The complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English

GENERAL INDEX

on the Council of the Community, discovery of, 1-2
greatest novelty, 23-5
29 lack of historical texts, 49
‘liberation’ in 1991, 8 -10
on the Guardian, 44 and the New Testament, 2 1-3
historical information in, 18, 54, 58, number and content, 10 -12 , 21
provenance, 14 -15 , 19 -21
59 and Qumran and towns/camps,

manuscripts 43-4
Exhortation, 44, 128, 129-38
from Cave 4, 146-58 research and publication, xvi
1947-1967, 2-6
Statutes, 128-9, 1 38-45 1967-1990, 6-8
on the Messiah, 86 1990-2003, 8-10
number of copies, 21, 43
penal code, 30 -31, 34, 152-4, 156-7 significance, 15 -1 9
on purification, 82
on skin disease, 36, 149 DeadSea Scrolls Bible, xvii
and ‘sons of dawn’, 241
death, life after, 88
and Temple Scroll, 192 death penalty, 37, 38, 139, 141, 192,
and towns/camps, 34-5
218, 504
assemblies, 40 Demetrius IQ, King, 18, 53, 55, 56
code of law, 37-9 Deuteronomy, Book of, 68, 72, 472,
Guardian’s qualifications, 44
head of ‘camp’, 36 5*7, 574
initiation of members, 40-41, 148 dietary restrictions, see food
priests, 36, 40, 148-9, 15 1-2
on ‘Wicked Priest’, 61 Dimant, D., 603, 612
‘Damascus, land of’, 63
Discoveries in theJudean Desert (DJD),
Daniel, Book of, 11 and n., 58, 59, 71,
xiii, xvii, 10, 655-6
164, 618 Divine Office, Order of, 376
Para-Danielic writings, 616, 617
Darius I, King of Persia, 620 Divisions ofthe Times, Book ofthe, 539
dating of the Scrolls, 12 -14 see alsoJubilees
David, King, 68, 13 2 , 229, 307, 308
descendants, 492 Donceel-Voute, Pauline, ion.
Driver, Godfrey, 19 and n.
Moses (or David) Apocryphon,
dues, priestly, 36, 145, 1 5 1 —2, 216,
581-2 226
poetry of, 307, 313
de Vaux, Father Roland, 2, 6-7, 12, Duhaime,J., 163

639 Dupont-Sommer, Andre, 3 and n.,
dating the Scrolls, 3 -4 ,4 and 13,
625, 626
58W.
and publication of the Scrolls, 5, 6n. Ecclesiastes, Book of, 21
Ecclesiasticus, Book of, 11, 50 -51
Dead Sea Scrolls
catalogue, 639-56 see alsoJesus Ben Sira
dating, 12 - 14 Egypt, 5°» 52>4°4
Eisenman, Robert, 10 and n., 21 and

n., 244
Eleazar, son of Nahmani, 66n.

APPENDIX

election, 72-6 Master’s Exhortation to the Sons of
Elgvin, T., 411,425,439,443,478 Dawn, 241-2
Elibah, an elder, 580
Elisha Apocryphon, 591 MMT C, 228-9
Enoch, 480, 481-2, 542 Exodus, Book of, 68,472, 570

and Book of Giants, 545, 549 Historico-theological Narrative
Book of, 17, 59, 78, 540, 545-8 based on Genesis and Exodus,
Prayer of Enosh and Enoch, 543-4
‘Ephraim’, 55, 56, 62-3, 64, 84, 502, 593-4
Paraphrase of Genesis and Exodus,
506, 520
Eshel, Esther, 244, 246, 340, 342, 398, 478-9
Exodus, Sermon on the, 576
4° 4»634 exorcism, poems of, 316, 451
Eshel, Esther & Hanan, 56, 163, 307, expulsion from the sect, 30, 40, 46,

340, 341 80-81, 108, no, 154
Eshel, Hanan, ion. Ezekiel, 76, 88, 131-2, 13572.
Essenes, 3, 25, 46-7
Book of, 329, 536
disappearance, 53, 66 Pseudo-Ezekiel, 612-14
and early Christian Church, 22 Ezra, 21, 49, 68, 69, 87
Feast of Pentecost, 250
hidden treasure, 625, 626 Falk, Daniel, 396, 399
history, 18-19 False Prophets, List of, 56, 622
feasts and festivals, 63
chronological framework, 58-60
concealed references in the agricultural, 79
liturgical calendar and, 79, 351-2
Scrolls, 54-7 Pentecost (Feast of Weeks), 44, 79,
decipherment of particular allu­
125,250
sions, 60-66 prayers for, 381, 382-3
membership, 27, 46 Renewal of the Covenant, 28, 40,
and Qumran, 14-15, 14n., 19, 47-8
religious ideas, 67, 89-90 43“ 5»79" 8i»I29>25°
‘fifteen men’, 29
The Covenant, 67-72 Fight against Evil Spirits, 450
election and holy life, 32, 72-7 firstfruits, 232
future expectations, 84-9 Firstfruits, Day of, 382
worship, 77-84 Fitzmyer,J. A., 1 1 1 8 4 0 5 , 596,
writings and library, 20-21
seealso Community 618
Esther, Book of, 11 Flint, P., xvii, 616
Proto-Esther, iiw., 620-21 Flood, 478
Eusebius, 46
exhortations Admonition Associated with the
Damascus Document, 44, 128, Flood, 461, 551-2

