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Index of Ancient Personal Names

dA (god), 244-246, see also Aten Aḫiyami, 222, 233, 234, 235, 236
Abbael, king of Yamḫad, 286, 287 Ahmose, 2, 3, 13, 18, 19
‘Abdi-‘Anati, 248 Aitakama/Etakama of Qadesh, 86, 87, 100,
‘Abdi-Ashirta of Amurru, 5, 30, 36, 37, 43, 44,
126, 137, 196n, 250
45, 46, 47n, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 66, 68, 69, 78n, Akab-giashe, 295, 297, 298
88, 89, 106, 114, 116, 151n, 162, 166, 223, Akabtaḫe, 297, 298
228, 245, 257, 275, 281, 283 Akhenaten, 26, 28, 37, 40, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48,
‘Abdi-Ashtarti of Gath, 6n, 30, 68, 69, 70, 71,
75, 76, 78, 101, 149n, 155, 156, 220, 227 89-90, 100, 106, 113, 115, 126, 137, 148, 217,
‘Abdi-Hadda, 61, 62, 151n 218, 244, 245, 246, 250
‘Abdi-Ḫeba of Jerusalem, 7, 8, 29, 30, 35, 54, Akiya, 114
72n, 75, 76, 154, 155, 176, 187, 189, 190, Akizzi, 87
201n, 204, 205, 206, 207, 220, 221, 227n, Amalek, Amalekites, 324, 363
246n, 267 Amanappa, 242
‘Abdi-Ḫebat of Siannu, 46, 47 Amanḫatpi of Tushulti, 7, 91, 264
‘Abdi-Milki of Shasḫimi, 7 Amayashe, 7
‘Abdina, 163 Amenope, 159
‘Abdi-dNIN.URTA, king of Siyannu, 246, 248, Amenophis II, 4, 93, 119, 161, 165, 207n, 208n,
275 277
‘Abdi-risha of Enishazi, 7 Amenophis III, 28, 40, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 55, 68,
‘Abd-irši, 90n 89, 90, 91, 127n, 151, 165, 196, 217, 218, 221,
‘Abdi-Tirshi of Hazor, 7, 90n 244, 245
Abiathar, 263 Ami-ibâl, 255
Abigail of Carmel, 263 Amman-m[a]di?, 56
Abimelech, 264, 374 Ammiṣaduqa, 10
Abi-Milki, 28, 29, 36, 55, 66, 68, 101, 103, 116, Ammishtamru I, 5, 40, 41, 42, 46, 47
117, 134, 136, 151n, 219 Ammitaqum I of Alalakh, 289n
Abinoam, 305 Ammunira of Beirut, 6, 28, 29, 62, 104-105,
Abner, 320 151n
Abraham, 270 Amon (god), 199, 244, 245
Abram, 342 Amorites, 13, 338, 349, 350, 369, 370, 375
Absalom, 265, 266, 268 Amos, 318
Achish, king of Gath, 256 An/Ildaya, 92
Achsah, 362 Anak, Anakim, 337, 360, 361, 374
Adad-apla-iddina, king of Babylon, 334 ‘Anat (goddess), 248
Adda-dāni, 65 Arašša, 91
Addu-sharrum, 256 Araunah/Auarnah, 337
Adoni-bezek, 358, 359 Artamanya, 7
Adoni-zedek, 359 Arzawiya of Ruḫizzi, 7, 86, 100
Ad-ra-INNIN, 69 Asa, 322
Ahiman, 337, 360 fAšdada, 157
Ahimelech the Hittite, 337 Ašdudana, 157
Ahinoam of Jezreel, 263 Asher, 208
Ahitophel of Giloh, 265 Ashera(t) (goddess), 69
Aḫi-y[a . . .], 163 Ashtabishar, 295
‘Ashtoreth (goddess), 248

393

394 Canaan in the Second Millennium BCE

Ashurbanipal, 200n Dagon, 324
Ashur-bel-kala, 334 Daḫamunzu, 92n
Ashurnaṣirpal II, 225, 346 Dan, Danites, 125, 126, 223, 264-265, 268, 326,
Astarte (Atargatis) (goddess), 324
Ataḫ[maya], 118, 139 367-370
Atamrum, 255 Danuna, 116, 117, 136, 137
Aten (god), 244, 246 Dashru, 7, 163
Athaliah, 327 David, king of Israel, 183, 256, 262, 263, 264,
Ayyab of Ashtaroth, 6, 7, 8, 84, 155, 195, 196n
Aziru of Amurru, 5, 27, 28, 29-30, 36, 43, 46, 265, 266, 268, 269, 317, 319, 320, 321, 324,
325, 327, 329, 337, 350, 351, 355, 356, 357,
47, 53, 54, 57, 58, 66, 88, 100, 101, 106, 107, 360, 361, 370, 375
115, 116, 137, 151n, 196n, 219, 225, 244, 245, Deborah, 129, 208n, 303-305
246, 249, 257n Dido of Tyre, 68n
Ba‘al (god), 104, 247 Dini-Addu, 289n
Ba‘al/Haddu (god), 43 Diocletian, 184
Ba‘alath (goddess), 243, 245 DUMU-biḫa, 56
Ba’lu-UR.SAG, dIM.UR.SAG, 7, 88, 152-153 Duppi-Teshub, 225
Baasha, 327 Durusha, king of Qadesh, 288
Baduzana, 7, 163 Eglon, king of Moab, 190
Balaam, 318 Eḫli-Ashtar, 290
Balume, 6 Eḫli-Teshub, king of Taanach, 4, 209
Ba’lu-meḫir, 7 Eḫli-Teshub of Alalakh, 294n
Balu-mer, 7, 162 Ehud, 190, 267
Ba’lu-shipṭi, dIM.DI.KUD, 6, 65, 75, 76, 101, El (god), 295
105, 160, 161 Eliada, 264
Ba’luya, 5, 46, 47 Elissa of Tyre, 68n
Barak, son of Abinoam, 305, 307, 308, 309, Endaruta, 7, 8, 101, 151n
310, 311, 312 Ephraim, Ephraimites, 183, 187, 191, 350, 357,
Barattarna, 301 360, 370
Bayadi, 7, 163, 164 Esarhaddon, 225
Bayawa, 7, 149, 163 Esau, 337
Becher, 266, 267 Etakama, see Aitakama
Bechorath, 267 Etruscans, 341
Bēl-iqbi, 92 Ezekiel, 126, 337
Ben-elima, 84 Gaal, 264
Ben-Hadad, king of Aram, 327 Gad (prophet), 263
Benjamin, Benjaminites, 183, 187, 191, 266, Gasharu (god), 247
267, 268, 349, 350, 357, 375 Gideon, 264, 305, 313, 325
Beti-Ili, 5, 46-47 Gindibu’, 325
Beya, 160, 162 Girgashites, 12, 337, 338
Birashena of Shechem, 3 Goliath, 324n
Bieri of Ḫashabu, 7, 91 Gulatu, 160
Bin-azimi, 61, 62 Ḫa[š?-x]-tar, 6, 7, 82, 83
Biridashwa, 6, 7, 84, 86, 87, 195-196, 201 Hadad of Ḫalab, 247, 286, 287, 288, 289
Biridiya of Megiddo, 30, 220, 223, 235, 236, Hadadezer, king of Zobah, 264, 355
238 Haddu (god), 43
Biryawaza of Damascus, 6, 7, 82-90, 92, 101, Ḫagurru, 164
105, 150, 195-196, 201 Ḫaip, 36, 57, 60
Bn-Tbšn, 117 Ḫaliya, 289
Burnaburiash, king of Babylonia, 113, 114 Ḫammuniri, 281
Caleb, Calebites 183, 360, 361, 362, 374, 377 Ḫammurapi I, king of Yamḫad, 286
Dagan-takala, 7 Han’i, 101, 102, 105, 115
Hanani, 327
Ḫani, 127

