JAWAPAN BUKU SPS

BIDANG TEMA 2 : Penerokaan Unsur dalam Alam
PEMBELAJARAN
BAB Air dan Larutan
5
Water and Solution

Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts

Sifat fizik air seperti takat beku
dan ketumpatan
Physical characteristics of
water such as freezing point
and density

Peringkat dalam sistem Elektrolisis air dan kesan
pembekalan air seperti bendasing terhadap takat
pengenapan dan penurasan lebur dan takat didih air
Stages in the water supply Electrolysis of water and the
system such as effect of impurities on the
sedimentation and filtration melting and boiling points of
water
Bekalan air seperti kitar AIR DAN
semula air LARUTAN Faktor mempengaruhi kadar
Supply of water such as WATER AND penyejatan air dan kadar
recycle of water SOLUTION keterlarutan seperti suhu
Factors that affect the rate
Kaedah pembersihan air seperti of evaporation of water and
pendidihan dan penurasan the rate of solubility such as
Water purification methods such the temperature
as boiling and filtration

Larutan, koloid, pelarut air dan bukan air
Solution, colloid, water and organic solvents

APAKAH AIR DAN LARUTAN?
WHAT ARE WATER AND SOLUTION?

Air ialah bahan kimia yang lut sinar dan tidak berwarna yang merupakan komponen utama cecair Bumi.
Larutan merupakan campuran dua bahan, iaitu zat terlarut dan pelarut. Zat terlarut ialah bahan yang larut di
dalam cecair dan pelarut ialah cecair yang melarutkan zat terlarut.
Water is a transparent and colourless chemical substance that is the main component of the Earth’s liquid.
A solution is a mixture of two substances, i.e. a solute and a solvent. The solute is a substance that dissolves
in liquid and the solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solute.

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NOTA BESTARI

Sifat Fizik Air Physical Characteristics of Water
1. Air ialah sebatian kimia yang dapat dipecahkan kepada 1. Water is a chemical compound that can be broken

hidrogen dan oksigen dengan menggunakan elektrik down into hydrogen and oxygen by using electricity
melalui proses elektrolisis. through the process of electrolysis.
2. Takat lebur ais dan takat beku air ialah 0°C. Takat didih 2. The melting point of ice and the freezing point of
air ialah 100°C. water is 0°C. The boiling point of water is 100°C.
3. Bendasing menaikkan takat didih air tetapi 3. Impurities increase the boiling point of water but decrease
menurunkan takat beku air atau takat lebur ais. the freezing point of water or melting point of ice.

Penyejatan Air Evaporation of Water

1. Penyejatan air ialah proses yang berlaku di permukaan 1. Evaporation of water is a process that occurs on the
surface of water which changes water into water
air yang menukarkan air menjadi wap air pada vapour at any temperature.

sebarang suhu.
2. Kelembapan udara, suhu persekitaran, luas 2. The humidity, surrounding temperature, exposed
BAB surface area of water and movement of air affect the
permukaan air yang terdedah dan pergerakan udara rate of evaporation of water.
mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air.

5 Larutan Solution

1. Pelarut ialah cecair yang digunakan untuk melarutkan 1. A solvent is a liquid that is used for dissolving a
suatu bahan (zat terlarut). substance (solute).

2. Zat terlarut ialah bahan yang larut dalam suatu pelarut. 2. A solute is a substance that dissolves in a solvent.
3. Larutan ialah campuran yang terbentuk apabila satu 3. A solution is a mixture that is formed when one or

atau lebih zat terlarut melarut dalam suatu pelarut. more solutes dissolve in a solvent.
4. Ampaian ialah campuran keruh yang terbentuk daripada 4. A suspension is a cloudy mixture formed from the

zat terlarut yang tidak larut di dalam suatu pelarut. solute that is insoluble in a solvent.

Keterlarutan Solubility
1. Keterlarutan suatu bahan ialah kuantiti maksimum 1. The solubility of a substance is the maximum quantity

zat terlarut yang dapat larut di dalam 100 ml pelarut of solutes which can dissolve in 100 ml of solvent at
pada suhu tertentu. a certain temperature.
2. Suhu pelarut, kadar kacauan, saiz zat terlarut dan isi 2. The temperature of solvent, rate of stirring, size
padu pelarut mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan zat of solute and volume of solvent affect the rate of
terlarut dalam pelarut. solubility of a solute in a solvent.
3. Koloid ialah campuran dua atau lebih zat terlarut 3. A colloid is a mixture of two or more solutes that are
yang tersebar secara sekata. Koloid tidak membentuk distributed evenly. The colloid does not form a clear or
campuran jernih atau mendakan. precipitate mixture.

