Chavarayachan

hnip² Nmhdb¨³

BJym\w: hnt\mZv \mcmbW³

Nn{XoIcWw: A\n \mcmbW³

 
 
 
 
Malayalam Language 

St: Chavarayachan 

(Story) 

Vinod Narayanan 

Rights Reserved 
First Kindle Edition: March 2020 
Cover & Typesetting: Boons Entertainments 

Published by 
NYNA BOOKS 
MSME/UAN Regd. KL07D0004957 
www.nynabooks.com 
Email: [email protected] 
All Rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced 
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or 
mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information 
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from 

the writer. 

hnt\mZv \mcmbW³

1997 Â BZy sNdpIY ]£nIÄ tNt¡dp¶nSw {]kn²oIcn
¨Xv awKfw hmcnIbnembncp¶p. XpSÀ¶v \nch[n B\p
ImenI§fnembn 45 sNdpIYIÄ FgpXn. BZys¯ t\mh
 ambs¡m«mcw 1999  at\mcmPyw hmcnIbn JWvUix
{]kn²oIcn¨p. ]pkvXIcq]¯n BZys¯ IrXnbmbn
ambs¡m«mcw ]pd¯v h¶Xv kJn _pIvkneqsSbmbncp¶p.
kpcm _pIvkv, Ipcpt£{X {]Imi³, Ask³Uv _pIvkv,
jmtcm¬ _pIvkv, F¨v B³Uv kn _pIvkv, ayqkkv _p
Ivkv XpS§nb {]km[IcneqsS 160 ¸cw ]pkvXI§Ä
{]kn²oIcn¨p. Batkm¬, t]m¯n, HmÄ HmXÀ, eo³ ]_v
XpS§nb A´mcmjv{S {]km[IcneqsS Cw¥ojnepw aebmf
¯nepambn 45 ¸cw ]pkvXI§Ä C _p¡v, {]nâUv _p
Ivkv F¶n§s\ {]kn²oIcn¡s¸«p.

{]kn²oIcn¡s¸« ]pkvXI§fn \sÃmcp ]¦pw _mekm
lnXyIrXnIfmbncp¶p. ImÀ«qWnÌpw BÀ«nÌpamb Cfb
ktlmZc³ A\n \mcmbW³ BWv Cu ]pkvXI§Ä¡v
FÃmw Xs¶ Nn{X§Ä cNn¨Xv. _meca AaÀNn{XIYIÄ,
Ipcpt£{XbpsS _mekmlnXyhn`mKamb \·_pIvkv XpS

§nbhbneqsS \nch[n _mekmlnXyIrXnIfpw shfn¨w
I−p. b£n¡YIÄ, sX\mencma³ IYIÄ, PmXIIYIÄ,
C´y³ \mtSmSn¡YIÄ, alm`mKhXw Nn{XIYIÄ, sIm¨p
sIm¨p\nKqVIYIÄ, tKm{XIYIÄ, Ip«n¡YIÄ F¶nh
{]kn²amWv.

ss{Iw {XnÃdpIfn anI¨ hnÂ]\ t\SnbXv Zn sdUv, sNIp
¯msâ clkyw, U_nÄ aÀUÀ, apwss_ dtÌmdâv, \mbn
I F¶nhbmWv. Pmck¦ev]w XpS§nb sNdpIYm kamlm
c§fpw P\ {i² t\Sn.