Index 395

Ḫanutu of Hazor, 3 John Hyrcanus, 184
Hathor, 243 Jonah, 270
Hatshepsut, 18 Jonathan, 262
Ḫattushili I, 9, 10, 118 Joseph, Josephites, 183, 187, 267, 270, 342,
Hazael, 318
Hdys‘y, 318 357, 359, 365, 369, 370
Ḫebat (goddess), 286, 287 Josephus, 271
Herodotus, 327, 341 Joshua, 173, 308, 321, 326, 347, 349, 351, 352,
Hesed, 209
Hezekiah, king of Judah, 184 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 367, 370, 372, 373,
Ḫibiya, 7 378, 379
Hiram, 122 Josiah, king of Judah, 187, 320, 353
Hittites, 12, 337, 361, 364, 374 Ka[lbu], 55n
Hivites, 12, 337, 339, 373, 374 Kadashman-Enlil, 244
Ḫiziru, 75, 105, 149, 156, 175 Kashka, 334
Hobab, 363 Kaššena, 289n
Hoglah, 210 Kassites, 300, 335
Homer, 122 Kenaz, Kenizzites, 361, 362, 377
Ḥoron (god), 247n Kenites, 309, 363, 377
Hosea, 318 Khu-sebekh, 179
Hushai, 266 Kmšyt, 318
Hyksos, 2, 5, 16, 335, 339 Kubaba (goddess), 323n
Idrimi, king of Alalakh, 112, 263, 285, 286, Kurigalzu, 113, 114
Kusuna, 6, 55n
293, 294, 295, 296, 298, 301 Kybele (goddess), 323n
Ilim-ilimma, DINGIR.DINGIR-ma, 286, 294, 295 Lab‘ayu of Shechem, 7, 8, 28, 30, 36, 76, 77n,
Ili-rapiḫ/Ili-rāpi’ of Byblos, 5, 30, 53, 151n, 83, 88, 89, 150, 152, 163n, 164, 166, 187, 189,
196n, 205, 207, 222, 237, 238, 239, 277n
233, 235 Lady of Byblos (goddess), 242-243, 245, 249
Inanna (goddess), 287 “Lady-of-the-lions”, 73, 74, 75
Intu of Hebron, 3 Lulaḫḫu, 299, 300
ÌR dINNIN, 69, see also ‘Abdi-Ashtarti Lullu, Lullubu, 299-300
Iriyamašša, 102 Lupakku, 46
Irkabtum of Yamḫad, 289n, 294 Mahlah, 210
ÌR.LUGAL of Shazaena, 82, 92 Maireya, 101
ÌR-dNIN.URTA, 246, see also ‘Abdi-‘Anati Manasseh, 183, 191, 267, 305n, 359, 360
ÌR-šarri of Enishazi, 90, 92, 93 Mardu, 335
ÌR-šarri of Shasḫimi, 7 Maya, 90, 101, 102, 103
Isaac, 342 Mayarzana, 6, 91
Isaiah, 313 Mayāti (Merit-aten), 67
Ish-Baal, 320, 327 Mekal (god), 201n
Ishḫara (goddess), 263n Melqart (god), 318
Ishḫi-Addu of Qatna, Mer-ne-ptah Hotep-hir-Maat, 342
Ishtar of Alalakh, 248, 285-291 Merneptah, 119, 120, 195, 198, 202, 341, 342,
Issachar, 59n, 208, 232 344, 345, 346n
Jabin, “king of Canaan,” king of Hazor, 307, Mesha, 307, 318
Micah, 264, 367, 368
308-309, 310, 354, 355 Milcah, 210
Jacob, 113, 343 Milkilu of Gezer, 6, 8, 28, 30, 72, 74n, 75, 76,
Jael, 309, 310 77, 78, 152, 153, 186, 189, 205, 206, 207, 210,
Jehu, son of Hanani, 327 218, 220, 221, 227, 244, 245
Jephthah, 262, 268 Milkuru, 243
Jeroboam I, 368 Miya of Arashni, 6
Jeroboam II, 327 Moses, 320, 363, 372
Joash, king of Judah, 327
Jobab, king of Madon/Maron, 355

396 Canaan in the Second Millennium BCE

Murshili I, 9, 10 Sargon II, 92
Murshili II, king of Hatti, 225, 248 Satatna, 6, 7, 151n, 164n
Mushki, 333 Saul, king of Israel, 256, 262, 263, 264, 267,
Mut-Baḫlu of Piḫilu, 7, 84, 155
Mutu-bisir, 111 268, 320, 321, 324, 327, 374, 375, 376
Muwatalli of Ḫatti, 119 Sauštatar, king of Mitanni, 200
Muzun-Addu, 286 šdyn, 91n
Sennacherib, 184, 223, 283, 352, 353, 356, 378
Nabal, 263, 320 Septimus Severus, 184
Nakkušše, 289 Sesostris III, 15
Naphtali, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310, 312, 313, 314 Seti I, 59n, 85, 127, 195, 197, 198, 201, 202
Napḫururiya, 244 Shalmaneser I, 117, 346
Necho II, 15 Shalmaneser III, 225, 325
Nēšēti, queen of Ugarit, 73n Shamshi-Addu I, 111
Nimmuriya, 244 Sharruwa, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298
dNIN.URTA, Ninurta (god), 176, 242, 246-249 Shatiya, 7, 91
Niqmaddu II, king of Ugarit 5, 46, 47, 225, 248 Sheba ben Bichri, 265-268
Niqmepa, king of Alakh, 294, 297 Shemarana, 297
Niqmepa, king of Ugarit, 46, 47, 248 Sheshai, 337, 360
Niqmepuḫ, king of Yamḫad, 288, 289n Shimei ben Gera, 266
Noah, 210 Shipṭi-Ba‘lu, 6, 75, 76
Nullu, 299, see also Lullu, Lullubu Shipṭuriṣa, 7, 163
Shishak, 176, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210
Og, 339 Shubandu, 7, 8, 28, 72n, 74, 75, 156, 175, 220,
Othniel, 360, 362
227
Paḫamnata, 36, 53 Shulum-Marduk, 84
Pariḫnawa (Purḫanuwa), 140, 141 Shum-Adda, 6, 55n, 163n
Perizzites, 337, 338, 360 Shum-xxx, 74, 75
Peya, 160n Shuppiluliuma, 10, 40, 46, 47-48, 92n, 126-
Philo, 271
Piḫuru of Kumidi, 88 127, 225
Psammetichus I, 15 Shutarna of Mushiḫuna, 6, 7, 82, 83
Pu-Ba‘lu of Amurru, 57 Shuwardata/Šuwardatu of Gath, 6n, 7, 8, 28, 68-
Pu-Ba‘lu of Yurza, 57
Puḫewa, 275 78, 149n, 156, 174n, 189, 205, 206, 207, 210
Purdaya, 233 Sihon, 339
Puwuru, 35 Simeon, Simeonites, 13n, 358, 363, 377
Sisera, 129, 304, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 313
Rahab, 364 Si-x-ib?-ni, 75, 156, 160, 162
Ramesses II, 117, 118, 126, 127, 139, 141, 196 Solomon, king of Israel, 176, 204, 205, 209,
Ramesses III, 339, 341
Ramesses VI, 321, 339 210, 236, 264, 267, 317, 319, 329, 370
Ramesses XI, 159 Surata, 6, 7, 8, 151n, 164n
Rashap (god), 247
Rēanapa, 101 Tadua, 84
Rewashur, 6, 209, 233, 235 Tagi/Tagu of Ginti-kirmil, 7, 8, 30, 77, 78, 153,
Rezon, 264, 268
Rib-Adda/Rib-Hadda of Byblos, 5, 26, 28, 29, 174n, 201n, 205, 206, 207, 210, 219
Taku, 6
32, 33, 34, 35, 43-44, 45, 47, 50-63, 88, 101, Takuḫuli, 297
106n, 114, 151n, 166, 219, 228, 234, 242, Talmai, 337, 360
243-244, 245, 259, 275, 280, 281, 283, 284 Tašmiš, 246n
Rusmanya, 7 Teḫu-Teshup, 7
Teshub (god), 245, 286n
Šamaš, Shamash (god),43, 246, 247 Teshup-nirari, 6
Tewati of Lapana, 7, 100
Thutmose III, 2, 3, 10, 15-16, 17, 18, 19, 91, 99,

126, 127n, 139, 165, 179, 197, 199-200, 201,
204, 205, 207, 209, 210, 221, 222, 224-225,
236, 237, 238

