yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 49 istoriul-SemecnebiTi videorgoli inaiSvilTa sagvareulo istoriis Sesaxeb scenari masalebi inaiSvilTa sagvareulos istoriis Sesaxeb winapris sakuTari saxelidan moudiT gvarsaxelis fuZe inaiSvilT. `ina~, `iovane~ - pirsaxeli yofila kacisa Zvel saqarTveloSi. Cvenamde moRweul qarTul sigel-gujarSi inaiSvilTa memkvidreobiTi saxeli, Tavdapirvelad, XVI saukunis dasawyisSi, imereTis samefoSi Semdgar werilobiT wyaroSi fiqsirdeba. 1510 wels, imereTSi, aleqsandre II-is mefobis bolo periodSi, unda SeedginaT imerT xelmwifis mier gelaTis monastrisadmi boZebuli SewirulobaTa sigeli, romelSic sakelaptrod Sewirul mamisbediSvilis glexTa Soris, erTi vinme inaiSvilic ixsenieba. momdevno wlebSi, imereTSi Semdgar, qarTul sigel-gujarSi inaiSvilTa gvarsaxeli aRar gvxvdeba da arc maT Sesaxeb raime istoriul-eTnografiul masalas mouRwevia Cvenamde. savaraudod inaiSvilTa es Sto, istoriisaTvis ucnob mizezTa gamo Sewyda an misma wevrebma gvarsaxelis forma icvales da maTi STamomavalni dRes, sul sxva memkvidreobiTi saxeliT dadian Cvens gverdiT. gvarsaxeli erTi aqvT da sisxlad da Zirad erTni arian amJamad, aWaras mosaxle inaiSvilni. saqarTveloSi mcxovreb, TiTqmis yvela gvarmodenilobas gaaCnia Tavis sagvareulosTan dakavSirebuli Tqmulebani Tu legendebi ... TiToeuli aseTi gadmocema, ara marto qarTuli, aramed msoflio aramaterialuri kulturis Zeglia da gansakuTrebul dacvasa da movla patronobas saWiroebs. aqamomdea Semonaxuli gadmocema, aWaras mosaxle inaiSvilTa da gurias mcxovreb imnaiSvilTa sagvareuloebis erTsisxlobis Taobaze ase ubnoben inaiSvilni: odiTgan gurias mkvidrobdnen Cveni Zvelni, sadac maT imnaiSvilis gvarsaxeli utarebiaTo. XX saukunis dasawyisSic ki guruli imnaiSvilni da qobuleTis mxares mcxovrebni inaiSvilni
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 50 vbiZaSvilobdiT, Wirsa da lxinSi erTurTs ar vakldebodiT da erTmaneTSi qals ar vaTxovebdiTo. odiTgan SavSeTs budobda imnaiSvilTa ZirZveli sagvareulo. imerxevSi, sofel ifxrevlis erT-erT ubans `imnaiSvilis ubani~ ewodeba, es ki imis utyuari dasturia, rom aq odesRac, guriaSi gadasvlamde, imnaiSvilTa ZirZvel sagvareulos ucxovria. Cvenamde moRweuli uZvelesi werilobiTi wyaro, romelSic imnaiSvilTa gvarsaxeli ixsenieba `tbeTis sulTa matianea~. Canaweri XII-XIII saukuneebiT TariRdeba. `sulsa imnaiSvilisa demurtaSisa da misisa meuRlisa naTelisa Seundven RmerTman~. tbeTis taZari `tbeTis sulTa matianeSi~ moxseniebuli demurtaS imnaiSvili da misi meuRle naTeli, sakmaod SeZlebuli glexni unda yofiliyvnen, romelnic taZrisadmi boZebuli Senawiris sanuqfod, sulTa mosaxsenieblis nusxaSi SeutaniaT. ... da modga Jami SeWirvebisa da siZulvilisa, da mravalTa SavSeTs mosaxleTa, muslimTa momZlavrebisa gamo rwmena-aRmsarebloba ucvliaT, da mahmadis rjulze Semgaran, da ase uxsniaT sicocxle. mravalni ki winaparTa miwidan ayrilan da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebs Sexiznulan, raTa mama-papaTa sarwmunoeba da wesi ar daekargaT da Tavic gadaerCinaT. im xanad qristes Sobidan XVI sukunis miwuruli mdgara.
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 51 SesaZloa swored `tbeTis sulTa matianeSi~ moxseniebuli demurtaS imnaiSvilis STamomavali gadasuliyo, imerxevis sofel ifxrevlidan, samkvidrod zemo guriis sofel SuxuTs. qobuleTis RvTismSoblis taZrad miyvanebis eklesia XVIII saukunis miwurulidan XIX saukunis Sua wlebamde periodSi unda momxdariyo, gurias mosaxle, imnaiSvilTa ZirZvel sagvareulodan, inaiSvilTa gvarmodenilobis gamoyofa da aWaraSi damkvidreba. 1877 wels, roca ruseT-TurqeTis omi axali dawyebuli iyo, qobuleTelTa didi nawili rusebis mxares gadavida. aWaris ruseTTan SeerTebisa da amgvarad saqarTvelos gamTlianebis momxre, gulanTebul qarTvelTa Soris Serif aRa inaiSvilic yofila. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi, 1877-1882 wlebSi mimdinare, muhajirobis meore talRas, TurqeTSi samosaxlod gahyolia, Curuqsus
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 52 mcxovreb inaiSvilTa sagvareulos erTi nawili, romelnic axlac saqarTvelos sazRvris miRma, TurqeTis teritoriaze saxloben. 1912 wliT daTariRebul, baTumis olqSi mcxovreb im pirTa siaSi, romelTac `wodebrivi kuTvnilebis Semswavlel da mimniWebel komisiaSi~, Tavad-aznaurobis xarisxSi aRdgenis Taobaze gancxadebiT miumarTavT, iusuf da suleiman Serifis Ze inaiSvilni da xasan xajis Ze inaiSvilic saxeldebian. XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, sabWoTa xelisuflebam gadawyvita, politikuri sistemis SenarCunebis mizniT, sadamsjelo operaciebi daewyo. 1937 wels qalaq baTumSi represirebul pirTa Soris qobuleTel inaiSvilTa gvarmodenilobis wevrni, Temel suleimanis Ze, murad alis Ze, osman omeris Ze da rejeb RizeTis Ze inaiSvilnic yofilan. 1997 wels, qobuleTSi, inaiSvilTa nasaydralze, inaiSvilTa da niJaraZeTa sagvareulos wevrTa xelSewyobiT, RvTismSoblis taZrad miyvanebis eklesia augiaT. misi madliT, locviTa da SewevniT aq dRiTidRe matulobs mrevli. saqarTveloSi, ZiriTadad aWaras mcxovreb, inaiSvilTa did-pataris, qudosan-mandilosnis saerTo raodenoba xuTas samoc suls aWarbebs. RmerTma amravlos inaiSvilTa ZirZveli da saxelovani sagvareulo! QR kodis meSveobiT gadaxvalT Cvens iuTubi gverdze, sadac atvirTulia SemoqmedebiTi jgufis `genezisi~ mier momzadebuli istoriul-SemecnebiTi video-rgoli - `masalebi civaZeTa sagvareulo istoriis Sesaxeb~.
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 53 inaiSvilTa sagvareulo niSni da misi ganmartebiTi baraTi Cveni organizacia, genealogiuri kvlevis centri `arian-qarTli~ ZiriTadad saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sagvareuloTa istoriebis kvleviTaa dakavebuli. centri agreTve Seiswavlis saqarTveloSi mosaxle xalxTa aramaterialur da materialur kulturis Zeglebs da axdens sakvlev TemaTa popularizacias. 1989-2007 wlebSi genealogiuri kvlevis centris TanamSromlebs, sxvadasxva tipis Jurnal-gazeTebSi mihyavT sakuTari rubrikebi da aqveyneben statiebs. 1997-2006 wlebSi organizaciis wevrebi TanamSromlobdnen telekompaniebTan: `iberia~, `I arxi~, `evrika~ da `imedi~. iyvnen istoriul-SemecnebiT satelevizio gadacemaTa ciklis `gvariSviloba~ da `memkvidreoba~ avtorebi. 2007 wels genealogiuri kvlevis centri `arian-qarTli~ kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministrosTan SeTanxmebiT awarmoebda, yofil samxreT-oseTis adminstraciuli erTeulis teritoriaze mdebare, sofel doreTkaris RvTismSoblis saxelobis eklesiis gawmenda-konservaciis samuSaoebs. genealogiuri kvlevis centrs `arian-qarTli~ ekuTvnis eqvsasze meti genealogiuri samecniero naSromi. Cveni organizacia, amavdroulad xels uwyobs qarTuli stilis sagvareulo niSnebis damkvidrebas Cvens sazogadoebaSi. genealogiuri kvlevis centr `arian-qarTlis~ damzadebuli yvela sagvareulo niSani ganTavsebulia mSrali wyobiT naSen, uZvelesi qarTveluri piqtogramebiT gaformebul kedelze. gamosaxul qarTuli faris fonze. inaiSvilTa sagvareulo niSnis SuaSi asomTavruli damwerlobiTaa gamosaxuli sagvareulos gvarsaxeli `inaiSvili~. rkinis salteebiT oTxad gayofil faris marcxena zeda kuTxeSi datanilia inaiSvilTa sagvareulos winaparTa sacxovrisis - erTiani saqarTvelos samefos, vaxuSti batoniSviliseuli gerbi; marjvena zeda kuTxeSi gamosaxulia qobuleTis RvTismSoblis taZrad miyvanebis saxelobis eklesia, radganac igi `inaiSvilTa nasaydralze~, inaiSvilTa da niJaraZeTa sagvareuloebis meoxebiTaa agtebuli, XX saukunis miwuruls; marcxena qveda kuTxeSi datanilia TariRi romelic uZvelesia Cvenamde moRweul istoriul wyaroTa Soris, romelSic inaiSvilTa gvarsaxeli fiqsirdeba; marjvena qveda kuTxeSi ki gamosaxulia guTani, romelic inaiSvilTa sagvareulos socialur mdgomareobas gansazRvravs.
