The New Power Balance 1830-1900

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The New Power Balance
1830-1900

2015 AP
Chapter 26

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Section One

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A. Railroads

• By 1850, every industrializing country built
railroad lines

• In non-industrializing countries, RR’s built
wherever they would be of value to business or
government

• Most RR’s were built by European/American
engineers…except Japan

• U.S. had the largest RR network
• Vast consumption of lumber=significant

environmental effect

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B. Steamships and Telegraph Cables

• Technological developments made possible to
increase the size and speed of oceangoing vessels

▫ Propellers replaced paddle wheels
▫ Steel not wooden hulls
▫ Powerful and efficient engines
▫ Size from 200 to 7,500 tons

• Submarine telegraph cables praised as the
“annihilation of time and space.”

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C. The Steel and Chemical Industries

• Technological inventions made it possible to
produce large quantities of steel at low cost

• Chemicals once produced in small amounts in small
workshops, but in the 19th C. large-scale
manufacture of chemicals /invention of synthetic
dyes

• Synthetic dyes hurt tropical nations because those
nations grew the most indigo…

• The most advanced scientific institutions
(government funded) were in Germany= huge
advantage to them

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D. Electricity

• Before 1900, most electricity used to just “light
up” streets, homes and city parks

• Inventors devised generators that turned
mechanical energy into electricity/power used to
power streetcars, subways and electric motors
for industry

• Electric motors replaced steam engines
• Engineers learned to use waterpower to produce

electricity and hydroelectric plants built

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E. World Trade and Finance

• Between 1850-1913, world trade expanded
tenfold/cost of freight dropped between 50 and
95%...could ship anything around the world

• Growth of world trade and close connections
between industrial economies brought greater
prosperity but vulnerable to swings in the
business cycle

• The collapse of a bank in Austria in 1873
triggered a depression that spread to the U.S.

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• The financial power of Great Britain allowed
them to dominate the flow of trade (shipping),
finance (international banking), foreign
infrastructure development and information
(submarine cables).

• Non-industrial nations were also tied to the
world economy – the ebb and flow and when
synthetics replaced raw materials

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Section Two

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A. Population and Migrations

• Europe saw rapid population growth, emigration
created growth in the U.S., Canada, Australia, New
Zealand, and Argentina. European populations
worldwide from 1/5 to 1/3 (four-fold)

• Reasons for increase population:

▫ Drop in the death rate
▫ Improved crop yields
▫ Provision of grain…North America moves west
▫ More abundant year-round diet – canning and

refrigeration

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B. Urbanization and Urban
Environments

• Cities grew to unprecedented size – towns fused
into one another creating new cities

• New cities changed in character, technology
changes the quality of urban life for the rich &
the working class as well

• Most important urban technological innovation
was pipes for water and sewage

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• New city infrastructure included:

▫ Mass transportation networks allowed the
working class laborers to live in the suburbs –
RR’s with regular schedules

▫ City planning – built on a rectangular grid and
divided into industrial, commercial and
residential zones

▫ Police and fire departments
▫ Health inspectors and garbage removal

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• Negative environmental effects of 19thC.
Industrialization

▫ Large piles of waste product and slag left behind –
think “horsies” =)

▫ Pollution of the air…smoke & particulate matter
▫ Chemical and dye materials dumped into the

rivers
▫ Reduction of large agricultural areas for mining

coal, iron and limestone
▫ Deforestation

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C. Middle-Class Women’s “Separate
Sphere”

• Victorian Age – reign of Queen Victoria AND
rules of behavior and ideology of home a
peaceful and loving refuge

• Men and women belong to “separate spheres” –
men in the workplace, the women in the home

• Most important duty of middle-class women was
to raise their children – girls educated but
different from boys

• Considered middle class only if they could hire a
full-time servant

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• Victorian morality frowned on careers for
middle-class women – could work until married

• Typewriter & telephone – business could hire
women who made less but were better at
operating these types of machines – women’s
work

• 1st profession to open – teaching – due it being
seen as an extension of Victorian mothers duties

• Not all middle class women satisfied with “home
duties” wanted to change world – volunteer
nurses or social workers, organized to fight
prostitution, alcohol and child labor - reforms

• Women “suffragists” (the right to vote)
challenged male domination of politics & law

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D. Working-class Women

• Needed to keep homes and raise children as well
as earn their living

• Domestic service or in factory
• Led lives of toll and pain – sexual abuse at hands

of employers
• Working class women also helped earn money

by:

▫ Taking in boarders
▫ Doing other peoples laundry – no mechanical help
▫ Piecework like sewing

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Section Three

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A. Marx and Socialism

• Socialism (intellectual movement) – radical &
questioned the sanctity of private property and
abuse of the worker

• Labor union movement - workers organized to
defend their interest/rights

• Capitalist system allowed owners to extract the
“surplus value” of worker’s labor – the difference
between wages and the value of goods
manufactured

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• Communist Manifest: history is a long series of
conflicts between social classes

▫ Property owners or the bourgeoisie against
▫ Workers or the proletariat

• C. M. end of workers exploitation would be when
the workers tired of being the “have-nots” and
rose up in violent opposition to the bourgeoisie

• After the revolution the workers would establish
a community society without classes

