>cont: ■■3. Heat Recovery as HEAT, can save indicated % of entire related
heating system: •d Heat Pipe application:

• Heatpipe is also able to do its secondary recovery heat use etc to save energy up
to 40% or more in surprising # of cases if fully exploited from conventional
system: eg HVAC air conditioning, particularly dehumidification(wrap around
cooling coil on cooling and passive reheating) on any scale(Heat Pipe
Technology inc, Advanced Cooling Technologies+). Yet it is notable this is
defacto mandatory application in other industries like electronics, specific
manufacturing-chemical process, aerospace etc for effective cooling and heating.
Some of more advanced application like no fan required cooling outperforms
fan used cooling in electronics with no electricity use(eg Calyos SA, Nofan
Computer, Compulab Airtop, Sparton Rugged Electronics+) is not utilized for
energy sector

• ■■4. Heat Recovery as TORQUE, Shape Memory Alloy(SMA): Nitinol
engine(Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloy, expands when cooled): “Negative
fatigue” temperature shapeshift metal with significant torque, Order of
magnitude increased durability to steel springs, US Navy link(Rid Banks,
Sandoval, Ginell, McNichols, Hochstein, A Johnson+),
62
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SCIENCE-ACCEPTED “LOWEST COST”
TECH 23: H.R.XVII SHAPE METAL A. -NITINOL2

• -->>cont: ■■4. Heat Recovery as TORQUE, Shape Memory Alloy(SMA): Nitinol engine: 、
Due to cooling needs, Nitinol engine is more suitable for small unit based system. Active
movement to commercialize in 1970s but disappeared after. As happens for some
disruptive energy use, Shape Memory Alloy(SMA) is widely used & encouraged for other
non energy applications such as medical, dental, aerospace, robotics, structural integration
etc. Also there is some energy saving element at various automatic actuation at set
temperature etc.

• Can be made simple system to produce energy with much lower cost than existing heat
recovery tech. Less disruptive format mainstream Nitinol based generator debut(Exergyn),
Some private type trials with solar air heating/desorption chamber for 24hr "perpetual free
energy system" demonstrations made(Kimton Gravity Engine, Kellogg's Research Labs,
Actment jp+), General Motors(GM) got US gov't grant in 2009 with Dynalloy & HRL
Laboratories along with patent for car exhaust heat recovery but news disappeared.

• Tech effect for power generation suitability is scientifically mainstream approved but
occasional main media level pseudoscientization effort exists. Shape Memory Polymer tried
for some micro energy harvesting, eg ElectroActive Polymer by wind or oscillation(TU Delft,
Bayer AG+). Also it is notable Nitinol is activatable in much wider temperature now with
-200 to +150C range: eg Fe-Ni-Co-Ti(Daido Univ- Daido Steel - 形状記憶合⾦金金の吉⾒見見製作所
+).

• SMA can be also almost no electricity use cooling by heat absorbing state under certain
conditions(Seelecke & Schütze +)
63
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SCIENCE-ACCEPTED “SUPER LOW
COST” (GRID PARITY) SOLAR <6CENTS/KWH

• ■ SOLAR: Rapid cost dropping(most competitive LCOE[Levelized Cost Of Electricity]
is on par with std Wind: <6cents/KWh), as of 2016 certain solar electricity
generation techs indicate past grid parity: lowest cost at LIMITED direct sun avail
remote areas, individual house, high cost nations(eg Europe), high day time cost(eg
Japan), or remote islands(eg Vanuatu, Hawaii). Fastest advancing major energy
tech due to direct link with microelectronics, computer, semiconductor/PCB(Printed
Circuit Board) manufacturing(metal crystallization control), spectroscopy, laser-
optics, photonics, nanotech, space: many are linked to inventor “free energy”、

• Open discussion & active pursuing of how to “violate” Shockley-Queisser limit(S-Q
limit) & quantum efficiency COP>1, by theoretical/experimental level at mainstream
academic with corporate/NGO/Gov’t sponsored. Although academic & socio-
economical ramification is much bigger, this is a sharp contrasted attitude towards
wind[Betz Limit], nuclear remediation(p265,266) or thermodynamics[2nd law, p161],

• And this mainstream handling method of S-Q limit can be applied/simulated to
the way of embracing inventor tech classic level over-unity electricity/energy
extraction, as LENR-Cold Fusion gets officially accepted, but this requires
powerful Western interlocked mainstream sponsor back up which is fractured
support at best currently: excess S-Q is far less disruptive for business structure.

64

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SCIENCE-ACCEPTED
“SUPER LOW COST” SOLAR 2 BEYOND S-Q

• —>> cont ■ SOLAR: But Direct Solar Heat(solar thermal) application is
universally lower cost in most of the world up to high latitude Southern
Scandinavia or Middle of Western Canada.

• Following solar pages list up potential cost reduction ideas, also some techs
are installable as lowest cost energy in some areas (*Note: due to
photovoltaic’s high tech nature, production process, choice of material & how it
is used affect costing much more than most other energy tech but this report
doesn’t cover these elements)
■1. Over S-Q limit Single Junction(SJ) Photovoltaic Solar Cell(SC):
Significant number of SJ cell Shockley-Queisser Limit 33% exceeding
efficiency at lab level experimental claims or strong indications/theoretical
ideas discussed at conference without criticism/risking loss of job, articles
pass mainstream journal editorials, and embraced by influential business/
NGO/Gov’t lobbies & funders, Examples: i Light concentrating property
Standing Nanowire (Krogstrup, Fontcuberta i Morral+), ii Solar Thermo-
PhotoVoltaic(STPV, thermal upconversion: absorb heat and re-emit it as extra
photon for capture; Boriskina+)(also see p57 •h) with specific geometric
emitter-absorber combo(Rephaeli+), —>> continue

65

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SCIENCE-ACCEPTED
“SUPER LOW COST” SOLAR 3 EXCITON

• —>> continued- ■1. Excess S-Q SJ Solar cell:
iii Multiple Exciton Generation(MEG) by Quantum Dot Solar Cell:(Nozik, Oc
Semonin, Ra Ellingson+):• Electron avalanche effect triggering(Br Parkinson, W
Tisdale+), •Beyond thermodynamic efficiency limit Electron Carrier
Multiplication?: Tuneable Quantum Dot(also does instant photon capture before
disappears) to make photon disappear into vacuum, then reappear(p251■) with
Electron/exciton multiplying effect: singlet fission effect, “7 excitons at cost of 1”/
Quantum efficiency COP=7(& indication on over-unity like actual electricity
yield?), linked to Population Inversion - Self Powering Laser(VI Klimov, RD
Schaller+ : US Gov’t at Center for Advanced Solar Photophysics [CASP]), Similar
replication at NREL(H Brody), Outside US(BL Oksengendler+),

• iv Plasmon types: •Surface Plasmon Solar Cell(use collective oscillation-
resonance of electron) to trap light & increase absorption(Mi Burns+), Plasmonic
Photonic Enhanced Solar Cells(Microcontinuum) •Plasmonic enhancement of
Dye Sensitized SC: DSSC)(Co Andrei+), Even combine DSSCs + collection of
high capacity Triboelectric Nanogenerators(TENG) for human random motion
harvesting + supercapacitors(F-SC) in all fibre shaped mode in clothing(Zhong
Lin Wang), •Plasmonic nanostructure with upconverter-doped dielectric core(A
Atre+), —>> continue
66
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SCIENCE-ACCEPTED
“SUPER LOW COST” SOLAR 4 EXCITON