129-38 seealso Noah
Exhortation to Seek Wisdom, Florilegium orMidrash on the Last

419-21 Days, 525-6
Flusser, D., 244, 618
food, 47

682

GENERAL INDEX

blessing, 32, 105 Goranson, J., 625, 626
dietary restrictions, 39, 68, 81, 143, Greece

232 culture and Jewish history, 50 -51,
62
fruits, 240
priests excluded from eating, 36 as enemy, 18, 59
pure, 33 Greeks referred to as Kittim, 53
see also common table Greek manuscripts, 11 andn., 16, 17,
Foundations of the Community, 30
Four Classes of the Community, 126 472-3
Four Kingdoms, 617
Freedman, D. N., 6n. Tobit, 595-6
Greenfield, J. C., 4n., 374, 480, 557
Galilee, 53 Groningen hypothesis, 19
Gamaliel II, Patriarch, 79 Guardian (?nebaqqer)
Garcia Martinez, F., ign., 618
psalm recital, 250
DJDXXIII, 188, 193, 316, 329, at Qumran, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33
464, 532, 540, 608 in towns/camps, 36, 37, 38, 40,

DJD XXXVI, 546 41-2, 144-5, J45
garments, pure, 33 in towns/camps and at Qumran
Genesis
compared, 42, 43, 44, 45
Apocryphon, xvi, 4, 461, 480-91 see also Master
commentaries, 461, 492-4
Habakkuk Commentary, xvi, 2, 13 -14 ,
Commentary C, 495
Commentary D, 496 71,509-516
Historico-theological Narrative
interpretation o f ‘Lebanon’, 83, 515
based on Genesis and Exodus, portrait of Kittim, 56, 59-60,

593-4 510-511, 512
on Teacher of Righteousness and
and Jubilees, 539
Paraphrase of, 478-9 Wicked Priest, 54-5, 63, 340,
Gentiles, 25, 74, 224
attacking, 36 51 3—15
interaction with, 35, 36, 39, 143
slaves converted to Judaism, 40 Halakhah A, 2 3 1-3
and the Wicked Priest, 55 Halakhah B, 234
Giants, Book of, 545, 545-6, 549-50 Hananiah Notos, 3 1 - 2 , 244
Ginzberg, L., 582 Hananiah, son of Sim[on], 32, 244
gleanings, 151 Harding, G. Lankester, 2
see also tithes Harrington, D. J., 425
Glessmer, U., 376 harvesting, 240
Gog, 188 Hasidim, 18, 51, 52, 59, 62, 63
Golb, Norman, 19-20 and n., 625 Hasmonaeans, 52-3, 246
Goliath, David and, 581, $82 Heavenly Lights, Words of the,
Goodman, Martin, 3n., 14n., ijn.
377-80

Hebrew texts, 2, 10 -11, 15, 16, 370,
462

alphabet acrostics, 17, 307, 309-310
Aramaic translations, 461, 463-4

683

APPENDIX

Heinemann, J., 570 ideology, Scrolls and New Testament,
hekhalotb (heavenly palaces), 329 22
Henning, W., 549
Herod Archelaus, 53, 65 idolatry, 210, 216
Herod the Great, 53, 65 immortality, 88-9
Hidden Scrollsfrom theJudaean Desert initiation into the sect, 32-4, 40-41,

(Sukenik), 3 43, 46, 148, 635W.
Hirschfeld, Yizhar, 20W. injuries, compensation for, 231-2
Historical Texts Isaac, 131

A, 404 sacrifice of, 540, 541-2
C-E, 405-6 Isaiah, Book of, 2, 22, 76, 535

F. 4°7 Commentaries on, 497-500
history, see Community; Jewish Israel, 38, 61, 72

history blessing of, 80
Holiness, council of, 36, no ‘company of Israel’, 36
Holocaust of the Sabbath, Songs for, in days of Moses, 68, 580
desert and town brethren and, 42
32^-39 judges from tribe of, 37
Horbury, W., 407 rank of the Israelites, 29, 40, 126
‘horoscopes’, 12, 370-72 Scrolls and New Testament and, 22
Hosea, Commentaries on, 62, slander against, 38
Israel Anquities Authority (IAA), 8, 9,
501-2
Huntington Library, California, Israel Department of Antiquities, 6

9 andn. Jacob, 131,474
Hunzinger, Claus-Hunno, 5 Blessings of, 494
hymns, 2, 16-17, 74~6 Testament of, 561-2