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 54 genealogiuro kvlevis centr arian-qarTlis mier qarTveluri simbolikiT Sedgenili inaiSvilTa sagvareulo niSani
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 55 ciklidan `aRwera saqarTveloisa~ uwyebani freidnel qarTvelTa Sesaxeb mSobliuri miwidan ayra da ucxo qveynebSi gadasaxleba, isedac mcirericxoban qarTvelTa istoriuli, mZime xvedri yofila. es arc Sahabas I-is dros dawyebula da arc misi mbrZaneblobis Semdgom damTavrebula. qarTvelTa iZulebiTi migracia saukuneTa manZilze mimdinareobda, raSic irani da TurqeTi tols ar udebdnen erTmaneTs. Temurlengsac naklebad ar auyria qarTvelni mSobliuri miwidan. `mTeli kaxeTi fexze idga~ gviambobs - `qarTlis cxovreba~ - `brZola warmoebda samSoblo miwis TiToeuli mtkavelisa da TiToeuli buCqisTvis, glexis yoveli qoxi cixesimagred gadaiqca~. mtris urdoebis mravalricxovnebam omis bedi qarTvelTa sawinaaRmdegod gadawyvita. Sahabasma gadabuga da nacartutad aqcia kaxeTi, aCexa vazi, TuTisa da kaklis xeebi, ojaxebad ayrili xalxi iranSi gareka. maTgan umetesoba jer iranis kaspiispira provincia mazandaranis Waobian adgilebSi Sereka, xolo mas Semdeg, rac axalCasaxlebulT malariam daria xeli, isini ispahanis mxareSi gadaiyvanes, iqidan ki baxTiaris mTebis kldovan gorakebs Sua mdebare, ukacriel da xriok fereidanSi gadaasaxles. oTxasiaTasamde qarTveli ZiriTadad kaxeTidan da hereTidan sparseTis Saxma Sax-abasma I-ma, XVII saukunis I meoTxedSi, iranis provinciebSi xorasanSi, ispahansa da fereidanSi gadaasaxla. mSobliur miwidan ayril qarTvelTagan, nawili gzaSi daxocila, nawili gausyidiaT, sparseTs mitanebulni ki iranis sxvadasxva regionSi CausaxlebiaT. qarTvel gadasaxlebulTa umravlesoba gasparsda, mxolod fereidanSi dasaxlebul qarTvelTa jgufma Semoinaxa qarTuli ena da zogierTi tradicia. am SemTxvevaSi, koleqtiurma memkvidreobiTma mexsierebam imuSava da fereidnSi qarTul soflebs, amisa da gamo, dRemde aqvs SemorCenili qarTuli saxelebi: zemo da qvemo martyofi, ninowminda, Telavi, SuRureTi (CoRiureTi), afusi (ruispiri), sibaji (vaSlovani), axCa, afusi (ruispiri), Sahiurdi, xungi, taSkesani ... fereidnel qarTvelTa wes-Cveulebebma, saukuneTa manZilze garkveuli cvlilebani ganicada. musulmanTa religiam, cxovrebis pirobebma da ekologiurma garemom mTlianad Secvala maTi tanisamosi, sameurneo iaraRebi da mravali maTi koleqtiuri TvisebaTaganni.
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 56 qarTvelTa fereidanis mTianeTSi kompaqturad dasaxlebam xeli Seuwyo maTi erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas. maT qarTuli yofierebidan gvarmodenilobaTa mixedviT dasaxlebis forma da sagvareulos wevrTa Soris qorwinebis akrZalva SeinarCunes. agreTve uari Tqves, qarTvelTaTvis ucxo, urvadze - syidviTi qorwinebis tradiciaze. fereidneli qarTvelebi saukuneTa manZilze mtkiced icaven eTnikuri endogamiis wess. arc mamakacebi irTavdnen araqarTvel qalebs da arc qalebs aTxovebdnen araqarTvelebze. iranSi dasaxlebulma qarTvelebma maleve daikaves Rirseuli adgili sefianTa dinastiis karze. qarTuli warmoSobis araerTma politikurma Tu samxedro moRvawem mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula iranis istoriaSi, sparseTis sazogadoebriv-kulturul cxovrebaSi. alaverdi-xan undilaZis mier ispaanSi, mdinare zenderudze agebuli xidi alaverdi-xani (gardaicvala 1614 wlis 24 maiss) - iranis sardali da politikuri moRvawe. gamahmadianebuli qarTveli, gvarad undilaZe. sparseTis jaris pirveli yularaRasi, farsis beglarbegi, abas I-is samxedro reformebis erT-erTi aqtiuri gamtarebeli. alaverdi-xani bavSvobaSi yizilbaSebma gaitaces. iranSi igi dawinaurda sefianTa samefo karze da didi roli Seasrula iranis taxtze Sah-abas I-is
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 57 Zalauflebis ganmtkicebaSi. sardalma gansakuTrebiT gamoiCina Tavi osmaleTTan 1603–1612 wlebSi gamarTul omSi. alaverdi-xanma ispaanSi mdinare zenderudze aaSena xidi, romelsac dResac misi saxeli hqvia. abas I-is brZanebiT alaverdi-xani didi pativiT dakrZales meShedSi. iranSi alaverdi-xanis Svilebic dawinaurdnen. ufrosma imamyuli-xanma mamis sikvdilis Semdeg farsis beglarbegoba miiRo, xolo umcrosma daud-xanma - yarabaRisa. alaverdi-xan undilaZis biusti ispahanSi, mis agebul xidTan XVII saukunis II naxevarSi sparseTSi moRvaweobda qarTveli mxatvari ali-yuli jabadari. SemorCenilia mis mier Sesrulebuli rva miniatiura, Saxis karis cxovrebisa da nadirobis scenebiT. erT maTganze aRniSnulia Sesrulebis adgili - yazvini da TariRi 1674 weli. mravalfiguriani kompoziciebi Sesrulebulia gviandeli iranuli miniatiuris tradiciebis mixedviT. SeimCneva dasavleT evropis xelovnebis calkeuli motivebic. zogierT miniatiuraze datanilia
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 58 qarTuli warwerebi. Sesrulebis xarisxiT jabadaris miniatiurebi utoldeba imdroindel saukeTeso iranul miniatiurebis nimuSebs. ali-yuli jabadaris miniatura marTalia, fereidnelebi oTxi saukunea iranis miwaze cxovroben da iranelebad iTvlebian, magram isini wamiTac ar iviwyeben TaviaanT qarTvelobas, yoveli maTgani ocnebobs istoriuli samSobloSi, saqarTveloSi Camosvlaze. fereidnelTa daxasiaTebisas ar SeiZleba xazi ar gaesvas im faqts, rom mTeli oTxi saukunis manZilze fereidanSi ar axsovT, qarTvels qarTveli, rom moeklas. ase ufrTxildebodnen da ufrTxildebian erTmaneTs fereidneli qarTvelni. dRemde, fereidnel qarTvelTa erTaderTi natvra saqarTveloSi dabrunebaa. saukuneTa manZilze, fereidnel qarTvelobaSi deda samSoblo, saqarTvelo mxolod ocnebaSi arsebobda. moxucebulni cisartyelaze uyvebodnen zRapars bavSvebs - `ciciskibes erTi fexi saqarTveloSi udgas, meore ki fereidanSio da vinc cisartyelis qveS gaZvreba saqarTveloSi aRmoCndebao~. yoveli wvimis Semdgom bavSvebic mouTmenlad elodnen cisartyelis gamoCenas, raTa dadevnebodnen mas da qveS gamZvraliyvnen, raTa im did ocnebSi gadasuliyvnen, romelsac deda samSoblo, saqarTvelo hqvia.
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 59 sahar onikaSvilis naxati. 1997 weli oTxasi wlis winandeli qarTuliT saubroben fereidneli qarTvelni. bevri ram, gaugebari rCeba maTi saubridan, romelsac saukuneTa manZilze sparsuli da ara mxolod sparsuli sityvebi Serevia. magram, maTi saubaridan mZafrad gamosWvivis, deda samSoblosTan mizidulobiT gamowveuli saukunovani tkivili. yovel maT warmoTqmul sityvaSi igrZnoba, rom eZaxis da izidavs maT samSoblo. fereidnel qarTvelTac ver esmiT Cveni dRevandeli qarTulidan zogierTi sityva. miyure maTTvis mimzirea, fiso - cicaa ... fereidanSi qarTvelni ToTxmet soflad saxloben. maTi saerTo ricxvi daaxlovebiT ToTxmeti aTasia. isini yvelasagan gansxvavebul fereidnul kiloze metyveleben. fereidanis qarTul soflebSi gavrcelebulia Semdegi qarTuli gvarmodenilobani: gugunaSvilTa, gogoCaSvilTa, aspaniSvilTa, ioselianTa, xuciSvilTa, molaSvilTa, zubitaSvilTa, onikaSvilTa, aslaniSvilTa, miqelaSvilTa, baTiaSvilTa da sxva. sadReisoT, fereidneli qarTvelebi, mcireodeni gamonaklisis garda, sparsul gvarsaxelebs atareben. fereidani mdebareobs iranis centralur zeganze, baxTiaris mTebSi. fereidanSi saxnav-saTesi miwebi, ZiriTadad, mTaTa Soris mdebare
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 60 xeobebSia gadaWimuli. sainteresoa, rom dRemde SemorCenilia am xeobaTa qarTuli saxelebi: naqerali, papas baRi, mazra, pitniani, naserali, kus wyaro da sxva. sasoflo sameurneo kulturebidan iq mohyavT xorbali, qeri, Svria, ionja, parkosani mcenareebi, baRCeuli da sxvadasxva saxis xili. agreTve, mohyavT yurZeni oRond, musulmanuri rwmenisa da gamo misgan Rvinos ar ayeneben. misdeven mesaqonleobas. qsoven qarTuli motivebiT damSvenebul xaliCebs. pirveli cnobebi fereidnel qarTvelTa Sesaxeb, don juzepe judiCe milanelis mier 1640 wels romSi gagzavnil relaciaSi gvxvdeba: `daaxloebiT 30 weli iqneba, rac sparsTa xelmwifem Sah-abasma gansakuTrebiT gaanadgura qarTl-kaxeTi. man mTeli kaxeTis mkvidrni ahyara da sparseTis provincia ferabadSi gadaasaxla~. don juzepe judiCe milanelis wignis - `werilebi saqarTveloze~ - qarTuli gamocemis winasityvaobaSi, mTargmnels b. giorgaZes mohyavs cnobebi sparseTSi namyof misionerTa Sromebidan, romlebSic aRwerilia fereidanSi gadasaxlebuli kaxelTa da CerqezTa tragikuli yofa. rogorc ukve iTqva, fereidani iranis moSiSvlebul mTebSi mdebareobs. qarTveli kacis gamrje marjvenam Tavidanve Tavisi kvali daumCnevia am gaudaburebul mxares. fereidnel qarTvelTa garja Tavis droze SeumCneveli ar darCenia inglisel mogzaurs ser ostin henri leiards, romelmac 1840 wels imogzaura iranis centraluri raionSi da qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli baxTiiaris mTebSi mdebare soflebi aRwera `... maTi soflebis garSemo gaSenebul baRebsa da saxnav-saTesebs mSromeli kacis mzrunveli xeli aSkarad atyvia. es soflebi Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac aSkarad gamoirCevian sxva aqauri dasaxlebebisagan ...~ XIX saukuneSi, ruseTTan `damoyvrebul~ saqarTveloSi TiTqmis aRaravis axsovda odesRac Sah abasis mier mSobliuri miwidan ayrili da fereidanSi gadasaxlebuli Tavisi sisxli da xorci ... TiTqmis orsaukunenaxevris Semdgom deda saqarTvelom fereidneli qarTvelebi xelaxla aRmoaCina. 1871 wels fereidneli qarTveli, `qarTul enaze wmindad mosaubre~ ioTam onikaSvili saqarTveloSi Camovida. es ucnauri ymawvili gasaocar ambebs yveboda: iq, Soreul fereidenSi, gurjebi cxovroben, winaparTa mzes ficuloben da mSobliur enad qarTuli miaCniaTo. saqarTveloSi ioTam onikaSvilis Camosvlas mkvlevarma da sazogado moRvawem zaqaria WiWinaZem specialuri broSura `qarTvelebi sparseTSi da saqarTveloSi mosuli sparseli qarTveli ioTam onikaSvili~ miuZRvna.