• —>> continued- ■1. Excess S-Q SJ Solar cell:
v Infrared/Teraherz wave Capture: Note this tech is already working in other
applications but not applied to solar energy use due to disruptiveness?
•24hr solar(Solterra Solar: Squires & Jabbour+), •Lead selenide nanocrystals
to convert Infrared ray to visible photons for increased capture(Bardeen+),
•Trap infrared photon to directly generate electricity(Fr Meseguer+),
•Infrared capturing nano solar rectenna(optical rectenna) arrays made by
atomic layer deposition(Br Willis), Upright nano antenna maximally tuned to
specific sun light infrared frequency(Bar Cola), Similar
mechanics(Microcontinuum, CoolCAD Electronics+)

• vi Others: vi-a Down conversion(split 2x too high energy photons for band-gap
into two lower energy photons to recover both), vi-b Hot Carrier Solar Cell(Le
Bris+): keep low heat transfer from electron to phonon, vi-c Intermediate Band
Solar Cell(Yo Okada+) with “photon ratchet” for extra light recovery,

• vi-d •Single Junction Tandem Solar cell(Wl Walukiewicz+), •Perovskite oxides
photo-ferroelectric material to function like Multi-Junction cell(An Rappe+),
vi-e Piezo-phototronics(3way coupling: piezoelectric-semiconductor-
photoexcitation effects) used for beyond thermodynamics limit?(Zhong Lin
Wang+), —>> continue
67

SCIENCE-ACCEPTED
“SUPER LOW COST” SOLAR 5 "OVERUNITY"

• —>> continued- ■1. Excess S-Q SJ Solar cell:
vi-f Metamaterial Based Solar Cell: controlling/engineering light or electromagnetic wave
absorption characteristic(refractive Index) to cause resonance state/maximize plasmon for high
efficiency: Super high dielectric constant/permittivity, also InfraRed wave can be absorbed as
24hr solar(Lamda Solar - Metamaterial Technologies Inc, Dubna Nuclear Institute JINR[ОА
Займидорога, ВН Самойлов]): latter claims with their Heterogeneous Metamaterial
(hetroelectrical capacitor), star signal can be adjusted to recover small power.

• vi-g If cost is low, high performance Solid State Device (p50-58) can replace photovoltaics to
generate electricity up to 50 times more than photovoltaics per same area(Ka Matsubara+),
vi-h 60-70% level efficiency Solar MHD lab success by superconducting type
magnet(Concentrating Solar Power Utility Inc+)

• vi-i Larger than unity” thermodynamic light efficiencies, when cooling involved (cold
electricity link?[supercurrent “plus”]: p122-125): • Part of mainstream in Soviet-Russia since
1930s(SI Vavilov, YP Chukova, Yu Slyusarenko+); related to “over unity” anti-stokes excitation
from lattice energy(Letokhov+), laser cooling+, • Converting lattice vibrations into infrared
photons(Raj Ram+), • Solar cell illuminated by circularly polarized light generates charge/spin
currents far more than spin polarization of carrier density(I Žutić, Ja Fabian+), also link to various
photon related time dilation effect), vi-j Quantum efficiency COP >1, Singlet Exciton Fission
cell(Congreve, Ma Böhm+),

• vi-k Infrared & Heat absorbing Iron oxide based Charge Ordering RFeO4 solar cell(Green 68
Ferrite: Na Ikeda) in which electric dipole depends on electron correlations(not covalency, ie
controllable by spin?), 24hr power generation, and COP>1 indication, seemed commercial
ready but shelved? 、

SCIENCE-ACCEPTED
“SUPER LOW COST” SOLAR 6 INFRARED/BEC

• —>> continued- ■1. Excess S-Q SJ Solar cell: 、
vii Heavier on theory: •Fill factor(FF, Available power at the maximum point)
modelling shows higher limit for Organic Solar Cell(VA Trukhanov+),
Nanostructured cell limit doesn’t apply(Yunlu Xu+), •Combine Upconversion &
MEG(Shpaisman+), • Application of Photonic Bose-Einstein condensates(BEC) to
concentrate, amplify, store light etc. •Some algae-bacteria’s photon-to-charge
conversion ratio is close to 100%(FH Alharbi+), •Solar cell SuperAbsorption of
light(KDB Higgins+), •But S-Q limit seems to come from non-empirical data(& new
data after 1960s excluded) & based on 2nd law of thermo-dynamics without
substantial data back up(Bolin Liao+), which has (ignored) contradictions
(p161-164) and considered as more of conditional reference by many even in
mainstream level, at least privately.

• ■2. Under S-Q limit? Photovoltaic Solar Cell: but still significant cost reduction
methods, commercialized or prototype lowest cost products, some redundant:
i 25% field efficiency SJ silicon cell(Solvoltaics+), ii Optical Rectification non-
semiconductor cell(Ste Rand+), iii Consolidated solar cell(M Baldo),
iv Low cost thin film/organic solar cell by light trapping: classical limit 15x
exceeding nanophotonic type: by resonance for full absorption (Shanhui Fan+), or
by Fullerene C60(Sunpower C60)/Coherent Population Trapping(CPT),
Electromagnetically Induced Transparency(EIT) link,、
69

SCIENCE-ACCEPTED
“SUPER LOW COST” SOLAR 7 THIN FILM/DSSC

•—>> continued- ■2. Under S-Q limit? Solar Cell:
v Titanium based spray DSSC solar cell is 10% efficiency but cost is <1/5 of
others(Showa Titan, seems shelved)

•vi Holographic solar cell:(Solar Bankers, Bifacial added Prism solar cell[G
Rosenberg]), vii Nanostructured solar cell: Increase surface area to trap more
light, less recombination- Solar Brush by Bloo Solar, viii Low cost thin film/DSSC
with High outside light low efficiency but low indoor light high efficiency(20%
+): 3G Solar, ix Enhance light harvesting by trapping, quantum dot relation etc
by use of Cavity QuantumElectrodynamics (Mi Calic+),
x Would solar cell application of Circular Photogalvanic Effect(circularly
polarized light) & Spin Galvanic Effect(spin polarization) have significant
efficiency potential(eg at Gyroscopic Quantum well+)?

•■3. Concentrated ThermoPhotoVoltaics, Cost uncompetitiveness challenge:
But some might have significant low cost potential: eg Morgan Solar(J-P
Morgan), SolarCube(Gr Watson), REhnu(Ro Angel), Other cost lowering
elements eg: Micro-Optic Solar Concentrator(Ja Karp+), Stretched Lens Array-
SLA light concentrator(M O’Neill)+ --cont ->>
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SCIENCE-ACCEPTED
“SUPER LOW COST” SOLAR 8 TP VOLTAIC

•—>> continued-■3. Concentrated ThermoPhotoVoltaics:
For efficiency only: Mainstream ignored aerospace targeting Boeing-Spectrolab’s Multi
Junction solar cell CDO-100-C3MJ/C4MJ is average efficiency 38.5/40 % in 2009/10 for
terrestrial market, and sells to civilian companies(OEM?), SolAero-Emcore was 37% in
2007, Hybrid concentrated PV & thermo-acoustic engine(Northrop Grumman), MicroLink’s
specialized dual-junction solar cell works at 400°C, PhotoElectrowetting/Optofluidics
sun tracker by Teledyne, etc.

•Due to their space industry sales, there might be classified more robust products. Civilian
market focused companies’ R&D lab efficiency is 45% level in 2016 (Spectrolab linked
Amonix-Arzon Solar, Lattice-Matched solar cell by Solar Junction +), * What happens if
Optical Vortex Soliton & Self-Focusing element is applied?