Index 397

Thutmose IV, 4 Yamiuta, 91
Tiamat (goddess), 295 Yanḫamu, 43, 54, 56, 88, 102, 115, 116, 245,
Tiglath-pileser I, 333-334, 346
Tiglath-pileser III, 205, 276n, 312 275
Tiye, 165 Yapaḫ-Hadda of Beirut, 6, 50, 56-62
Turbazu, 8, 71, 72, 154, 155 Yapaḫu of Gezer, 6, 72, 73, 75, 76, 161, 277
Tursha, 341 Yaptiḫ-Hadda, 71, 72, 154, 155
Tushratta of Mitanni, 114, 244 Yaqqim-Addu, 256
Tutankhamun, 94, 151, 218 Yarimlim, 286, 288, 289
Tyrsenoi, 341 Yashdata, 6, 164, 210
Yidya of Ashkelon, 28, 75, 101
Ummaḫnu, 242-243 Yishuya, 84
Ummidura, 297, 298
Uriah the Hittite, 337 Zalaya of Damascus, 6, 82-83, 90, 92, 93
Zebulun, 208, 235, 304, 305, 308, 310, 312,
Wiktasu, Yiktasu, 7, 163
313, 314
Yab/p[. . .], 6, 65, 68 Zelophehad, son of Hepher, 210
Yab[ni-. . .], 55 Zilip-nanun, 298
Yabasa, 338n Zimredda of Sidon, 6, 29, 36, 55n, 68, 75, 76,
Yabni-ilu, 75, 76, 151n
Yabusum, 338n 101, 101, 105, 137, 151n, 154, 155
Yaḫtiru, 156, 162 Zimrilim, 296
Yaḫzib-Adda, 156, 175 Zitana, 46
Yakhdunlim, king of Mari, 296 Zitriyara, 7
Yam (god), 295 Zurashar, 8

[xx]-DI.KUD, 68

Index of Places

el-‘Abeidîyeh, 195 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 173,
Abel of Beth-maacah, 265, 268 174, 175, 177, 186, 188, 190, 191, 196n, 198,
’bl, 208n 204, 205, 207, 210, 217, 218, 225, 226, 232,
Abû Gosh, 204 234, 236, 238, 242-250, 252, 257-260, 269,
Acco, 6, 8, 113, 151, 152, 156, 163, 164n, 167 275, 276, 277, 278, 280, 299
Ambi, 221n
port of, 59 Amman, 332
Acco plain, 7, 8, 11, 12, 165, 207, 208, 369 Ammiya, 112, 218, 219, 220
Acco valley, 152 Ammon, Ammonites, 262, 269
Achshaph, 99, 151, 152, 158, 161, 163, 165, 167, ‘Amqi, 12, 90, 92n, 126, 127, 223n, 227n, 234
Amurru, 5, 27, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47n, 53n,
208, 354 54, 70, 87, 88, 89, 100, 106, 115, 116, 118,
Adami-nekeb, 307 128, 136, 137, 151n, 196n, 219, 223, 225, 227,
Addaya, 35 228, 244, 245, 246n, 299, 334
Adullam, 371 Anab, 361
Anaharath, 165, 167, 175, 177
cave of Adullam, 263 Anat of Suḫu, 334
Aegean region, 336 ‘Anathoth, 248
Aegean-Anatolian-Syro-Palestinian region, Anatolia, 12, 157, 323, 332, 333, 335, 336, 340
eastern Anatolia, 9, 10, 12
333 northern Anatolia, 334
Aelia Capitolina, see Jerusalem southeastern Anatolia, 110, 117, 300, 333
Afqa, 276 western Anatolia, 338
Africa, 341 Annašše, 294n
Aḫtiashna, 147, 150, 154, 167, 175 ‘n š3sw, 276
Ai (Khirbet et-Tell), 181, 186, 189, 190, 321, Aphek, 124, 207n, 229, 341, 371
Api, see Upi
348-349, 356, 365, 372, 373, 378 ’ptn, 207n
Aijalon, 176, 205, 209, 351 Arabah, 354, 364
Aijalon valley, 351 Arabia, 325
‘Ain, 124, 127 Arad, 319, 321, 358, 363, 364, 377
‘Ain-Shasu, 91 Aram, Arameans, 13, 327, 346, 356
Akhetaten, 148, 175, 217 Aram Damascus, 264, 335
Akhlab, 158 Aram Zobah, 335, 327, 346
Akka, 156n Arbatta, 211
Akkad, 128, 138, 156, 277, 278 Arqat, 178
Aksha, 14n ‘Arrâbeh, 205, 211, 236n
Akshapa, 115 Arrapḫa, 200
Alalakh, 9, 10, 11, 112, 117, 120, 123, 135-136, Aruboth, Arubboth, 204, 205, 209, 210, 211,
236n, 370
158, 160n, 234, 263n, 285-291, 293-301 Arwada, 56, 57, 158
Alashiya, 112, 135, 138, 157, 158-159 Ashdad, 117, 142, 157, 158, 159, 163
Amada, 93 Ashdod, 75n, 78, 142, 145, 156-163, 322, 361
Amae, 112 Asher’s allotment, 208
Amanus, 335 Ashkelon, 14n, 72n, 75, 76n, 78, 101, 149, 152,
Amarah, 14n
Amarna, 4, 5, 12, 26, 27, 31, 34, 40, 43, 45, 47,

50, 52, 53, 56, 60, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 74n, 78,
82, 83, 84, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 99, 100, 101,
105n, 106, 107, 111, 112, 113-117, 122, 126,
128, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153,

398

Index 399

154, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 167, 178, 189, 190, 266, 308, 309, 357, 358, 364-365,
195, 198, 223, 344, 345, 357 367, 368, 370, 377
Ashtaroth, Ashtartu, 6, 8, 69, 84-85, 86, 150, Beth-gubrin, 184
155, 196, 197, 201 Beth-haggan, 239
Ashur, see Assyria Beth-horon/Bīt-Ḥoron, 176, 205, 247, 349-
Asia, 2, 13, 15, 16, 25, 26, 28, 37, 63, 85n, 100, 350, 351, 370
102, 103, 106, 110, 111, 114, 115, 117, 118, Bethlehem, 176, 181, 350
119, 120, 126, 127, 128, 145, 224, 258, 341 Beth-shean, 59n, 165, 166, 176, 197, 201, 205,
Egyptian Empire in, 139 206, 208, 221, 222, 223, 224, 232, 235, 236,
Egyptian province in, 120, 122-123, 134, 237, 324n, 370
137, 138, 139, 142, 148-149 Beth-shean plain, 11, 14n, 207n, 208
Hither Asia, 335 Beth-shean valley, 59, 90n, 165, 175, 177, 197,
Western Asia, 120, 121, 134, 137, 146, 181, 208, 222-223, 237, 238
253, 255, 269, 270, 336, 342, 343 Beth-shemesh, 176, 190, 323, 370
Asia Minor, 323n Beth ‘Ur, 204
Assyria, Ashur, Assyrians, 13, 113, 114, 117, Beth Yerah, 12
122, 160n, 187, 225, 226, 227, 228, 283, 313, Beth-zur, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 187, 362
314, 333, 334, 352, 353 Bezek, 359, 365, 378
’trn, 207n Bit-dNIN.URTA, 176, 189
‘yn, 208n Bit-tenni, 162
Azekah, 350, 351 Bit Zamani, 225
Azor, 223 Black Sea, 334
Baal-gad, 124, 370 Bochim/Bachuth, 357
Baal Perazim, 351 “Bull Site”, 332
Babylon, 83n, 84n, 244, 334 el-Burj, 375
Babylonia, 9, 13, 32, 45, 113, 119, 120, 122, 127, Burqîn, 211
183, 184, 256, 288, 296, 320, 334 Burquna, 166, 210, 211, 239
Bachuth, see Bochim Buṣruna, 85, 86, 196
Balkans, 333, 336 Byblos, 5, 14, 15, 26, 29, 30, 33, 36, 50, 52, 53,
Bashan, 7, 8, 12, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 127, 150, 57, 58, 59, 65, 74n, 78n, 101, 106, 114-115,
195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 208n, 227 120, 123, 126, 135, 178, 219, 221n, 228, 234,
Beēroth (Khirbet el-Burj), 375, 376 242-244, 245, 246n, 249, 257, 259, 275, 276,
Beer-sheba, 370 280, 281, 282, 283
Beer-sheba valley, 168n, 174, 184, 185, 209, Caesarea, 222n
362 Cape Calidonia, 58
Beirut, 6, 29, 50, 56, 58, 59, 60, 62, 92, 101, Cappadocia, 8, 255, 340
151n Carchemish, 225, 248, 334, 336
Bene-berak, 223 Carmel, 263
Benjamin, hill of, 1, 191 Charbata, 204
Benjamin, hill country of, 173, 180-182, 187, Charchemish, 156n
191, 375 Chephirah (Khirbet Kefireh), 376
Benjamin’s allotment, 173, 266, 267n, 337, 376 Chinnereth, 161, 165, 167, 168
Beqa‘ of Lebanon, 1, 7, 8, 11, 90, 92, 93, 126, Chinnereth, sea of, 124, 125
146-147, 150, 177, 221, 223 Chinneroth, 354
southern Lebanon Beqa‘, 207 Cilicia, 337
Berath/Beēroth, 208 eastern Cilicia, 116
Berothan, 124 Cisjordan, 85, 195, 196, 198
B’rt, 208 City of Palms, 363, see also Jericho; Tamar
Beten, 208 Coastal plain, 205, 260, 322
Beth-‘Anath, 248 southern coastal plain, 207
Beth-‘Anon, 248 Cush, 71, 89
Beth-‘anoth, 248n Cyprus, 58, 112, 157, 158, 159
Beth-dagon, 223
Bethel (Luz), 113n, 174, 180, 181-182, 186, 187,