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 61 ioTami SeZlebuli ojaxis Svili gaxldaT, man mSoblebisagan icoda, rom maTi samSoblo saqarTveloa da winaprebi sparseTSi ZaliT iyvnen gadasaxlebulni. Zvelebisgan xSirad esmoda, `egebis ecadoT Sinisken dabrunebas, ecadeT, aq ar darCeT da saqarTveloSi dabrundeTo~. 20 wlis asakSi fereidnis sofel martyofidan TeiranSi gadasula, saqmis ZebnaSi erT inglisel inJiners gadahyria, romelTanac mosamsaxured damdgara. ingliseli aRtacebuli yofila ioTamiT, es ra Cinebuli werakiTxvis mcodne, gonieri, erTguli kaci viSovneo. erT dResac inglisels ioTamisTvis uTqvams `ruseTisken mivdivar da survili Tu gaqvs baqomde Cemi xarjiT wagiyvano~. baqodan onikaSvils gza istoriuli samSoblosaken TavisiT gaukvalavs. saqarTveloSi Zalian moswonebia. rogorc vTqviT, is qarTulad SesaniSnavad metyvelebda, magram werakiTxva ar scodnia da anbanis Seswavlas Sesdgomia. mcire droSi ise dauflebia qarTul wera-kiTxvas rom ara marto Jurnal-gazeTebsa da mxatvrul literaturas kiTxulobda, aramed fereidnel qarTvelebSi SemorCenili qarTuli zRaprebis Cawerac dauwyia. samsaxurs is jer Tbilisis seminariaSi Sesdgomia, xolo Semdeg daaxloebia sagarejos depos mwarmoebelTa amxanagobis wevrT da muSaobac depoSi dauwyia; qarTul saxelad aleqsandre SeurCevia, qarTveli qali SeurTavs da sagarejoSi dasaxlebula, iqve aResrula da iqvea dakrZaluli. winaparTa samSoblo 1896 wels orma fereidnelma qarTvelma - yolam-reza xuciSvilma da yolam-hosein onikaSvilma moinaxules. oriveni sparsul enaze met-naklebad ganswavlulebi iyvnen; Tanmamedrove qarTulis Seswavla, saqarTveloSi Camosvlis Semdeg daiwyes da ramdenime dReSi kiTxvasac daeuflnen. SoTa lomsaZes mohyavs nawyveti zaqaria WiWinaZis mier gamogzavnili werilidan: `maT qarTuli ena kargad SeunaxavT, Zveli gramatikuli formebiT laparakoben da cremliT mistirian saqarTvelos~. Camosvlisas maT uTqvamT `vityodiT xolme, - Tu Con samSoblo saqarTvelos ver vipovniT, uamisod Coni yofna SeuZlebeliao~. aTi wlis Semdeg, 1907 wlis ianvris pirvel ricxvebSi TbilisSi xelmeored Camosulan yolam-reza xuciSvili da yolam-hosein onikaSvili. isini cnobil sazogado moRvawe luarsab bocvaZesTan daubinavebiaT. ramdenime xnis Semdeg fereidnelTaTvis `mxatvriaanT jadomRvdels~ - nikoloz oqromWedliSvils umaspinZlebia. `jadoRvdels~ stumrebi weliwad-naxevari Seunaxavs, umkurnala, oriveni WleqiT iyvnen daavadebulni da gamojanmrTelebulni gaustumrebia fereidanSi. samwuxarod, mdinare araqsze gadasvlisas rus mesazRvreT onikaSvili mouklavT.
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 62 yolam-reza xuciSvili da yolam-hosein onikaSvili
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 63 lado aRniaSvili
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 64 1894 wels saqarTvelodan fereidanSi Casula cnobili sazogado moRvawe lado aRniaSvili. aRniaSvils oriaTasi kilometri gauvlia raTa sakuTari TvaliT enaxa fereidneli gurjebi da darwmunebuliyo, rom mSobliur keras mowyvetilTa STamomavlT, sami saukunis Semdeg, isev axsovdaT TaviaanTi erovneba, ena da adaTi ... gadaxrukuli udabnoebis Takara mzeSi, sruliad ucxo mxareSi, lado kiTxva-kiTxviT daeZebda qarTvelTa nakvalevs da erTxelac, farTo velze Sefenil erT dasaxlebaSi lados qarTulad upasuxes ... `did ars ufalo saqmeni Senni~ - uTqvams maSin did mamuliSvils da muxlebze dacemula ... lado aRniaSvilima fereidanSi mogzaurobis Taobaze samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdgom wigni - `sparseTi da iqauri qarTvelebi~ gamouca. ase dabrundnen saqarTveloSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa cnobierebas Sahabas I-is mier gadasaxlebuli Tanamemamuleni. Tumca am dabrunebas male mkacri sabWoTa reJimi mohyva da rkinis fardis miRma darCenil socialistur qveyanaSi isev didi xniT iqnen daviwyebulni dampyroblis mier iZulebiT sparseTs gadasaxlebulni qarTvelni. fereidnel qarTvelTa ocnebam axdena 1972-1974 wlebSi daiwyo. iranidan saqarTveloSi fereidnel qarTvelTa 18 ojaxi gadmovida samosaxlod. fereidanSi ki 300 ojaxma gamoTqva saqarTveloSi dabrunebis survili. deda samSobloSi sacxovreblad gadmosulTagan naxevari, mizezTa da mizezTa gamo maleve ukan fereidans dabrunda. samwuxarod, fereidnel qarTvelTa samSobloSi gadmosaxlebis procesi erTxans SeCerda. XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, gaeros wesdebis Tanaxmad, SesaZlebeli gaxda iZulebiT gadasaxlebuli mosaxleobis winaparTa miwaze dabruneba. perestroikisa da sajaroobis imediT Segulianebul fereidnel qarTvelebs iranis mTavrobam didi winaaRmdegoba gauwia: samSobloSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb ganacxadi asze metma ojaxma Seitana, Tumca, sanukvari ocnebis asruleba, xangrZlivi tanjva - wamebisa da Seuracxyofis fasad, mxolod 16 ojaxma moaxerxa. Teqvsmets komls Soris eqimi vaxtang onikaSvilis ojaxic gaxldaT. vaxtang onikaSvili ixsenebs: `iranma daarRvia xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli wesebi da Cven ukan aRar SegviSva. iqaurobasTan TiToeul Cvengans sisxlxorceuli kavSiri hqonda, mamaCemma, magaliTad, iq deda datova. mogvianebiT gavigeT, rom bebia Wkuidan SeiSala. fereidanSi mdebare sofel martyofis gorakebze dadioda da monatrebul SviliSvilebs xmamaRla gveZaxda. es ambavi mezoblebma gviTxres, roca ukan davbrundiT".
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 65 17 wlis Semdeg iranSi didi miwisZvra moxda da saqarTveloSi mcxovreb fereidnel qarTvelebs, rogorc iqna, axloblebis moenaxulebis neba darTes. `imis moyolas, rac fereidanSi Sexvedrisas xdeboda, marTla didi nervebi unda ... Cveni Semxedvare sparselnic tirodnen~ - ixsenebs vaxtang onikaSvili Tavis wignSi `fereidani~. nadimi Sax abas I-is karze `dedebi TavianT axalSobilebs dabadebisTanave klavdnen, raTa maTac igive tanjva ar egemaT. gvamebze gadaiara qarTvelobam 2000 kilometri saqarTvelodan fereidnamde ... ... Sirazis gzaze qarTvel patara biWs Sevxvdi - ixsenebs italieli misioneri pietr de-la-vale - romelic damkvrelebis TanxlebiT qarTuls cekvavda. Cven rom dagvinaxa da mixvda, vinc viyaviT, moirbina CemTan, ubeSi gadamaluli xati amoiRo, gadmomca da miTxra: me ver gavuZeli SimSils da sicives da mahmadianoba miviRe, am xatis tarebis Rirsi me aRar var, gTxovT, rom aiRoT da saTanadod mouaroT mas ... ... nadir Sahis Saxad zeobis dros (1736-1747 w.w.) fereidneli qarTveloba samSobloSi dabrunebaze TiTqmis aRar fiqrobda. maTSi siamayis grZnoba gaCnda. avRanelebma TiTqmis mTeli irani daipyres, garda im teritoriebisa, sadac qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen. qarTvelebs dasakargi araferi hqondaT da momxdurTa winaaRmdeg Tavdauzogavad ibrZodnen. avRanelni fereidnel qarTvelTa SiSiT Zrwodnen. mtris SiSma TandaTan fereidnel qarTvelTa mTel garemocvaSi maTdami pativiscemis grZnoba gamoiwvia. sparseTSi iranelT adgilobriv qarTvelTadmi pativiscema da ridi didxans SemorCaT ...