• However, most workers sought change through
voting

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B. Labor Movements

• Labor unions started as “friendly societies” for help in
times of illness, unemployment, or disability

• The right to vote – all male workers in 19th C –
United States first to make it a law

• However working class women

▫ Radical women like Rosa Luxemburg & Emma
Goldman did not attracted many followers

▫ Had little time for politics
▫ Exclusion from trade union/political parties
▫ Women’s rights would come after workers rights

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Section Four

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A. Language and National Identity in
Europe Before 1871

• Nationalism - most influential idea of the 19 C
• Language usually the crucial element in creating a

feeling of national unity
• Nationalism associated with liberalism – which

emerged from the French Revolution

▫ Freedom of expression
▫ Sovereignty of the people
▫ Demanded constitutional government with a national

parliament

• The revolutions of 1848 convinced conservative
politicians that they could not keep people out

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B. The Unification of Italy

• Mid-19th C, popular sentiment favored Italian
unification – opposed by Pope Pius IX & Austria

• Prime Minister, Count Cavour, of Piedmont-
Sardinia – used rivalry between France and
Austria to enlist the aid of France to push out
Austria from Northern Italy

• Giuseppe Garibaldi led a revolution – more
radical approach in southern Italy

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C. The Unification of Germany

• German-speaking people divided among
Prussia, western half of the Austrian Empire and
numerous small states

• Bismarck used Prussian industry and German
nationalism to make Prussia the dominant
power in Germany

• Prussia first European army to make use
modern industry in the Franco-Prussian War

• The spoils of victory…two provinces of France:
Alsace (al sass) and Lorraine

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D. Nationalism After 1871

• Franco-Prussia War changed the political
climate of Europe

• Politicians tried to manipulate public opinion
through the press and public education to foster
nationalistic loyalties

• Dominant groups used nationalism to justify the
imposition of its language, religion, or customs
on minority populations

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Section Five

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A. Germany at the Center of Europe

• United Germany under Bismarck’s leadership,
isolated France and forged a loose coalition with
Austria-Hungary and Russia

• “At Home”…Bismarck used mass politics and
social legislation to gain popular support and a
strong sense of national unity and pride among
the German people

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B. The Liberal Powers: France and
Great Britain

• France now a second-rate power, its population
and army smaller than Germanys, also
developed a strong sense of nationhood

• Britain – stable government but had problems
with the Irish and in India

• Most of the 19th C, Britain pursued a policy of
“splendid isolation” towards Europe

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C. The Conservative Powers: Russia
and Austria-Hungary

• Forces of nationalism weakened Russia and
Austria-Hungary – too many ethnic people and
languages to unify into nationalism

• Austria had alienated its Slavic-speaking
minorities by renaming itself the “Austro-
Hungarian Empire”

• Russia was offended – it saw itself as “protector”
of the Slavic people – significant source of
conflict between Russia and Austro-Hungary

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• Russia’s ethnic diversity contributed to
instability and attempts to foster Russian
nationalism and to impose the Russian language
proved divisive

• In 1861, Tsar Alexander II emancipated the serfs
but denied them basic rights, the following Tsars
opposed all forms of social change

• Industrialization was carried out by the state –
no middle class

• Defeat in the Russo-Japan war caused the
Revolution of 1905 in which Nicholas II create
the Duma (parliament) and new constitution but
not for long, he soon returned to despotism

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Section Six

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A. China, Japan and the Western
Powers, to 1867

• China was weakened by the Taiping (tie’ping)
Rebellion – West took advantage

• E.D. Cixi (TSUH-see) opposed foreign trade internally
and secretly encouraged rebellion against
foreign technology – the “self-strengthening
movement”

• A secret society, the Righteous Fists or Boxers,
rose up and tried to expel all foreigners

• West rose up and captured Beijing, forced China
to pay a huge indemnity(compensation)

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B. The Meiji Restoration and the
Modernization of Japan, 1868-1894

• Ruled by the Tokugawa Shogunate, and local
lords – daimyos, made it hard to respond to
outside threats

• Japan closed outside boarders
• Matthew Perry (US) “black boats” demanded

Japan open its boarders – 1853
• 1854 when Perry return…Treaty of Kanagawa

(KAH-nah-GAH-wah) signed patterned after the unequal
treaties the West had made

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• Treaty of Kanagawa led(KAH-nah-GAH-wah) to a civil war
when the daimyos consolidated their forces to
overthrow the Shogunate

• Tokugawa Shogunate overthrown – young
emperor Mutsuhito (moo-tsoo-HE-toe) “restored” with a
military oligarchs in charge

• “Meiji Restoration” (MAY-gee means enlightened rule) showed
Japans willingness to change their institutions and
their society in orer to transform the country

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• Japan became a world-class industrial and
military power

• Embraced foreign techniques, ideas and
institutions for practices in government, education
and popular culture

• The Japanese learned industrial and military
technology, science, engineering and new
educational systems

• Private investors able to buy profitable
government owned industries

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C. The Birth of Japanese Imperialism,
1894-1905

• The motive for Japan was protection against the
West – knowledge of your enemy allows you to
defend yourself

• The path to Imperialism – be able to define and
control a “sphere of influence” protect against
the west – sphere included Korea, Manchuria
and part of China

• This sphere would also allow Japan to compete
with European economic power