400 Canaan in the Second Millennium BCE

Damascus, 6, 12, 27, 29, 54, 82, 83, 85n, 86, 87, G[ḏr], 209
88, 89, 90, 92, 101, 116, 124, 125, 127, 150, G[ḏt], 208
184, 185, 195, 196, 197, 200n, 201, 205 Gadara, 198
Galilee, 113n, 116n, 167, 222n, 308, 309, 310,
Dan, 264, 366, 367-368, 370, 377
Dan’s allotment, 176, 223 311, 312, 354
Dead Sea, 363 hill country of, 307
Debir, 177, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186, 188, 189, Lower Galilee, 1, 8, 110, 153, 165, 175, 177
Upper Galilee, 1, 153, 268, 366, 369n
191, 326, 353, 357, 358, 360, 361, 362, 363, Gari, Land of Gari, 84, 198, 207n, 208n
377, see also Khirbet Rabud; Kiriath-sepher Gath, Gimtu (Tell eṣ-Ṣafi), 6n, 7, 8, 72n, 77,
Deir el-Balaḥ, 229 78, 101, 149, 150n, 154, 155, 160, 162, 167,
Deir el-Medineh, 276n 174, 175, 176, 187, 189, 205, 206, 256, 263,
District of the Shasu, 276, see also Shasu lands 327, 361
Djahi, 4 139, 161 Gath-carmel, Gath-kirmil, 77-78, 163’ 167,
Dor, 167, 312, 313, 354
Dothan (Tell Dothan), 211 201n, 234, see also Ginti-kirmil, Gimti
Dothan plain, 211, 212, 236n Gath-padalla, 7, 163, 167, 238
Dothan valley, 166 Gath-rimmon, 239
Dubbâ, 111 Gath-rimmunima, 166
Gaza, 88, 118, 119, 139, 159, 162, 164, 185, 205,
Ebla, 290, 296, 336
Edom (Seir), 190, 267n, 322, 337, 342, 361 208, 221, 223, 224, 357, 361
Edrei, 85, 86, 196, 197, 205 Gazru of Ḥaurân, 205
Egypt, 2, 4, 14, 15, 16, 25-38, 40, 41, 42, 45, 46, Geba‘ (Tell Abū Shūsheh), 165, 208, 351

47, 54, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 68, 83, 85n, 87, 88, Geba‘-śmn, 165, 167, 175
91, 93, 101, 102n, 106, 107, 113-114, 117, Geder, 198, 371
118, 119, 120, 122, 126, 127, 128, 135, 136,
137, 138, 141, 142, 146, 148, 153, 157, 158, gelîl haggôyîm, 313
161, 165, 166, 174, 179, 196n, 197, 201, 209, Gerar, 371
216-229, 243, 244, 249, 261, 269, 270, 275, Geshur, 335
278, 321-322, 335, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343, Gezer, 3, 4, 6, 8, 17, 18, 65, 72, 73, 74n, 75, 76,
344, 345, 357, 378
Ekron, 164, 323n, 357, 370 77, 78, 101, 149, 150n, 151, 153, 154, 160,
Eleutheropolis, 184 162, 167, 168, 174, 175, 176, 183, 186, 187,
Eleutheros, see Nahr el-Kebīr 189, 195, 198, 201n, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209,
Elon Tabor, 309 210, 218, 220, 221, 227, 244, 245, 277, 318,
Eltekeh, 353 344, 345, 351, 353
Emar, 112, 160n, 299 Gibeah, Gibeah of Saul, 267n, 348, 349, 356,
En-dor, 313 374, 375
En-gannim, 239 Gibeath-elohim, 375n
Enishazi, 30, 90-92, 93, 177 Gibeon (el-Jib), Gibeonites, 173, 205, 209, 321,
Enkomi, 142, 157, 158, 159, 163 339, 349, 350, 351, 353, 356, 359, 366, 371,
‘En-Nāb, 198 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 378
Ephraim, hill of, 1, 181, 262 Gibethon, 208
Ephraim, hill country of, 376 Gilead, 12, 124, 125, 205, 262, 310n, 312, 313
Ephraim, Land of Ephraim, 191, 360, 375 northern Gilead, 207
Ephraim’s allotment, 187 Giloh, 265
Esdraelon plain, see Jezreel plain/valley
Eshtaol, 368 Gimti, see Ginti-kirmil
Eshtemoa, 318n
Euphrates river, 9, 10, 224, 270, 334 Gimtu, see Gath
Middle Euphrates, 325, 334 Gina, 237, 238, 239, 310n
Europe, 341 Ginae, 239
Ginae brook, 239
Fertile Crescent, 9 Ginti-’eti, 66
Ginti-kirmil, Gimti 7, 8, 30, 77, 174n, 176, 189,

190, 206, 207, 210, 219, 268n, see also Gath-
carmel, Gath-kirmil
Ginti-rimûnima, 210
Gintu, 207n