Hymn Celebrating the Morning James (brother ofJesus), 21
and the Evening, 386 Jannaeus, Alexander, 52, 53, 56, 62,

hymn ending Community Rule, 27, 340
34, 112-17 Jason, High Priest, 51, 61
Jeremiah, 71
Hymn of Glorification A and B,
Apocryphon of, 603-7
342-3 Letter of, 472
Hymnic Fragment, 306 Jerusalem, 226
on resurrection, 88 Community living in, 35, 42
for the Sabbath Day, 379 Essene library in, 2iand n
Songs for the Holocaust of the hidden treasure, 625
history
Sabbath, 329-39
Teacher of Righteousness and, Hellenization of, 50-51
Antiochus and, 51, 58, 404
56-7.63 Wicked Priest and, 61
Thanksgiving, xvi, 247, 249-305 ‘last priests of’, 55-6, 59, 62
war, 180-81
seealso poetry; psalms
Hyrcanus seeJohn Hycanus I; John

Hyrcanus II

684

GENERAL INDEX

Romans and, 53, 56, 60 on Essene beliefs and practices, 32,
destruction of, 53 38, 47, 81-2, 83, 88
NewJerusalem texts, 461, 608-611
Poetic Fragments on, 340, 341 Joshua, 21, 68, 70, 528
prophecies regarding, 84, 87 Apocryhon (i) or Psalms ofJoshua,
Jesus ben Sira, 11, 15, 16-17, *7*
55.584-6
50-51 Apocryphon (ii), 587
Jesus of Nazareth, 25, 67 Prophecy of, 583
Joshua ben Hananiah, Rabbi, 79
birth, 53 Josiah, King, 68
Scrolls and study of, 22-3, 24 Jubilees, 16n., 41, 59, 78, 79, 537,
as Teacher of Righteousness or
539~42
Wicked Priest, 21, 64 Judaea, 52, 53
Jewish history, 67-8 Judah, House of, 63, 71

Apocalyptic Chronology or blessing of, 492, 494
Apocryphal Weeks, 403 hymn to, 314-15
Judah, Testament of, 563
contribution of Scrolls, 17, 24-5 Judaism, 28, 67
Historical Texts, 404-7 Community and, 26, 37, 67
history of the Essenes, 18-19, Gentile slaves converted to, 40
Jewish Christianity, 24-5
54-66 priests’ status, 29
inter-testamental, 50-53 rabbinic, 24, 25
recording of, 49 see alsoJewish history
Job, 463, 463-4 Judas Aristobulus II, 62
Targum of, 459, 464, 465-70 Judas (Essene prophet), 65
John the Baptist, 21,23 judges, 37, 42, 141, 210, 532
John the Essene, 65-6 Judges, Book of, 21
John Hyrcanus I, 18, 52, 56, 62, 405, Jull, A. J. T., 13n.

565, 622 Khirbet Qumran, 1, ion.
John Hyrcanus II, 18, 53, 56, 405
Jonathan, King/High Priest cemetery, 27, 34, 45

identity of, 18 andn., 56, 340-41 date of occupation, 13, 58
and n.
see also Jannaeus, Alexander;
excavation of, 2, 3
Maccabaeus, John expulsion of Essenes from, 19
Jonathan, son of Absalom, 64 population, 27
Jongeling, B., 6n. seealso Qumran caves
Joseph King-Messiah, 86, 527
Kings, Books of, 21
Apocryphon now Narrative and Elisha Apocryphon, 591
Poetic Composition, 565-7 Paraphrase on, 590
Kister, Menahem, 241, 246, 340
Testament of, 563 Kittim, 18, 56, 59-60, 406
Josephus, Flavius, 3, 46, 50, 65

on Community history, 19, 52, 60,
62,65

on the Essenes, 14H., 46, 48 and
65-6

685

APPENDIX

Kittim, confd Testaments of the Patriarchs, 56 1-2
in Habakkuk Commentary, 55, Levites, 43, 126, 132
510-511, 512
war with, 84, 164, 165-6, 182-5, blessing of, 527, 528
188, 497, 498 rank, 29, 40, 80
see also Romans replacement for priest, 36
rules for, 99-100
Knibb, M. A., 546 tithes, 216
Torah interpretation, 69
Laenas, Poppilius, 59 on tribunals, 37
Lamech (father of Noah), 480, 481 war duties, 8 6 ,17 3 ,17 4 ,1 7 8 ,18 1,18 7
Lamentations, Book of, 21, 327-8 Leviticus, 70, 81, 472
language of the Scrolls, 10 -11 Targum of, 463, 464, 471
‘Liar’, 54, 61, 63, 137, 510, 519
and New Testament, 22 see also Wicked Priest
Larson, E., 231, 592 Light, Prince of, 85
Lash, Major-General, 2 see also Michael, archangel
Last Days, Interpretation of Biblical Lim, Timothy H., 1 9 2 4 3
‘lion, furious young’, 55-6, 62, 502,
Texts on the or Catenae, 536
Last Days, Midrash on or Florilegium, 5° 4»5°5

525-6 Lippens, Captain Philippe, 2
liturgy, 77, 250
Last Supper, 84
Latin manuscripts, 11, 16 Benedictions, 3 9 1 - 5
Law, 67 Blessings, 387-90
Confession Ritual, 396
Books of, 128, 135, 536 liturgical calendar, 78, 78-9
Council of the Community and, 29, Liturgical Prayer, 381
Liturgical Work, 399
3° Order of Divine Office, 376
Purification Rituals, 397-8
Essenes and, 47, 75-6, 81 see also calendars; prayers
infringements and penalties, 30 -31 Luke, Gospel of, 53
interpretation, 69-70, 128
novices and, 33 Maccabaean theory, 4
obedience to, 35, 69, 70 Maccabaean-Hasmonaean era, 18, 52
Ordinances or Commentaries on Maccabaeus, Jonathan, 51, 52, 62, 616