Pelarut Bukan Air Organic Solvents
1. Air tidak dapat melarutkan kotoran organik seperti 1. Water cannot dissolve organic dirt such as oil and

minyak dan gris. grease.
2. Alkohol, kerosin, aseton, turpentin dan eter adalah 2. Alcohol, kerosene, acetone, turpentine and ether are

contoh-contoh pelarut bukan air yang dapat examples of organic solvents that dissolve organic dirt.
melarutkan kotoran organik.

Sistem Pembekalan Air Water Supply System

1. Kaedah pembersihan air termasuklah pendidihan, 1. Water purification methods include boiling, filtration,
penurasan, pengklorinan dan penyulingan. chlorination and distillation.
2. Before they are purified, rainwater and river water are
2. Sebelum dibersihkan, air sungai dan air hujan collected in reservoirs. The water is then pumped into
dikumpulkan di empangan. Air ini kemudian dipamkan water treatment plants.
ke loji pembersihan air. 3. The sequence in water purification in
water treatment plants is as follows:
3. Urutan pembersihan air dalam loji pembersihan air water reservoir, filtration tank, oxidation
adalah seperti berikut: takungan air, tangki penapisan, tank, coagulation tank, sedimentation
tangki pengoksidaan, tangki penggumpalan, tangki tank, filtration tank, chlorination tank,
pengenapan, tangki penurasan, tangki pengklorinan, fluoridation tank and storage tank.
tangki pemfluoridaan dan tangki penyimpanan.

Nota Grafik

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5.1 AKTIVITI Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
5.1 Sifat fizik air
PERBINCANGAN PBD
Sifat-sifat fizik air Kontekstual
Buku teks m/s 96 – 97
Physical characteristics of water

1 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah tentang sifat fizik air.
Complete the table below about the characteristics of water.

(a) Warna air/Colour of water (b) Ketumpatan air/Density of water

Isi padu air/Volume of water = 200 cm3

Jisim air/Mass of water = 200 g

Air

Water Ketumpatan air = 200 g = 1 g/cm3
Density of water 200 cm3
Tidak berwarna/Colourless
Warna/Colour:

(c) Tegangan permukaan air (d) Tindakan kapilari air
Surface tension of water Capillary action of water

BAB

5

Tegangan permukaan membolehkan Kebolehan air untuk bergerak melawan
ayak-ayak terapung di permukaan air. graviti melalui ruang yang sempit.

Surface tension enables a water stricler to The ability of water to move against gravity
float on the surface of water. in narrow spaces.

2 (a) Namakan proses X dan Y. Kemudian, tandakan ( ✓ ) perubahan haba semasa air membeku dan
mendidih./Name processes X and Y. Then, mark ( ✗ ) the heat change when water freezes and boils. TP1

Haba diserap ✓ Haba diserap
Heat is absorbed Heat is absorbed

Ais/Ice Haba dibebaskan Air/Water Haba dibebaskan Gas/Gas
✓ Heat is released Heat is released

X Y

Proses X: Pembekuan Proses Y: Pendidihan
Process Y: Boiling
Process X: Freezing

(b) Air bertukar menjadi ais pada takat beku

The water changes into ice, at the freezing point.
point.
(c) Air bertukar menjadi gas pada takat didih

The water changes into gas, at the boiling

Tegangan permukaan ialah daya lekitan antara molekul air di permukaan air. Tindakan kapilari ialah daya lekitan antara molekul
air dan daya lekatan antara molekul air dengan dinding bekas melalui saluran sempit.

The surface tension is the cohesive force between water molecules at the surface of water. The capillary action is the cohesive
force between the molecules of water and the adhesive force between the molecule of water and the walls of a container
through a narrow vessel.

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5.2 EKSPERIMEN Komposisi air Tarikh:

KBAT INKUIRI The composition of water PBD
Penemuan

Inkuiri
Buku teks m/s 97 – 98

Tujuan Menjalankan elektrolisis untuk menentukan
Carry out electrolysis to determine

(a) komposisi air
the composition of water

(b) nisbah hidrogen kepada oksigen dalam satu molekul air
the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a molecule of water

Bahan dan Air suling, asid sulfurik cair (atau asid hidroklorik cair), kayu uji, mancis, set elektrolisis,
Radas silinder penyukat 10 ml, penitis, pembekal kuasa arus terus 12 V, wayar, klip buaya,
suis, jam randik/Distilled water, dilute sulphuric acid (or dilute hydrochloric acid), wooden
splinter, matches, electrolysis set, 10 ml measuring cylinders, dropper, 12 V direct current
power supply, wires, crocodile clips, switch, stopwatch

Y X

BAB Prosedur Air suling ditambahkan Silinder penyukat
dengan beberapa titik Measuring cylinder
5 asid sulfurik cair
Distilled water is added
with a few drops of
dilute sulphuric acid

Rod karbon (elektrod)
Carbon rods (electrodes)

Suis
Switch

+-

12 V

1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.