Index 401

Gittaim, 176, 209, 375 244, 248, 278, 287, 334, 337-340, 341, 344,
Golan heights, 12, 84, 153, 208n 345, 361, 364
Goshen, Land of Goshen, 342 Ḫlb ‘prm, 278
Grotto of Adonis, 276 ḥlkr, ḥlnkr, 199, 200
Gubla, 151n, 275 Ḥoms, 276
Guddashuna, 177 Ḥorvat Tittora, 375
Gutium, 128 Hormah, 357, 358, 362-363, 377
Hrnkr, 237, see also ḥlkr, ḥlnkr
Habor, Htm, 161
Upper Habor, 9 Ḫtsn, 207n
Hukkurūna mountain, 200n
Ḫalab (Aleppo), 9, 10, 11, 112, 285, 287, 288, Ḥuleh valley, 195, 198
289, 299, 336 Ḫurri-land, 127
Ḫurru, 4, 120, 123, 344, 345
Ḫalba, 276 Ḫuwe, 337
Hali, 208
Ḫalunni, 85, 86, 196 Ibirta, 275-278
Hamath, 124, 125, 127, 165, 197 Idumea, 184
Ḫanigalbat, 128 Ilānṣura, 255
Hapharaim, 208 Irride, 286
ha-Rabbah, 205 Ishmeriga, 200
Ḫarabu, 166, 205, 210, 211n, 239 Israel, kingdom of, 176, 223, 253n, 261, 265,
Ḫarita, 119
el-Ḥarithiyeh, 310n 313, 314, 317-329, 344-347, 353, 375
Ḫarmana, 248 Israel, Land of Israel, 111, 124, 125, 127, 195,
Harnam, 276
Harosheth-ha-goiim, 306-307, 308, 309, 310, 306, 308, 310, 347, 354, 356, 357, 367, 378
Issachar’s allotment, 205, 208
312, 313 Italy, 341
Ḫashabu, 7 ‘Izbet Ṣarṭah, 325
Ḫashum, 9
Ḫasi, 6, 177 Jabbok River, 209
Hasmonean kingdom, 184 Jabneel, 307
Ḫattusha, 52, 117-118, 141, 340 Jabneel valley, 195, 308
Hauran, 124, 125, 127, 297 Japhia, 222n, 235
Ḫayuna, 155, 208n Jarmuth, 59n, 321
Hazar-enan/on, 123, 124, 127 Jebel el-Anṣariyeh, 276n
Hazer hattichon, 124 Jebus, 12, 183, 337, 339, 352, 360, 377 see also
Hazor, 3, 7, 8, 18, 29, 55n, 84, 85n, 90n, 101,
Jerusalem
105, 116, 129, 130, 145, 149, 150, 161, 163, Jericho, 187, 189, 348, 356, 363, 364, 372, 373,
167, 183, 190, 198, 227, 290, 307, 309, 310,
312n, 321, 353, 354, 355, 366-367, 369 378, see also City of Palms
Ḫbḏn, 207n Jerusalem (Aleia Capitolina, Jebus), 1, 7, 29,
hḏr, 198
Hebron (Kiriath-arba), 3, 78, 113n, 177, 180- 35, 36, 54, 71, 72n, 76, 77, 78, 90, 145, 150,
186, 188-189, 205, 264, 265, 321, 326, 337, 154, 155, 168, 173-192, 204, 206, 218, 220,
339, 353, 357, 358, 360, 361, 362, 374, 377 221, 226, 246, 247, 248, 265, 266, 267n, 319,
the hill country of, 184 320, 327, 329, 337, 339, 343, 350, 351, 357,
Helkath, 208 359, 376, 377
Ḫeni-anabi, 198 Jett, 207, 210
Hepher, Land of Hepher, 209, 210, 212, 371 Jezreel, 263, 310n
Heshbon, 321 Jezreel plain/valley, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14n, 59, 166,
Hethlon (Ḥeitela), 124 175, 190, 207, 208, 210, 232-239, 306, 307,
Ḫikuptaḫ, see Memphis 308, 310, 311, 369
Ḫindanu, 325 Jokneam, 208, 371, see also Tel Jokneam
Hittite Empire, Hatti, Ḫatti, 10, 37, 40-47, 68, Joppa, 14n, 162, 163, 221, 222n, 223, 224, 235, 236
100, 102n, 118, 119, 120, 122, 127, 136, 137, Jordan River, 124, 125, 126, 128, 195, 197, 265,
139, 141, 158, 160n, 196n, 225, 226, 227, 228, 266, 276, 312, 314, 322, 332, 344, 347, 370

402 Canaan in the Second Millennium BCE

Jordan valley, 11, 12, 74n, 85n, 190, 195, 198 Kiriath-jearim (Tell Deir el-‘Azar), 190, 204,
Lower Jordan valley, 153, 168, 188 206
northern plains of, 179
northern Jordan valley, 207 Kiriath-sepher, 360, 361
Upper Jordan valley, 11, 307 Kishon River, see Naḫal Kishon
Kition, 158
Judah, kingdom of, 13n, 176, 183, 184, 187, Kizzuwatna, 200
283, 318, 319, 320, 322, 327, 329, 352, 375 Kom el-Hēṭan, 91
Kumidi, see Kāmid el-Lōz
Judah, Land of Judah, 183, 263, 264, 265, 266, Kummuh, 225
356, 357, 359, 360, 363, 365, 377 Kuntillet ‘Ajrud, 318
northern Judah, 205 Kurdistan, 335
southern Judah, 185, 337, 362
Lab’u, see Lebo-hamath
Judah highlands, 168n, 173, 182 Lachish, 6, 68n, 71, 72, 75, 76, 78, 151, 154,
Judean hill country, 173, 174, 175, 177, 180-
155, 161, 168, 175, 176, 186, 206, 229, 318n,
182, 184, 185, 188, 326, 339, 353, 354, 360- 321, 341, 352
361, 362, 378 Laish, 264, 367, 368, 377
south of, 181, 182, 183, 184, 187, 205, 206 Lake Ḥuleh, 307
Judean Hills, 1, 78, 177, 181, 183, 184, 186, 188, Lapana, 86, 100, 137
191, 337 Laṭrun, 206
Jund Philastine, 184 Lb’i, see Lebo-hamath
Lebanon, 5, 124, 200
Kabul, 310n coast of, 8, 11, 14, 15, 18, 28, 88, 99, 137,
Kadesh-Barnea, 354 149, 157, 158, 178, 281, 334
Kāmid el-Lōz (Kumidi), 6, 27, 82, 86, 88, 89, 92, southern Lebanon, 200
Lebo-hamath (Lb’i, Lab’u, Libo/Lybo, Lebwe),
93, 94, 95, 139, 177, 201, 221, 223, 234, 278 123, 124, 125, 127
Karduniash, 128, 334 Lebwe, see Lebo-hamath
Karkisha, 338 el-Leja mountain, 200n
Karnak, 85, 195, 197, 199, 345 Leshem, 369
Kedesh of Naphtali, 307, 308, 309, 310 Libnah, 352
Keilah, 77, 78, 175, 176, 189, 205, 206, 248, 264 Libo, see Lebo-hamath
Kharu, 139 Libya, 120, 345
el-Khirab, 211n Limassol, 122
Khirbet el-Burj, 376 Liṭani River, 127, 337
Khirbet ‘En Ṭaruk, 198 Liṭani valley, 339
Khirbet Beit Lei, 319 Luz, see Bethel
Khirbet Bir el-Ḥilû (Khirbet Ḥamideh), 206 Lybo, see Lebo-hamath
Khirbet Fuqeiqis, 180 Lydia, 341
Khirbet Ḥafireh, 212
Khirbet el-Ḥamam, 211, 236n Ma’ḫadu, 157, 158
Khirbet Ḥamideh, see Khirbet Bir el-Ḥilû Maacah, 335
Khirbet Ibziq, 359 Madon, 354, 355, 370
Khirbet Jel‘ad, 310n Magan, 128
Khirbet Kefireh, 376 Magdali, 88
Khirbet Kerak, 8, 12, 335, 339 Mahanaim, 209
Khirbet el-Kidish, 307 Maḫḫazu, see Muḫḫazu
Khirbet al-Muḥafar, 212 Makkedah, 349, 351, 352
Khirbet el-‘Oreimeh, 165 Makkitta, see Megiddo
Khirbet el-Qom, 319 Manasseh, hill country of, 1, 330, 346, 376,
Khirbet Rabud, 154, 167, 180, 353, see also
377
Debir Manasseh, Land of Manasseh, 191, 359, 360
Khirbet Raddana, 339 Manḫatu, 176
Khirbet Shuweiket er-Râs, 209 Mari, 111-112, 121, 158, 253, 255, 256, 296, 338n
Khirbet et-Tell, see Ai
Kinza, 119, 126, 127
Kiriath-arba, see Hebron