1975 amÀ¨pamk¯n Xr¸qWn¯pdbn P\n¨p. hfÀ¶Xv
tNmäm\n¡c F¶ {Kma¯nÂ. Aѳ tNmäm\n¡c shfp¼
d¼n \mcmbW³ Ip«n. A½ Xr¸qWn¯pd FcqÀ hmWnb
¯v ho«n Hma\. kvIqÄ hnZym`ymkw tNmäm\n¡c kÀ¡m
À sslkvIqfnÂ. tImfPv hnZym`ymkw Xr¸qWn¯pd Kh.
tImfPnÂ. almßmKmÔnbqWnthgvknänbn \n¶v _ncpZm
\´c_ncpZw t\SnbXn\v tijw ]{X{]hÀ¯I\mbn. \nc
h[n {lkzNn{X§Ä¡v Xnc¡YsbgpXn. ss\kmansâ H«I
§Ä, 14 tU, X¦aWnbpsS Pmc³ F¶o Nn{X§Ä kwhn[m
\w sNbvXp. Ggv {lkzNn{XXnc¡YIÄ kamlcn¨v IÅv,
I¸, Icnao³ F¶ ]pkvXIw {]kn²oIcn¨p. hnhn[ A´m
cmjv{S Ne¨n{XtafIfn \n¶v ]pckvImcw t\Sn. Ct¸mÄ
ssh¡¯n\Sp¯v sN¼n Xmakn¡p¶p.

hnemkw: inhcRvPn\n, a¯p¦Â tdmUv, sN¼v.]n.H,
ssh¡w.

Email: [email protected] 

Blog: vinodnarayana.blogspot.com 

“]Ån¡v Hcp ]Ån¡qSw, hnZy kÀh[\mÂ

{][m\w” F¶ Hcp IÂ]\ tIcf¯nse FÃm
]ÅnIÄ¡pambn ]pds¸Sphn¨psIm−v tIcf¯n
sâ hnZymebNcn{X¯n Hcp henb s\SpwXq¬
\m«nb alm\mWv hnip² Nmhdb¨³. At±lw
{InkvXob ]ptcmlnX³ am{Xaà tIcfNcn{X¯nÂ

\nÀWmbI kzm[o\w sNep¯nb kmaqly

]cnjvIÀ¯mhpIqSnbmbncp¶p.”

hnip² Nmhdb¨³



H¶v

Ip«\m«n \n¶v

Be¸pg PnÃbnse Ip«\m«nse ssI\Icnbn 1805

s^{_phcn 10 \v NmhdIpSpw_¯nse Ipcymt¡m
kn\pw `mcy adnb¡pw Hcp Ipªp P\n¨p. B
Ipªns\ s^{_phcn 16\v tN¶¦cn¸Ånbn h¨v
amtamZok ap¡n AÑsâ t]cpIqSn tNÀ¯v Ipcym
t¡mkv Genbmkv F¶p \maIcWw sNbvXp.
Ipcymt¡mkv þ adnb Z¼XnIfpsS Bdpa¡fnÂ
Gähpw Cfbh\mbncp¶p Ipcymt¡mkv. ssI\Icn
{]tZiw A¶v tN¶¦cn CShIbnÂs¸«Xmbncp¶p.
]¼m\Znbpw A¨³tIhnemdpw ao\¨nemdpw sX¶n
¯pÅnsbmgpIp¶ Ip«\m«nse caWobamb ssI\
IcnbpsS at\mlcamb A´coj¯n Ipcymt¡m
kv hf˦p.

IpªpIpcymt¡mkns\ amXm]nXm¡Ä

ssh¡¯n\Sp¯pÅ sh¨qÀ¸Ånbn sIm−p

t]mbn ASnabncp¯n. At¸mÄapXÂ IpªpIpcym

t¡mkv hnip²amXmhnsâ kwc£Wbnembn.



c−v

\nes¯gp¯pIfcnbnÂ

A½ adnbambncp¶p IpªpIpcymt¡mknsâ

{]YaKpcp. BZy B[yßnIKpcphpw A½ Xs¶bm
bncp¶p. A½bpsS {]mÀ°\m KoX§Ä Ipªp
Ipcymt¡mknsâ ImXpIfn Ip«\mS³ Imäns\m
¸w kZm kabw h¶p XgpIns¡m−ncp¶p.

A¡me¯v kvIqfpIÄ D−mbncp¶nÃ.
DÅXv \nes¯gp¯v Bim³amÀ \S¯p¶ IfcnI
fmWv. \oNamb PmXnhyhØ Gähpw lo\ambn
Ddªp XpÅns¡m−ncp¶ Hcp Imeambncp¶p
AXv. AhÀWÀ¡v ]Tn¡m³ A\phmZap−mbncp
¶nÃ. Bim³amcpsS \nes¯gp¯v IfcnIÄ kh
ÀWcpsS Ip«nIÄ¡v th−nbpÅXmWv.