•■4. Non Std Concentrated Solar Power(CSP), i 30%+ field efficiency Dish
Stirling(parabolic), (CSPs drop performance as much as 85-90% at rain or cloudy
weather), lowest cost available solar in sunny area: Rippaso Stirling Hybrid, Cleanergy,
United Sun Systems -all linked to Sweden, Schlaich Bergermann & Partner -Germany,
US Majors participated in 1980s-90s but withdrawn(McDonnell Douglas, Cummins), No
water use, Much less land needs(2.5ha/mw) with Module based 10-50kw installation,
<5cents/KWh range cost is on par with lowest cost by non mega hydro. ii Solid State
Energy Harvesting device: or high efficiency combined cycle can lower cost than Stirling:
eg •Photon enhanced thermionic emission(Melosh), •Others(p50-58)
71

SCIENCE-ACCEPTED
“SUPER LOW COST” SOLAR 9 CSP

•—>> continued ■ SOLAR:
■5. Standard CSP: can be currently <6-10cents/KWh, Molten Salt storage type can
supply power almost 24hrs with significantly increased cost(Calcium & SuperCritical Fluid
experimentally lower cost), Ongoing further cost reduction, eg: i Skyfuel’s Heliostats by
low cost film instead of mirror, ii UltimateTrough collector by Flabeg Solar, etc,
•■6. Unique niche specific installation solar cell: low efficiency(5-10%) but attachable/
wearable/textile Organic PhotoVoltaics(Samsung, Mitsubishi+) for convenience, by low
cost material/manufacturing: from Hetrojunction, Dye Sensitized(DSSC) to Perovskite use,
Thermoelectric/fibreoptic textile with 3-5% level(NASA+), Polymer coating on
hardsurface to make it a solar generator(ZeoFRET - Optiacal Additives+), Super high
efficiency(beyond S-Q?) transparent liquid coating on glass or smooth surface
material with less than 1yr ROI(SolarWindow Technologies): also makes flexible solar
cell glass
•Solar panel charging fan driven wood cooking stove to save 40-60% of wood & eliminate
most of smoke for 3rd world user's comfort(African Clean Energy+), Hand portable set
of solar panel with battery pack for large TV, laptop(SolarWay+), even powerdrill,
microwave oven useable(Ecoboxx - SolSave+): becomes by far the lowest cost power in
many parts of low developing nations. This would be disruptive if openly endorsed for
recreational market in advanced nations. 10-80hr solar based LED light small device with
one day charging (Solarbuddy, Waka Waka Light, SunFire Solutions+)

72

SCIENCE-ACCEPTED
“SUPER LOW COST” SOLAR 10 THERMAL/CHP

• —>> continued ■ SOLAR:
■7. Solar thermal/heat: Disruptively low cost, often forgotten, instantly
applicable with 50%+ efficiency with existing tech use, For residential,
commercial, industrial(Industrial Heat Process, at least 60% of electricity is used
to generate) application as co-heat source:

• i Solar Air Heating, Very scalable, •Can be combined with Solar Thermal
Collector: SolarWall(J Hollick)+, •Low tech dessert area heating and cooling by
Trombe Wall(M Dabaieh+),
ii Solar thermal by hot water collecting: Enerworks +, •Extensive District
Heating system incorporation & heat storage in Denmark(Marstal, Brædsrup+),

• iii Rare but most efficient(70%+) combined PV & Solar thermal unit type by hot
water recovery while cooled temperature improves PV cell performance: eg
Technique Solar(D Thoroughgood), Solar Angel etc . Concentrated thermal at
80% efficiency(IBM), Similar concept with housing construction element added
more energy produced than used home idea can be cost competitive depends
on solar panel costing(Sonnenschiff-PlusEnergy-Heliotrope[R Disch], Övolution,
“Sous-le-Soleil”, ArchiBlox+) -->>cont

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SCIENCE-ACCEPTED
“SUPER LOW COST” SOLAR 11 THERMAL/CHP 2

• —>> continued ■7. Solar thermal/heat:
iv Solar Heat for Industrial Process(SHIP): suitable for low/mid temp needs,
iv-a Cooking: Scheffler reflector etc use, pasteurizing, cooking(Tss-India+),
advanced parabolic or vacuum tube use(SunFire Solutions+), solar tracking system
with heat storage tank movable to chosen location of cooking(SUREST
International),

• iv-b Various Industrial: washing desalinating, drying, cooling, bleaching(Megawatt
Solutions, Clique Solar ARUN, Trivelli Energi+), higher efficiency Linear Fresnels
used Chromasun Micro-Concentrator, iv-c Utility: Gas-
steam turbine augmenting or reduce start up time, Integrated Solar Combined
Cycle(ISCC): Yazd Solar Energy +, iv-d Solar Thermal EOR(Enhanced Oil
Recovery): Novatec Solar, GlassPoint+,

• Solar thermal is applicable to most industries except Metal-Smelting(high temp
system must be custom made) types, Cost justifiable even when heat storage is
needed, Different temp types: •Basic Standard Flat Plate Collector(<80°C)
(Apricus+), or Evacuated tube (<100°C), But simple external non-tracking reflector
added 200°C performance is possible(Artic Solar), Often heat pipe is used for
effective/efficient rapid heat transfer, •Mid temp system: Parabolic Trough or Linear
Fresnel Collector(<400°C), -->>cont: -
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SCIENCE-ACCEPTED
“SUPER LOW COST” SOLAR 12 THERMAL/CHP 3

• —>> continued: ■7. Solar thermal/heat:
•CSP(<600-800°C), Up to 3500°C system exists but non commercial: Le Four
Solaire d’Odeillo PROMES, produced H2 by non catalyst pure heat from water, Or
Большая солнечная печь in Uzbekistan(lasting 45+yrs; Some CSP system might
last much longer than std rating of 25yrs, also some Photovoltaic cell would last
50yrs+ with 25% less initial capacity: i.e. Cost of certain device can be much lower
than publicly discussed). 、

• Instead of mirror, Solar Pumped Laser with Fresnel lens using Chromium doped
Nd:YAG (Yttrium aluminium garnet) crystals or variations to increase light
absorption efficiency by a few fold(PD Reusswig+), and using its heat for super
efficient solar hydrogen making (Kaz Imasaki+), added efficiency if seawater's
magnesium generates heat(Tak Yabe+)、

• ■8. Other fundamentally different mechanics type, Practically untouched by
mainstream, but national labs/space agencies seem to involve, some indication of
“over-unity” solar under right conditions: i Maglev Vertical Axis Mendocino Motor:
V3Solar(C LaDue), Array of AC current producing multiple spinning solar cones
with “mutual counter rotating amplifying effect”?, ii Solar Liquid Power(D Linman),
iii Diffused light workable Superconducting paint(C Bolaños), similar 85% efficiency
steam generating carbon foam(Ha Ghasemi), or Nanosized Quantum Dots based
Photovoltaic Paint(Sus Thon, Ted Sargent+)
75

SCIENCE-ACCEPTED
“SUPER LOW COST” TECH: WIND

• —>> continued: SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER COST TYPES(Grid parity)
■ WIND ENERGY, Wide range of under deployed different mechanics/tech available,
extensively tested by labs & smaller scale models to back up claims, even mini turbines
more efficient than larger conventional, but often way past grid parity: much lower
cost than all conventional energy tech, only in specific locality and not universally,
but some are <4cents/KWh, Following listing includes many commercialization failures/
bankruptcies due to being new: product quality issue & failing to capture
“unconventional” wind effect in half of installed sites, sometimes highlighted as proof
of non std wind tech invalidity in wind energy media or “industry expert” blogs,