2 Tambahkan beberapa titik asid sulfurik cair ke dalam air.
Add a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid to the water.

3 Hidupkan suis dan alirkan arus elektrik selama 10 minit.
Turn on the switch and allow electricity to flow for 10 minutes.

4 Catat isi padu gas yang terkumpul di dalam silinder penyukat X dan Y.
Record the volumes of gas that are collected in measuring cylinders X and Y.

5 Matikan suis apabila kedua-dua silinder penyukat itu telah penuh dengan gas.
Turn off the switch when both measuring cylinders are full of gas.

6 Uji gas dalam silinder penyukat X dengan kayu uji bernyala.
Test the gas in measuring cylinder X with a burning wooden splinter.

7 Uji gas dalam silinder penyukat Y dengan kayu uji berbara.
Test the gas in measuring cylinder Y with a glowing wooden splinter.

8 Catat pemerhatian anda./Record your observations.

Galeri Info

Set elektrolisis yang digunakan dalam aktiviti ini disebut
sel elektrolitik. Sel elektrolitik menggunakan tenaga
elektrik untuk menguraikan sebatian kimia. Proses yang
berlaku disebut elektrolisis.
The electrolytic set used in this activitiy is called an
electrolytic cell. An electrolytic cell uses electrical energy to
decompose chemical compounds. The process that takes
place is called electrolysis.

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Keputusan Silinder Isi padu Ujian bagi gas Jenis gas
APenrabliisnicsangan penyukat gas (cm3) Test for gas terbebas
Measuring Type of gas
cylinder Volume of released
gas (cm3)

Menghasilkan bunyi ‘pop’

X 10 dengan kayu uji bernyala Hidrogen
Produces a ‘pop’ sound Hydrogen
with

a burning wooden splinter

Menyalakan kayu uji berbara Oksigen
Oxygen
Y 5 Lights up/Ignites a glowing

wooden splinter

(Jawapan murid/Student’s answer)

1 Apakah proses yang digunakan dalam aktiviti ini? TP1
What is the process used in this activity?
Elektrolisis/Electrolysis

2 Namakan elektrod X dan Y./Name electrodes X and Y. TP1 BAB
(a) Elektrod X/Electrode X: Katod/Elektrod negatif/Cathode/Negative electrode
(b) Elektrod Y/Electrode Y: Anod/Elektrod positif/Anode/Positive electrode 5

3 Berapakah nisbah isi padu hidrogen kepada oksigen yang terkumpul dalam aktiviti ini?
What is the ratio of the volumes of hydrogen to oxygen collected in this activity? TP2

Hidrogen/Hydrogen : Oksigen/Oxygen
= 10 cm3 : 5 cm3 = 2 : 1

4 Apakah nisbah hidrogen kepada oksigen dalam satu molekul air? TP2
What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a molecule of water?
2:1

5 Label atom hidrogen dan oksigen dalam rajah. Kemudian, bulatkan jawapan yang

betul. Simbol bagi atom hidrogen dan oksigen masing-masing diwakili oleh H dan O.

Label the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the diagram. Then, circle the correct answers.

The symbols for hydrogen and oxygen atoms are represented by H and O respectively.

TP1

(a) Atom oksigen

Oxygen atom Simbol molekul air
Symbol of the molecule of water

HO HO2 H2O

Praktis (b) Atom hidrogen / Hydrogen atoms
Kendiri
6 Apakah tujuan menambahkan beberapa titik asid sulfurik cair ke dalam air suling?
Kesimpulan What is the purpose of adding a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid into the distilled
water? TP2
Untuk meningkatkan kekonduksian elektrik air suling
To increase the electrical conductivity of the distilled water

7 Bolehkah air suling tulen dielektrolisiskan? Berikan satu sebab. TP2
Can pure distilled water be electrolysed? Give one reason.
Tidak . Air suling tulen ialah konduktor elektrik yang lemah .
No . Pure distilled water is a poor conductor of electricity .