{InkvXym\nIÄ¡v khÀWtcmsSm¸w ]Tn¡mambn
cp¶Xn\m IpªpIpcymt¡mkn\v Hcp IfcnbnÂ
{]thi\w In«n. aWen \nes¯gpXnbmWv A¶v
FÃmhcpw A£cw ]Tn¨ncp¶Xv.

IpªpIpcymt¡mkpw Nq−phnc sIm−v \ne
s¯ aWen A,B,C,Cu Fs¶gpXn ]mT§Ä
AXnthKw ]Tn¨p XpS§n.

aq¶v

{]Imi¯nte¡pÅ hgn

IpªpIpcymt¡mkn\v ]¯p hbÊmbn. tNÀ¯

e¡Sp¯v ]Ån¸pd¯pÅ ]me¡e¨³ Hcp \mÄ
ssI\Icnbnse ho«n h¶p. AhnsS h¨v At±lw
IpªpIpcymt¡mkns\ I−p. B _me\nÂ
Ft´m {]tXyIXbpÅXmbn At±l¯n\v a\kn
embn.

IpªpIpcymt¡mknsâ amXm]nXm¡sf hnfn
¨v At±lw ]dªp “Ch\n Hcp ssZhnI ssNX
\yw Rm³ ImWp¶p−v. \msfbnh³ aebmf `qanI
bn \mgnI¡ÃpIÄ \mt«−h\mWv. Chs\sb\n
¡v skan\mcnbn sIm−pt]mbmÂs¡mÅmsa¶p
−v.”

AXptI«t¸mÄ amXm]nXm¡Ä¡v henb k¦Sam
bn. A½ adnb Ic¨ntemsS apdnbntet¡mSn.

Aѳ Ipcymt¡mkv ]dªp “At¿m At¨m,
Ch³ hfsc sNdpXtÃ. C{X sNdp¸¯nte Chs\
]ncnbpI R§Ä¡v h¿. Ch³ Ipd¨pIqSn apXnÀ
t¶ms«.”

“icnbmWv skan\mcn Ipd¨IsebmWv. X¡mew
Ch³ ChnsS tN¶¦cn¸Ånbn Xmakn¨v IpÀ
_m\¡v IqSm\pw aäpw ]Tn¡s«.”

amXm]nXm¡Ä¡pw AXv k½Xambn.

A§s\ ]Xnaq¶p hbÊphsc IpªpIpcym
t¡mkv tN¶¦cn¸Ånbn hnImcnb¨sâ kwc£
Wbn Ignªp.

\mev

]Ån¸pdw skan\mcnbnÂ

]Xnaq¶p hbÊmbt¸mÄ IpªpIpcymt¡mkns\

]me¡e¨³ ]Ån¸pdw skan\mcnbnte¡v Iq«n
s¡m−pt]mbn. IpªpIpcymt¡mkv si½mi\mbn
1817 embncp¶p AXv.

1790  hS¡³ tIcf¯n Sn¸pkp¯m
sâ B{IaWap−mbt¸mÄ AhnsSbpÅ {InkvXym
\nIfn `qcn]£hpw sX¡pZn¡nte¡v ]emb\w
sNbvXp. A¡q«¯n h¶ A{_lmw F¶ sshZn
I\mWv tNÀ¯e ]Ån¸pd¯v skan\mcn Bcw`n
¨Xv.

A{_lma¨sâ injy\mWv ]me¡e¨³. skan\m
cnbnse Kpcphns\ aev]m³ F¶mWv ]dbpI.
_lpam\]pcÊcw FÃmhcpw aev]m\¨³ F¶p
hnfn¡pw. ]Ån¸pdw skan\mcnbnse aev]m\¨³
]me¡e¨\mbncp¶p. A¨sâ Iogn si½mi
\mb B hÀjw Xs¶ IpªpIpcymt¡mkn\v
BkvX¸mSp]«w In«n.

aebmf¯nepÅ ss{IkvXh]pkvXI§Ä
e`yaÃmXncp¶Xn\m Xangv\m«nse Cutimk`¡m
cpsS ]¡Â \n¶v \à ]pkvXI§Ä hm§ns¡m

−ph¶v aebmf¯nte¡v ]IÀ¯nsbgpXembncp
¶p ]Ån¸pdw skan\mcnbnse apJytPmen.

