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Index of Languages

Afrikaans, 83 llanunoo, 197-9,202
Agta, 186, 20 llebrew, 44, 59, 163, 197
Arabic, 44, 163-79, 193, 197
Iatmul, 252-3
Egyptian Arabic, 59 Indo-European, 3, 101
Hijazi Arabic, 199-200 Italian, 66, 316
Levantine Arabic, 191
Syrian Arabic, 171-2, 174, 179 Japanese, 233-4, 251-2
Ateso, 201, 251
Australian languages, 221, 235, 240, 269 Kinande, 193-7,280-1,287
Austronesian languages, 285 Kinyarwanda,272,289-90
Kwakiutl: see Kwakwala
Bantu, 111,236,279,280,281,285 Kwakwala, 215-16, 234
Barai, 253
Basque, 240, 269 Latin, 3,58,60, 61-3,66,71, 92,104,
200-1,206-7,223,224-5,231-2,
Chamorro, 191, 271, 285 238-9,292,323
Chichewa, 277-8, 280, 284, 28.5--{i
Chinese,56-7, 60,210,233 Luganda,24-5,26-7,29, 111-12,155-6,
159-62,181,201,211-12,312,
Mandarin, 181 213-15,224,230,252,272-4,277,
Choctaw, 232-3 278-9,297
Classical Nahuatl: see Nahuatl
Colville, 244 Lulobo, 63-4
Cushitic, 189
Malay, 181
Dani, 221, 223, 224 Malayalam, 288-9
DigueJIO, 215 Maori, 183-4, 191, 197
Dyirbal, 239-40, 241-2, 269-70 Mende, 157-8

English,5-14, 17-29,30-56,59-60,62-3, Nahuatl, 279-80, 287
65-85,89-110,112-32,134-53,155, Nakanai, 191
163,180,206-7,208-10,212-13,215, Native American languages, 221, 235, 240,
216-18,219-20,222,225,227-9,230,
233,238-9,240-1,242,243-50, 269
256-68,271-2,273,275-6,283-4, Nez Perce, 182
288,291-6,298-315,316-25,327-9 Ngiyambaa, 223, 242-3

British English, 108-9 Papago, 181
Early Modem English, 70, 98-9 Papua-New Guinea languages, 240
Late Middle English, 98-9 Papuanlanguages,221
Later English, 98-9 Persian, 3
Old English, 47, 102
Pre-Old English, 103 Quileute, 184, 191, 197
Eskimo, 60, 240, 270, 287, 288
Greenlandic Eskimo, 58-9, 222-3 Rendille, 40
Runyankore,225-7
French,35,66, 71, 76, 77,92, 218-19, Russian, 208
221-2,231,237,245,316
Saho, 189-90
Modern French, 71 Salishan, 191
Old French, 71, 295 Samoan, 191-2, 284-5
Fula, 210-11, 212 Sanskrit, 3, 58, 193, 233
Semitic languages, 44, 59, 163
German, 234-5 Shi, 182
Germanic, 3, 92, 99 Shilh, 184
Greek, 58, 69-70, 79, 92, 104, 126, 292, Siberian Koryak, 283

323-4

346

Index of Languages 347

Sub-Saharan African languages, 235 Vietnamese, 210, 233
Sundanese, 181
Swahili, 63, 220, 235-7, 274-5 Walpiri, 182
Warrgamay, 253
Tagalog, 182, 187-9 Washo, 191
Thai, 182 Welsh, 268
Tibetan, 240, 244
Turkish, 57-8, 60, 182 Yawelmani, 167
Twi, 181 Yidip, 221, 254
Tzeltal, 181 Yurok, 229-30