Satu molekul air mengandungi dua atom hidrogen dan satu atom oksigen .
One molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

51

Tarikh:

5.3 EKSPERIMEN Kesan bendasing terhadap takat lebur ais dan takat didih air PBD
Penemuan
KBAT INKUIRI The effect of impurity on the melting point of ice and boiling point of water Inkuiri

Tujuan Buku teks m/s 99 – 100

Mengkaji kesan bendasing terhadap takat lebur ais dan takat didih air
To study the effect of impurities on the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water

Bahan dan Air suling, kiub ais, garam biasa, bikar 250 ml, termometer, penunu Bunsen, tungku
Radas kaki tiga, kasa dawai, kaki retort/Distilled water, ice cubes, common salt, 250 ml beaker,
thermometer, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, retort stand

Prosedur Termometer/Thermometer
Bikar/Beaker
Air suling
Distilled water

BAB Ais Panaskan
Ice Heat

Rajah (a)/Diagram (a) Rajah (b)/Diagram (b)

5 1 Sediakan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (a) dan Rajah (b).
Set up the apparatus as shown in Diagram (a) and Diagram (b).
Keputusan
2 Catat takat lebur ais (suhu tetap)./Record the melting point of ice (constant temperature).
Perbincangan
Praktis 3 Catat takat didih air suling./Record the boiling point of distilled water.
Kendiri
4 Ulang langkah 1 hingga 3 dengan menambahkan satu spatula garam biasa ke dalam
ais dan air suling bagi setiap aktiviti./Repeat steps 1 to 3 by adding a spatula of
common salt to the ice and distilled water in each activity.

Takat lebur ais = 0 ºC
The melting point of ice

Takat lebur ais + garam biasa = – 2 ºC
The melting point of ice + common salt

Takat didih air suling = 100 º C
The boiling point of distilled water

Takat didih air suling + garam biasa 102 ºC
The boiling point of distilled water + common salt =

(Jawapan murid/Student’s answer)

1 Apakah kesan penambahan garam biasa terhadap takat lebur ais dan takat didih air?

What is the effect of adding common salt on the melting point of ice and boiling point

of water? TP2

Garam biasa mengurangkan takat lebur ais tetapi meningkatkan

takat didih air.

Common salt decreases the melting point of ice but increases the boiling

point of water.

2 (a) Berapakah takat lebur ais/What is the melting point of ice? TP1
0°C

(b) Ramalkan takat lebur ais jika sedikit garam biasa ditambahkan kepadanya.
Predict the melting point of ice if a little common salt is added to it. TP3/KBAT
Lebih rendah daripada 0°C/Lower than 0°C

Kesimpulan Bendasing mengurangkan takat lebur ais tetapi meningkatkan takat didih air.
Impurities decrease the melting point of ice but increase the boiling point of water.

52

Tarikh:

5.4 AKTIVITI Penyejatan air dalam kehidupan harian PBD
Kontekstual
KBAT PERBINCANGAN Evaporation of water in daily life

Buku teks m/s 104 – 105

1 Nyatakan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air. Pilih jawapan yang betul. TP2
State the factors that affect the rate of evaporation of water. Choose the correct answers.

(a) Semakin tinggi kelembapan udara, semakin (rendah, tinggi) kadar penyejatan air.
The higher the humidity is, the (lower, higher) is the rate of evaporation of water.

(b) Semakin tinggi suhu, semakin (rendah, tinggi) kadar penyejatan air.
The higher the temperature is, the (lower, higher) is the rate of evaporation of water.

(c) Semakin kecil luas permukaan air yang terdedah, semakin (rendah, tinggi) kadar penyejatan air.
The smaller the exposed surface area of water is, the (lower, higher) is the rate of evaporation of water.

(d) Semakin laju pergerakan udara, semakin (rendah, tinggi) kadar penyejatan air.
The faster the movement of air is, the (lower, higher) is the rate of evaporation of water.

2 Tandakan ( ✓ ) aplikasi penyejatan air dalam kehidupan harian. TP1
Mark ( ✓ ) the applications of evaporation of water in daily life.

(a) ✓ (b) (c) ✓ BAB

5

Pengeringan ikan atau kelapa Pemprosesan air mineral Pengeringan pakaian basah
Drying wet clothes
Drying fish or coconut Processing of mineral water
(f)
(d) ✓ (e) ✓

Penghasilan garam Minyak wangi di badan Ubat gegat mengecil
daripada air laut/Production
of salt from seawater menghasilkan bau/A perfume Mothballs become smaller

on the body gives out a smell

3 Lengkapkan pernyataan tentang prinsip penyejukan peti sejuk. TP4/KBAT
Complete the statements about the cooling principle of a refrigerator.

Diserap Penyejatan Menyejat Menurun Dibebaskan Praktis
Absorbed Evaporation Evaporates Decrease Released Kendiri

Sebuah peti sejuk berfungsi berdasarkan prinsip penyejatan cecair penyejuk. Apabila cecair

ini menyejat menjadi wap, suhu akan menurun kerana tenaga haba diserap

daripada persekitaran dalaman dan dibebaskan melalui tiub-tiub logam di belakang peti sejuk.

A refrigerator works on the principle of evaporation of a cooling liquid. When the liquid evaporates

to become vapour, the temperature will decrease as heat energy is absorbed from the

internal surroundings and is released through the metal tubes behind the refrigerator.