Biblical Law, 529-31 King John?, 18, 56, 340-41
Prophets and, 70-71 Wicked Prince?, 18, 6 1-2
see also Moses, Law of; Rules Maccabaeus, Judas, 51, 64
Lazar, Rabbi, 73 Maccabaeus, Simon, 18, 51, 52, 6 1-2,
Leader’s Lament, A, 449
Lebanon, 83 andn., 515 616
Lehman, M. R., 231 Maccabees, Books of, 18, 50, 59, 65
Leontopolis Jewish temple, 52, 63 Magness, Jodi, ion., 58n.
leprosy, 36, 144, 149-50, 227 Malachi, Commentary on, 518
Levi (destroyer of Shechem), 55
Levi, Patriarch, i6w., 132
Testament of, 15, 59, 342, 557-60

686

GENERAL INDEX

‘Manasseh’, 55, 56, 62, 64, 507, 520 Merkahah (throne-chariot), 329
Manasseh, King ofJudah, ‘Prayer of, Messiah(s), 189, 412

3J9>324 blessing of, 387, 389-90
coming of, 23, 71, 86, 138W., 16 1-2 ,
Manual of Discipline see Community
Rule 525

Mark, Gospel of, 22, 473 ‘horoscope’, 370
marriage, 34, 35, 44, 47-8, 480. and the Prophet, 87
Messianic Anthology or Testimonia,
kinship and, 69-70, 133
proof of virginity, 219 55,87,527-8
see also sexual morality Messianic Apocalypse, 4 12 - 13
martyrdom, 88 Messianic Rule, 26, 159-62, 632
Masada
capture by Romans, 1 1 ,5 3 description of meal, 32
manuscripts from, 11, 12, 329, towns/camps structure and rules,

3 2 9 -3 0 ,3 3 1-3 3 4 .3 5 .3 6 ,3 7 .4 1
masbqin (liquids), 33 Messianism, 67, 86-7, 532
maskil see Master Methuselah, 480, 48 1-2
Masoretic text, 16 Metso, S., 98
Master (maskit), 29 Micah, Commentary on, 503
Michael, archangel, 85, 86, 532, 592,
Exhortation to Sons of Dawn,
241-2 618
Words of, 556
precepts for, 1 1 1 see also Melchizedek, archangel
rules for, 98, 101, m - 1 9 , 12 1 -3 ‘Michael and the Just, The Song of’,
see also Guardian
Mattathias (priest), 51, 64 342-3
Matthew, Gospel of, 53, 84, 455
Matthews, K. A., 6n. Midrash on the Book of Moses, 632
Mayer, B., 473 Midrash on the Last Days or
meals see common table; food
mebaqqer, see Guardian Florilegium, 525-6
Meditation, Book of, 35, 40, 4 1 , 14 3, Milik, JozefTadeusz, i,^a n dn ., 5,

160 7w., 44, 93, 188, 563, 615, 616,
Melchizedek, archangel, 85, 391, 570, 620
and the C o p p er Scroll, 6 2 5 , 6 26
618 DJD I, 381, 387,408, 503, 517, 519,
The Heavenly Prince, 532-4
see also Michael, archangel 5 5 4 .557 .5 74 .608
Melkiresha\ 85, 391, 532, 570, 572 DJD III, 6n., 574, 583, 608
curses of, 395 D JD VIy464
see also Belial D JD X III 540
Men Who Err, 243 J JS , 230, S 5 3 ,626
Menahem (Essene prophet), 65 The Books ofEnoch, 7, 373, 545, 546,
Menelaus, High Priest, 51, 61
menstruation, 235 549

Millar, F., 17n.
Miqsat Ma'ase ha-Torah, see M M T
Miriam, Song of, 474, 475-6
Mishnah, 29, 70, 79, 82, 329

687

APPENDIX

MMT (MiqsatMa’ase ha-Torab), 26, Nehemiah, Book of, 49, 69
34, 43,221-2 New Testament, 1 in.