Subject Index

ablaut, 101-2,122-3,134,140,163,293 antipassive, 269-70
absolute, 240 applicative, 270-1, 277-8
absolutive, 240: also see antipassive and
applied, 270
ergative arbitrary, 14, 35-7,44, 47, 80, 83, 217, 246,
accent: see stress
accusative,60,209,232,238,267 297
active voice, 267 arbitrary alternation, 31; see also
adjacent, 140
adjective suppletion
argument, 256; see also transitivity
attributive adjective, 68, 219-20 aspect, 221-2
predicate adjective, 219-20 assimilation, 28
see also agreement association line, 157
aesthetic factors, 79 associative construction, 273-4
affixation, 170 augmentative meaning, 182, 212
affixes,41,44-6, 70,113-31,136,184 augmentative, 318
neutral affixes, 89-104 autolexical syntax, 287
non-neutral affix, 89-104 automatic, 108
primary affixes, 91 automatic productivity, 80
secondary affixes, 91; see also autosegmental phonology, 15~3
AUX (auxiliary), 227-9
boundaries
agent, 50,128-30,256,257,260 auxiliary verb, 55, 142, 222, 245-8, 268,
agentive nominal, 71-2 279
agentive nominaliser, 206
agentive noun, 68-9 base,45-54,69-70, 72,73-9,89-92,
agentive suffix, 73 96-100,108,115-20,134-9, 143;see
agentless passive, 268 also compounding, cranberry words
agglutinating (typology) 56, 57-8, 60 and reduplication
agglutinating language, 57-8
agglutination and agglutinative: see base form, 32-4; see also underlying
representation
agglutinating
agreement, 215-16 basic verbal suffix (BVS), 111
benefactive, 257, 271
agreement categories of nouns, 236-7 binyan, 164
agreement properties, 209
agreement properties of verbs, 225-7 binyanim, 163-5
allomorphy, 77, 130-1 biology, 3
allomorph, 26-34, 39, 61, 77, 100, 121, blocking, 73-9, 117, 126-31, 144, 150, 170,

137-9,185,230,290 217,218-19
alternants, 32 borrowing, 66
grammatically conditioned allomorphs,
borrowed morphemes, 76-7; see also
30-1 latinate
lexically conditioned allomorphs, 30-1
phonologically conditioned allomorphs, bound base, 323; see also cranberry words
bound morphemes, 42, 292
28-9' 98, 103 boundaries, strength of, 91
see also inflection: Inflectional
boundary, 91, 134; see also neutral
Parsimony Principle affixes
alveo-palatal, 30
alveolar, 28 +boundary, 91, 134; see also non-
ameliorative, 212 neutral affixes
American structural linguistics, 3-5
strong boundaries and weak
American structuralists, 154 boundaries, 91
analogical formations, 323
Bracket Erasure Convention, 125-6, 130,
analogical rules, 323 134, 143, 176; see also tiers
analytic (typology), 56, 60
bracketing paradoxes, 143-51
analytic language, 57
anchor: see host C-slot: see skeletal tier
animacy, 233 canonical phonological patterns, 107
case, 209, 237-44, 267
case relations: see theta-roles

348

Subject Index 349

category type, 303 Darwinian theory, 3
causative, 51, 165, 166, 168, 244, 265, dative shift, 271
denominal verbs, 122-3
274-5,276-7,280,281-2,284 debitive mood: see mood
causativisation, 267, 275 default, 33, 105, 279, 282
morphological causatives, 213, 274, 284
class, 210--12, 225-7,234, 235-6 default form, 33
classifier, 233-4 delinking, 157
noun class, 201, 211-12, 235-7, 255-6; derivation, 32, 47, 55, 73, 79-81, 92-100,

see also gender 114, 117, 126, 143, 148--9, 165,
clitics, 245 168, 176, 180, 186-7, 190, 196,
199,205-20, 250,276-7,281,287,
clitic group, 246-50 293,313, 322-5,326
cliticisation, 247, 249, 285 derivationalaffixes,45-6,68-71, 116,
dual citizenship, 248 133, 150
simple clitics, 245-6 derivational morphemes, 47-51,
special clitics, 245, 248--50
co-ordinate clauses, 232 52-4,117,178,199,209,216,
cognitive meaning, 51 217
comparative degree, 35, 145-7 derivational morphology, 55, 90--100,
compensatory lengthening, 161-3 114,147-8
competence, 8, 10, 22 deverbalnouns, 122-3
complementary distribution, 27-31, 218--19 diacritic mark, 12
composition, 35 diminutive,21,48-9, 75,182,210--12,217
compositional, 296, 297 direct object, 209
compositionality, 299, 320 direction, 242
compound word, 54 directionality problem, 120
bahuvrihi, 319 discontinuous morphemes, 172-3
compound, 10, 46, 54, 66, 72-3, 78, 83, discovery procedures, 23
distribution, 27; see also complementary
95, 125, 283 distribution
compounding, 54, 96, 112, 139-40, distributional units, 43
disyllabic adjectives, 120--2
149-51,163,286,291-4,297, disyllabic nouns, 120
302-27
copulative compounds, 321-2 early generative grammar, 10--14
dvandva compounds, 321-2 economy, 242
endocentric compounds, 305,307-8, Elsewhere Condition, 126-31
316-19 empty morph, 38
exocentric compounds, 319-21 enclitic, 245; see also clitic
left-headed compounds, 315-19 epistemic mood: see mood
neo-classical compounds, 233-5 ergative-absolutive, 238, 240
noun compounds, 304 etymological, 22
rhyming compounds, 292-3 euphony, 75
see also Right-Hand Head Rule evidential mood: see mood
concatenation, 163 extrinsically ordered, 116
configurational properties, 209, 220
configurational categories of nouns, falling tones, 157
237-44 feeds, 116
configurational properties of verbs, feminine, 69, 75; see also gender
227-33 filter, 82
conjugation, 220, 224-5, 229 foot, 193, 197
Russian second conjugation, 208 formatives, 38, 42
consonantal tier, 165-6; see also root tier free morphemes, 41
constituent copying, 182-4 full noun paradigms, 211
contour tones, 157 function words, 41
contrast, 23 functional, 275
conversion, 54-5, 120--3, 128--30, 163 fusional: see inflection
corpus,65 future tense, 220
countability, 233; see also number
count nouns, 81 geminate consonants, 161, 168--9
cranberry words, 322-3 gender, 209, 234-5; see also class
creativity, 5, 72-3 generality, 66-7, 212
CV-templates: see morpheme template generative grammar, 5-10
CV-tier, 156; see also skeletal tier generative semantics, 301-2
cyclic, 106-7, 117, 133; see also strict
cyclicity
non-cyclic affixation, 279