AXpsIm−v IpªpIpcymt¡mkv Xangpw ]Tn¨p.
Xangpw kpdnbm\nbpw ]Tn¨XpIqSmsX e¯o\pw
IqSn Ipcymt¡mkv ]Tn¡Wsa¶v ]me¡e¨³
Bhiys¸«p. AXp{]Imcw Ipcymt¡mkv hcm¸pg

skan\mcnbn e¯o³ ]Tn¡m³ t]msb¦nepw
AhnsS Hcp henb ]IÀ¨hym[n ]SÀ¶p]nSn¨Xp
sIm−v aS§nt]mtc−n h¶p. XpSÀ¶v X¦n¸Ånbn
 t]mbn AhnSs¯ _lp`mjm]WvUnX\mb
hnImcnb¨\n \n¶mWv e¯o³ ]Tn¨Xv.

Akm[mcWamb Imcy{]m]vXnbmWv Ipcym
t¡mkv {]ZÀin¸n¨Xv. ]me¡e¨³ ]Ån¸pdw
skan\mcnbn \n¶v ]e Bhiy§Ä¡pambn
]pd¯pt]mbncp¶ kμÀ`§fnsems¡ Ipcymt¡m
kmbncp¶p skan\mcnbnse A[ym]\hpw aäp
`cW Imcy§fpw \nÀhln¨ncp¶Xv.

CXn\nsS Hcp Zpc´hpap−mbn. Ip«\m«nÂ
]SÀ¶p ]nSn¨ hensbmcp ]IÀ¨hym[nbn Ipcym
t¡mknsâ amXm]nXm¡fpw ktlmZc\pw acn¨p
t]mbn. _m¡n ktlmZc§Ä s]¬a¡fmbncp¶
Xn\m IpSpw_w A\yw \n¶p t]mImXncn¡m³
Ipcymt¡mkv IpSpw_PohnX¯nte¡v aS§n
hcWw F¶v _Ôp¡Ä \nÀ_Ôn¡m³ XpS§n.
At±lw hg§nbnÃ.

AhtcmSv At±lw C§s\ ]dªp “Rm³ ssZh

¯n\v kaÀ¸n¡s¸«h\mWv. Fsâ hgn CXmWv.”

A©v

aeapIfn Hcm{iaw

1828 \hw_À 29 \v Ccp]¯n\memas¯ hbÊnÂ

AÀ¯p¦Â ]Ånbn h¨v Ipcymt¡mkv si½mÈ
\v ]utcmlnXy]«w e`n¨p. AXv \ÂInbXv autden
bqkv kvX_eo\n sa{Xm\mbncp¶p. \hw_À ap¸
Xn\v kz´w CShIbmb tN¶¦cn¸Ånbn Nmhd
Ipcymt¡mk¨³ ]p¯³ IpÀ_m\ AÀ¸n¨p.

kzÑhpw im´hpamb Hcp B{iaw Øm]n¡
Wsa¶Xv ]utcmlnXy¸«w e`n¡p¶Xn\v Gsd
ap¼v Xs¶bpÅ Nmhdb¨sâ B{Klambncp¶p.
AXv At±lw Xsâ Kpcphmb ]me¡e¨t\mSv ]d
bpIbpw sNbvXp. ]me¡e¨\pw At±l¯nsâ
kplr¯mb t]mcq¡cb¨\pw tNÀ¶v sa{Xms\
I−v B{iaw Øm]n¡m³ A\phmZw tNmZn¨p.

sa{Xm³ A\phmZ¡Semkn H¸n«p \ÂIn,
am{Xaà Ccp¶qdv cq] kw`mh\bpw \ÂIn. B{I
aØm]\¯n\pÅ FÃm cq]tcJbpw CXn\Iw
Xs¶ Nmhdb¨³ X¿mdm¡nbncp¶p.