AKTIVITI HANDS-ON

Eksperimen Wajib 3: Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air (rujuk silang m.s.191 – 194).
Compulsory Experiment 3: Factors affecting the rate of evaporation of water (cross-reference pp. 191 – 194).

53

Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
5.2 Larutan dan kadar keterlarutan

5.5 EKSPERIMEN Larutan cair, larutan pekat dan larutan tepu PBD
Penemuan
KBAT INKUIRI Dilute, concentrated and saturated solutions
Inkuiri

Buku teks m/s 106 – 107

Tujuan Menyediakan larutan cair, larutan pekat dan larutan tepu
To prepare a dilute solution, concentrated solution and saturated solution

Bahan dan Hablur kuprum(II) sulfat (garam), air, bikar 50 ml, spatula, rod kaca Nota
Radas Copper(II) sulphate crystal (salt), water, 50 ml beaker, spatula, glass rod Ekstra
Prosedur
1 Masukkan satu spatula hablur kuprum(II) sulfat ke dalam 25 cm3 air dan kacau dengan
BAB rod kaca./Add one spatula of copper(II) sulphate crystal to 25 cm3 of water and stir with
a glass rod.

2 Ulang langkah 1 dengan dua spatula hablur kuprum(II) sulfat.
Repeat step 1 with two spatulas of copper(II) sulphate crystals.

3 Ulang langkah 1 dengan menambahkan hablur kuprum(II) sulfat sehingga tidak larut
lagi dalam air./Repeat step 1 by adding copper(II) sulphate crystal until it does not dissolve
any more in water.

4 Catat pemerhatian anda./Record your observations.

5 Pemerhatian Kuantiti kuprum(II) sulfat Warna larutan Adakah semua
Amount of copper(II) sulphate Colour of solution garam larut?
Does all the salt dissolve?
1 spatula Biru muda
1 spatula Light blue Ya
Yes
2 spatula Biru
2 spatulas Blue Ya
Yes
Lebih daripada 2 spatula Biru tua
More than 2 spatulas Dark blue Tidak
No

Perbincangan Kenal pasti jenis larutan yang terhasil. TP2
Identify the types of solution produced.

Larutan tepu Larutan cair Larutan pekat
Saturated solution Dilute solution Concentrated solution

Kuantiti garam Larutan terhasil Maksud
Amount of salt Solution Meaning
produced
1 spatula Larutan yang mengandungi zat
1 spatula Larutan cair terlarut yang berlebihan.
Dilute solution A solution that has excessive
amount of solute.
2 spatula Larutan pekat
2 spatulas Concentrated Larutan yang mengandungi sangat
solution sedikit zat terlarut.
A solution that has very little solute.
Lebih daripada Larutan tepu
2 spatula Saturated Larutan yang mengandungi banyak
More than 2 solution zat terlarut.
spatulas A solution that has a lot of solute.

Kesimpulan Terdapat tiga jenis larutan yang mengandungi kuantiti zat terlarut yang berlainan, iaitu
larutan cair , larutan pekat dan larutan tepu .

There are three types of solution that have different amounts of solute, which are
dilute solution , concentrated solution and saturated solution .

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5.6 EKSPERIMEN Larutan dan ampaian Tarikh:

KBAT INKUIRI Solutions and suspensions PBD
Penemuan

Inkuiri
Buku teks m/s 107 – 108

Tujuan Menunjukkan perbezaan antara larutan dengan ampaian
To show the differences between a solution and a suspension

Bahan dan Serbuk natrium klorida, serbuk kanji, air, bikar 100 ml, rod kaca, spatula
Radas Sodium chloride powder, starch powder, water, 100 ml beaker, glass rod, spatula
Prosedur
1 Masukkan satu spatula serbuk natrium klorida ke dalam 50 cm3 air di dalam sebuah
bikar dan kacau dengan rod kaca./Add one spatula of sodium chloride powder to 50 cm3
of water in a beaker and stir with a glass rod.