350 Subject Index

genitive, 33-4, 240, 245, 248-50 Language Universal, 56, 117; see also
glottalisation, 108 Universal Grammar
Government and Binding Theory, 227-8
grammatical functions (GF), 262-4 latinate, 42, 44, 92, 99-104, 126, 136-9,
Grammatical Function Changing Rules, 231-2, 323-5

214, 215, 264-75 layer of derivation, 106, 111, 125
grammatical relations: see grammatical lexeme, 17-18, 166, 213, 294; also see

functions lexical item
grammatical word, 19, 295 lexemic paradigms, 80-1
Great Vowel Shift (GVS), 98-9 lexical items, 205-6, 208, 265, 291; also see

head,9-10, 78,116,214,228,234,237, listeme and lexeme
240-1,248-50,260,262,272 lexical inflection, 249
lexical morphemes, 41
headedness of compounds, 303-19 underived lexical items, 92
left-headed compounds, 315-19 underived words, 124
headless compounds, 319-22 lexical morphology, 89-153
see also Right-Hand Head Rule level ordering, 92
lexical strata, 89-106, 133-53
hierarchical strata, 90; see also lexical loop, 148-51
morphology lexical phonology: see lexical morphology
lexicalist hypothesis, 217-18, 299-300
homophones, 36 lexicography, 4
host,245-6,248-50 lexicon, 5, 7, 10-13, 36, 65-83, 89, 189, 199,

idioms, 83, 291, 292, 296, 297-302 258,261,265,281,287,291,295,
imperfective: see aspect 322,323
inalienably possessed, 78, 273 lexical entries, 258-9
inchoative meaning, 74 linguistic knowledge, 5-10
incorporating language (typology), 56, 59, linguistic level, 4
linking, 157
163 listemes, 295-302; also see lexical items
incorporation, 255, 282-7 list, 65, 83
indirect object movement, 271-4 listable, 65, 322
infixation, 45, 59; see also nonconcatenative listed syntactic objects, 296
unlisted morphological objects, 296-7
morphology loanwords, 66; also see borrowing
infixes, 44-5, 191-2; see also affixes localist hypothesis, 243-4
infixing (typology), 56, 155, 163 location, 242
infixing reduplication, 191-2 locative,257,271-2
INFL, 227-9 London School, 154
inflection, 47, 59, 79-81, 100-6, 149, 166, long components, 154