XpSÀ¶v Nmhdb¨\pw kplr¯p¡fpw B{i
aw Øm]n¡p¶Xn\v ]änb Øew At\zjn¨v \S¸p
XpS§n. a\kn\p ]änb HcnShpw Is−¯m\mbnÃ.

HSphn AhÀ am¶m\w Ip¶nsâ apIfnse¯n.
{]IrXncaWobamb Øeambncp¶p AXv. B
Ip¶n³apIfn \n¶v t\m¡nbm Be¸pg Xpd
apJs¯ sseävlukv ImWmambncp¶p.

Nmhdb¨\pw kwLhpw AhnsS sNdnsbmcp
IpSn sI«n Hcp Iqcnipw \m«n. ]I apgph³
A¨\pw Iq«pImcpw IpSnen Xmakn¨psIm−v ae
Inf¨v sXfn¡m³ XpS§n. cm{Xnbmhpt¼mÄ AXnc
¼pg¸Ånbn h¶v XhfaSn¡pw. A§s\ 1831Â
am¶m\w B{ia¯nsâ Øm]\ambn.

Nmhdb¨sâ DuÀÖambncp¶ c−pt]À
sshImsX At±ls¯ hn«p ]ncnªpt]mbn. At±
ls¯ ssZhnI]mXbnte¡v ssI]nSn¨p \S¯nb
]me¡e¨³ 1841 P\phcn 16\v acn¨p. ]ns¶ ISp¯
{]talw _m[n¨v t]mcq¡cb¨\pw acn¨p.

Bdv

kz´ambn ]pkvXI{]ko²oIcWw
Bcw`n¡p¶p

kmaqly]cnjvIcW¯nsâ ]p¯³ Bib§Ä

¡p cq]w sImSp¯psIm−v Nmhdb¨³ Atlmcm
{Xw ]cn{ian¨p XpS§n. aebmf¯n ]pkvXI§Ä
e`yaÃmXncp¶ Imeambncp¶p AXv.

tIcf¯nepÅXv hncense®mhp¶ {]kpIÄ.
]pkvXI§Ä¡v ]eXpw sN¿m\p−v F¶v a\kn
em¡nb Nmhdb¨³ ]pkvXI{]kn²oIcW¯n\p
Å {ia§Ä XpS§n. 1844  Bbncp¶p AXv.

A¶v XncphnXmwIqdn BsI ct− c−p {]kp
Itf DÅq. H¶v tIm«b¯v. c−v Xncph\´]pc
¯pÅ kÀ¡mÀ {]kv.

tIm«b¯v {]kv ImWm³ sN¶ Nmhdb¨\v
\ncmis¸tS−n h¶p. A¨s\ {]kpImWm³ AXn
sâ DSaØÀ A\phZn¨nÃ. At±lw k¦Sw amän
h¨v Xncph\´]pcs¯ kÀ¡mÀ {]knte¡v
t]mbn. {]kv I−p. AXnsâ {]hÀ¯\coXnIfpw
aäpw {]kv Poh\¡mtcmSv tNmZn¨v At±lw a\kn
em¡n. aS§nsb¯nb At±lw sNbvXsX´msW

t¶m. {]knsâ amXrI hmg¸n−nbn sh«nbp
−m¡n. AXv Hcp ac¸Wn¡mcs\ ImWn¨p.

hmg¸n−nbnepÅ amXrI I−v ac¸Wn¡mc³
ac¯n Hcp {]kv D−m¡n. tIm«bw{]knse
A£cw hmÀ¸pImc\mb Hcp ]Wn¡mcs\ Iq«p]n

Sn¨v teml¯nepÅ aebmfA£c§Ä hmÀs¯Sp
¯p. ISemkpw ajnbpw aäpw kwLSn¸n¨p.