on dealings with Gentiles, 39 Dead Sea Scrolls and, 21-3
dietary laws, 81 Greek fragments and, 473
and Essenes and Sadducees, 42*2., 62 Habakkuk Commentary and, 13
MMT A, Sectarian Calendar, 222-3 seealso Bible
MMT B, Special Rules, 223-8 New Wheat, Feast of, 79
MMT C, The Exhortation, 228-9 Newsom, Carol, 329, 551, 576, 584
on purity matters, 40 Nitzan, Bilhah, 391, 422
Moffett, William A., 9 andn. Noah, 492
Moon, Phases of, 345, 373 birth, 370, 480, 545, 554
Morgenstem, M., 480 covenant with God, 68
Moses, 133, 136, 476-7, 479 curses son, 492, 495
Apocryphon a, 577 story of, 478, 480-81, 481-5, 492-3,
Apocryphon b, 578
Apocryphon c, 579 496,551-2
(or David) Apocryphon, 581 The Book of, 554-5
Assumption of, 59 novices, 33-4, 42, 63572.
farewell discourse, 68 Numbers, Book of, 21, 472
Law of, 43, 81, 580
oaths, seevows and oaths
kinship and marriage, 70 ‘Obadiah, Psalm of, 319, 320
oath to keep, 32, 104 O’Callaghan, Jose, 473
ritual acts precribed by, 77 Og, King of Bashan, 581-2
transgression of, 30, 31, 81 Olyan, S., 590
transmission to rabbis, 70 Onias HI, High Priest, 51
Midrash on the Book ofMoses, 632 Onias IV, High Priest, 52, 63, 6372.
preparation to hear God, 83 Ostraca, 634-5
revelation by angels, 539 Otot (Signs) Document, 365-9
Words of, 461, 574-5
Muhammad edh-Dhib, 2 palaeography, 12-13
Murabba‘at caves, manuscripts from, 12 Palestine, 18, 50, 52
Mysteries, 408-9 papyrus, 15
Parable of Warning, 422
Nabonidus, Prayer of, 22, 461, 615 Passover, 79
N ahu m Com m entary, 62, 504-8 Patriarchs, Testaments of, 561-2
Paul, Saint, 21, 67
historical information in, 18, 55-6, Peitholaos, 56, 407
58, 60 penal code

Temple Scroll and, 192 Community Rule, 30-31, 37,
Naphtali, Testament of, 410, 564 107-8, no
Nash papyrus, 3, 15
Naveh, J., 244 Damascus Document, 31, 34, 37-9,
Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, 54, 40,152-4,156-7

58,71,615 penance, 31, 34, 153

688

GENERAL INDEX

Pentateuch, 16, 68, 69, 472 see also hymns
Aprocryphal Pentateuch B, 580 pride, 74-5
extracts from 4QHalakhah A, 2 3 1-3 Priest-Messiah, 86, 527
Reworked Pentateuch, 461, 474-7 priests, 26, 45, 63/1., 126, 132

pentecontad calendar, 79 at Qumran, 28-9, 32
Pentecost (Feast of Weeks), 44, 79, Blessings of, 388-9
Calendars of Priestly Courses,
125, 250, 381
pesharim, see Bible, 347-62

commentaries/interpretation disqualification, 148-9
Pfann, S., 241, 632 High Priesthood history, 50, 5 1-3
Pharisees, 15, 52-3, 53, 62, 69, 222 ‘last priests’ ofJerusalem, 55, 59, 62,
Philo of Alexandria, 3, 46, 48 and n.,
502
50, 83, 250 rules for, 99, 100
Pleafor Deliverance, 307, 3 10 -3 11 tithes, 36, 145, 15 1-2 , 216, 226
Pliny the Elder, 3, 14, 46, 48 Torah interpretation, 69
Ploeg, J. P. M. van der, 6«., 164, 316, in towns/camps, 35-6, 40
war duties, 86, 172-4, 178, 181,
464
187
poetry wife, 232
Lamentations, 327-8 Zadokite, 18, 42, 5 1-2 , 6 3 1 5 9
Messianic Apocalypse, 4 12 -1 3 see also Teacher of Righteousness;
Poetic Fragments on Jerusalem and
‘King’ Jonathan, 56, 340-41 Wicked Priest
Renewed Earth, 4 11 property
see also hymns; psalms; Wisdom
literature common ownership, 41, 42, 47
lying in matters of, 31, 145
Pompey (Roman general), 52, 53, 60 novices and, 33
Pontius Pilate, 53 prophecy, 65
Poppilius Laenas, 59 of Balaam, 527, 527-8
postulants, 32 -4 ,4 2 Community and, 83, 84-9
Potlaos, 56, 407 of Isaiah, 497
prayers, 27, 110 , 579 ofJoshua, 583
Prophets, 16, 49, 70
appointed times, 77-8 Books of, 70 -71, 128
at time of war, 175-9 List of False Prophets, 56, 622
Daily Prayers, 384-5 the Prophet, 86-7
Liturgical Prayer, 381 proselytes, 40, 126
Prayer Celebrating the Morning provenance of the Scrolls, 14 -15
Proverbs, Book of, 21
and the Evening, 386 Psalms, 16, 74-5, 536
Prayer of Enosh and Enoch, apocryphal, 11, 16
Apocryphal Psalms (I), 30 7-313
543-4 Apocryphal Psalms (II), 3 14 -15
Apocryphal Psalms (III), 316 -18
Prayer of Nabonidus, 22, 461, 615
Prayers for Festivals, 382-3
Words of the Heavenly Lights,

377- 8°

689

APPENDIX

Psalms, cont’d Tohorot Ba-Bb, 238-9
Commentary on Psalms, 55, 56, Tohorot (Purities) A, 40, 235-7