• Almost no participation by largest ranking wind power majors, Majority of following
wind tech indicates science illegal performance of Betz limit(59% efficiency)
exceeding up to 4 times(vortex, venturi coanda type effect funnels “extra wind”, also
limit might not apply to nonHAWT[Horizontal Axis], etc), hence frequently called
exaggeration/miscalibration, Often a-Fundamentally different mechanics from
conventional wind tech, b-Works with higher & lower wind level, c-Quieter, d-Very
space efficient, e-Reduced or no bird/bat accidents. Some are f-Specialized in small
scale, g-Longer lasting and less maintenance, h-Simpler mechanics, i-Involved with
aerospace industry (eg DAWT- Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbine, Delta Wing, Use of
mechanics of Sailing directly against wind or faster than wind speed+), indicated in
Boldface Navy is actively being commercialized: following 1-17
76
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SCIENCE-ACCEPTED
“SUPER LOW COST” TECH: WIND 2

• —>> continued: ■ Wind:
• 1 Advanced VAWT(vertical axis wind turbine: Darrius & Savonius combo etc, material
integrity improvement continued from past wind farm failures(Yih Ho Pao+): Turbina
VAWT(Mi Tesic), Luethi Wind(M Luethi), Sambrabec Catavent - ERD qc(Obidniak),

• • 2 Large VAWT types: Agile Power(Bahnmüller), Terra Moya(R Taylor), Mass
Megawatts(Jo Ricker: Multi-Axis Turbo system & MMW augmenter), New Millenium
Wind(Drew Thacker, high profile with contracts- suddenly retracted), Wind Harvest
International(B Thomas), •3 Maglev VAWT by Senzhen TYPMAR, Regenedyne(Choi &
Jenkins), Mag-Wind(Rowan, later charged as fraud, sometimes happens when even
inventor type well demonstrated free energy tech is commercialized p152-154),
•4 ”Unconventional rotation” type: Windpods (Attey), •5 Turbine engine type:
Stormblade Wind(Jovanovic), Hush Wind Turbine(Ar O’Connor), •6 Different blades or
bladeless: Saphon(Aouini), de Archimedes (Ruijtenbeek), SpiralAirFoil(Parker & Noonan),

• •7 Specific Shaped Fluid dynamic effects: i Tesla Turbine: Tesnic(Ho Nica), spins with same
speed as wind, extremely strong with high wind, "close to 100%" efficiency?, ii Magnus
effect Rotor ship(Flettner) by Enercon E-ship1, but Rotor type oscillation wind generators
are only marginally lower cost than conventional, iii DAWT: Airsynergy(J Smyth), iv Spiral
magnus cylinder blades: Mecaro(Nob Murakami), needs electricity to initially activate
generator, -->>cont:
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SCIENCE-ACCEPTED
“SUPER LOW COST” TECH: WIND 3

• —>> continued: ■ Wind: •7 Specific Shaped Fluid dynamic effects:
v Venturi rotor: Energy Ball Vindkraft,(van der Klippe), vi Conical Helicoid:
Windstrument(Cl Clark), disruptively scalable, vii Rectangular building roof
edges: Anerdgy WindRail(Sv Koehler), viii Others: BERWIAN wind
concentrator (In Rechenberg), “3D wind turbine”: Nheolis (Haddjeri, French
govn’t backing), Warp ENECO(Weisbrich),

• •8 Airborne wind: majors(eg Google) participating: Altaeros(Glass),
KiteGen(Ippolito), Ampyx(Koning & Ruiterkamp), e-kite(van den Brink),
TwingTec(C Houle), Ocean freight “free wind” propulsion SkySails,
•9 Omni directional: Katru IMPLUS(Sureshan), •10 Wind-solar hybrid(Skywolf/
WindTamer: J Brock), Blue Energy(Melchior: structured & self cleaning solar
surface),

• •11 Basic spiral convection & vortex effect, mostly by active engineers +
mainstream academics + large corporate/Gov’t backing, Upright vortex or Along
steep mountain contour pipe: Vortex Engine(Michaud), Tornado Wind Energy
TWECS(Ja Yen), Windhamster(Jü Schatz), Microwave projection triggered
tornado generator(Sl Tepic), Other research pre 1960s: (Cheng Ting Hsu,
Nazare, Ma Haug, Be Dubo, Ma Menard+), After 1990s:(Stiig, Ma Tanner, Bubnov,
Ra Menard, Ar Glezer, More common among Russian & Chinese academics+), 78

SCIENCE-ACCEPTED
“SUPER LOW COST” TECH: WIND 4

• —>> continued: ■ Wind,
•12 Downward vortex by water spray(P Carlson+), Sharav Sluices(Zaslavsky, Guetta,
Israel Gov backed), side effect use for desalinating water, •13 Horizontal, large version of
vortex tubes(De Oliver), Vsquare Wind(Ro Freda, US army link), Sheerwind
INVELOX(Allaei), •14 Mini size vortex: Western Co Fotovoltaici(Gachechiladze &
Cimini), • Convection Mill model(AR Bennett, A Holmes), can be interpreted as ambient
permanent free energy

• •15 Boundary Layer, Coupled Vortex Effect(Paraschivoiu, Daibiri+), Only small
improvement but universal wind turbine performance booster adopter: Leviathan Wind
Energizer(D Farb), •16 Oscillation based, no rotation, easily installed literally anywhere,
highly scalable: Altenera BreezeBee(Mo Kaplan), Even more efficient Standing Wave
causing Resonance freq. crossover type of: Self exciting vortex shedding Zephyr Energy
Windbeam(Dy Thorp+), Aeroelastic flutter: Windbelt/Windcell/Humdinger(S Frayne),
sold only under certain special conditions, some already copied: Wolt Wind Energy. If
resonance creation is aimed (avoided by regular turbine for device integrity reason) it
might further improve efficiency as seen in other techs. Also Piezo-Triboelectricity
(p24-27),

• •17 Portable & foldable wind generator: Natural Power Concepts(J Pitre, US military 79
link), Micro Windmill(Sm Rao), Ventus Folding Wind(Kuckir), 15-100cm diameter
scalable & space fillable interconnected light turbines generates useable power from
2m/sec: MotorWind(Gambarota)

SCIENCE-ACCEPTED
“SUPER LOW COST” TECH: HYDRO

• ■ Hydro/Tidal/Wave, Some are much lower cost only in remote towns or private power
generation, •1 Fundamentally conventional turbine operated super low cost hydro: eg
Hydro-Québec, Manitoba Hydro, Three Gorges Dam+,

• •2 Underwater tidal flow, Low head hydro, some regular hydro turbine, while majority is
similar to vertical axis Darrieus wind turbine like: Benkatina(D Farb), Mako Turbine -
SeaUrchin(M Urch), Beck Mickle Hydro allows full weight of water power capture with
70% range efficiency instead of regular premature turbine rotation (Gilmartin & Cattley),
ORPC(Gorlov Turbine used), New Energy EnCurrent, Strom-Boje(F Mondl), Hydrovolts
(Da Roth), Izumi si(V Markovic), Hydrocat, Larger scale: Verdant Power(D Corren), More
efficient large scale Sundermann Turbine tilts power blades as rotate - vertical version of
above Beck Hydro: Many of above are easy installation- no damming/digging, Often easy
relocation, some show Betz law violation efficiency. Also large hydro dam equivalent in
ocean: Large to mega scale tidal: Blue Energy Canada(Bar Davis, Mar Burger+).

• One of the most effective in ocean energy segment by MHD(MagnetoHydroDynamic)
generator by wave move(Liquid Metal type) or tidal move both(Scientific Applications &
Research Associates, 中国科学院电⼯工研究所- Institute of Electrical Engineering Chinese
Academy of Science+): this type can be easily demonstrated its low cost & high
efficiency(Koslover, Rynne, M.F.M.A Majid, Yan Peng, Li Ran• 李李然 +), Desalination plant left
over high salt content effluent flow salt water MHD(KSB Aktiengesellschaft+) -->>cont:

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SCIENCE-ACCEPTED
“SUPER LOW COST” TECH: HYDRO 2

• ->>cont: ■ Hydro/Tidal/Wave:
•3 Use of both wave surging & webbing for power: Greenwave Energy, Use of
highest & lowest point with in a set of wave scalable system:
MotorWave(Gambarota): also can work as a floating connected "trompe"s to
pump water to high land.