205-44,264,269,287,312-21 main clauses, 231
inflectional affix, 45-6, 57, 126-7, 133, manifestation, 20, 18, 41
Mapping Principles, 155-60; see also
166,180,256,305,313
inflectional ending, 70 Well-Formedness Condition
inflectional morpheme, 47-8, 51-2, marked, 79, 267
masculine, 234-5
117, 178, 199 metathesis, 197-200
inflectional morphology, 55, 77, 89, Mirror Principle, 275-82
modal verbs, 222
130-1,139,256 module, 6, 10, 106, 125, 291, 326; see also
inflectional paradigm, 80, 218
Inflectional Parsimony Principle, linguistic level
modular, 9
218-20 monosyllabic, 74
inflecting (typology), 56 monosyllabic adjectives, 146
inflecting language, 58-9 mood, 222-4
phrasal inflection, 249 mora, 193
inherent properties, 209 morph, 24-7, 43, 58, 60-2; see also
innate, 8
instantiated, 65 allomorph
instrumental, 241, 256, 270 morpheme, 5, 11, 13, 23-62, 73, 79, 83, 89,
intrinsically ordered, 116
irrealis, 221 92, 107
isolating: see analytic native morphemes, 76-7
foreign morphemes, 76; see also
labial, 28, 32
language change, 119 borrowing
language faculty, 8
language typology, 56-60

Subject Index 351

morpheme integrity condition, 197 phonological word, 193
morpheme sequencing, 113-18 phonotactic constraints, 82, 107, 158
morphology, 3-5 phrasal properties, 209
morphological component, 11, 89, 217 phrasal phonology, 107
morphological properties, 19, 209, 217 phrasal verb, 307
morphological positions, 280; see also phrase structure rules, 6: see also X-bar

position classes syntax
morphological rules, 7, 76, 78, 91-2, place of articulation, 28
plural: see number
95,104-6,143-51,176,296,299, polysynthetic: see incorporating
302-27 portmanteau morph, 36, 61-2
morphologically marked, 239, 275 position class, 279; also see morphological
morphological typology, 56--60
morphophonenrics,34 positions
morphophonology, 34 possessor raising, 272-3
morphosyntactic properties, 14, 108, 218, post-lexical rules, 89, 95, 106-9, 125-Q
286,295,317 postpositions, 241
movement rules, 282 potential words, 65-6, 88
multiple affixation, 52-4 potential mood: see mood
predicate, 255-6
native roots, 76 predication, 220
neologisms, 65 prefixes, 44; see also affixes
neuter, 234-5; see also gender pre-linking, 157, 171
neutral affix: see affix prepositions, 241
neutralisation, 37 proclitic, 91; see also clitic
nominative, 60 productivity, 66-83, 118-20, 207-8
nominative-accusative case systems, 238-9 progressive: see aspect
non-cyclic affixation, 279 proposition, 267
non-nativised, 82 Prosodic Morphology, 167-79, 192-7; see
non-neutral affix: see affix
nonce words, 65, 296 also Template Morphology
nonconcatenative morphology, 165-202 minimal word, 193
noncountnouns,81, 104 prosodic template tier, 166
number,20,30-1,45, 206,208,210, Prosodic Circumscription of Domains,

215-17,225-7,233-4 193
prosodic word, 193
obligatoriness, 206-7 Template Satisfaction Condition, 197
Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP), 170 prosody, 154
oblique cases, 238, 241-4 prototypical inflectional morphemes, 217
obstruent, 74, 141
open-endedness, 5; see also productivity readjustment rules, 11-13
oratio obliqua, 232 realis, 221
origin of human language, 3 realisation, 18
reanalysis, 104
Panini, 91 reciprocal, 165, 278-9
paradigm, 77 reciprocalisation, 426
parameters, 9, 56, 282 recursive rules, 6-7, 53
particle verbs, 317-19 recursiveness, 6-7
passive, 267-9 reduplication, 163, 180-97

passivisation, 214-15 nominal reduplication, 181
path, 265 referential meaning, 51
patient, 256, 308, 311 referring expressions, 255
pejorative, 212 reflexivisation, 229-30
percolate, 116, 214, 305, 307, 311, 313 relevance, 212-18
perfective: see aspect repair operation, 160
performance, 8 reported speech, 351
permissible, 337 representation, 18, 54; see also realisation
phoneme, 4
and manifestation
phonemic transcription, 29 Right-Hand Head Rule (RHR), 9, 311-15
phonemics, 4 rising tones, 157
phonetic representation, 12, 32-3, 34, 39 root,41-6, 52, 54,62,67, 76-9,91-100,154
phonological representations, 12, 32-3, 39,
changing roots (stratum 1), 134-5
154 non-changing roots (stratum 2), 134-5
phonological rules, 33-4, 89, 133, 140-3 geminate roots, 169-70
quadriliteral roots, 171