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 66 ... fereidnel qarTvelT erTmeneTSi Cxubi arasodes mosvliaT. fereidanSi axlaxans daarsda miliciis punqti, isic imitom, rom xSirad xdeboda sagzao SemTxvevebi ... sadavo sakiTxebs istoriulad sofeli wyvetda, miwebic Tanabrad iyo ganawilebuli. axali ojaxi rom iqmneboda, sofeli aZlevda miwas, saxlis aSenebaSic exmareboda ... saxelis gatexvas sikvdils arCevdnen ... uvargisi kaci ara marto Tavis Tavs, aramed winaparTac arcxvenda. Sercxvenili kacis STamomavali miTqma moTqmis gareSe colsac ver moiyvanda ...~ gvamcnobs amJamad saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi fereidneli qarTveli vaxtang onikaSvili. fereidani fereidneli istorikosi said muliani (muliaSvili) wers: `yvela raRacaze fiqrobs, yvela ra Racaze ocnebobs, zogi - bevr fulze, zogi - saxelze. me sul imaze vfiqrob da vloculob, Cemi saqarTvelo iyos kargad~. amJamad saqarTveloSi fereidnidan Camosul qarTvelTa ormocdaaTi ojaxi saxlobs. fereidanidan deda samSobloSi dabrunebis msurvelni ki bevrad metni arian. iranSi mcxovreb qarTvel axalgazrdobas didi survili aqvT istoriul samSobloSi, saqarTveloSi qarTul enazed gaagrZelos swavla-ganaTleba. da albaT yoveli Cvenganis valia xeli Seuwyos fereidnel qarTvelT Tavisi oTxsaukunovani ocnebis asrulebaSi. qR kodis meSveobiT gadaxvalT iuTubi gverdze, sadac atvirTulia guram pataraias dokumenturi filmi `Soria gurjistanamde~
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 67 ciklidan qarTveluri sarwmunoeba `dideba pirvel morige xvTaebasa yvelaze Zliersa da ufrossa, morige RmerTsa, qveyanierebis wes-rigis damdebsa ...~ amonaridi xevisberis locvidan dev-kerpTa garegnobisaTvis qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi devTa garegnoba metad mravalferovnad, mravalsaxierad aris asaxuli. devni qarTveluri warmodgeniT, goliaTuri agebulebis fantastikuri Semzaravi arsebani arian. am Sexedulebas adasturebs dev avTandilis nadirobidan dabrunebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Tqmuleba, romelsac cal mxarze mokluli iremi udevs, meoreze - fesvebianad moglejili naZvi. vaJa-fSavela eTnografiul werilSi `kopala da iaxsari devebis mebrZolni~ gvawvdis xalxur Sexedulebebs devebze: `fSavelebs devebi borotmoqmedebad hyavT warmodgenili da ara keTil sulad, rogorc indoelebs. fSavelis warmodgeniT devi aris axovani, tani xSiri balniT aqvs Semosili, devi dRe imaleba da Rame gamodis sanadirod~. mTqmelni dev-kerpTa Soris falavnobiT gamorCeulTa daxasiaTebisas, xatovani SedarebebiT STambeWdav saxes qmnian da maT uZlieres bumberazebad warmosaxaven, romelTaTvisac winaaRmdegobis gaweva mokvdavTa SesaZleblobebs aRemateba. andrezTa Tanaxmad, dev-kerpni `zorbeb da uzarmazareb yofilan~. Semzaravi arsebani qveyanas azanzareben da mZlavri siaruliT `miwas ise mokvalaven, rogorc fifq Tovlsa~. isini metad saSiSni da friad mosaridebelni arian, radganac `imaT kacn uzaralebian~. gadmocemebis Tanaxmad, yvelaze Zlieri da didi devni mdinare ivris kudebSi yofilan. mrisxane bumberazebis warmodgenisas mTqmelni konkretizacias axdenen da gazviadebasac mimarTaven. `myviral yofila sakvirveli ... buqra movida, rogorc gori iseTi iyo~. miTiuri personaJebis ubadlo mxatvari vaJa-fSavela saqarTveloSi devkerpebze arsebuli rwmena-warmodgenebis srulyofil suraTs gvTavazobs poemaSi `kopala~: `Sav-bnelT da uzarmazarTa grgvinviT Camovlnes Walani,
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 68 kacisa sisxliT eRebnaT xel-fexi, piris-balani; ... ram ra daxardna eseTni, TiTo gergetis sworia; ra tye hfarvida amaTa, an ra sCrdilavda goria!~ devi Semoqmedis warmosaxva mTlianad emTxveva xalxSi damkvidrebul devkerpTa Sesaxeb arsebul Sexedulebebs, romelnic aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa warmodgeniT, xalxs azaraleben da seriozul winaaRmdegobas uweven maT salocav jvar-xatebs. devisa da adamianis aRnagobis Sedarebis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa zRapari `oqros Tmiani qal-vaJi~. devis qali zRapris gmirs mimarTavs:
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 69 `sacaa Cemi qmari mova da cud rames gizams, sjobs Cemi saTiTis qveS daimaloo~. TqmulebebSi dev-kerpni xandisxan mozRvavebuli mSvenierebiTac xasiaTdebian. maTi araCveulebrivi silamaziT moxiblulni jvar-xatni avsulebTan, gadamwyvet, samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolaSi zogjer daTmobaze midian da punqtualurobasac iviwyeben. gadmocemis Tanaxmad maTurxevs codvian tbaze salaSqrod wasul iaxsaris Segvianebis mizezi swored Tvalwarmtaci devis qali gamxdara, romlis gamoc iaxsaris RvTisSvilTa winaSe Tavis marTlebam mouwia: `- qal amovida tbidan, iseTi mSvenieri iyo, samjer gadaudev isari da ver vesroleo, ver gaviqCereo~. devis coli. mxatvari irakli suTiZe analogiur situaciaSi sxva RvTisSvilnic xvdebian, grZneulis mier datyvevebul xmalas moZmisaTvis avsulis cocxlad gaSveba uTxovnia,
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 70 magram `kopalas misi mudara ar Seuwynarebia da devTa mzeTunaxavic sxva devebisaTvis miuyolebia~. sxva gadmocemebSi mTqmeli xatovnad aRwers am erT-erTi umTavresi devT mebrZoli jvar-xatis, avsuliT moxibvlis mcdelobas: `karTanas misul kopalas devebma mzesaviT qali Semoagebes; nu dagvxocav, es qali Sen gyavdeso~. devebi, zogjer grZeli TmebiTa da moelvare TeTri kbilebiT Semkul axalgazrda qalebs specialursagangebo davalebas aZleven, gaacinon ucxo stumari, riTac misi vinaobis garkvevas cdiloben. gadmocemis mixedviT, amiranmac icis, rom mas dediseuli oqros kbiliT scnoben, amitomac Seutevs macdurs: `ras micini, devis qalo, ras mielvi TeTrsa kbilsa, gamivli da gamomivli, gamisinjav bage-kbilsa~. devis coli. mxatvari irakli suTiZe devis qalebi silamaziT ajadoeben rogorc angelozur arsebebs, ise rigiT mokvdavT. gudamayarSi Cawerili andreziT, `wiTeli klde ro aris, maqarTasTan, imazes Tqmuleba, rom iq amoirCevs xolme devi kacsa. devis qali-alqala dajdeba xolme, gadmoiSlis wiTel Tmebs da didi
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 71 savarcxliT ivarcxnis. kivis da mgzavrs gadarevs xolme. tyeSi an kldeSia, egre zis Tmagawewili, gaSvebuli. iZaxis - aq modio~. afxazuri gadmocemebis mixedviT, kacs `wylis dedam sZlia, yru tyeSi muxasTan ijda da sarke da sanTeli edga win. Tmas ivarcxnida ...~. amdagvar siuJets msoflios mraval kuTxeSi waawydebiT. grZeli TmiT iwonebs Tavs devi beRela. es Tmebi, devis Zalmosilebis atributicaa da baraqa-dovlaTsac ukavSirdeba. beRelas xaSars maRali `qvis skami hqonia da Turme skamze rom dajdeboda, iseTi grZeli Tma hqonda, rom miwaze Svidkecad daideboda~. es garemoeba mas sxva demonur arsebebTanac aaxlovebs. magaliTad: TuSebs `TebJorika oqrosferTmian lamaz qalad hyavT warmodgenili~. qarTuli miTosis momajadoebeli devis qalebs, bunebiTa da garegnuli msgavsebiT mravali saerTo moepovebaT alqalasTan, TebJorikasTan, levkoTeasTan, eSmaqalasa da dalisTan, rac maT erT jgufSi aerTianebT, maTgan sruliad gansxvavebuli da saocari arsebaa `devis da~ kaxur variantSi, romelic araCveulebrivi gamZleobiTa da simtkiciT gamoirCeva. Tqmulebis Tanaxmad: `... devis da iseTi yofila, rom gaicinebs, cecxli gamovardeba piridan da qveyanas daswvavs, itirebs, wyali movardeba, zRva gaCndeba~. masTan mebrZol amirans `mouva javri, qals ver moverie uiaraRodo~. erT-erTi uZvelesi saxe amiranis brZolisa qalRvTaebasTan, romelic xaris saxiTaa warmodgenili raWulma variantma Semoinaxa. `amirani xmliT igeriebs moZalebul qal-xars, magram xari pircecxlia, piridan cecxls afrqvevs~. qarTluri variantis mixedviT, pircecxli baybaydevis dedaa: `Cven gaCvenebT baybaydevs, - uTxres amirans imisma mamis Zmebma, - masTan brZola Cven ar SegviZlia da Seni ki ar viciTo. sxva ara iyos ra, erTi pircecxli deda hyavs, imas ver gadaurCebiTo~. amiranma ajoba devs, magram ar mokla igi. nacemi devi RrialiT mivarda Tavis dedas. `uceb gamovarda devis deda. morbis, piridan cecxls afrqvevs~. am qal-devTa kavSiri Zlier bunebis stiqiasTan aSkara da naTelia, rac boroti arsebebis uZveles saxes warmoadgens. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis miTologiuri gadmocemebiT devkerpebi warmodgenilni arian rogorc adamianuri, iseve cxoveluri niSnebiT. gadmocemaTa mixedviT, `devebi saxiT adamianebs Rgvanan. tanad ufro didebia da mTel tanze bardRli asxia, leqsSiac ase amboben: `mec vnaxe imis ZuZuni, bardRl esxa rogorc melasa, welT Taobas ki sru esxa, vin Sinjavs imis qvenasa~.