Index 403

Maron, 354, 355, 370 Mu’rashti, 71, 72, 155
Mearah, 124 Muḫḫazu, 72, 160, 162
Mediterranean, 126, 335, 339 Mushiḫuna, 7
Nāb, 198
eastern Mediterranean, 58, 158, 343 Nabrachta, 211
western Mediterranean, 336 Nebi Rubin, 160
Megiddo (Makkitta), 7, 8, 9, 14n, 17, 18, 19, 30, Naḫal Besor, 154
118n, 126, 129, 152, 161, 163, 167, 199, 205, Naḫal Elah, 187
206, 220, 222, 223, 235, 236, 237, 238, 290, Naḫal Gerar, 154
305, 306, 307, 312, 313, 322 Naḫal Govrin, 155
Melid, 336 Naḫal Kishon, 7, 238, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308,
Meluḫḫa, 128
Memphis (Ḫikuptaḫ), 88, 93 310, 311, 312, 313, 327
Meroz, 305, 311 Naḫal Tirzah, 210
el-Meshattah, 211 Nahr el-Kebir (Eleutheros), 15, 107, 124, 126,
Mesopotamia, 9, 63n, 67, 128, 221, 225, 227,
246, 247, 248, 288, 332, 333, 335, 341 276
eastern Mesopotamia, 300 Naḫrima, 43, 71
northern Mesopotamia, 9, 11, 334, 343 Napata, 93
southern Mesopotamia, 334 Naphtali’s allotment, 307, 309, 312, 314
Upper Mesopotamia, 9, 334 Narbata, 211, 222n, 236
Midian, 305, 313 Nasher, 255
Migdal Penuel, 305 Na-x-ḫa-x, 150, 154, 167
Mishal, 152, 161, 165, 167 Negeb, Negev, 128n, 153, 168, 183, 185, 325,
Misrephoth-maim, 124, 354
Mitanni, 5, 11, 16, 18, 32, 41-48, 83, 93, 114, 357, 361, 362
119, 120, 126, 137, 200, 244, 300, 301 Negeb Highlands, 209
Mizpah (Tell en-Naṣbeh), 322-323 ngs, 199, 200, 237
Mizpeh, 354 Nile Delta, 155, 277
Mktl, Mktlyn, 207n Nile valley, 277
Mmšt, 184 Niya, 11, 112
Moab, 190, 267 Nob, 324n
Moresheth-(gath), 71 Nubia, 27, 93, 94, 278
Mount Anti-Lebanon, 7, 8, 86, 92, 93, 124, 125, Nuḫašše, 6, 11, 46, 112, 118, 126, 135, 199
128, 207 Nuribta, 222n, 223, 235, 236
Mount Bishri, 334 Nuzi, 52, 91n, 200, 220, 234, 271
Mount Carmel, 135
Carmel slopes, 207, 208 Oak of Zaanannim, 307, 309
Lower Carmel, 189 Orontes River, 15, 126, 127, 276
Mount Ebal, 332 Orontes valley, 12
Mount Ephraim, 187, 190, 210, 262, 266, 267,
268, 357, 308, 309 p3 mgr, 276
Mount Gilboa, 324, 327 Palestine, 1-19, 28, 66, 69, 72n, 75, 123, 130,
Mount Halak, 370
Mount Hebron, 182-185 135, 145, 146, 147, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154,
Mount Hermon, 124, 337 157, 161, 167, 168, 178, 182, 210, 221, 224,
Mount Jearim, 190 225, 226, 228, 229, 253, 259, 263, 288, 325,
Mount Lebanon, 124, 224, 276, 337 329, 333, 336, 340, 341n, 343
Mount Perazim, 351 central Palestine, 163, 167, 324
Mount Seir, 190 coast of, 2, 15
Mount Shawe, Mount n š3-w3, 276 eastern Palestine, 205
Mount Tabor, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310, 312 the hill country of, 3, 8, 184, 346n
Mount Zemaraim, 267 northern Palestine, 11, 12, 59n, 66, 88, 149,
Mpśn, 207n 163, 165, 166, 207, 209, 210, 227, 369
‘mq, 208 the northern plains of, 2
Mqr/lt, 208, 209 southern Palestine, 8, 11, 14, 65, 66, 70, 72,
75, 76, 119, 154-156, 167, 207, 210, 218, 219,

404 Canaan in the Second Millennium BCE

220, 223 Š‘rt/Shartu, 190
west Jordanian Palestine, 147 Ṣab/puma, 74
Patina, 225 Sadad, see Zedad
Peḫel, 183 Saggaratum, 256
Persian empire, 127 Salt Sea, 124
Philistia, Philistines, 122, 130, 208, 263, 323, Sam’al, 225
324, 350, 356, 361, 370, 375 Samaria, 187, 205, 210, 318, 319, 327
coast of, 159, 323n, 361
eastern Philistia, 361 northern Samaria, 211
Phoenicia, 110, 130, 318 Samaria hills, 239
Phoenician coast, 65, 66n, 67, 110, 114, 116, Samarian hill country, 212, 373
122, 126, 135, 151, 198, 224, 227, 228 Saqqara, 122
Piḫilu, 7, 8, 17n, 84, 127, 128, 197, 201n, 207 Sarid, 208, 303-305, 312
Promised Land, 110, 111, 126, 127, 128, 129 Sazana, 92
Qadesh, Qidshu (Tell Nebi Mind), 11, 16, 17, Seir, see Edom
18, 27, 86, 87, 100, 116, 119, 126, 127, 196n, Seirah, 190, 267
199, 200, 276, 288, 299 Shaalim, 267n
Qa-ḏi-ru, 205 Shaddu, 86, 87
Qantara, 72n Shalisha, 267n
Qanu, 196 Shamḫuna, 6, 7, 30, 55n, 113, 161, 163, 167,
Qarqar, 15, 325
Qatna, 11, 87, 88, 100, 111, 112, 126, 196, 288 222n
qdr, 198 Shamir, 267
qḏr, 208, see also Gezer Sharon, 207, 239
qdtm, 205, 209n
Qina brook, 238 plain of, 7, 8, 207, 209, 210, 211, 236
Qina valley, 238 Shartu, see Š‘rt
[Qm]hn, 196 Sharuhen, see Shir/lḥon
Qpt, 208 Sharuna, 161, 162
Qrt-‘nb, 198 Shasu lands, 127n, see also District of the
Que, 337
Rabbah, 204, 206, 212n Shasu
Rabbith, 204, 205 Shazaena, 27, 82, 92
Raḫābu, 90n, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238 Shechem, Shechemites, 3, 12, 29, 30, 83, 85n,
Rāḫisum/Rūḫiṣu, 111, 112, 121, 127, see also
Ruḫizzi 89, 113n, 145, 150, 152, 163, 164, 166, 167,
Ramah, 266, 267n 168, 173, 179-180, 181, 182, 183, 186, 187,
Raphia, 119 188, 189, 190-191, 201n, 205, 207, 210, 232,
Rapiqu, 334 237, 264, 267, 290, 337, 339, 345-346, 359,
Ras Tawra, 181, 186, 191 373, 374
Rbt, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, see also Rubutu Shepham, 123-124, 127
Rehob (Rḥb), 124, 152, 165, 167, 175, 177, 178, Shephelah, 2, 8, 17, 18, 72, 74n, 173, 174, 177,
205, 207n, 208, 222, 223 178, 179, 184, 189, 191, 205, 210, 260, 268,
Rephaim valley, 350, 351 322, 326, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 362, 370,
Retenu, 4, 199, 200 378, 379
Rḥb, see Rehob northern Shephelah, 205, 206, 208, 209,
Riblah, 127 247, 370, 375
Roman Empire, 138 Shēri, 189, 190
Rosh-qidshi, 179 Shilhim, see Shir/lḥon
Rôsh-ramem, 179 Shiloh, 332
Rubutu, 77, 78,176, 204-212 Shim‘on, 354, 370
Rūḫiṣu, see Rāḫiṣum Shim‘on, kingdom of, 235, 354
Ruḫizzi, 86, 87, 100, 137, see also Rāḫiṣum/Rūḫiṣu Shimron, 354
Shir/lḥon (Sharuhen, Tell el-‘Ajjul), 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 19, 119
Shunem, 166, 205, 208, 222, 223, 232, 235, 236,
237, 239
Siannu, 46, 47
Sibraim, 124
Sidon, 6, 29, 36, 53n, 55n, 65, 66, 68, 101, 116,