352 Subject Index

root morphemes, 41, 173, 199, 292 past vs. non-past, 221
triconsonantal roots, 166 thematic relations: see theta-roles
root tier: see consonantal tier Theta-Criterion, 260-2
rule of grammar, 6 theta-roles (9-roles), 256--62, 283, 296,
obligatory rule, 131
optional, 131 308-11
tiers, 154; see also autosegmental phonology
second object, 263 tonal tier, 155
secret languages, 199 tone, 29, 155--60
segmental tier, 155 tone languages, 155
segments of sound, 34 transitivity, 256--62
semantic relations: see theta-roles
semi-productivity, 71-2 detransitivising, 174
separation of levels, 4 ditransitive, 258
sibilant, 30 intransitive, 238, 257, 269
skeletal tier, 160-3, 165-77, 193, 199, 293; transitive, 230, 238--40, 258, 266, 269,

see also CV-tier 298-9,311
sonorant, 74, 141 transitivising affix, 275
spreading, 158, 165, 167, 169-70, 172 transposition word games, 199
trisyllabic adjective, 146
non-automatic spreading, 159, 187 trisyllabic laxing, 96--9, 123--4
stem, 45-7, 51; see also inflection
stem extender, 46 umlaut, 102-3
strata: see lexical strata underlying representation, 31--4, 170, 190,
stress, 14, 89-90, 93--4, 120-3
192
accent subordination, 294 underspecification, 184-6
autostressed, 90 Universal Grammar, 8-10, 56, 158, 170,
main stress, 90
pre-accenting suffix, 52 275, 287, 314
word stress, 96, 121, 246 Universal Linking Conventions, 158-9; see
Strict Cycle Condition, 123--6
strong verbs, 102, 122 also Well-Formedness Condition
structure preserving, 111, 142 unmarked, 79, 267; see also marked
subcategorisation template, 261
subject, 225-6, 227-9, 260, 262, 263 V-slot: see skeletal tier
subjunctive mood, 231 valency, 266, 274
subordinate, 231 velar softening, 76, 124--5
subordinate clauses, 350 verb phrase, 262-3
suffixes, 44; see also affixes verbal compound, 283--4,308-11
suppletion, 31 vocabulary item: see lexical item
switch reference, 232-3 vocalic melody tier, 165-6
syllable, 34--5, 193 vocalism, 164
syllable structure, 107; see also phonotactic voice assimilation, 34, 141
vowel height harmony, 284
constraints
syllables, 53 Well-Formedness Condition (Phonotactic),
158
heavy syllable, 115
light syllable, 115 word, 17-39; see also lexeme, grammatical
synchronic, 3, 72 word and word-form
syncope, 198
syncretism, 37 Word-and-paradigm morphology (WP),
synthetic: see also inflecting language 60-2

Template Morphology, 154, 184--200; see word-form, 18, 295
also prosodic morphology
X-bar syntax, 303-21
morpheme template, 184--92
morpheme tier hypothesis, 172-7 zero allomorph, 37
t-morpheme, 174 zero derivation: see conversion
tier conflation, 176--7 zero morphs, 55
tense, 220-2
past tense, 25