• Mainstream group supported unique wave energy RO water desalination device
or waterwheel power generator (Atmocean): works by high floating capacity
water surface buoy connected by vertically moving shaft to submerged floating
anchor(seafloor unfixed) to function as water pressure pump as 15 or more
networked units. Inertial vertical axis above-water gyroscopic generator whose
rotation matches with wave oscillation frequency to create 50-100+% more
efficiency than most other wave generators(Aar Goldin, H Kanki - Hitachi Zosen+),
300-500% more efficiency than conventional wave power by Heart valve like
Phase-dumping control spring mechanism to match & amplify wave motion
(CorPower Ocean AB - NTNU): this anomalous claim is backed by sufficient vol of
experimental results; similar to sensor micro electricity harvester mechanics.

• No-moving parts wave: Reverse MagnetoStriction/Villari Effect use iMEC Oscilla
Power, Kutlo jp+): oscillating shape of ferromagnetic material generates time
variant magnetic field to generate electricity -->>cont:
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SCIENCE-ACCEPTED
“SUPER LOW COST” TECH: HYDRO 3

• ->>cont: ■ Hydro/Tidal/Wave:
• •4 Non Turbine, highly scalable, low speed workable: Vortex shedding oscillation

VIVACE Vortex (Bernistas),
• Electroactive Polymer Artificial Muscle/Dielectric Elastomers electric generation

on any moving water(Kornblush+),
• Nano Fibre Piezomaterial use(Huifang Xu+), Also combo of Piezo &

Triboelectricity recovery for doubled effectiveness: contact electrification of water
with PDMS film with patterned pyramid array(Zhong Lin Wang et al)(p24-27):
Tribo methods recover electricity by liquid contacting and moving on generator
surface(water is negativevly charged & device is positively charged).
• •5 Liquid pipe flow electricity recovery 5-100KWh: Lucid Energy(Schlabach+),
Rentricity, Use of venturi to increase speed/energy harvest: HyPER(NR Prasad),
Hydroventuri(Geo Rochester): overunity like effect,
• •6 Also completely different far more efficient mechanics system exists but
pseudoscience treatment due to use of "non-existent" effect or over unity
efficiency(p122-150): eg HHO OxyHydrogen gas use MHD power generation.

82

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NEW PERSPECTIVE -“LOWEST COST”
ENERGY FROM VAST BIOMASS

• ■ Biomass: Heavily related to human habitat/cultural activities with enormous energy
potential even without major technological paradigm change, and usually not perceived as
such, but often becomes Lowest cost energy when apply different sets of energy criteria.

• α- Even simply by use of conventional tech,
•i Applying different cost structure as by-product(eg Fuel from cellulosic content of plant,
Sugar Cane Bagasse, Wood chips etc. High energy required waste water treatment reduces
energy needs 30%+, might even net energy, •ii Minimum human living condition by-
product(Energy produced from Waste or Landfill Gas removal), •iii Regional or Operational
based: Sawmill residue burned with cost is now made into Pellets for income,
•iv Reevaluating existing criteria of energy(Peat, Gas Hydrate+):、

• β- Long researched tech with official breakthrough declared types, Some of well known
energy industry disruptive techs are entering into mainstream approved commercialization
during 2013-2015. This would also gradually reinforce idea of far more energy availability
than demand for entire world if combined,、

• •v Cellulosic ethanol - second generation biofuel, •vi Sub-SuperCritical Water or
Hydrothermal Liquefaction(related tech is marked as "✔", often mainstream approved
lowest cost tech for biomass/organic waste energy production, feedstock can be as low as
2-4% to self sustain decomposing process, other methods are mostly at least 20% & up,
also process can be completed as short as in seconds rather than conventional methods of
hrs[combustion etc], days & weeks[AD], very low emission and CO2 is easily recoverable),
Hot Plasma Gasification of all organic waste, Cold plasma treatment of liquid waste/gas
cleaning: to produce various liquid fuel, solid carbon, & gas.
83

NEW PERSPECTIVE - “LOWEST COST” ENERGY
FROM VAST BIOMASS -2, FOREST RESIDUAL

• -->cont ■ Biomass & others lowest cost energy in some situations: 、
Biomass related technologies are categorized 1-4 as follows in this presentation, but
there is a large degree of cross over:

• •1 FOREST RESOURCE, •2 AGRICULTURAL, •3 SOLID/LIQUID MUNICIPAL-INDUSTRY-
AGRI WASTE: to Gas/Methane, Gasoline, Diesel, Ethanol, Crude Oil, Compressed or as
is fuel, Bio Coal, •4 OTHER BIOMASS: Seaweed/Algae/Peat: As is or processed、

• •---1----F---O-----R---E---S---T----R---E---L--A----T---E---D---:---L---a---r-g----e--s---t---v--o---l---u---s--e----i--n----b---i-o---m-----a---s--s--,---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
✔1a Non-industrial private wood burning/firewood use, particularly in non
•

developed nations is deemed very large but no precise figure agreements, many
nations allow access for logging or growth debris by private individuals freely or by
license, Very low efficiency heat use,

• ✔1b Industrial extra wood fibre recovery: There is extensive recovery of forest by
thinning plantation as well as harvesting entire tree(including branches), and
sometimes stump & root: Finland harvests more than 1 million m3/yr in recent years,
some synergy with peat harvesting, increase minimum 10% of wood vol, much less
extent but still done in Sweden, Baltics, UK. Also general above ground wood debris
recovery from forest is lot higher in North West Europe than most other regions. Infra
set up with first certain duration of "investment period" is needed.

84

NEW PERSPECTIVE - “LOWEST COST” ENERGY
FROM VAST BIOMASS -3, WOOD GAS - LARGE

• -->cont: •1 FOREST RELATED:
✔1c Wood Gasification & Power generation: Net energy gain compared to simple
combustion, cost itself had been higher than conventional combustion in the past due to
technical & uptime issue but situation is rapidly changing in last 2-3yrs. Some are
CHP(Combined Heat & Power)/Cogeneration.、

• ◆LARGE SIZE power plant application(~10-150MWh~) by overcoming tar, corrosion,
plugging issue etc, predominantly North West European companies, due to the size
primarily Fix Bed Updraft, or Entrainment, Circular or Bubbling Fluidized Bed(Foster
Wheeler - VTT, Vølund, Nexterra, Valmet, Andritz Carbona, Outotec, Metso+), Cleaner
emission by Steam Fluidized Bed✔(Repotec GmbH, Bosio si), Likely the largest installer in
the near future with increasing success (KaidiHI.com 阳光凯迪新能源集团有限公司): high
profile company in China with nation's President visitation in 2011 & 13, while its presence
& success is little known in west. *(✔indicates Sub/SuperCritical Water related tech)

• ◆MID SIZE(~0.5-20MWh~): some are very compact size.
●Scandinavia(Meva Energy, Weiss A/S, Cortus Energy WoodRoll, Gasek+),
●DACH: German Speaking Countries(Christof Industries GmbH+), heat pipe use for
35% electrical efficiency under 1MW(agnion Entrade), Enhanced hydrogen production by
superheated steam injection ✔(Güssing Renewable Energy GmbH+), ●Other Europe
(Xylowatt NOTAR, Greene Waste to Energy, Torftech, Biomass Technology Group BV+),
●North America(Chiptec, PRM Energy Systems, KMW Energy, Thermogenics
Gasification +), ●Asia(Chongqing Welluck Trading, Ankur Scientific+), -->>cont:

85

NEW PERSPECTIVE - “LOWEST COST” ENERGY
FROM VAST BIOMASS -4, WOOD GAS - SMALL

• -->cont: •1 FOREST: ✔1c Wood Gasification & Power generation:
◆MID SIZE: 、

• Full pyrolysis(starved oxygen gasification) mechanics type that produces
biochar byproduct(Phoenix Energy, Splainex+): Fuel/gas extraction wood
Pyrolysis is often smaller scales or mini DIY types, and usually not competitive
with other wood gasification methods. But it is often competitive for plastic-
tire processing to produce liquid fuels. Also superior method for non-fuel
biochar/activated carbon/carbon black/ as main production.