519-23 Qahat, Testament of, 13, 568-9
Non-canonical Psalms, 319-26 Qimron, E., 472., 6n., 193, 221, 222,
Poetic Fragments onJerusalem and
424, 480, 622
‘King’ Jonathan, 56, 340-41 Qumran caves, 20
Psalm cli, ‘supernumerary’, 11
Psalm cxlvi, 22 abandonment of Scrolls, 19
Psalms ofJoshua orJoshua archaeological finds, 44-5
date of occupation, 13, 58 and n.
Apocryphon (i), 55, 584-6 discovery of Scrolls, 1-2,2
Psalms Scroll, 6, 16-17, 307 location, xv
Songs of the Sage, 451-4 seealso Khirbet Qumran
seealso hymns Qumran Community, see Community
Pseudepigrapha, 11, 15, 17, 24, 539, Qumran writings, see Dead Sea Scrolls

545 Rabin, Chaim, 127
Ptolemies (Greeks of Egypt), 50 radiocarbon-dating tests, 13
Ptolemy Philometor, King, 52 rank, 28, 29, 43, 80, 126
Ptollas, 56
Puech, Emile, 7, 22«., 161n., 249, 316, loss of, 31
Rebukes, Register of, 244-5
473, 608 ‘red heifer, law of, 40, 238-9
DJD XXII, 618 Reich, R, ion.
DJD XXV, 193, 340-41,412,455, Remonstrances (before Conversion?),

583 246
DJD XXXI, 549, 554, 556, 561, Renewal of the Covenant, Feast of, 28,

563, 568, 570 4°, 43-5, 79-81, 129,250
DJD XXXVII, 608, 617, 620 Renewed Earth, The, 411
punishments, 30-31, 107-8, no, 156-7 resurrection, 88-9, 412
death penalty, 37, 38, 139, 141, 218, Resurrection fragment, 22, 89, 412-13
Righteousness, Time of, 410
504 Righteousness, Triumph of, 408-9
expulsion, 34, 38, 40, 80-81, 154 Righteousness, Ways of, 439-40
imprisonment, 39 rituals, 77
for injury, 231-2
penance, 31, 34, 153 bathing, 32, 47, 81-2, 141
purity and purification, 33, 39-40, 81 Confession Ritual, 396
and the common table, 32, 42 Purification Ritual A, 397
exclusion from, 31 Purification Ritual B, 398
Harvesting, 240 Renewal of the Covenant, 79-81
MMT on, 223-7 sacred meal, 32, 42, 83-4
novices and, 33 Temple worship, 82-3
Purification Ritual A, 397 Roberts, C. H., 7, 473
Purification Ritual B, 398 Robinson, James M., 10 andn., 387
ritual bathing, 47, 81-2, 141
Temple Scroll on, 206-210

690

GENERAL INDEX

Rockefeller Museum, 5 MMT on, 224-5
Rofe, A., 622 Temple Scroll on, 193-201,
Romans, 53
210-211
Jewish rebellion against, 18-19 Sadducees, 15, 52, 53, 62, 69, 246
referred to as Kittim, 59-60, 164-5
torture of Essenes, 66 and MMT, 42w., 221-2
see also Kittim Sage, Songs of the, 451-4
Roth, Cecil, 19 and n Sahin, Khalil Iskandar (Kando), 6n.
Royal Messiah, 86, 370, 527, 554 Salome-Alexandra (Shelamzion),
Rules
The Book of War, 188-90 Queen, 18, 56, 405
Community Rule, 97-124 Samaria, 503
Damascus Document, 127-58 Samuel Apocryphon, 588-9
Entry into the Covenant, 125 Sanders, J. A., 6 and 307, 340
Four Classes of the Community, Sanderson, Judith E., 10n.
sapiential works, seeWisdom literature
126 Satan, see Belial; Melkiresha1
Halakhah, 231-4 sceptre, 86, 128, 135, 494
Harvesting, 240 Schechter, S., 1 in.
Master’s Exhortation to the Sons of Schiffman, Lawrence H., 231, 408,

Dawn, 241-2 592
Men Who Err, 243 Schlosser, Robert, gn.
Messianic Rule, 159-6 Schuller, Eileen, 249, 306, 319, 565,
MMT, 221-9
Register of Rebukes, 244-5 581, 582
Remonstrances (before Schiirer, E., ijn.
Schwartz, D. R., 407
Conversion?), 246 ‘Scoffer’, 54, 61, 129, 137
Temple Scroll, 191-220
Tohorot, 235-40 seealso Wicked Priest
War Scroll, 163-87 scribes, 15, 23
The Wicked and the Holy, 230 scriptorium at Qumran, ion.
seealso individual rules Scrolls Symposium 1993, ion.
Ruth, Book of, 21 Second Temple era, 3, 24, 46, 50
sectarian scrolls, 1 1 - 1 2 , 15, 17-18
Sabbath, 47 Seductress, The, 415, 417-18
Hymns for the Sabbath Day, 379 Seely, D., 444, 449
laws, 38-9, 134, 141-3, 157-8, 231, Seleucids (Syrian Greeks), 50, 51, 56, 60
Sellers, O. R., 13n.
234 Septuagint (Greek Old Testament),
MMT calendar, 222-3
Songs for the Holocaust of the 11, 16, 17,472
Serekh ha-Milkamah, see war, Rule of
Sabbath, 329-39 sexual abstinence, 83
sacred mushroom, 21 andn
sacrifices, 541 seealso celibacy
sexual morality, 34, 38, 219-20,
Essenes and, 47, 82, 83
225-6,233
seealso marriage