2 Catat pemerhatian./Record the observation.

3 Ulang langkah 1 dan 2 dengan menggunakan serbuk kanji.
Repeat steps 1 and 2 by using starch powder.

Pemerhatian Bahan Pemerhatian Adakah bahan larut?
Substance Observation Does the substance dissolve?
BAB
Serbuk natrium Larutan jernih terbentuk. Ya/Yes
klorida/Sodium A clear solution is formed. 5
chloride powder Tidak/No
Ampaian terbentuk.
Serbuk kanji A suspension is formed.
Starch powder

Perbincangan Lengkapkan ruang di bawah. TP2
Complete the spaces below.
3 Larutan/Solution Larutan
2 Zat terlarut/Solute • Larutan natrium klorida Solution
• Serbuk natrium klorida Sodium chloride solution
Sodium chloride powder Zat terlarut
Solute
1 Pelarut/Solvent
• Air/Water Ampaian
Suspension

Pelarut
Solvent

Praktis 4 Bahan yang melarut dalam suatu cecair. Zat terlarut
Kendiri A substance that dissolves in a liquid. Solute

Kesimpulan 5 Cecair yang melarutkan zat terlarut untuk membentuk Pelarut
suatu larutan. Solvent
A liquid in which a solute dissolves to form a solution.
Larutan
6 Campuran jernih yang terbentuk apabila zat terlarut Solution
melarut dalam suatu pelarut.
A clear mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent. Ampaian
Suspension
7 Campuran keruh yang mengandungi zat terlarut yang
tidak melarut dalam suatu pelarut./A cloudy mixture
containing a solute which is insoluble in a solvent.

1 Larutan mengandungi zat terlarut yang larut dalam air.
A solution contains a solute that dissolves in water.

2 Ampaian mengandungi zat terlarut yang tidak larut yang terampai dalam air.
A suspension contains an insoluble solute that is suspended in water.

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5.7 AKTIVITI Keterlaluan zat terlarut, koloid dan pelarut semesta Tarikh:

PERBINCANGAN The solubility of solute, colloid and universal solvent PBD
Kontekstual

Buku teks m/s 109 – 112

1 Nyatakan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan zat terlarut dalam air. Pilih jawapan
yang betul. TP2
Explain the factors which affect the rate of solubility of a solute in water. Choose the correct answers.

(a) Semakin (kecil, besar) saiz zat terlarut, semakin cepat zat terlarut itu akan larut di dalam air.
The (smaller, bigger) the size of the solute is, the faster the solute will dissolve in water.

(b) Semakin (rendah, tinggi) suhu, semakin cepat zat terlarut akan larut di dalam air.
The (lower, higher) the temperature is, the faster the solute will dissolve in water.

(c) Zat terlarut lebih mudah larut jika campuran itu (dikacau, tidak dikacau).
A solute dissolves more readily if the mixture is (stirred, not stirred).

(d) Semakin (kecil, besar) isi padu pelarut, semakin cepat zat terlarut akan larut dalam pelarut.
The (smaller, larger) the volume of solvent is, the faster the solute will dissolve in the solvent.

2 Kaji pernyataan di bawah tentang koloid./Study the statements below about colloid.

BAB Koloid ialah suatu campuran dua atau lebih zat terlarut yang tersebar secara sekata. Koloid tidak
membentuk campuran jernih dan juga tidak terenap.

5 A colloid is a mixture of two or more solutes that are distributed evenly. The colloid does not form
clear mixtures and also does not settle down.

Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, kelaskan koloid kepada emulsi dan busa dalam peta dakap di bawah.
Based on the above statements, classify colloids into emulsions and foams in the brace maps below. TP1

Susu getah/Latex Mayonis/Mayonnaise Krim pencukur/Shaving foam
Minyak ikan kod/Cod liver oil Gelembung-gelembung dalam Span mandi/Bath sponge
Susu segar/Fresh milk minuman bergas/Bubbles in
Krim putar/Whipped cream carbonated drinks

1442443 1442443EmulsiMinyak ikan kod/Cod liver oil
14444244443Emulsions Susu segar/Fresh milk
Susu getah/Latex
Mayonis/Mayonnaise Nota
Ekstra
Jenis koloid Span mandi/Bath sponge
Types of colloid Krim pencukur/Shaving foam Praktis
Krim putar/Whipped cream Kendiri
Busa Gelembung-gelembung dalam minuman bergas
Foams Bubbles in carbonated drinks

3 Air digunakan sebagai pelarut secara domestik dan juga sebagai bahan mentah dalam industri
pembuatan makanan dan minuman, pertanian dan perubatan. Air digunakan untuk melarutkan
pelbagai jenis bahan. Apakah nama yang diberi kepada air sebagai pelarut? TP1
Water is used as a solvent domestically as well as a raw material in the manufacture of food and
beverage, agriculture and medicine industries. Water is used for dissolving various types of substances.
What is the name given to water as a solvent?
Pelarut semesta/Universal solvent

AKTIVITI HANDS-ON

Eksperimen Wajib 4: Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan zat terlarut (rujuk silang m.s. 195 – 198).
Compulsory Experiment 4: Factors affecting the rate of solubility (dissolving) of solutes (cross-reference pp. 195 – 198).