• ◆SMALLER SIZE(~100-500KWh~) & often CHP, many are containerized
system module base for scalability. Some devices start requiring higher
feedstock selectivity to achieve efficiency: only ideal material of <15%
moisture of uniform sized chip, no dust, no high mineral content etc. 、
●Scandinavia(Biosynergi Proces, Volter +), ●Western Europe(Spanner Re²,
URBAS, Arbor Heat & Power, Holzenergie Wegscheid, Uniconfort+), high
efficiency achieved by pellets use with down draft(& stationary fluidized bed)
(Burkhardt GmbH), pyrolysis element use(KÖB Viessmann+), ●Japan is
usually tech savvy but lags behind in Wood gasifying(Yanmar, ZE Energy Inc,
Chugairo Kogyo+), --->>cont:

86

NEW PERSPECTIVE - “LOWEST COST” ENERGY
FROM VAST BIOMASS -5, WOOD PELLET
• -->cont: •1 FOREST RELATED: ✔1c Wood Gasification & Power generation:
◆SMALLER SIZE(~100-500KWh~): 、

• ●Other areas (Community Power Corporation BioMax, Biogen corp ltd, Carbo
Consult & Engineering+), Single unit 400KWh size by downdraft bed(this method
generates clean gas but traditionally very picky for feedstock)(PHG Energy), some
are heat generation focus(Infinite Energy Pvt, Advanced Climate
Technologies), 、

• ◆MINI SIZE POWER generator(~10-200KWh~): Recently often CHP equipped
sophisticated residential to small community/industrial use electrical generator is
offered(Entrade, All Power Labs, HERZ Energietechnik+): less ash, more compact
etc.、

• ◆MINI SIZED HEAT only device: usually unrefined or DIY type system particularly
at developing nations, but increasingly sophisticated devices are offered, and
generates lowest cost heat by large margin in certain micro & macro regions:
●Europe(Kraft und Wärme aus Biomasse, GUNTAMATIC, Wallnöfer Walltherm,
ATMOS - Jaroslav Cankař a syn+), some pellet boilers are also efficient by regular
combustion by CHP 25% electricity generating Stirling Engine(ÖkoFEN+), or pellet
gasifying-direct combustion switchable(ETA Heiztechnik GmbH+), ●North
America(Skanden Energy, Kuuma Lamppa Manufacturing+),
●Others(Associated Engineering Works Gasifier+), 、
87

NEW PERSPECTIVE - “LOWEST COST” ENERGY
FROM VAST BIOMASS -6, WOOD PELLET 2

• -->cont: •1 FOREST RELATED: ✔1c Wood Gasification & Power generation: 、
✔1e Pellet: A form of "free energy" utilization or value adding in forest industry
by use of sawmill & forest residual, Can become cheapest fuel avail in some areas,
in some markets entire low grade logs can be more profitably used to produce
pellets instead of lumber/pulp manufacturing. Major producers(Pinnacle Pellet,
JSC Vyborgskaya cellulose, Enviva, German Pellets, Härjedalens
Miljöbränsle+). Top producing counties(US, Canada, Germany, Sweden, Latvia,
Russia+), Large consumers(UK, Italy, US, Germany, Sweden+), Top importers
(UK[heavy for power generation], Italy, Denmark+), Roughly 50-50type
breakdown use for residential heat vs industrial(ash yielding bark contained etc).
Latter volume might fluctuate rapidly by electrical generation pellet use policy.
Some producers use ✔ Steam Explosion for cell weakening and densification(also
see p90 Torrefaction , p98,99 Hydrothermal carbonization)

• ✔1f Biomass Briquettes: Usually non-industrial size production unless part of
large pulp/peat/lumber/composite wood operation(often in Russia+): by
shredding and compressing when stock is dry enough(moisture <16%), some are
stand alone with 20,000ton+/yr scale with other biomass(Biocoal co in, KGN
Biofuels+), System providers:(WEIMA Maschinenbau, Briquette-Machine, C.F.
Nielsen+), Generally speaking this sector's leader is India, where product is
called "biocoal" which is confusing with torrefied pellets. 、
88

NEW PERSPECTIVE - “LOWEST COST” ENERGY
FROM VAST BIOMASS -7, WOOD ETHANOL +

• -->cont: •1 FOREST RELATED:、
✔1g Forest Residual to Cellulosic Ethanol & other Liquid Fuels: There are many
combinations but main types are: i -Enzymatic Hydrolysis based, some
pretreatments include classic sulphuric acid, alkaline to low cost Sub/Supercritical
water etc:(Chempolis, St1 biofuels, Borregaard, Sekab, Mitsui Zosen - 真庭市, dins
堺 ⼤大栄環境+)、

• ii-Gasification + reforming + Fischer Tropsch can process whole wood fibre
including lignin: (UPM-Kymmene+), Lower cost with steam gasification✔(Woodland
Biofuels+), Small scale rotary kiln use gasifying(Micro Energy Japan+), Likely
world's first 10,000ton/yr level biomass feed commercialization in 2013, feedstock is
mix of wood, plant, trash etc(KaidiHI.com - 阳光凯迪新能源集团有限公司) 、
iii-Pyroysis based: produces electrical power & heat while generates liquid fuel(BTG
Bioliquids - Empyro BV, Fotum+), Mega "test" facility(Karlsruhe bioliq), Largest
operator in in this type with international locations(Ensyn Technologies)
iv-Sub/SuperCritical water(SCW) treatment element(all SCW related tech is
marked ✔ in biomass section): Process whole wood fibre ✔(Licella - Ignite Energy
Resources, Steeper Energy, BTG World - BTG Biomass+), Steam
Thermolysis✔(Concord Blue), Well known majors participated but followed by
project cancellation(Catchlight Energy[Chevron - Weyerhaeuser]): too low cost? --
>>cont
89

NEW PERSPECTIVE - “LOWEST COST” ENERGY
FROM VAST BIOMASS -8, TORREFACTION

• -->> cont: •1 FOREST RELATED:
✔1h Torrefaction,: Torrefied Pellets/BioCoal: Lower temp 200-300°C range
oxygen-less process of dry material with final product with 70% of original
mass with 90% of energy potential retained in compressed form: increase per
volume heat capacity, hydrophobic (nonhygroscopic), overall lower cost than
pellets per energy produced as delivered. Also various other benefits(eg
easy grinding for co-feeding with coal, less abrasion of engine if used as coal
water slurry fuel than conventional coal etc), some bio-binder pretreatment &
palletizing before heat processing generally has better quality.