Author Index

Adams, V., 55, 302, 308, 310, 323-4 Fortescue, M., 58-9, 222-3
Allen, M., 89, 209, 308, 314-15
Andersen, T., 64 Gleason, 198-9
Anderson, J. M., 243-4, 299 Goldsmith, J., 123, 133--6, 143, 154--63
Anderson, S. R., 31, 61, 209-12, 216,217, Greenberg, J. II., 56, 60, 117, 206
Grimm,J., 3
220-43,246,323 Gruber,J. s.,256-7
Archangeli, D., 159, 167, 184, 185
Amott, D. W., 210--11 IIalle, M., 74, 208
Aronoff, M., 23, 43-4, 69, 73-9, 96-8, 128, IIalle, M. and Mohanan, K., 89, 148-51
Halle, M. and Vergnaud, J. R., 158
136-9,148,218,294 Harris, Z., 4, 23, 43, 111, 154, 172
llilders, J. H. and Lawrence, J. C., 201,
Baker, M., 268, 270--9, 282-3, 284, 285
Bauer,L.,20,44-5,69,292,294,303,323, 251
IIockett, C., 4, 61, 111, 154
324 IIurford, J., 244
Bloomfield, L., 4, 83, 91, 111, 294, 305 IIyman, L. M., 29, 156
Boas, F., 216 IIyman, L. M. and Katamba, F., 280--2
Bopp, F., 3
Bresnan, J., 264,268-9 lnkelas, S., 192
Bromley, II. M.,221
Broselow, E., 184 Jackendoff, R., 217, 243, 303
Broselow, E. and McCarthy, J., 184-5, Jespersen, P., 98-9, 303, 310
Jones, Sir William, 3
185--6, 191-2
Bybee, J., 212-17 Kaisse, E. M., 246
Katamba, F., 29, 115, 160, 161
Carrier-Duncan, J., 187-9 Keenan, E. L. and Comrie, B., 267
Carstairs, A., 218-20 Kennedy, B. II., 199-200, 224-5
Chomsky, N. and IIalle, M., 12, 31, 56, 91, Kenstowicz, M. and Kisseberth, C., 31
Kimenyi, A., 272, 289-90
154 (SPE) Kiparsky, P., 89, 92-109, 114-31, 139-43,
Chomsky, N., 5-10, 13-14, 23, 217, 227-9,
148, 150, 185
299,302,303 Klavans,J.,246,248-9
Chung, S., 284-5 Koopman, II., 260--1
Clark, E. V. and Clark, E. II., 122 Koutsoudas et al., 117
Clements, G. N., 161 Krupa, V., 183-4
Clements, G. N. and Goldsmith, J., 160 Kuno, S., 23-4, 251-2
Clements, G. N. and Ford, K. C., 158, 160
Clements, G. N. and Keyser, S. J., 156 Lakoff, G., 301
Comrie, B., 56, 222 Langacker, R. W., 181
Conklin, II., 202 Lass, R., 98
Corbett, G., 234 Leben, W., 170
Crystal, D., 16 Lees, R., 11, 217
Li, C. N. and Thompson, S. A., 56-7
Davies, W. D., 232-3 Lieber, R., 209, 311
Di Sciullo, A.M. and Williams, E., 18, 83, Lightner, T., 20
Lyons,J.,222,243, 256
214,294-9,302,303
Dickens, C., 62 Marantz, A., 184, 185, 186-7, 264
Dixon, R., 221, 240, 241-2, 253, 254, Marchand, H., 55, 120, 294, 303, 305
Mascar6, J., 123
269-70 Matthews, P., 3, 10, 27, 35,61-2,71-2,
Dobson, E. J., 98
Donaldson, T., 223, 242-3 120,208-9
Downing, P., 308 McCarthy, J., 163-78, 184-5, 199-200, 202
Dowty, D., 308

Fillmore, C. J., 256-7
Firth, J. R., 154
Foley, W., 221, 252-3

353

354 Author Index

McCarthy, J. and Prince, A. S., 192-3 Rubach, J., 151
McCawley, J., 301-2
Melville, H., 59 Sadock, J., 287
Meussen, A. E., 281 Sapir, E., 4, 180,212
Miller, J. E., 243 Scalise, 209, 316
Mithun, N., 283-4 Selkirk, E. 0., 149, 302-11, 317-21
Mohanan, K., 89, 125, 148, 151, 288-9 Siegel, D., 74, 89, 144-5
Mohanan, K. and Mohanan, T., 89 Sloat, C. and Taylor, S., 44
Moravcisk, 180-2, 184 Spencer, A., 133
Morgan, J., 301 Spiegel, F., 69
Milller, M., 3 Steriade, D., 185, 193
Mutaka, N. and Hyman, L. M., 193-7 Stowell, T., 260-1
Strauss, S., 89, 143
Nash, D., 182 Suarez, J. A., 279-80
Nida, E., 4, 5, 111 Swadesh, M., 4

Oomen-van Schendel, A. J. G., 40 Twaddell, W. F., 4
Oxford English Dictionary (OED), 20, 65,
Welmers, W., 189-90
118 Whitney, W. D., 91
Wickens, G. M., 164-5
Palmer, F. R., 154 Wilbur, R., 201
Perlmutter, D., 264 Williams, E., 143, 214, 294, 299, 302, 303,
Pesetsky, D., 89, 125, 143, 145-7
Pike, K., 29 305,311-14
Postal, P., 268, 301 Woodbury, A., 270
Pulleyblank, D., 89, 151, 158-9, 160
Yip, M., 170
Quirk, R. and Greenbaum, S., 52, 316-17 Younis, M. H., 179

Ringen, C. 0., 117 Zimmer, K. E., 79
Robins, R., 10, 61, 229-30 Zwicky, A., 245-50
Roeper, T. and Siegel, D., 311 Zwicky, A. and Pullum, G., 44-5, 245-50
Rohrer, C., 294