691

APPENDIX

Shanks, Hershel, 8, 221 Steudel, Annette, 386,423, 579
Shelamzion (Queen Salome- Stone, M. E., 410, 557, 564
Strange, James F., 634
Alexandra), 18, 56,405 Strugnell, John, 5, 7, 8, 9, 20n., 93,
Sheol, 88
signa, worship of, 60 3 29> 5 9 3
‘Signs’ (Otot) Document, 365-9
Simeon (destroyer of Shechem), 55 DJDX, i n
Simon (Essene prophet), 65 DJD XIII, 543
Sinan, D., 480 D JD XIX, 577, 578, 592
sins, 30, 81 D JD XXXIV, 42 5
RQ, 230, 327, 3 7 1,4 1 7 ,4 1 9 , 536,
confession of, 80, 396
inadvertent, n o, 120 553
punishment, 30 -31, n o, 120 -21,
Stuckenbruck, L., 546
145 Sukenik, E. L., in., 2, 3, 4, 163, 249
Syncellus, George, 545
Skehan, Patrick, 5, 7, iow., 314, 473 Syriac manuscripts, 11, 16
skin disease, 36, 149-50 Syriac psalms, 307, 308-310
Skotheim, Robert A., 9W.
slander, 30, 31, 38, 108, 145 tabernacle, 128, 135
Smith, M., 593, 603, 612 Tabernacles, Feast of, 79
Sokoloff, M., 374 taharah, see tohorot
soldiers, 172 Talmon, Shemaryahu, 2372., 347, 587
Solomon, King, 307, 316 Talmud, 70, 73
Some Observances of the Law, see Tanhumim or Consolations, 535
Tanzer, S., 44 1-2
MMT Targums, 69, 461, 463-4
‘son of God’, 618
‘son of man’, 17 Targum ofJob, 459, 464, 465-70
Songs of the Holocaust of the
Targum of Leviticus, 471
Sabbath, 329-39 taxes, 529
Songs of the Sage, 4 5 1-4 Teacher of Righteousness, 3, 25,
sons, rebellious, 218
‘sons of dawn’, 29, 241 60-61, 512
‘sons of light’, 22, 28, 84-5, 10 1-2 in Commentary on Micah, 503
‘sons of the Pit’, 29, 134, 241 dating, 4, 58-9
‘Spouter of Lies’, 54, 61, 503, 514 and hymns, 56-7, 250
identity of, 21, 55, 63-4, 64-5
see also Wicked Priest Jonathan and, 62
standards and M M T, 221
and prophecy, 71, 84, 87
of the Congregation, 168-70 sent from God, 54, 63W., 69, 129,
Roman worship of their, 60
Stanton, G., 473 521
star-god, 128, 135
Starcky, Jean, 5, 7, 370 Wicked Priest and, 18, 54-5, 64, 79
stave, 13 3 -4 Teicher, Joseph, 21
Stegemann, H., 146 Temple

buildings, 201-6

GENERAL INDEX

hidden treasure, 625, 626 Tov, Emanuel, xiv, 8, 10 and n., 16n.,
ofJerusalem, 42, 51, 60
unlawful in Leontopolis, 52, 63 2°, 474.478
worship, 26, 82-3 towns (camps)

during war with Kittim, 84, compared and linked with Qumran,
166-7 41-5

Temple Scroll, xvi, 2, 6, 34, 191-220, structure and rules, 34-41, 143-5
461 transgressions, see sins
translation notes, 93
on the calendar, 79 treason, 38
on kinship and marriage, 70 treasure, hidden, 625-31
legislation in, 81, 504 Trebolle, J., 591
on purity matters, 33, 40 trees, giant ‘good’, 422
Ten Commandments, 3 Trever, J., 2 andn.
seealsoMoses, Law of tribes, 26-7
Testimonia orMessianic Anthology, tribunals, 37
Trimph of Righteousness, 408-9
55. 87>527- 8 trumpets, 167-8, 173-4, *83
Testimonium Flavianum, 65 Tryphon (Syrian general), 52, 62
Tetragram, 472, 535 Two Spirits doctrine, 28, 29, 42, 67,
Thanksgiving Hymns, xvi, 241,
74, 101-3
249-305 Two Ways, The, 443
Therapeutai (Egyptian ascetics), 46,
Ullendorf, Edward, 546
48/2., 250 Ulrich, Eugene, xvii, 7, ion., 473
Thiede, C. P., 473 units of the Community, 27, 42-3,
Thiering, Barbara, 21
throne-chariot, 76-7, 329 143
thunder, 374
Tigchelaar, E. J. C., 464, 532, 546 VanderKam, J. C., 540, 580
Time of Righteousness, 410 vengeance, 139-40
tithes (dues), 36, 145, 151-2, 216, 226 Vermes, Geza, iw., 4, 8, 15
Tobit, Book of, 11, 17, 595-602
tohorah, see tohorot 1 9 7 7 lecture, 7 and n.
toborot (purity), 33
articles, 19W., 21n., n n ., 637*., 118,
Tohorot Ba (now Entry into the 188, 341, 412, 540
Covenant), 125
DJD XXVI, 118, 123, 125, 126
Tohorot Ba-Bb, 238-9 DJD XXXVI, 188
Tohorot Da (now Four Classes of publications, 3n., 15n., 17W., 23-4 and

the Community), 126 n., 25n., 46,48W., 371, 540, 615
Tohorot (Purities) A, 235-7 Vespasian (Roman general), 19
seealso purity and purification virginity, proof of, 219, 530
Torah, 16, 68, 70, 81 vows and oaths, 37-8, 41, 65, 104,
interpretation, 69
study of, 27, 35 138-41, 211-12
swearing to adhere to, 32
Wacholder, Ben Zion, 9