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5.8 AKTIVITI Pelarut organik (Pelarut bukan air) Tarikh:

PERBINCANGAN Organic solvents PBD
Kontekstual

Buku teks m/s 112

Nyatakan jenis pelarut organik berdasarkan kegunaannya dalam kehidupan harian. TP2
State the types of organic solvents according to their uses in daily life.

Turpentin Aseton Alkohol Eter Kerosin
Turpentine Aceton Alcohol Ether Kerosene

(a) (b) (c)

Alkohol/Alcohol Turpentin/Kerosin Turpentin/Turpentine BAB
• Penyediaan syelek Turpentine/Kerosene • Mencairkan cat
5
Preparation of shellac • Menanggalkan kesan Diluting paints
minyak hitam
(d) Removing tar stains (f)

(e)

Alkohol/Alcohol Aseton/Aceton Aseton/Aceton

• Penyediaan kosmetik • Menanggalkan varnis • Penyediaan lakuer untuk
seperti minyak wangi kuku dan gincu perabot kayu
Preparation of cosmetics Removing nail varnish and Preparation of lacquer for
such as perfume lipstick wooden furniture

(g) (h) (i)

Turpentin/Kerosin Alkohol/Alcohol Eter/Ether
Turpentine/Kerosene
• Melarutkan iodin untuk • Pengekstrakan minyak
• Menanggalkan kotoran cat menghasilkan larutan dan lemak seperti dalam
baharu iodin sebagai antiseptik makanan kucing
Removing dirt of fresh paint Dissolving iodine to Extraction of oil and fat
produce iodine solution as like in cat food
an antiseptic

Galeri Info

Praktis t "MLPIPM CPMFI EJHVOBLBO VOUVL NFOBOHHBMLBO LPUPSBO LMPSPmM EBO EBLXBU LFLBM QBEB QBQBO UVMJT
Kendiri Alcohol can be used to remove chlorophyll dirt and permanent marker ink on a white board.

t "NJM BTFUBU KVHB CPMFI EJHVOBLBO VOUVL NFOBOHHBMLBO HJODV EBO WBSOJT LVLV
Amyl acetate can also be used to remove lipstick and nail varnish.

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5.9 EKSPERIMEN Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
5.3 Pembersihan dan pembekalan air
KBAT INKUIRI PBD
Kaedah pembersihan air Penemuan

Water purification methods Inkuiri

Buku teks m/s 113 – 115

Tujuan Mengkaji pelbagai kaedah pembersihan air
To study various water purification methods

Bahan dan Air kolam, air klorin, bikar, corong turas, termometer, kaki retort dan penyepit, kertas
Radas turas, rod kaca, penunu Bunsen, kasa dawai, kelalang penyulingan, kondenser Liebig,
penyumbat berlubang, penutup kaca, sisip kaca, mikroskop
Pond water, chlorine water, beaker, filter funnel, thermometer, retort stand and clamp, filter
paper, glass rod, Bunsen burner, wire gauze, distillation flask, Liebig condenser, stopper with
a hole, cover slip, glass slide, microscope

Prosedur Penurasan/Filtration Pendidihan/Boiling

Kertas turas
Filter paper

BAB Air kolam Kaki retort Air kolam
Pond water Retort stand Pond water

Corong turas

5 Filter funnel
Baki
Residue Panaskan

Heat

Hasil turasan
Filtrate

Penyulingan/Distillation Pengklorinan/Chlorination

Termometer Air keluar Kondenser Liebig Air klorin
Thermometer Water out Liebig condenser Chlorine water

Air kolam Air
Pond water Water

Serpihan Air masuk
porselin Water in
Porcelain
chips Air suling
Distilled water
Panaskan
Heat

1 Sediakan radas-radas di atas untuk membersihkan air kolam.
Set up the apparatus above to purify pond water.

2 Catat pemerhatian anda tentang air yang dikumpulkan dalam bikar.
Record your observations on the water collected in the beaker.

3 Titiskan setitik air yang dikumpul di atas sisip kaca.
Place one drop of water collected on a glass slide.

4 Tutup dengan penutup kaca dan perhatikannya melalui mikroskop.
Cover it with a cover slip and examine it under a microscope.

5 Bincang bersama guru anda tentang kehadiran mineral.
Discuss with your teacher about the presence of minerals.

AKTIVITI HANDS-ON

Pembelajaran Berasaskan Projek (PBP) 4: Audit air di rumah atau sekolah (rujuk silang m.s. 183).
Project-Based Learning (PBL) 4: Water audit at home and school (cross-reference p. 184).

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Pemerhatian Tandakan ( ✓ ) jika bahan itu hadir dan ( ✗ ) jika bahan itu tidak hadir dalam air.
Mark ( ✓ ) if the substance is present and ( ✗ ) if the substance is not present in the water.