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 72 teqstebSi xazgasmulia adamianTan maTi msgavseba da ubralo mokvdavTagan maT ganmasxvavebel niSnebzea gamaxvilebuli yuradReba. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom devebi gaukuRmarTebul nakvalevs toveben TavianTi koWukuRmarTobisa da gamo, riTac sacnauri xdeba maTi demonuri buneba, maT sxva avsulTa msgavsad fexebi Sebrunebuli, koWi gamrudebuli aqvT da umeteswilad banjgvlianebi arian: `Sesaxedad yroln yofilan. bewvi sxmiv pirsaxezedav. arc tanisamosiv, bewv sxmiv. sxvadav kaciviT yofilanav, saxe kacisa xqoniav, marto fekeb sdgomivav ukuRmav~. koWukuRmarTia nadirTmwyemsi qali (xevsureTi), tyis qali (kaxeTi), wylis deda (TuSeTi) da sxv. am niSniT ipyroben isini adamianis yuradRebas da am kvalis SemCnevis Semdeg xvdeba adamiani vis xelSic vardeba da moulodneli gansacdeliT Tavzardacemulni cdiloben saswrafo gamosavalis povnas, sxvagvarad sikvdili gardauvalia. qarTlSi gavrcelebuli warmodgenebiTac, `alebs fexebis koWi Sebrunebuli aqvT~. TqmulebaTa sxva boroti personaJebis msgavsad dev-kerpTa erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli koWukuRmarTobaa, romelsac demonuri arsebebi verafers uxerxeben adamianebTan gamocxadebis Jams da ukuRma nakvalevs toveben. amgvarad, koWukuRmarToba maTi gaukuRmarTebuli, boroti bunebis gamomxatveli erT-erTi atributia. dev-kerpTa mTavari maxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebul Zal-Ronesa da koWukuRmarTobasTan erTad WarbTmianobaa, maTi banjgvlianobaa. zepirsityvieri teqstebis mixedviT, devisaTvis Tmis SeWra, metad sarisko da saZnelo saqmea, radganac igi magiuri funqciis matarebelia da mis xelyofas, TiTqmis yovelTvis, savalalo Sedegi mosdevs, Tqmulebis Tanaxmad: `TiTis gulebzec bewvebi hqoniyo. iseTi magari - vera vWridiTo. sofel Casuliyo da imaT bewvebsa hkrefda. imitom daemuqra devi da sdevnida im kacsa~. WarbTmiani goliaTi miTologiur gadmocemebSi xSirad calTvalianobiTac xasiaTdeba. erT-erTi TqmulebiT: `did nabads rom maixvevsav kaci egeTiav. masav erT Tval aqav, me esr gamigonav~. sagmiro eposis es popularuli gmiri aqtiuri moqmedebiT gamoirCeva demonur ZalTa Soris da zogjer maT xelmwifedac moiazreba, romelsac ukiduresi gaWirvebis Jams daxmarebisaTvis mimarTaven avsulni. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, misi damarcxeba erTgvar siZneles warmoadgens da RvTisSvilTa gansakuTrebiT did Zalisxmevas saWiroebs, amave dros dev-kerpi xasiaTdeba, rogorc fantastikuri mravalTaviani arseba. `myviral yofila sakvirveli, cxra Tav hbmiyva,
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 73 cxra saxedav hqoniyva, TiTo Tval TiTo Tavzeda ... mklavebs ixvastavda buqrai, cxra saxedav daecqvita~. samTaviani devi
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 74 yvelaze qebuli dev-kerpTa ier-saxis warmoCenisas mTqmelebi RvTaebriv niSnebsac ar iSureben: `es sumbata cinTval iyo. SublSi ejda erTi Tvali, is RvTis yadar iyo, RmerTamde aRara eklda, Tund imis saxedavisad Sagexedna, Tunda mTvarisad, sul erT iyo~. T. oCiauris aRniSvniT, `mze TviTon aris Tvali da, maSasadame, misi ganmasaxierebeli RvTaebac calTvala unda iyos~. devs Tvals sTxris kopala Tu iaxsari, riTac, simbolurad igi kargavs mzis nawils, RvTaebriv Zalmosilebis atributs da gamiwrivlebuli advilad veRar amodis samzeoze. is qveyanaze uJamo-Jams moarul `uferad~ iqceva. calTvala devis motivi, romelic, mkvlevarTa azriT, msoflio folklorSi erT-erT yvelaze popularul epizods qmnis, dakavSirebulia calTvala ciklopis polifemis saxelTan da es epizodi berZnuli miTosis sakuTrebaa. amasTan aRsaniSnavia, rom misi siuJeti Sesulia: Turqul, sparsul, arabul, aseve romaul, germanul, slavursa da finur folklorSi. am siuJetis gavrcelebas, mecnierTa azriT, xeli Seuwyo uZvelesma Sexedulebam `erT mTlian caze erTTvala mzis arsebobis Sesaxeb da uZvelesma rwmenam, romlis mixedviT mze warmoisaxeboda RvTaebis saxiT, romelsac Sublze erTaderTi Tvali hqonda~. devi
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 75 svanuri Tqmulebis mixedviT, amirani, badri da usupi savaSleTSi calTvala devs Sexvdnen. amiranma devis dafenili fara zeze wamoyara, amaze calTvala gabrazda, mosdva jogs xeli, amiranic Sig moayola da Tavis saxlSi Seyara, amiranma gansacdels Zlivs daaRwia Tavi devis dis daxmarebiT. calTvala devi gamosaxulia mestiidan oriode kilometris daSorebiT, sofel lenjerSi maxaroblis salocavze, garedan. iSviaTi saRebaviT Sesrulebul suraTze calTvala laSqars mouZRvis, mis zemoT ki mTavarangeloxis xatia. istoriulad am eklesiis mSenebloba Tamaris mefobis periods emTxveva da asaxavs siwmindeebis Sewevnas didi gansacdelis Jams. gadmocemis mixedviT, `erT-erTi Semosevis dros, roca momxvduri laSTRveris mxridan Semosula, mTel sofels ulocia da mtris laSqrisaTvis Tvalis dabrmavebas mTavarangelozs Sevedrebian. marTlac, momxdara saswauli da angelozis gamocxadebas daubrmavebia mteri~. devi qarTuli miTologiuri gadmocemebis popularuli personaJia, amis maCvenebelia TviT saxelis forma devi, romelic mxolod Zveli sparsulisa da falaurisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. mecnierTa varaudiT, aRmosavluri demonologiis es ZiriTadi da uZvelesi saxe kavkasiaSi miTras kultma Semoitana. Tu axalgaxrda devis qalebi momajadoebeli silamaziT xiblaven mnaxvels, Semzaravad gamoiyureba maTi deda-dedaberi, romelic erTerTi gadmocemiT: `did diaciv raimav, nagabarniv Cogvi Zvelni xqonav, grZelniv kbilniv ro kbilTav miwazed miiargnebsav, grZeliv frCxilebi aqvav maosad, maabnevsav saSinel sulsav~. gadmocemebiT devis deda-dedaberi xasiaTdeba goliaTuri aRnagobiTa da saSineli RojebiT, eSvebiT, romelsac siarulis dros joxiviT miwaze miiTrevs. aqvs moxrdili frCxilebi, cud suns afrqvevs da Zveli, saSinao Jalavaris naglejebiTaa Semosili. devT-dedis mraval variantad gavrcelebul daxasiaTebas iZleva erT-erTi kargad cnobili gadmocemac, romelic gudanis jvaris mier devebisaTvis `Tvalis moparvis~ ambavs asaxavs, sadac naTqvamia, rom RvTisSvils Tan gaxua megrelauri da adionaT mindiac xlebian. `misulan da Sesulan im devis saxlSi. erTi beberi diaci ijdav, kbilni miwaze esxnesav - ar asav avTandil Sinav, Tore ver daswondiTav Tqoiev im diacmav~. saSineli arsebis goliaTur garegnobaze miuTiTebs sarTavi mowyobiloba: naZvis TiTistari, wisqvilis qvis kviristavi da miwamde Camosuli eSvebi.
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 76 amiranis eposis varianti `kpirmzorianTa~ Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs: `devebsa hqondaT qorwili, simRera amodioda ... dedobilebis nacxobi qada kecebSi Sxioda, SamahWres, Samaayenes, kacis Tav-fexi dioda; saRviniT Rvino mogvarTves, Sig gvel-bayayi wioda~. kaciWamiobis damadastureblia sxva teqstic, romelic devs ojaxur garemoSi warmogvidgens: `devi zis banzeda da jarasa sZaxs, kvivis es kviStavi. gadagdo isi, ro naxa kopala im dedakacma, imaT dedama: amaagdeo. amahkra isari da Seugdo. iqiT wadi, tyis bukukao, Cem Svilebm ar mogiswran, Toromao erT lukma ar gamauxvalo~. an `cixis banze SavSalikas dedas jara edga da mSvild-isaris bawars Zaxavda. xvioda jara da misgan atexili qarisagan wiflianebi ilasteboda. - ra moxvedi es bzuki, jaram ar agixvioso! - gauwyra devis deda, - modi, kalTaSi Semogifaro, Cemma Svilebma ar mogiswron, Torem CiCqad ar eyofio~. qarTul miTologiur personaJTa Seswavla cxadyofs im agresias, rasac uxsovari droidan ganicdidnen qarTvel mTielTa winaprebi mezobeli Tu momxduri tomebisagan, rac gadmocemebiT xSirad demonur Zalebad fiqsirdeba, devebi ki yovelgvari borotebis sawyisad, saTaved miiCnevian. qarTul forklorSi, arc Tu iSviaTad, devebi mravalTavian goliaTebad arian warmodgenilni, rac erT-erTi specifikuri niSania kavkasiuri eposis devTa tipisaTvis da amave dros, ucxoa rogorc aRmosavluri literaturisa da xalxuri eposisaTvis, ise qarTuli literaturis ZeglebisaTvis. miTologiur gadmocemebsa da zRaprebSic devTa Tavebis raodenoba gansaxRvrulia da erT, sam, Svid, iSviaTad rva, xSirad cxra da TormetTavianebad arian warmodgenilni. es raodenoba zRaprebSi zogjer kidev izrdeba. mraval variantad cnobil erT-erTi gadmocemis Tanaxmad: `ggamxveura iyo didi devi (ar ician, ramden Taviani), deda hyavda cxraTaviani da cxra Svili hyolia, sul vaJkacebi: `cxraTava deda hyoliyo, cxraTa gamzrdeli Svilisa, salude qvabi Tavs edga, sazarel iyo sinisa~. prozauli versia `qudielad wodebuli devis garegnobas kidev ufro srulyofilad warmoaCens: `koWukuRm siaruli scodnia. dafaruli yofila balniT~ da Tavze daxurul `qobs siarulis dros azanzarebda~. mravalTaviani devebis originalur saxes vxvdebiT osur folklorSi. frTiani SvidTava devi yanZagarasi `Tavis miwaze Zirs rom mosiarules ar uSvebs, maRla-mfrinavs ... sZinavs, xvrinavs devi,
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 77 piridan cecxlis nakvercxlebs yris. nakvercxali Wers xvdeba da ukan nacrad cviva ...~. SvidTava avsuli borotebis Zalis gansaxierebaa da sakuTari saxeliT moxseniebis miuxedavad, rac SeiZleba bolo drois danaSrevi iyos, misi buneba stiqiasTan kavSirze miuTiTebs. `amiranianis~ qarTul variantSi cxraTava devi yaraulobs tyved moyvanil badris. nadirobidan dabrunebul devebs badris kvals gamoyolili amirani advilad amarcxebs, magram devis dedis mokvla ki uWirs, rvaTavs moaWris, mecxres ki SeunarCunebs. miTologiur gadmocemebSi Semzaravad gamoiyurebian devT mamebic: `cxra Tav xyvaniyva mamai, ra mona saSinjvelia~. gadmocemebSi xSirad moixseniebian rCeuli dev-kerpTa falavnebi. rainduli eposisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli calkeuli Strixebi sabolood ayalibebs am saxis xasiaTs. maTi tareba miwasac umZims, romelTa gambedaoba seriozul problemebs uqmnis RvTisSvilebs. maTi gansakuTrebuli siZlieris erTgvari demonstrirebaa mravalTavianebad warmodgena: `caSarsa hyvanda devebsa cxraTava falavania, axla is gamaiyvanes, saSveli aRar aria ... ubisTavisas gadmoCnda mahyveba miwis kvalia~. erTi xevsuruli andrezi amgvarad aRwers devis garegnobas: `iqaur dev Tu as cxraTava. Causafrd kopalas. gaig i kopalamac, ro gxaSi Camiwvav cxraTav devio, gza unda uqcivav~. magaliTebidan irkveva, rom devTa gansakuTrebuli siZlieris, goliaTurobis aRsaniSnavad ufro xSirad cxra Tavi figurirebs, magram, rogorc aRniSnul iyo, Tavebis raodenoba teqstebSi garkveulwilad icvleba: mag. TormetTaviania barda, amiranis eposSi moxseniebuli baybayi samTaviania. magram gmirs yvelaze Zlieri da mZime brZola devebis rvaTavian dedasTan mouxdeba. kavkasiuri zepirsityvierebisTvis damaxasiaTebel devTa am specifikur niSans, mravalTavianobas, yuradReba ara erTma mecnierma miaqcia. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT devTa Tavebis raodenoba sakralur simboluri ricxvebs ukavSirdeba da es Tavebi marTla Tavebi ki araa, RvTaebrivi saTaveebi an sawyisebia ama Tu im Zalisa. devTa mravalTavianoba dakavSirebuli unda iyos maT unarebTan, radgan dev-
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 78 kerpebi, qarTul miTologiur gadmocemebSi sxvadasxva ZaliT xasiaTdebian. devs, adamianis aRnagobis mqone sxeuli matyliT aqvs dafaruli, Tavze zogjer - rqebic, yovelive amiT is sxvadasxva sknelis arsebaTa niSnebs atarebs. qarTul miTologiaSi devi gvxvdeba wyalSi da gamoqvabulSi. isini moqmedeben rogorc martoni, aseve jgufebadac. devi lRvTaebrivobis niSnis matarebelni arian zRapris gmiris msgavsad. ramdenadac isini floben sknelTa Soris moZraobis unars. rogorc moxmobili zepirsityvieri masalidan irkveva, devebi gansakuTrebuli garegnobiT gamoirCevian, personificirebul devTa gverdiT, xSirad isini mravalTaviani, koWukuRmarTi da calTvalanic arian. gadmocemebiT isic cnobilia, rom devs bera (cera) TiTi ara aqvs, es swored is TiTia romlis xelSi momwyvdevis SemTxvevaSi zemwolela kargavs Zalas. cera TiTis uqonel goliaT devs, unagiridan kacis gadmogdeba ZaluZs: `TiTon lado wamalaiZem moyvis ambavi. modenila lado cxeniTa.