693

APPENDIX

war, 246 Songs of the Sage, 451-4
prophecies regarding, 84-5 The Seductress, 417-18
Temple Scroll laws regarding, The Two Ways, 443
214-15, 217-18 Wise, Michael, 2iw., 244
witnesses, 38, 140-41, 216-17
War, Rule of (Book of War), 26, 34, Wolters, A., 625, 626
56,188-90 women, 34, 48/z.
childbirth, 81, 150, 158
War Scroll, xvi, 23, 60, 86, 163-5 excavated bones of, 34,45
Cave 1 manuscripts, 163 and food, 232
Cave 4 manuscripts, 163, 164, 166, menstruation, 235
180, 185, 186-7 oath of, 37, 139
poem in, 186, 342, 342-3 seealso marriage; sexual morality
on Temple worship, 26 Woude, A S. van der, 6«., 19W., 464,

Warning, A Parable of, 422 532
Ways of Righteousness, 439-40 Wright Baker, Professor H., 625
Weeks, Feast of (Pentecost), 44, 79, Wright, G. E., 1n.

125,250 Xerxes, King of Persia, 620
Weinfeld, M., 444, 449
well, 133-4 Yadin, Yigael, 4w., 6 and 164,
White, S., 193, 474 192-3, 244, 480
Wicked and the Holy, 230
Wicked Priest(s), 3, 18, 54, 55, 221, Yannai, Alexander seeJannaeus,
Alexander
5*3-*5
Groningen hypothesis and, 19 Yardeni, Ada, 307, 340, 341, 622,
harassment of Teacher of
<$35
Righteousness, 54-5, 57, 64, Yavan, 18
see also Greece
79, 522 Yohanan, 31, 244
identity, 21, 61-2
wine, 32 Zadok, sons of, 18, 28,42 and w.,
Wisdom, Book of, 88 51-2, 103, 132, 159
Wisdom literature
Beatitudes, 455-7 Teacher of Righteousness and, 63
Bless, My Soul, 444-8 andn.
Exhortation to SeekWisdom, 419-21
Fight against Evil Spirits, 450 Zealot theory, 15, 19
Zealots, 19, 53
Leader’s Lament, 449
hidden treasure, 625-6, 626
Parable of Warning, 422 Zechariah, 135W.
Sapiential Didactic Work A, 423 Zedekiah Apocryphon, 592
Sapiential Work (i), 424 Zephaniah, Commentary on, 517
Sapiential Work (ii), 425-38 Zion Psalm, 307, 311-12
Sapiential Work (iii): Ways of Zodiacal Calendar with a brontologion,

Righteousness, 439-40 374-5
Sapiential Work, Instruction-like

Composition, 441-2

694

THE STORY OF PENGUIN CLASSICS

Before 1946 ...‘Classics’ are mainly the domain of academics and students,
without readable editions for everyone else. This all changes when a little-
known classicist, E. V. Rieu, presents Penguin founder Allen Lane with the
translation of Homer’s Odyssey that he has been working on and reading to his
wife Nelly in his spare time.

1946 The Odyssey becomes the first Penguin Classic published, and promptly
sells three million copies. Suddenly, classic books are no longer for the
privileged few.

1950s Rieu, now series editor, turns to professional writers for the best modern,
readable translations, including Dorothy L. Sayers’s Inferno and Robert
Graves’s The Twelve Caesars, which revives the salacious original.

1960s The Classics are given the distinctive black jackets that have remained a
constant throughout the series’s various looks. Rieu retires in 1964, hailing the
Penguin Classics list as ‘the greatest educative force of the 20th century’.

1970s A new generation of translators arrives to swell the Penguin Classics
ranks, and the list grows to encompass more philosophy, religion, science,
history and politics.

1980s The Penguin American Library joins the Classics stable, with titles such
as The Last o f the Mohicans safeguarded. Penguin Classics now offers the most
comprehensive library of world literature available.

1990s The launch of Penguin Audiobooks brings the classics to a listening
audience for the first time, and in 1999 the launch of the Penguin Classics
website takes them online to a larger global readership than ever before.

The 21st Century Penguin Classics are rejacketed for the first time in nearly
twenty years. This world famous series now consists of more than 1300 titles,
making the widest range of the best books ever written available to millions -
and constantly redefining the meaning of what makes a ‘classic’.

The Odyssey continues ...

The best books ever written

PENGUIN CLASSICS

SINCE 1946

line! out more at w w w .p cn t’iiinclassics.coni