• Not as economically disruptive as 2nd Gen bioethanol due to solid nature.
Longer presence in Western Europe, particularly in Netherlands(Blackwood
Technology, Torrcoal+), Other nations(Arbaflame, Arigna Biofuels, Torrec+),
Euro Major's participation(ANDRITZ, AREVA+), Largest producers are in US
with over 200,000ton/yr capacity(Zilkha Biomass, New Biomass Energy), but
generally North America operations have newer participation with same level
production cap. as Europe(Diacarbon, Airex Energy, Solvay Biomass), Some
claim no indoor storage needs for rain(Arbaflame, HM3 Energy+), non
western producers are rare(BioWindbell Technology+)

90

NEW PERSPECTIVE - “LOWEST COST” ENERGY
FROM VAST BIOMASS -9, BLACK LIQUOR

• -->> cont: •1 FOREST RELATED:
✔1i Pulp mill Black Liquor(BL) enhanced utilization: BL is by far the largest energy
source(efficient pulp mills are net power generators) and core process medium in chemical pulp
process that repeatedly gets cleaned & burned its lignin & hemi cellulose as pulpmill's energy
source during operation: i -High energy Lignin as oil: for fuel & chemical raw material(Lignol-
RenFuel+): lab type environment generation, dedicated large plant doesn't exist,
ii-BL Gasification: Replace Tomlinson boiler by PulseEnhanced Black Liquor
Gasification(ThermoChem Recovery International), or regular Gasification, & other ways of
more energy recovery, option for biofuel etc(Chemrec se, Babcock & Wilcox+),

• ✔1j Cooking Woodstove in Developing Nations,: 40-60% range of their wood use saving
compared to conventional 3rd world stove with significant positive health effect by removing
most of smoke & done in less than half duration (Mbaula Green, RocketWorks, Aprovecho+),
Some are geared for larger kitchen cooking stoves(EnviroFit+), or advanced nation's
recreational market focus - saves 80-90% fuel compared to open fire cooking & removes most
of fumes(StoveTec, Ecozoom, SilverFire Rocket+)

• •2 AGRICULTURAL Cellulosic Ethanol: Non food crop plant portion(also called advanced
ethanol, 2nd generation biofuel etc): politically larger social ramification than forestry feedstock
biofuel. This has been commercialized many times prior but frequent untimely events from
losing money, to suddenly financial backers withdraw, or projects halt with no clear reason
given etc. Most techs are actually higher cost than existing fuel, but a few are lowest cost in
some situations, or depended on feed stock cost calculations. -->> continued
91
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NEW PERSPECTIVE - “LOWEST COST” ENERGY
FROM VAST BIOMASS -10, 2ND GEN BIOFUEL

• -->> cont: •2 AGRICULTURAL NON CROP PLANT PORTION Cellulosic Ethanol: 、
• Finally after 2014, some consistent operations have been established, while many

others are still on pilot production by using 3rd party system(without own facilities, not
listed here): tech use is redundant with prior listed "1g Forest Residual". 、

• ✔2a Enzymatic Hydrolysis: Far less fuel recovery % & slower than other processes.
i -Introductory type Cellulosic Ethanol: by "bolted on" to existing food stock ethanol
plant: corn kernel fibre processing to increase extra 5-10% of ethanol
production(Cellerate-Syngenta, Edeniq +), only 3rd party line production but claims <
$1/gallon(< $0.265/litre)(GeoSynFuels),
ii-Regular stand alone type Ethanol production, some use catalytic pretreatment:
(Clariant, Inbicon, Iogen ca, Zeachem, American Process, Bioflex - GranBio, Beta
Renewables, Abengoa Bioenergy+), Largest 2nd generation bio ethanol operation as
of 2016(Dupont), Largest overall bio ethanol maker participates (POET llc), Starting
outside of Europe/North America(Raizen, Henan Tianguan, Shandong Longlive+),
Rare SuperCritical water(SCW) pretreatment tech provider ✔(Renmatix)

• ✔2b Gasification + Steam Reform or/& Fischer-Tropsh: (Ineos+), some methods
produce liquid fuel 3-4times more than above Enzyme method per given stock, orders
of magnitude faster processing by direct synthesis with metal catalyst(Sekisui Chemical,
Mitsui Zosen+), same efficiency with many Sub/SCW methods. Very minor utilization: eg
Superheated steam✔(Sundrop Fuels+).

92

NEW PERSPECTIVE - “LOWEST COST” ENERGY
FROM VAST BIOMASS -11, ANAEROBIC DIGEST.

• •3 MUNICIPAL WASTE(MSW), Liquid Waste, INDUSTRIAL WASTE,
AGRICULTURAL ANIMAL WASTE (this presentation treats animal fat/cooking
oil as part of existing fuel & it is not discussed), also cross over with wood:

• ✔3a Anaerobic Digestion(AD) - to produce Biogas/Methane: by bacteria
consuming waste. Also note at least some of microorganisms are electrically
active(mainstream science accepted idea: Geobacter etc) and produce also
anomalous field with various antioxident & electrical effects(rejected idea).、
Completely mainstream tech and widely used as default process in many
nations/sectors to produce "free" energy while infrequently used in others. 、

• i -Sophisticated large sized Bio methane production(engine feedable), to
Electrical generation systems with various scales: Largest types(STRABAG
Umweltanlagen, Axpo Kompogas+), Mid to large size installation: (OWS nv,
EnviTec Biogas, BTA international, PlanET-Biogas, IES BIOGAS, BTS
Biogas, Xergi +), Smaller types(WELTEC BIOPOWER, ENSPAR Biogas,
Schmack Biogas, CH Four Biogas+), Focused on upgrading biogas
systems(Malmberg Gruppen+), Specialized for biogas engine(SCHNELL
Motoren +) -->>cont

93

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NEW PERSPECTIVE - “LOWEST COST” ENERGY
FROM VAST BIOMASS -12, ANAEROBIC DIGEST.2

• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE:
• ✔3a Anaerobic Digestion(AD) : i Biomethane、

Many installations operate like farming coop, for this type of sophisticated system
Germany has highest installation(10,000units) & most power generation per capita:
followed by rest of Europe(UK, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Denmark, Czech,
Sweden etc), Less extent in North America, or rest of world, UK strength is also in
sewage biogas & Landfill Gas, 、

• ii -Less sophisticated mini to small sized type has long been actively offered,
particularly in India/Bangladesh area(Biotech India, Beta Pak Biogas, Puxintech+),
■Also significant family/housing based DIY type system in some nations around the
world(eg Deenbandhu units in India: 4million+, Ban quản lý Dự án Khí sinh học
installed 0.1million+ in Vietnam etc), ■Energy security conscious China's national
policy installed DIY type system in rural community at least 40million units(though
fair portion of them might be in dormant or high downtime state). 、

• ■Professionally made home based system sold(HomeBiogas, Bsustain, Vivesty +),
also septic tank replacement or converter types(BiogasPro Agama+), Not AD but
fancy ethanol production type home unit operates with very limited feedstock(Micro
Fueler),、 -->>continued

94

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NEW PERSPECTIVE - “LOWEST COST” ENERGY
FROM VAST BIOMASS -13, PLASTIC TO OIL

• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE:
✔3a Anaerobic Digestion.:、
iii-WasteWater processing by Anaerobic Digestion: Biogas from sludge processing,
usually with various pretreatments including hydrolysis, alkaline etc, Some largest scale
is like 100,000 ton+/yr level(Cambi, Veolia Exelys/Biothelys+), Others(Hager +
Elsaesser, WABAG, ADI systems inc, Terax nz, Jeongbong kr, Hydroitalia - Colsen,
Eliquo BV, Paques nl, Anaergia+).

• Methanogenic & Electrogenic microbe based methane & electricity generating waste
water cleaning system:(Cambrian Innovation: works for fermentation residue type
wastewater), or wider range process capability Electrogenic Bio Reactor(Emefcy):
Microbial fuel cell mechanics. Note highly effective low cost cell wall destruction/cell
lysis(in a way similar degree to SCW) by electroporation/electric pulse is often left out
from mainstream discussion of enhanced biofuel recovery from wet sludge(Vogelsang,
OpenCEL Trojan+). Microbubble/Nanobubble CO2 infusion might increase gas
productivity up to 2wice as conventional method(Perlemax+). Also see p108 Wet Air
Oxidation.