A§s\ 1846 Pqssebn am¶m\s¯ B{iat¯m
Sv tNÀ¶pÅ apdnbn ]pkvXI{]kn²oIcWime
X¿mdmbn. Nmhdb¨³ AXn\v am¶m\w skâv
tPmk^v {]kv F¶p t]cn«p. AXn aebmf¯nep
Å {]mÀ°\m]pkvXI§fpw {IokvXob KZy]pkvX

I§fpw A¨Sn¡m³ XpS§n. ‘\{kmWn Zo]nI’
F¶ t]cn Cd§nb ]{Xw A¨Sn¨Xv Cu {]kn
embncp¶p.

Ggv

]Ån¡qS§fpsS ]ndhn

hnZy PmXnIÄ¡pw aX§Ä¡pw AXoXambn

shÅcn{]mhpIsf t]mse a\pjylrZb§fnÂ
]mdn \S¡Wsa¶v Nmhdb¨³ B{Kln¨p. AXv
At±lw kaÀ°ambn \S¸nem¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

AhÀW\v hnZym`ymkw \ntj[n¨ ImeL«
ambncp¶p AXv. A¡me¯pÅ Bim·mcpsS
\nes¯gp¯v IfcnIÄ khÀWÀ¡p am{XapÅXm
bncp¶p. IfcnbpsS ap¶neqsS t]mIm³ t]mepw
AhÀWÀ¡v A\phmZap−mbncp¶nÃ.

A_²¯n t]mepw A§s\ sNbvX AhÀWsc
AXn {Iqcambn khÀWÀ aÀ±n¨p. ZfnXÀ sNfn¡p
−nse ]¶nIsft]mse AÚXbpsS Ccp«nem−
AdhpamSpIfmsW¶ bmYmÀ°yw I−v Nmhdb
¨³ sR«temsS \n¶p.

FÃm CShIIfntebpw Hmtcm ]ÅntbmSpw
tNÀ¶v hnZymeb§Ä Xpd¡m³ At±lw ]cn{ia
amcw`n¨p. 1864 Â tIcf¯nse kpdnbm\n It¯men
¡cpsS hnImcn P\d Bbn Øm\taä Nmhdb
¨³ Hcp IÂ]\ ]pds¸Sphn¨p. Hcp ]Ån¡v Hcp
]Ån¡qSw F¶ \nebn FÃm ]ÅnIÄs¡m¸

hpw hnZymeb§Ä \nÀ_Ôam¡ns¡m−mbncp¶p
Cu IÂ]\.

]Ån¡qSw F¶ hm¡pXs¶ ]ndhnsbSp¯Xpw
CXn \n¶mWv. FÃm ]Ån¡qS§fnepw PmXnaX
t`Zat\y Ip«nIÄ¡v {]thi\w A\phZn¨p. ZfnXv
hnZymÀ°nIÄ¡v kuP\yambn D¨`£Ww \Â
Ip¶ ]²Xnbpw Nmhdb¨³ XpS§n.

khÀWcpsS \nes¯gp¯p IfcnIfnÂ
\n¶pw tIcf¯net§mfant§mfw PmXnaXt`Z
at\y XpS§nb kvIqfpIfnte¡v hnZym`ymkw amdn
btXmsS AXn\p Np¡m³ ]nSn¨ Nmhdb¨sâ
\maw Ncn{X¯nsegpXntNÀ¡s¸«p.

kwkvIrXw khÀWÀ¡p am{Xambncp¶ B
ImeL«¯n Nmhdb¨³ Hcp kwkvIrX hnZyme
bw XpS§n. 1846  am¶m\w B{iat¯mSv tNÀ¶m
bncp¶p Cu kwkvIrX hnZymebw. kwkvIrX¯n
 hnÚm\{]Zamb [mcmfw {KÙ§Ä Ds−¶
AndhmWv A¨s\ CXn\p t{]cn¸n¨Xv. kwkvIrXw
]Tn¨m {InkvXym\nIÄ¡pw AhÀWÀ¡pw AXv
kzmb¯am¡m³ IgnbpatÃm. am{XaÃ, XncphnXmw
Iqdn BZys¯ Cw¥ojv kvIqÄ kzmXn Xncp\mÄ
cmPmhv Xpd¶Xv 1834 Â Bbncp¶p. Xncph\´]pc
¯mbncp¶p AXv. C¡mcyhpw Nmhdb¨\v
kwkvIrX hnZymebw XpS§m³ t{]cWbmbncp¶p.