Index 405

118, 136, 151n, 156 Tel Dan, 369
Great Sidon, 354 Tel Dor, 166
Silat el-Ḫarithiyeh, 310n Tel ‘Eton, 154, 167, 352
Sile, 72n, 119 Tel Ḥalif (Tell el-Khuweilifeh), 362
Siloam, 319 Tel Haror, 154
Silu, 155 Tel Hazor, 366
Sinai Peninsula, 14n, 16, 335, 347 Tel Jokneam, 166, 167
northern Sinai, 127n Tel Kabri, 178
Siyannu, 246, 248 Tel Malḥata, 185
Socoh, 14n, 184, 206, 207n, 209, 210, 370 Tel Masos, 185, 229, 325
Soleb, 14n Tel Mevorakh, 332
Śrt, 208 Tel Qarnei Ḥiṭṭin, 166, 167, 355
Subartu, 128, 255 Tel Rekhesh, 165
Suḫu, 325, 334 Tel Sera‘, 229, 322, 341
Sumer, 128, 296 Tel Shimron, 163
Ṣumur (Tell Kazel), 43, 52, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, Tell Abū Shūsheh, see Geba‘
60, 126, 166, 221, 223, 234, 245, 246n, 257n, Tell el-‘Ajjul, see Shir/lḥon
275, 276 Tell el-‘Amr, 165
Šunem, 204 Tell Beit Mirsim, 154, 167, 318n
Ṣupite, 92 Tell Burnaṭ, 155
Syria, 4, 5, 9, 11, 14, 15, 18, 45, 68, 103, 117, Tell ed-Dab‘a, 18
123, 146, 161, 196, 221, 227, 288, 333, 334, Tell Deir ‘Alla, 332
335, 336, 338 Tell Deir el-‘Azar, see Kiriath-jearim
central Syria, 11, 93, 94, 116, 122, 126, 127, 338 Tell Dothan, see Dothan
coast of, 157 Tell el-Far‘ah, 191, 322
northern coast of, 116 Tell Harbaj, 165
northern Syria, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 122, 220, Tell el-Ḫayyat, 332
225, 227, 296, 300, 334, 340 Tell el-Ḥesi, 224
southern Syria, 11, 85n, 86, 88, 94, 126, 149, Tell Jemmeh, 154, 325
200, 201, 225, 227, 334-335 Tell Kazel, see Ṣumur
Syro-African Rift valley, 330, 338, 340 Tell el-Khuweilifeh, see Tel Ḥalif
Syro-Anatolian kingdoms, 336 Tell Kisan, 165
Syro-Arabian Desert, 335 Tell Kittan, 332
Syro-Canaanite kingdoms, 16 Tell el-Masallah, 211
Syro-Mesopotamia areas, 336 Tell el-Muḥafar, 211, 212
Syro-Mesopotamian West Semitic kingdoms, Tell en-Na‘ameh, 195
227 Tell en-Naḫl, 165
Syro-Palestine, 228n, 288, 290, 318, 325, 336 Tell en-Naṣbeh, see Mizpah
Taanach, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 14n, 94, 129, 161, Tell Nebi Mind, see Qadesh
163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 204, 205, 206, 207n, Tell er-Rumeideh, 180, 182
208, 209, 210, 221, 222, 223, 224, 232, 233, Tell eṣ-Ṣafi, see Gath, Gimtu
234, 235, 236, 238, 305, 306, 307, 310n, 311, Tell eṣ-Ṣarem, 165, 207n, 235
312, 340 Tell Sheikh Abu Zarad, see Tappuah
south of, 210 Tell esh-Shihab, 85, 197, 198, 200n
Tadmor, 334 Tell es-Sultan, 160
Taḫshi, 86n, 93, 126, 127, 196, 207 Thebes, 148, 175
Tamar, 124, 363, 364, see also City of Palms Tianna, 72, 74, 160, 161, 162, 163, 167
Tappuah (Tell Sheikh Abu Zarad), 186, 190, Tigris River,
371
Taurus, 335 Upper Tigris, 9, 334
Tehenu, 344 Timna, 229
Tel Aphek, 66, 236, 243 Timnath-heres, Timnath-serah, 266, 356
Tel Ashdod, 156, 159, 162, 163 Tirzah, 210, 371
Tel Beer-sheba, 318n, 325 Tjeko, 342
Tnn (tì-n-ni), 161, 162, see also Tianna
Tob, Land of Tob, 262, 335

406 Canaan in the Second Millennium BCE

Transcaucasia, 12 y‘n, 198
Transjordan, 17n, 85, 125, 127n, 128, 128n, 195, Yabilima, 155, 208n
Yâfā, 235n
198, 199, 222, 224, 227, 237, 322, 339, 345, 377 Yaḥam, 207n
”King’s Highway”, 17n, 127n Yamḫad, 286, 287, 288, 289n, 336
northern Transjordan, 94, 335 Yapiḫu, 236
Tripoli, 124, 276 Yapû, 222n, 236, see also Joppa
Tubiḫu, 177, 276 Yarimuta, 57, 58, 59, 60
Tûl Karem, 205 Yarmuk River, 84, 85, 86, 125, 128, 197, 198,
Tunip, 11, 126
Tushulti, 177, 264 199, 207, 208n
Tyre (the city of Mayāti), 6, 29, 36, 50-55, 63, Yarmuta, 59n, see also Yarimuta
65-68, 101, 103, 104, 105, 116, 118, 120, 123, Yehud, 184
134, 135, 136-137, 151n, 158, 219, 276 Yeno‘am, 84, 85, 86, 195-202, 221, 237, 344,

Ugarit, 5, 6, 40, 41, 42, 46, 47, 52, 54, 116, 117, 345
120, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141-142, 156, Yibleam, 165
157-158, 160n, 162, 190, 225, 236, 246, 247, Yibneh, 72n
248, 278, 290, 298, 340 Yurza, 16, 154, 167, 234

Ugulzit, 118 Zagros, 300, 335
Ulan Burun, 58 Zaphon, 74n
Ullasa, 44, 45, 56, 57, 114, 166, 178, 221, 245, Zarephath, 276
Zebulun’s allotment, 208, 235, 304, 305, 312,
246n, 275
Upi (Api), 82, 85, 86, 87, 89, 100, 126, 139, 314
Zedad (Sadad), 123, 124, 125
196n, 227 Zemaraim, 209
Ur, 13, 335 Zephath, 362, 377
Urartu, 346 Zer‘în, 310n
Urshum, 9 Ziklag, 263
Uruatri/Uratri, 346, see also Urartu Zilû, 71, 72, 154, 155, 167, 175, 176, 206
Usu, 36, 55n Zin, 124
Ziph, 184
Wādi Arabah, 128n Ziphron, 123, 127
Wādi el-Far‘ah, 210 Zobah, 264, 355
Wādi el-Ḥamam, 355 Zorah, 176, 368
Wādi Jabneel, 195 Zuḫra, 147, 150, 154, 167, 175
Wādi Raqad, 198 Zunzurḫi, 118
Waššukanni, 200 Zuph, 267n
Waters of Megiddo, 311, 312, 378
Waters of Merom, 350, 353, 354, 355, 356, 366 [x-I]G-ma-te, 150, 163, 167

Index of Biblical References

Genesis 34:12 372 6:17b 364n
10:15 338 6:22-23 364n
12:1 270 Numbers 6:23 364
12:10 342 13-14 361, 368 6:24 364n
14:13 270 13:6 360 6:25 364
23 337, 339, 374 13:21 123, 124 8 348
23:2 113n 13:22 337, 360, 374 8:24 362n
26:1 342 13:28 360, 374 8:29 352, 378
26:34 337 14:44-45 362n 9 339, 349, 371, 374, 376
27:46 337 14:45 362n 9:3 372
33:18 113n 21:1-3 362 9:4 372
34 339, 373 26:32-33 212 9:7 337
34:2 337, 339 27:1 212 9:8 372
34:4 373 32:12 361 9:9 372
34:8-12 373 32:37-38 377 9:9b-10 373
35:6 113n 32:41-42 377 9:11 372
35:8 309, 357 34:2-12 125 9:14 373
36:2 337 34:2-12a 123 9:15a 372
36:11 361 34:7-12a 124 9:15b 371, 372
36:15 361 34:19 360 9:16 372
36:42 361 9:17 376
37:17 211 Deuteronomy 9:17-21 371
39:14 261, 270 1:43-44 362n 9:22 373
39:17 261 1:44 362n 9:24 372
40:15 261 2:15 362n 9:27 371, 377
41:12 261, 270 3:3-5 198 9:27b 373
42:2 342 3:5 282, 283 10 173, 350, 351, 360
47:4 342 7:2 372 10-11 347
49:6 355 15:12 270 10:1 349
49:14-15 232 20:10-18 372 10:1-15 349, 351, 354
20:16-18 372 10:1-39 353
Exodus 20:11 372 10:3 177, 349
1:16 261 20:12-14 372 10:5 177, 349
1:19 261 26:5 343 10:6 349
2:6 261 34:3 363 10:10 190
2:7 261 10:12-13 351
3:18 261 Joshua 10:16-27 349, 351
5:3 261 1:4 122, 338 10:20 362n
7:16 261 2 364 10:23 349
9:1 261 2:1-9a 364n 10:26 378
9:13 261 2:9 372 10:28 352
10:3 261 2:12-16 364n 10:28-39 364-365, 366, 378
21:2 270 2:12b 364n 10:29-39 349, 352, 353
23:9 270 2:17-21 364n 10:36-37 326
23:32 372 2:22-23 364n 10:36-39 177