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 79 gamosula wyalSia da nabdiani kaci gadadgomia wina. mere uTqvia, Camodi cxenidanao! ... ar Camosula es lado da devi daswvdomia mxarze da Camougdia cxenidan. mere lados mosvlia brazi, TiTonac janiani kacia da dasWideboda. mere bera TiTi ar hqonia devsa da rogor Camavlis - keo oTxi TiTio~. devis garegnobis specifikas kargad asaxavs sxva versiac: `ai, win qusli aqv da fexi ise Semotrialebulio da erTi xelis TiTi, ceri ara aqvso. didi ariso, mZlavri~. mdgomareobas, roca devebi adamianebiviT yofilan, oRond fekebi ukana hqoniaT, cer TiTebi ara hqonia, garkveulwilad cvlis `gamiwrivlebis~ Semdgomi periodi. isini, sxva avsulTa msgavsad, faruladRa axerxeben kacT vnebas da radgan am Zalebs konkretuli saxe aRar gaaCniaT, transformaciis unaris wyalobiT, sxvadasxva arsebad iqcevian. adamianis saxis miRebisas ki Tavdapirveli niSnebidan koWukuRmarTobas, TiTnaklul xelebs da bewvmravlobas kvlav inarCuneben. devi qarTul miTologiaSi RvTiurs daSorebulia, borot arsebad moiazreba da mas konkretuli saxe ar gaaCnia, imavdroulad is mravalsaxovania, iseve rogorc mravalferovania Tavad boroteba qveyanaze. miTosuri cnobiereba devis garegnobas ver tevs konkretul CarCoebSi, radgan ganusazRvrelia xalxis SemoqmedebiTi fantazia, magram devi mainc ZiriTadad adamianuri TvisebebiT aris warmodgenili, Tumca igi rigiTi mokvdavi mainc araa.
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 80 qadagni da maTi winaswarmetyvelurni xilvani `... iberebs da kolxebs mTvaris taZrebi edgaT da iq qadag-misanTa Zlieri instituti arsebobda ...~ - gvamcnobs straboni. ivane javaxiSvili eTanxmeba ra am mosazrebas dasZens: `... aseTi mkveTrad gamoxatuli mnaTobTa saritualo-sakulto kerebi SeomrCenilia xevsureTSi Zlieri qadag-misanTa institutis saxiT ...~. karatis jvarSi, kopala-iaxsarsa Tu sxva mTis salocavebSi ritualebi mTvaris da zogadad mnaTobTa kultTan Serwymuli wmida giorgis saidumlo religiuri wesebiT sruldeba. memkvidreobiTi mexsierebis mcvel xevisberTa, qadagTa da dastur-maganZulTa Zlieri institutis meoxebiT. qadagi xatobaSi ramodenime aTeulobiT saukunis win, rodesac Cveni winaparni qrTvelur sarwmunoebas aRiarebdnen da ufrosi xvTaebis morige RmerTis swamdaT, xevisberi saymos winamZRoloba, saTemos wevrTa sulis
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 81 siwmindezed zrunavda, Temis omSi Sesvlis gadawyvetilebas iRebda da saymos wevrT samarTals udgenda, TemSi memkvidreobiTi mexsierebis mTavari mcveli qadagi qadagebda. igi saukuneTa manZilze mrevlsa da RvTisSvilTa Soris Suamavlis funqcias asrulebda. qadagi uxilavi mZlavri ciur sibrZnidan iRebda codnas, winaswarmetyvelebda da qveyanierebis wes-rigis damdebis nebas xalxs amcnobda. qadagi zogjer xorcieli arsebidan gasvlas da sxva samyarosTan miaxloebas axerxebda ... qadags qadaebis win SfoTi ewyeboda, orTave xels gul-mkerdze mZlavrad icemda, ofli wurwuriT sdioda da CaxleCili xmiT iwyebsa bRavils. ucnobi sityvebiT ucnaur frazebs warmoTqvamda, romlebTagan zogierTi sityva gasagebi iyo da azris gamotana SeiZleboda. mere TandaTan wyvetda xmiT meditacias da Ronemiclili da gamofituli, gegoneba miiZinao, uZraobaSi gadadioda. am dros xevisberi iwyebda qadagis naTqvamis ganmartebas. qadagi nel-nela transidan gamodioda, saaqaos ubrundeboda da xevisbers sakuTari xilvebis axsnaSi exmareboda. xevsureTis TemTa memkvidreobiTma mexsierebam oTxi qadagi Semoinaxa: gaxua, aliaT mgela, TarxanaT gaga da bolo drois aldia. qadag aldias (aldi) winaswarmetyvelebani: qadagi aldia `sxva droTa Camodgomis xifaTs~ xedavda da raRac SeuZleblis SesaZleblobaze mianiSnebda saymos. bevri ram ar iyo sanugeSo mis teqstebSi, xvalindeli da Soreuli movlenebi, jer ardamdgari sabediswero dro erTianad ixilveboda mis qadagebebSi. qadagis es stresuli meditacia Sokismomgvreli saswaulia. qadagi aldia Subanis salocavis gveliviT, unabisferi idumali TvalebiT, TiTqos TavisTan gixsomebda da SenSi gadmodioda ucnobi qarizmuli energiiT. qadagis sakraluri sityvaTa magiiT gboWavda. mistikosi qadagis naqadagari, romelime droSi da sivrceSi ueWvelad cxaddeba. yoveli movlenebi ise viTardebian, rogorc isini xedavdnen, rogorc maT ukarnaxes zemodan. qadagma aldiam ramodenimejer daeca qadagad. erT qadagebaSi miwisZvra iwinaswarmetyvela, magram Semdgom uaryo da aseTi ram Tqva: `... uflis nebiT miwisZvra gadaido, iwyines Cemgan saidumlos gamxela, magram miwisZvra mainc moxdeba sxvagan da sxva droSi ...~ sxvagan sxva droSi marTlac moxda spitakis saSineli miwisZvra. manve iwinaswarmetyvela Cernobili: `... saSineli eSmakis naorTqli daecemao qveyanas da uricxvi ucodveli sulni Sevleno xvTis karzed ...~.
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 82 aldiam sabWoTa kavSiris daSlac iwinaswarmetyvela Tavis qadagebaSi: `... Sublze eSmakis niSniani kacis xelSi aRar iqneba es saxelmwifo da iqneba raRac sxva ...~ qadagoba xevsureTSi qadagis TqmiT, saxifaTo JamTa cvla xdeba maSin, rodesac angelozTa Zalas xmelze (saaqao) macil-macTurTa energia Warbobs, anu RvTis karze wminda kacTa uwinares avsulni gadmodian da `xorcielTa sadgoms~ xifaTiTa da faTerakiT avseben. aldias winaswarmetyvelebiT swored aseTi macil-macTurTa Jami dgas axla. `eri dapataravdeba, SeikumSeba da kaklis xela gaxdeba - erT qalaqSi Segubdeba, am dros warRvna an avsulTa naorTqli dafaravs da gaqreba ...~ - es xifaTi jer ar gacxadebula, ar damdgara misi aRsrulebis Jami. etyoba, adre Tu gvian marTla daWirdeba fuZesacxovrisidan ayril qarTvelobas mitovebul dacarielebul istoriul TemebSi gadasarCenaT Sebruneba. qadag TarxaanT gagas winaswarmetyvelebani: gulTmisanni iyvnen xevsurT qadagni. maT xelewifebodaT kosmosSi moZrav xilul da naxevradxilul, umcires da udides, saganTa da arsebaTa gansWretva. warmosaxvaSi, mravalganzomilebian samyaroSi avsul-macilni, naTelmxilvelni, xevisberni da qadagni erTad cxovrobdnen. naTelmxilveli-qadagi TemSi mdgrad eTno-fsiqologiur garemos qmida da amiT keTili momavlis imeds sTesda sknelSi.