F«v

k\ymknIÄ¡nSbnse
Akm[mcW k\ymkn

am¶m\w B{ia¯n k¼qÀWk\ymk PohnXw

XpScp¶Xn\nSbn {InkvXy³ k\ymknIÄ¡v \nÀ
_Ôamb {hXhmKvZm\w Bcw`n¡m³ Nmhdb¨³
k`bpsS AwKoImcw t\Sn. 1855 Â AatemÛh
amXmhnsâ \maw BZyambn k\ymkk`¡v \ÂIn
s¡m−v Nmhdb¨³ {hXhmKvZm\w \S¯n. C´y
bn BZyambn k\ymk {hXmÀ¸Ww \S¯p¶
{InkvXob]ptcmlnX\mbncp¶p Nmhdb¨³.

{^m³knkv tkhyÀ sa{Xmt]meo¯bpsS
Ime¯v 1837  Iq\½mhn Hcp ]Ån ]WnXncp
¶p. skâv. ^nteman\mbpsS \ma¯nembncp¶p B
]Ånbpw A\p_Ô sI«nShpw. am¶m\w B{iaw
t]mse e¯o³ImÀ¡v th−n ]WnXXmbncp¶p
AsX¦nepw ]n¶oSv anj\dnbpw sa{Xmt]meo¯
bpamb _ÀWÀ Zot\mkv Iq\½mhnse ]Ånbpw
sI«nShpw Nmhdb¨s\ Gev]n¨p. AXv 1857 embncp
¶p.

am¶m\w B{ia¯nsâ imJbmbn amdn Iq\½mhv
B{iaw. XpSÀ¶v am¶m\w B{ia¯nsâ imJIÄ

]SÀ¶p ]´en¨p. FÂXpcp¯nepw hmg¡pf¯pw
A¼g¡m«pw apt¯menbnepw ]pfn¦p¶nepw Nmhd
b¨³ B{ia§Ä Bcw`n¨p.

Nmhdb¨sâ {ia^eambn Iq\½mhn Hcp I\ym
kv{Xo aTw Bcw`n¨p. Geoiz F¶ hn[hbpw aI
fpambncp¶p AXn\p \nan¯ambn `hn¨Xv.

ssh¡s¯ ]p¯\§mSnbn \n¶pÅ sshZysâ
aIfmbncp¶p Geoiz. AhcpsS ssZht¯mSpÅ
Xo£vWamb B{Kls¯ {Kln¨ Nmhdb¨³
Iq\½mhn Hcp I\ymkv{XoaTw ]Wnbp¶Xns\
Ipdn¨v sa{Xmt]meo¯tbmSv kwkmcn¨p.

A\phmZw In«nbt¸mÄ 1866  Iq\½mhn ]\
¼psIm−v aq¶papdnbnsemcp aTw \nÀan¨p. Iq\
½mhv ]\¼p aTw F¶mWv AXv Adnbs¸«Xv. XpS
¡¯n Geoiz (knÌÀ ¢mc) DÄs¸sS aq¶p
I\ymkv{XoIfmbncp¶p aT¯nse At´hmknIÄ.

s]¬Ip«nIÄ¡pÅ tIcf¯nse BZys¯
kvIqfntâbpw t_mÀUnwKv lukntâbpw DZvLmS
\w IqSnbmbncp¶p AXv. B hÀjw AXmbXv 1866
 {InkvXym\nIÄ¡p hntijs¸« \mÂ]Xp aWn
Bcm[\ tIcf¯n BZyambn Bcw`n¨Xpw Nmh
db¨\mbncp¶p. Iq\½mhnembncp¶p AXnsâ
XpS¡w.

tIcfNcn{X¯nse asämcp \mgnI¡Ãmbncp
¶p ssI\Icnbnse AKXnaμncw. A\mYÀ¡pw
AKXnIÄ¡pw hr²P\§Ä¡pw th−nbpÅ
tIcf¯nse BZys¯ AKXnaμncambncp¶p
ssI\IcnbnteXv.