• ✔3b Plastic to Oil: After recycling, still about 130million tons/yr disposed world total, a
fraction of which(but rapidly increasing) is made into fuel. Even if 90% of all plastic is
converted with 70% efficiency recovery to fuel (PVC[Polyvinyl chloride] &
PET[Polyethylene terephthalate] is 30-40% range recovery even rest of plastic can be
90%), it would make up negligible 1-1.5% of world oil consumption.
-->>continued 95

NEW PERSPECTIVE - “LOWEST COST” ENERGY
FROM VAST BIOMASS -14, PLASTIC TO OIL 2

• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE: ✔3b Plastic to Oil:
• But substantial benefit to the plastic to fuel converting operation or

community that owns it, generally unreported in west but active operation
world wide, more in oil shortage China and India etc, than in west. 、
• Large Western mainstream corporations so far infrequently involved and
even when do, they often avoid direct involvement & work through
subsidiaries or as joint venture.、
• i -Pyrolysis: Oxygen deprived heating causes generation of liquid fuel,
gas, and char. Most system can only take selective plastic(usually no
PET & PVC), some can recover fuel with all types of plastic but most of
cases oil quality suffers beyond 3-5% range PET/PVC and emit toxic
fume, corrode or clog process line. Many system can only produce
"crude oil", and need further processing to use as gasoline or diesel
replacement. Some system has adjustment to change recovery ratio of oil
vs char: when focused to generate fuel, tires are generally weightwise
30-40% recovery to fuel, plastics are 60-90% level. -->>continued

96

NEW PERSPECTIVE - “LOWEST COST” ENERGY
FROM VAST BIOMASS -15, PLASTIC TO OIL 3

• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE:
✔3b Plastic to Oil: i -Pyrolysis:

• It can be adjusted to have lower fuel produced with higher char/carbon
recovery(agriculture etc use). All infeed material needs to be shredded.、

• ■ This leaves currently only handful of devices/operations that can take a-all plastics,
b-final direct gasoline-diesel equivalent/boiler useable oil without violating
emission criteria(Klean Industries, Blest+): usually custom ordered type system
needs to be made with premium price for corrosion-clogging control, &
chlorine separation etc. But Wada method allows all plastic with no
customization(Hokupere yukakangen+), Also Toshiba Created 50% PVC feedable
device in 1990s and shelved it.

• ■ Can make gasoline-diesel equivalent fuel If no PET/PVC is in feed stock(Royco
Beijing+), ■ Large number of installations(HuayinEnergy, Beston Plastic,
Shangqiu Ruixin Environmental, Klean Industries, Cynar Plastic, KingTiger
group, TTechnology.com.pl+), Some European market targeted devices come with
CHP(GB Pyrolysis+), High profile portable small device, with large devices has
option of processing PET & PVC(Blest), Can process unsorted plastic and other
waste(Green Light Energy Solutions+), ■Zero emission claimed system(Ecomation
Oy +), ■ Rare mainstream corporate involvement (Agilyx), -->>continue

97

NEW PERSPECTIVE - “LOWEST COST” ENERGY
FROM VAST BIOMASS -16, DEPOLYMERIZATION

• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE:
✔3b Plastic to Oil: i -Pyrolysis:、

• ■ More focus on less saturated Carbon Black market by specializing in tire processing
(Reklaim+), Reduced toxic fumes, improved moisture handling, & overall improved
liquid fuel production by low temperature operating Vacuum Pyrolysis(Gecco
Holdings+), 、

• ii -Catalytic Depolymerization: Depends on catalyst often similar strong effect as Sub-
SuperCritical water(SCW) & categorization is sometimes fuzzy(ReCycled Refuse
International, Pyrocrat Systems LLP, Enviro-Power Pte +), Rare Western mainstream
positive exposure + with successful continuous operation in US(PK Clean),

• ✔3c Hydrothermal Carbonization(HTC)/Wet Pyrolysis/Hydropyrolysis(often for wood):
"primitive" version of SubCritical water treatment: can process all organic matter(carbon
involved: biomass, wood/municipal/industrial waste) with high moisture over 3-10hrs in
200-300°C with generally 5-10times atmospheric pressure to decompose feedstock to
mainly recover BioCoal(variations like biochar etc is possible with higher temperature)、
Industrial focus✔(CarboREN - SunCoal, Loritus, Antaco, Ingelia SL+), Smaller sized
installation ✔(Grenol GmbH, Oax-eco+), also option of making hydrocarbon chemical
✔(AVA-CO2), Wastewater focus as raw material✔(TerraNova Energy, Aqua Enviro+),
Slightly different Catalytic HydroThermal Polymerization(lower temp & pressure, less
CO2 & decarboxylation reaction) of biomass which requires no binder for pelletization
✔(PCS Biofuels). *(✔indicates Sub/SuperCritical Water related tech). -->>cont:

98

NEW PERSPECTIVE - “LOWEST COST” ENERGY
FROM VAST BIOMASS -17, HYDROLYSIS

• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE:
✔3c Hydrothermal Carbonization:、

• HTC installation level/Production capacity is much smaller than Torrefaction(competing
dry version of this process), particularly out of Europe. There is a mainstream Dutch
govn't backed movement of converting marshland fast growing weed into fuel but
progress being stopped since 2013: TORWASH(Energieonderzoek Centrum
Nederland: ECN). 、

• ✔3d SubCritical/SuperCritical water treatment(SCW)/Hydrothermal Liquefaction/
SuperHeated Steam: Can adjust parameter to gasify heavily or treat non-liquefied
portion for the second round process. High % liquefaction might require certain
mineral catalysis(usually recoverable).

• Some observed history of abrupt withdrawal from this tech by many companies in
similar way as by other "real disruptive tech". Processes all plastic or all organic
waste with high fuel recovery very quickly with low cost, Biomass and Waste to Energy
for this process is often all feedstock mixable, hence no particular focus on plastic etc
only✔(Genifuel, Asian Giant Engineering, GRT GROUP SA, Greentech solutions
grts jp, Sustainable Waste Power Systems+), Low tech/temp/pressure steam
explosion pretreatment(Coramexport cz[190C, 12bar]+), Partial use of catalysis
required HydroPyrolysis✔(D4 Energy) ->cont:

99

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NEW PERSPECTIVE - “LOWEST COST” ENERGY
FROM VAST BIOMASS -18, HYDROLYSIS 2

• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE: ✔3d Sub/SuperCritical
water treatment(SCW):、

• ■Some SuperHeated steam devices can take large load with less or no
infeed stock shredding with little extra time needs✔(Messe-hp jp+): But
produce large amount of char along with oil, Can produce biocoal at low
cost✔(Rematec jp+). 、

• ■Wastewater sludge application by SCW type is mostly focused on
decomposing while efficient energy production might be more of minor
focus✔(Innoveox, 3V Green Eagle+), currently largest scale municipal
wastewater SCW treatment✔(SuperWater Solutions), SCW for
wastewater treatment is China's focus. It also focuses coal water slurry
enhancement and ICGG: ✔(陕⻄西万丰能源环保科技有限公司 Shaanxi
Wanfeng Energy Environmental Protection Technology, 新奥环保携创
新技术有限公司 Xinao Group, 碧流天能 Blue Energy+), Liquid or
solid toxin focus might recover energy as minor by-product if
tried✔(Hanwha Chemical, Techno-EMI, Aquarden - Waterox+), Also see
Wet Air Oxidation(p108)、
100