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 83 ase ubnoben aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi: ganusazRvrel droSi qadagi sam warmosaxviT, naxevradxilul arsebas mTvarian Rames maRali cixis qongurze ahyavT da iqidan agdeben. xels-fexs mostexen. mere, myisierad uxorceben da eubnebian: `Tu wmidad ar icxovrbi da avisken nabijs gadadgav, kidev gadmoagdebT da aRar giSveliTo~. xevsurT qadagi TarxaanT gaga miwisZvras winaswarmetyvelebda da saymos saxlebidan gareT gamosvlisaken mouwodebda. marTlac momxdara iseTi miwisZvra, rom kldeebi CamoiSlila da koSkebi da qviTkirebi welSi gadatexilan. xalxi gareT gamosula da gadarCenila. maSin, Turme, arc erTi xevsuric ar daRupula miwisZvrisgan. qadag TarxaanT gagas Tems zvavebisgan datanili adamiani apovnina. SemouTvala: wuxel RamiT CemTan movida `gardacvlili~ da miTxra, aqa da aq var, sxvagan nu meZebeno! mivisulan, guaTxriaT is adgili da swore iq unaxavT zvavSi daRupuli. mTaSi naTelmxilvelTa, qadagTa da xevisberTa institutma aTaswleulebs gauZlo da dResac iseTive Zlieria da mistikuria, rogorc im uxsovar droSi, roca morige RmerTma RTisSvilni moavlina sknels. yvela TemSi TiTo naTelmxilveli mainc iyo. daduSi, axadSi, gudanSi, madaligoSi, zeisteCoSi, karatis jvarSi, atabesa da arxotis TemebSi. magram, saukuneTa manZilzed gamoCndeboda xolme TiToorola momZlavrebuli astraluri kavSiris mistikuri mediumi, romlis sityvawinaswarmetyveleba aramarto erT Temzed, aramed mTel mTianeTze da qveyanazedac vrceldeboda. qadagi gudanis jvarSi an bacaligos pirquSis salocavSi `kvrivSi~ jdeboda da aqedan acxadebda saymos bedisweras. droSi Camomdgar xifaTs da misi aridebis SesaZleblobas. Temi qadagis Carevis gareSe salaSqrod ar wavidoda da arca ras imoqmedebda. rogorc cnobilia, qadagma krwanisis omSi wamsvlel laSqars `didi xifaTi~ uwinaswarmetyvela: `daiRupebiT, magram raRaca gadagvarCenso~. qadagma mefis gadarCena igulisxma, romelic gudanis jvaris saymos meomrebma tyveobidan ixsnes. rogorc ukve iTqva, xevsureTis da zogadad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis erT-erTi yvelaze saxelganTqmuli naTelmxilveli-winaswarmetyveli TarxaanaT gaga iyo. misi qadagebani dRemde mohyveba fxovis Tems da mTel erzed vrceldeba. TarxanaT gagas uqadagia: `... aiyreba xevsureTi, udabur nasaxlarebad iqceva, daicleba qveyana Tavisi xalxisgan, mTlianad amowydeba (damTavrdeba) funCias gvario. funCiam, rodesac es qadageba gaigo, farxmali aisxa da TarxanaT gagas mosaklavad wavida: `Cemi mawyevari Cems
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 84 winao~. magram funCias gzaSi adidebul mdinareze xidi Castydomia da wyals wauRia. ase gaucxadebula qadagis sityva. dacarielebuli xevsureTi TarxanaT gagas mTavari sabediswero qadagebac gacxadda: xevsureTi marTlac `udabur nasaxlarebad da nasoflarebad~ iqca. xevsurebi iZulebiT ayares XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi da naxevard udabnoebSi Caasaxles. zogadad ki, mTeli qarTveli eri daiZra Tavisi miwa-wylidan da ltolvilad iqca. metad sagulisxmo da niSandoblivi gaxlavT TarxanaT gagas erT erTi bolo qadageba: `... gava erTi saukune, asi weli da dadgeba ukeTesi dro, roca Tamar mefis mere saqarTvelos `xelmwifed~ mova qali da qveyanas maSin eSveleba. elodeT im dros da uflis rwmeniT aRiWurveT~. `... me vxedav, Cvens xeobebSi ukan mibrunebul fexSiSvel, mSiertitvel xalxs, magram iq Tem-soflebi da saxlebi aRar daxvdebaT da mouwevT qvabebSi da naxiznarebSi Sesvla. ar eqnebaT sakvebi, bevri amowydeba SimSiliT, magram mainc darCebian imdeni, rom jiSi ar gadaSendes ...~ asi weli gadis am mistikuri mediumis qadagebidan. iqneba, marTlac Sebrundes eri sakuTar istoriul kuTxeebSi mama-papis miwa-wyalze da aRidginos sakuTari Tavi da amiT gadairCinos momavali. TarxanaT gagam Tavisi qveynis apokalifsi iqinaswarmetyvela: `... mova yviTelTmiani xalxi. imdenad mravalricxovani, rom mTebsa da kldeebsac ki tiliviT Seacocdebian. Cven SevebrZolebiT maT, bevrsac amovwyvetT, magram ver gavaTavebT maTi simravlisa da gamo. es tomi
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 85 kacis xeliT ar daileva, Tu RmrTma ar amowyvitao. SesTxoveT ufals, rom mogvces Zala da SevebrZoloT am kaliisfer eSmakebso ...~, sakuTari bediswerac dainaxa da iwinaswarmetyvela TarxanaT gagam: `cecxlSi mwvaveno~. es iyo rusis jaris Sesvlaa xevsureTSi. xevsuri meomrebi gavidnen saxlebidan da bunebriv daculi simagreebidan, kldeebidan daiwyes momxdurTa Jleta. rusebma `saldatebma~ soflebi da yanebi gadawves. TarxanaT gaga sakuTari saxlis cecxlSi Caiwva. es iyo misi ukanaskneli winaswarmetyvelebis gacxadeba. mravali saukunis win warmoTqmuli es qadageba, TiTqos Cveni yofisa da viTarebis amsaxveli, dRevandeli teqstia. Cvenda samwuxarod jer dasasruli ar uCans brZolas, igi dResac grZeldaba. xevsuri qalebi rogorc wesi mTa ufro inarCunebs eris memkvidreobiT mexsierebaSi daleqil sibrZnes da ra gasakviria, rom mTielTa xat-salocavebsa da wes-CveulebebSi naTladaa Semonaxuli qristianobamdeli qarTveluri religiis anabeWdebi.
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 86 ciklidan `qarTlis cxovrebis~ miviwyebuli furclebi konstantine mefis mier vardan da giorgi ToduaTaTvis `samarTalsa zeda Sebmis~ sanuqfod boZebuli sisxlis fasis dadginebis sigeli 1483 wlis 5 dekembers dawerila qarTlis mefis konstantine II-is (zeobis wlebi 1478-1505; konstantine II raRac periodi dasavleT saqarTvelosac flobda) mier sargis da giorgi farjanianTa SuamdgomlobiT maT msaxur vardan TodoZesa (Todua) da misi Zmis giorgi TodoZisaTvis (Todua) boZebuli sisxlis fasis dadginebis sigeli: `q (qriste). saxierisa: RTisa: arsisa: mbadisa: da garemouwerelisa: mamisa: Zisa: da sulisa: wmidisaTa: Cuen: mefeT: mefeman: iesianman: daviTianman: solomonianma: zegardamo: cxebulman: RmrTiulman: gvirgvinosanman: da sruliad: CuenTa: laSqarTa: ranTa: kaxTa: afxazTa: qarTvelTa: jiqTa: svanTa: mesxTa: SanSe: da SarvaSTa: lixTa imerTa: da lixTa amerTa: aRmosavleTisa: da dasavleTisa: CrdiloeTisa: da youlisa: saqristianosa: pirvel: dasabamiTgan: da vidre: ukunisamdis: nebiTa: RTisaTa: xelmwifed: flobiT: mpyrobelman: da Sors: warCinebulman: RmrTiul: gvirgvinosanman: da orTave: taxtTa: flobel mpyrobelman: didman: kostantines: dagveajnes: Cuni: didad: da TavdadebiT: namsaxuri: farijaniani sargis da giorgi da gueajnes viTa maTisa: erTgulisa: ymisa: TodoZesa: vardan: da giorgi: TodoZeni: daguveajnes: vismineT: aja: da moxseneba: TodoZenisa: vqeniT: mokiTxuli: maTi: guvarisa: Zvelisa: da axlisa: da ese: SevigeniT: erToba: wmida: qebuli: msaxuri: kaci: yofilan: xatiTa: abjriTa: Sina da gare ymiTa: youliTa iaraRiTa: TodoZeni: vardan: da giorgi: merme: davsxediT: Tavad: batoni: mefeTmefe: kostantine: da Cueni: darbaiselni: da gauCineT: sruli: da uklebi: sisxli: TodoZeTa: oras:
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 87 samoci: aTasi: TeTri: sisxlad: dageurebodes: didTagan: da mcireTagan: uzedaesTa: da uquvedaesTagn: ese: Cuengan: ndomiTi: gaCenili: sisxli oras: samoci: aTasi: TeTri: gagviCenia: sisxlad: dageuros: sazaosa: da sanaxSirosa: gareT: da cameti: aTasi: TeTri: sanaxSirod: gardagixados: numca: odes: kadrebul: ars Slad qcevad amisda: rome RmrTisa: samarTalisa: Sida: SeuSviT: laSqars: viyaviT: sami: TaTari: gamoirCia: yainman: viTa: sami qristiane: SeabiTo: samarTalsa: zeda: merme: erTi: ese: Todoa: vardan: SevabiT: da ori: sxva: ipriana: RmarTman: da: samive: daWres: da mokles: amisda: sajildod: gauCineT: sruli: da uklebi: sisxli: oras: samoci: aTasisa: gagviCenia: da: gvqondes: Zegli: ese: awa: da ukunisamdsi: awa: vinca: coli: wagiRos: da anu: asuli: dagigdos: naxevari: sisxli: daeuros: vinca: didsa: batonsa: Cagasminos: marTali: anu: Ralati: ecados: naxevari: sisxli: daeuros: vinca: SigniTi: dagesxas: da anu: dagwvas: igive: naxevari: sisxli: vinca: jogi: gagitexos: pirutyusa da anu cxenisa: TuTxmeti: aTasi: TeTri: gardagixados: da naZarcvi: Semogaqcios: vinca: mkudari: gagiZarcos: da anu: sasaxle gagitexos: Tormeti: aTasi: TeTri: gardagixados: vinca: usamarTlo: Wori: dagigdos: umecrod Tu marTali darCe: naxevarsa: sisxlsa: ematos: vinca: baziari: anu: mejoge: gices: xuTi: aTasisa: TeTrisa: gardagixados: vinca: uomari: vaJi: anu: qali: sces: da anu: gaZarcos: meoTxedi: sisxli: gardagixados:
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 88 vinca: coli: gagiupatios: ZaliTa: igive: meoTxedi: sisxli: dageuros: sxva nakodi: naZarcvi: naupatio sasisxlo saqme zemo sasisxlosagan: iangariSeT: da maT maTiTa: wesiTa: daeuros: awa vinca: naxoT: brZaneba: ese: Cveni: mefeTa: didebulTa: TavadTa: efiskopozTa: erisTavTa: ejibTa: msaxurT uxucesTa: oTxmizorTa: molareTa: uxucesTa: mestumreTa: mejinibeTuxucesTa: da yovelTa: karisa: Cuenisa: vazirTa: da mourauTa: xelis mqonebelTa: erTbamad: daumtkiceT: awa: qristes: mier: kurTxeulno: ebiskopozno: qaTalikozno: ese: Cueni: gaCenilni: sigeli: TqueniTa: juvariTa da kurTxeviTa: Tqunca agre: daumtkiceT: amisni damxdomni da mowameni arian mere SavasZe jaeni: cotne farijaniani: erisTavi monelasZe giorgi: gelaz... ariani: daiwera sigeli sasisxlo ese, Tvesa dekenebersa xuTsa da dResa paraskeusa juarisasa patiosnisasa Jamsa mequsesa, xeliTa karisa mwignobrisa filipesiTa: ama: sigelsa Sigan eseca: dagviweria da gagviCenia: mepatronesa kacsa abJandsa Camoezidos wyaloba uyos da uboZos samarTali gogis da vardans momavalsa maTsa guvarsa fanjieqi ara geTxoebodes. awa vinca ese sigeli dawerili uaryos krul wyeul SeCuenebulimc: aris: qristes: madliTa: da nawili misi urwmunosa Tana didebis ebliTas loabi dabirons Tana didsa dResa mas gankiTxvisasa aqa da saukunosa:~ sabuTs erTvis konstantine mefis mtkicebuleba: `q. mtkice ars nebiTa RmrTisa amen da ukunisamde~. (quTaisis istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi; xelnawerebi fondebi; sasisxlo sigeli # 591).