407

408 Canaan in the Second Millennium BCE

10:38-39 326 15:49 353 1:8 358, 359, 377
10:40-41 347 15:54 353 1:9 357, 358
10:41 354 15:55-56 263 1:10 326, 337, 363, 374
11 309, 366 15:59 248n 1:10-15 357, 360
11:1-5 308, 353, 354 15:60 204, 206 1:11 363
11:1-9 353, 354, 366 16:2 304 1:11-15 326, 361
11:1-14 353, 355 16:3 190 1:16 363
11:2 354 16:7 304 1:17 362, 363
11:3 337, 354 16:10 370 1:17-18 357
11:4 129 17:2-3 212 1:18 358
11:6 129, 353, 355 17:11 129, 238 1:19 129, 310, 358
11:7-9 353 17:16 129, 310 1:21 357, 358, 365
11:8 354 17:18 310 1:22 364
11:9 129, 355 18:6 183 1:22-25 377
11:10 355, 367 18:22 187 1:22-26 187, 357, 359, 364,
11:10-11 366, 367 18:28 183
11:10-14 353 19:4 362 365
11:12a 366 19:6 13n 1:25 364
11:12b-13 366 19:10 304 1:26 122, 358, 364
11:14 366 19:12 235, 304 1:27 129, 238
11:16-17 347 19:13 304 1:27-33 357
11:21 326 19:19 208 1:27-35 357, 365
11:21-22 361 19:20 204 1:29 370
11:21-23 360 19:21 239 1:34-35 326, 367, 368, 369,
11:23 347 19:25 208
12 212, 223 19:33 307, 309 370
12:10 177 19:37 308 1:35 357, 370
12:13 177 19:40 223 2:1-5 357
12:16 187 19:40-46 176 2:2 372
12:17 212, 370 19:40-47 368 2:2-4 358
12:22 308 19:47 268, 326, 365, 367, 2:4-5 357
13:2-6 123, 125 2:6-9 357
13:2a 124 368-369, 370 2:9 357
13:4-6a 124 20:7 308 2:10ff 357
13:5 126 21:29 59n 2:11-13 358
14:6 361 21:32 308 2:17-19 358
14:6-14 326 24:28-31 357 3:3 337
14:6-15 360 24:30 357 3:13 363
14:14 361 24:31 357 3:26 190, 267n
15 362 3:26-27 267
15:1-12 357 Judges 4 306-312, 327
15:8 183 1 347, 348, 360, 362, 365 4-5 303, 313
15:10 190, 267 1:1–2:5 357 4:1 311
15:10-11 304 1:1 357, 370 4:1-3 312
15:13 360 1:1-2 357 4:2 306, 307, 311, 355
15:13-14 326, 360 1:1-3 358 4:2a 309, 310
15:13-19 360 1:1-18 357 4:2b 309, 310
15:14 337, 360, 374 1:1-26 357-366 4:3 129, 311
15:15-19 326, 360, 361 1:3 363 4:4b-5 309, 310
15:30 362 1:4 364 4:5 307, 308
15:32 13n 1:4-8 357 4:6 305, 309
15:39 353 1:5a 359 4:6a 310
15:41 353 1:6-7a 359 4:9b 310
15:42 353 1:7 359 4:10 308, 309
15:45-47 129 1:7a 359 4:10-14 305, 398
1:7b 359 4:11 307, 309, 310, 363
4:13 129, 306, 307, 308, 309

Index 409

4:16 306, 307, 308, 309 20 348 26 327
4:17 307 20:1 323 26:6 337
4:17b 309, 310 20:3 323 27:1-6 263
4:22 307 21:1 323 27:2 264
4:23 311, 355 21:5 323 27:7-11 263
4:24 355 21:8 323 27:8-11 264
5 129, 327 28:1-2 263
5:8 304 1 Samuel 29 263
5:8a 304 1:1 267 29:3 256, 261, 262
5:11 304 3:10 324 30 263
5:11b 303 4:6 261, 262 30:9 264
5:11b-13 303, 304, 305 4:9 261, 262 30:10 324n
5:13 208n, 303-305 5:1-7 324 30:16 83n
5:13a 304 6:9 323 30:17 324
5:13b 304 6:12-21 323 30:29-30 362
5:14-17 305, 311 6:18 282, 283 31 327
5:18 305 9:1 267 31:4 270
5:19 129, 304, 306 9:1-10:16 327 2 Samuel
5:19b 129 9:4-5 267n 1:17-27 327
5:21 305 10:3 309 1:18 351
5:22 304 10:5 375n 1:20 270
5:23 305 10:9-13 375n 2:1-4 183, 264
5:25 304 10:10-12 327 4:2 375
6:5 324 10:17-26:11 327 4:6 327
7:12 324 11:1-2 372 4:7 327
8:17 305 11:8 359 5:1-5 183
8:21 324 12:9 307 5:20 351
8:26 324 13-14 267 5:22 350, 351
9 264, 374 13:3 261, 262 5:22-25 350, 351
9:4 264 13:6 262, 267 5:23-24 351
9:26-29 264 13:7 261n 5:25 351
9:30-41 264 13:19 261, 262 8:3 355
9:46-49 290 14:6 270 8:4 355
11 262 14:11 261, 262 8:10-12 324n
11:4-11 264 14:21-22 261 8:16-18 319, 327
14:3 270 14:22 267 8:17 317
15:18 270 15:6 363 10:6-18 311
16:23 324 16:14-23 327 11 337
17 368 16:17 327 15-20 165
17-18 368 17:26 270 16:5 266
17:12 368 17:36 270 17:1-14 266
18 264, 268, 326, 367-368 17:52 190 19:10-13 265
18:1 368 18:17-27 361 19:12-16 266
18:2 368 19:18-24 327 19:41-44 265, 266
18:7 368 21:10 324n 20:1 266
18:8-10 368 21:11-16 327 20:1-2 265
18:11 264, 368 21:17 327 20:2 265
18:16 264 22:1-2 263 20:4-6 268
18:17 264 22:2 264 20:6 266
18:25 264 22:5 263 20:14 266, 268
18:27 365 22:20-23 263 20:18 268
18:27a-28 368 23:1-13 264, 268 20:21 266
18:27-29 368 23:13 264 20:23-26 319, 327
18:29 368 24 327 20:25 317
19:47 370 25 263

410 Canaan in the Second Millennium BCE

21:1 375 11:20 327 48:1-8 125
21:1-14 374, 375 12:21 327 48:28 363
21:2 375 12:22a 327
21:2b 375 14:11 323 Amos
21:6 375n 14:25 327 1:8 164
21:9 375 14:28a 327
21:10-14 375 15:29 308 Jonah
21:15-22 361 18:14 352 1:9 270, 271
23:13-17 350 18:17 352
23:39 337 18:17-19:9a 327 Zechariah
24:7 337 18:36 327 2:4-5 283
24:8 317 19:8 352
24:16-25 337, 339 19:9 353 Psalms
19:9b-35 327 83 313
1 Kings 23:15 187 83:6-8 313
4:2-19 319 83:9-10 313
4:3 317 Isaiah
4:8 267 8:21-23a 313n Esther
4:9 176 8:23 308, 312 9:19 283
4:10 204, 205, 209, 212, 8:23b 312-314
236n 8:23b-9:6 313, 314 Ezra
4:12 238 9:1-6 313 2:25 376
4:18 267 9:3 313
9:13 310n 9:5 313 Nehemiah
9:16 370 9:6 312 3:7 322
9:18 363 20:1 311 3:15 322
10:29 122, 338 28:21 351 3:16 190
11:1 122, 338 3:19 322
11:16 307 Jeremiah 3:24 190
11:23-24 264 34:9 270, 271 3:31 190
11:24 264 34:14 270, 271 7:25 376
12:28-29 367 40-41 322 7:29 376
15:20 268 50:17 312
15:22 322 1 Chronicles
16:1-4 327 Ezekiel 4:13-15 360
16:7 327 16:3 337, 343 4:30 362
20:1-21 327 16:45 337 6:61 308
20:34 372 38:11 282 10:10 324
47:13-21 123 14:13 350
2 Kings 47:13-18 125 14:13-16 350
6:13 211 47:15-18 124 14:16 351
6:24-7:20 327 47:16 127 20:4-8 361
7:6 122, 338 47:17 127
8:20-22 322 47:18 125 2 Chronicles
9:27 239 47:19 363 28:15 363
11:16 327 48:1 123, 124, 125