Kaedah Kehadiran/Presence of
Methods
Zarah terampai Mikroorganisma Bahan terlarut
Penurasan
Filtration Suspended particles Microorganisms Dissolved substances
Penyulingan
Distillation ✗✓ ✓
Pendidihan
Boiling ✗✗ ✗
Pengklorinan
Chlorination ✓✗ ✓

✓✗ ✓

Perbincangan 1 Apakah kepentingan pembersihan air? TP2
What is the importance of water purification?
Merawat air supaya selamat digunakan BAB
To treat water so that it is safe to be used
5
2 Kaedah manakah yang menghasilkan air tulen? TP2
Which method produces pure water?
Penyulingan/Distillation

3 Nyatakan fungsi air klorin./State the function of chlorine water. TP2
Membunuh/To kill mikroorganisma/microorganisms.

4 Mengapakah air suling tidak sesuai untuk diminum? TP2
Why is distilled water not suitable for drinking?
Air suling tidak mengandungi mineral./Distilled water does not contain minerals.

5 Negara yang tiada bekalan air dapat menyediakan bekalan air melalui kitar semula
air. Lengkapkan langkah-langkah di bawah tentang kitar semula air. TP4/KBAT
Countries with no water supplies can supply water through the recycling of water.
Complete the steps below about the recycling of water.

Mikroorganisma/Microorganisms Klorin/Chlorine Sisa pepejal/Solid waste

Peringkat primer Peringkat sekunder Peringkat tertier
Primary stage Secondary stage Tertiary stage

Nota Sisa air Mikroorganisma Air bersih
Ekstra Waste water Clean water
mengurangkan bahan
Praktis Menapis keluar semua organik pepejal. Bahan seperti klorin
Kendiri sisa pepejal daripada Microorganisms reduce
Kesimpulan the solid organic ditambah untuk membunuh
air. substances. mikroorganisma .
A substance such as
Filter out all the
solid waste from the chlorine is added
to kill microorganisms .
water.

Air dapat dibersihkan melalui penurasan , penyulingan , pendidihan dan pengklorinan .
Water can be purified by filtration , distillation , boiling and chlorination .

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Tarikh:

5.10 AKTIVITI Sistem pembekalan air PBD
Kontekstual
KBAT PERBINCANGAN Water supply system

Buku teks m/s 115 – 117

Nyatakan tangki-tangki yang terlibat dalam sistem pembekalan air. Kemudian, lengkapkan ruang kosong

di bawah. TP4/KBAT

State the tanks involved in the water supply system. Then, complete the spaces below.

Penurasan Penggumpalan Pemfluoridaan Simpanan Pengklorinan
Filtration Coagulation Fluoridation Storage Chlorination

Pengenapan Membunuh Pengoksidaan Oksigen Zarah terampai
Sedimentation Kills Oxidation Oxygen Suspended particles

Kapur mati Alum Penapisan Pereputan gigi Ultraungu
Slaked lime Alum Screening Tooth decay Ultraviolet

(b) Tangki penapisan (c) Tangki pengoksidaan (d) Tangki penggumpalan
Screening tank Oxidation tank Coagulation tank

BAB • Menyingkirkan • Oksigen dilarutkan untuk • Alum menggumpalkan
bendasing pepejal menyingkirkan rasa dan bau zarah terampai./ Alum
busuk./ Oxygen is coagulates the suspended particles.
5 besar. dissolved to remove the
Removes large solid unpleasant taste and smell. • Kapur mati mengurangkan
impurities. keasidan air./ Slaked lime
reduces the acidity of the water.

Pam Alum Kapur mati
Pump Alum Slaked lime

(a) Takungan/Empangan (e) Tangki pengenapan / Sedimentation tank
Reservoir/Dam
• Zarah-zarah kotoran yang besar dan berat
• Menyimpan air sungai. tenggelam di dasar tangki./Big and heavy
Stores river water. dirt particles sink to the bottom of the tank.

• Sinaran ultraungu Garam fluorida Air klorin
dalam cahaya Fluoride salt Chlorine water
matahari membunuh
sebahagian daripada Pam
bakteria dalam air. Pump
Ultraviolet rays
in sunlight kills some
of the bacteria in the
water.

Ke tangki simpanan
To storage tank

(h) Tangki pemfluoridaan (g) Tangki pengklorinan (f) Tangki penurasan
Fluoridation tank Chlorination tank Filtration tank

• Garam fluorida, iaitu natrium • Klorin membunuh • Penapis pasir
fluorida mengurangkan mikroorganisma yang berbahaya menyingkirkan
pereputan gigi . dalam air. zarah terampai .
Fluoride salt, i.e. sodium fluoride Chlorine kills dangerous Sand filters remove
reduces tooth decay . microorganisms in the water. suspended particles .

60