H¼Xv

XqenIbpsS kqcytXPÊv

A£c§tfmSpÅ Nmhdb¨sâ AS§m¯ A`n

\nthiamWtÃm am¶m\s¯ ac{]knsâ \nÀamW
¯n sIm−p sNs¶¯n¨Xv. hnÚm\¯n\pÅ
Zmlhpw AXv aäpÅhÀ¡v ]IÀ¶p sImSp¡p¶
Xpw PohnX{hXambn I− A¨³ Xnc¡p]nSn¨
PohnX¯n\nSbnepw A\h[n kmlnXy IrXnIÄ
cNn¨p. A©v ‘\mfmKa§Ä’ FgpXn. ‘Bßm\p
Xm]w’, ‘acWho«n ]mSm\pÅ ]m\’, ‘A\kvXm
kybpsS càkm£yw’ XpS§nb kmlnXy IrXn
Ifpw ‘\mev]XpaWn Bcm[\’ XpS§n Btdmfw
B[ymßnI IrXnIfpw ‘]me¡Â tXmam aev]m
\¨sâ Ncn{Xw’, ‘CSb\mSI§Ä’, ‘Hcp \à A¸
sâ NmhcpÄ’ XpS§nbhbpw At±l¯nsâ {][m
\s¸« cN\IfmWv.

Xq¡mkbpw, acn¨hÀ¡pÅ sNdnb H¸okpw,
]cnip² amXmhn\pÅ H¸okpw ]m«pIpÀ_m\{Ia
§fpw Nmhdb¨³ GIoIcn¨ A\pjvTm\§fmWv.

Adp]¯nb©mw hbÊn 1871 P\phcn
aq¶mw XobXnbmWv Nmhdb¨³ kzÀKØ\m
Ip¶Xv. Iq\½mhv B{ia¯n h¨mbncp¶p At±
l¯nsâ acWw. At±ls¯ I_dS¡nbXv

Iq\½mhv hnip² ^nteman\mbpsS tZhmeb¯n
se henb aZv_lm¡v Xmsg ]ÅnbpsS a[y¯nem
bmWv. 1889 Â Cu `uXnI icocw am¶m\w B{ia
¯nte¡v amän Øm]n¨p.

1986  tPm¬t]mÄ c−ma³ amÀ¸m¸ Nmhd
b¨s\ hmgv¯s¸¨h\mbn {]Jym]n¨p. tIm«b
¯p h¨mbncp¶p B NS§v \S¶Xv. 1987 Â Nmhd
b¨³ sNbvX kmaqly tkh\§sf BZcn¨p
sIm−v `mcX kÀ¡mÀ AÑsâ \ma¯n Hcp
X]m Ìm¼v ]pds¸Sphn¨p.

2006  tIcfkÀ¡mÀ Nmhdb¨sâ aebmfkmln
Xy kw`mh\Isf ]cnKWn¨psIm−v XrÈqÀ kmln
Xy A¡mZan lmfn At±l¯nsâ t^mt«m
A\mÑmZ\w sNbvXp. 2014 \hw_À 23 \v {^m³kn
kv amÀ¸m¸ Nmhdb¨s\ hnip²\mbn {]Jym]n¨p.

ss\\ _pIvknsâ {]nâUv ]pkvXI§Ä¡p ]pdta
C _p¡pIfpw e`yamIp¶p. ssk_ÀbpK¯nse
]pXnb ]pkvXIcoXnIÄ aebmf¯nÂ
hym]amhpIbmWv. ]cnØnXn¡v CW§p¶ C

_p¡pIfpsS hym]\¯n \n§fpw ]¦mfnIfmIq.

C _p¡pIÄ kq£n¡m³ Øew th−, kz´w
t^m¬ aXnbmIpw. hnebpw IpdhmWv. Hcp C
_p¡v hm§q, Hcp acw kwc£n¡q.