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 89 sabuTs weli ar uzis, magram igi TariRdeba 1483 wlis 5 dekembriT, radganac qarTlis xelmwife konstantine II 1483 wels qarTlis garda lixT-imereTsac (dasavleT saqarTvelo) flobda da am wels 5 dekemberi paraskevi dRe iyo. Cvenamde moaRwia sigelis orma pirma. erTi maTgani, xelis mixedviT gadawerilia XV saukuneSi. etratzea dawerili mxedruli damwerlobiT da inaxeba quTaisis istoriul muzeumSi (K 591) ; meore piri, gadawerili pirvelisgan da inaxeba zugdidis istoriul muzeumSi (xelnawerTa fondi zd-73). etratis es asli 1857-1867 wlebSi Toduebs warudgeniaT samegrelos mmarTvelobis sabWoSi, rasac Semdegi rusuli minaweri gvauwyebs: dadianTa sasaxle. qalaqi zugdidi «Сей документъ вь Советъ Управленiя Мингрелiею крестьяниномъ Тодуевымъ явленъ и вь книгу подлинникомъ подъ № 829 записанъ въ чемь подписомъ присутствующихъ и приложенiемъ казенной печати свидетельствуется. Старшiй члень Совета (подпись). Члень отъ дворянства К. Габуния (Печать). Секретаръ Совета (Подпись).» minaweridan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom samegrelos mkvidr ToduaTa gvarmodenilobis patronimi istoriis garkveul monakveTSi TodoZeTa da TodoaTa formas atarebda. amas sigelSi TodoZeTa patronimis, megrul gvarsaxelTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli formiT `Todoad~ moxsenieba amtkicebs: imTaviTve unda iTqvas, rom ganviTarebuli feodaluri xanis saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT XI-XV saukuneebSi da Semdgomac, mimdinare
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 90 lixT-imereTis gaqarTebis procesi pirvel rigSi Sida egrisis Tavadaznaurobas Seexo da Semdeg saerTo tendenciadac iqca. es movlena odiSarTa gvarsaxelTa formazec aisaxa. rig SemTxvevebSi megrul memkvidreobiT saxelTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `-ia~, `-va~ da `-ua~ sufiqsebi `-Ze~ iSviaT SemTxvevaSi `-Svil~ daboloebebma Secvala. zogierTma gaqarTvelebulma megruli gvarsaxelis formam saukuneTa JamTasvlas gauZlo da dRemde moaRwia (Tofuria - TofuriZe, jiqia - jiqiZe, afaqia - afaqiZe, Wilaia - WilaZe da sxva.), zogierTma ki maleve Sewyvita arseboba (qorToZe - qurTua, meliaZe - melia, JvaniZe - Jvania, TodoZe - Todoa (Todua) da sxva). walenjixis macxovris fericvalebis sakaTedro taZari amgvarad TodoZeTa sasisxlo sigelSi dafiqsirebulia ToduaTa patronimis pirveladi forma `Todoa~, rac am sigelis Rirebulebas, ToduaTa sagvareulos istoriisaTvis erTi-orad zrdis da mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs ara marto ToduaTa sagvareulos, aramed mTlianad saqarTvelos istoriis analizisas. sabuTis mimRebad dasaxelebulni arian sargis da giorgi farijanianTa yma-msaxurni vardan da giorgi TodoZeni. etratis xelnawerSi is adgili, sadac naTqvamia, rom mefe konstantines winaSe iajes sargis da giorgi farijanianTa maTi erTguli ymebis vardan da giorgi TodoZeTaTvis sasisxlo sigelis boZeba, sityvebi: `farijaniani sargis da giorgi" gadakeTebulia ase: `marad mTavarangelozis eklesiis
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 91 kars". gadamkeTeblis mizezi naTelia. gadamkeTebels surda farijanianTa mimarT TodoZeTa ymobis amsaxveli sityvebi waeSala. gadakeTebis mcdeloba xelis mixedviT, XVI saukuneSi unda momxdariyo. rogorc sigelidan irkveva, im xanad qarTvelos mefis konstantine II-is, romlis iurisdiqcia raRac periodi lixT-imereTzec vrceldeboda Tanmxleb rCeul vaJkacTa Soris vardan Todoac (Todua) yofila, romelsac brZoliT mtyuan marTlis gadawyvetisas sxva or qarTvelTan erTad sami TaTari dauWriaT da moukvdinebiaT. vardan Todoas simamacis sanuqfod (sanacvlod) vardanisa misi Zmis giorgis TodoZeTa STamomavalT xelmwifisagan gadasaxadTagan (fanjieqi) siTarxnis (Tavisufleba) wyaloba miuRiaT. megreli glexis ojaxi. qristeforo de kastelis naxati Cvens mier motanil wyalobis sigelidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom vardan da giorgi TodoZeni (Todua) farjanianTa ymani, mebegre glexni yofilan. sabuTSi vkiTxulobT: `... vqeniT mokiTxuli maTi (Todoa) guarisa Zvelsa da axlisa da ese SevigeniT. erTob wmida qebuli msaxuri kaci yofilan, xatiTa, abjriTa, Sina da gare ymiTa, youliTa iaraRiTa ...~ msaxurebi - gvianfeodalur odiSSi glexobis zeda fenas Seadgendnen da privilegur mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen dabegril glexebTan
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 92 (meinale) SedarebiT. msaxurni mebegre glexze maRla da aznaurze dabla idgnen. beqa-aRbuRas kanonis mixedviT, msaxuris sisxli aTasi TeTri Rirda, xolo Tu igi aznauris movaleobas asrulebda - aTas orasi TeTri. mebegre glexis ki oTxasi TeTri. msaxurs batonis mimarT sapatio samsaxuri - laSqroba-mxlebloba da maspinZloba evaleboda. msaxurebi or ZiriTad fenad iyofodnen: msaxuri-molaSqreni da msaxuri-moxeleni. msaxuri-molaSqreebi TavianTi funqciis molaSqreobamxleblobis garda feodalis karze qmnidnen razmebs da asrulebdnen policiur funqciebs, meinale glexobis mimarT. xolo msaxurTa meore fena msaxuri-moxeleni: mouravi, nacvali, mamasaxlisi, mdivani, molare, iasauli, SaTiri da sxvani, sxvadasxva Tanamdebobebze msaxurobdnen mebatonis samflobeloSi. am ori ZiriTadi fenis garda gvxvdebodnen xelosani - msaxurni, romelnic garkveul xelobas flobdnen. rogorc ukve iTqva, sabuTs weli ar uzis, magram dasaxelebulia gacemis Tve, dRe da ricxvi (15 dekemberi, paraskevi). sabuTis gamcemi mefe konstantine gvauwyebs: `laSqars viyaviT. sami TaTari gamoirCia yainman, viTa sami qristiane SeabiTo samarTalsa zeda. merme erTi ese Todoa vardan SevabiT da ori sxva. ipriana RmerTman da samive daWres da mokles~. cnobis Sinaarsi garkveul ganmartebas moiTxovs. naTelia, rom mefe konstantine qarTvel meomrebTan erTad imyofeboda `laSqarSi~ romeliRac yaenTan, rac niSnavs imas, rom yaeni da qarTveli mefe erTmaneTs ki ar ebrZvian, aramed qarTveli mefe Tavisi jariT yaenTan imyofeba anu am ukanasknelis winaSe ixdis samxedro
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 93 valdebulebas. amis gaTvaliswineba saWiroa sabuTis gamcemi konstantine mefis dasadgenad. yaens mouTxovia sam-sami TaTrisa da qristianis `Sebma~ (SebrZoleba) `samarTalsa zeda~. `samarTalsa zeda Sebma~, rogorc istoriografiaSia cnobili Sua saukuneebSi farTod gavrcelebuli simarTlis dadgenis erT-erTi saxeoba gaxlavT. `samarTalsa zeda Sebmas~ sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT mimarTavdnen im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasamarTloze verc mosarCele da verc mopasuxe mxare mtkicebulebebiT ver axerxebdnen sakuTari poziciis samarTlianobis dadasturebas. aseT dros sasamarTlo niSnavda xolme orTabrZolas. simarTle imis mxares iqneboda, vinc orTabrZolidan gamarjvebuli gamovidoda. yaenis gadawyvetileba `samarTalsa zeda Sebma~ sam TaTarsa da konstantine mefis mxridan sam qristian qarTvels Soris, marTalia, iribad, magram ueWvelad gulisxmobs, rom yaensa da qarTvel mefes Soris, an yaenis qveSevrdomebsa da qarTveli mefis mxlebelTa Soris sadavo saqme warmoqmnila, romelic gasarCevad sasamarTlos gadascemia. sasamarTloze verc yaenis da verc qarTvelTa mxars Tavisi poziciis dasacavad sakmarisi mtkicebulebani ver warudgenia, Sesabamisad sasamarTlos `Sebma~ daudgenia. am SebmaSi, rogorc mefe konstantine iuwyeba, qarTul mxares gaumarjvnia.
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 94 yaen uzun hasanTis Zegli qalaq aSxabadSi
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 95 XV saukunis II naxevarSi yaenTan laSqriT samsaxuris Sesaxeb cnobebi mxolod qarTlis mefe konstantine II-ze mogvepoveba. rogorc, erTi Canaweri iuwyeba, bagrat VI-m konstantine II 1472 wels qveynidan gaaZeva, romelmac ay-yoinlus yaenTan uzun hasanTan Seafara Tavi. mas Tan gahyolian didebulTagan baraTaSvilni da sxva mciredi amala. am dros uzun hasani osmaleTTan saomrad emzadeboda da saqarTvelos mefes jari mosTxova, romelic upirobod eaxla kidec yaens. swored es faqti unda iyos asaxuli sabuTSi. brZolebi uzun-hasanis jarsa da osmaleTs Soris 1473 wels galaTiasTan da mdinare TerjanasTan gaimarTa. qarTvelT, maT Soris konstantine II-esac gamarTul brZolebSi monawileoba unda mieRoT. mdinare TerjanasTan gamarTul brZolaSi uzun-hasani damarcxda. brZolis velidan dabrunebuli, nir wamxdari uzun-hasani imave wlis Semodgomaze saqarTvelos Semoesia, qarTli moarbia, bagrat mefes xarki Seawera da didZali nadavliT gaemgzavra Tavrizisaken. uzun hasanTan TavSefarebuli konstantine II swored am dros, 1473 wlis Semodgomaze qarTlSi dabrunda. 1474 wlis 5 aprils igi ukve saqarTveloSia. igi swored am dros gascems doliZeTa wyalobis sigels. amis Semdgom konstantine II-si yofna ucxo qveynis laSqarSi aRar fiqsirdeba. vardan TodoZe zemoxsenebul laSqrobaSi unda xleboda konstantine mefes. rac Seexeba sigelis gacemis TariRs, upiratesoba 1483 wels unda mieniWos. rogorc ukve iTqva am wels konstantine II-si xelisufleba dasavleT saqarTveloze jer kidev vrceldeba da 5 dekemberi paraskebi dRe iyo. samwuxarod wyalobis wignSi araa miTiTebuli Tu romeli soflis mkvidrni iyvnen vardan da giorgi TodoZeni (Todua). erTi ki cxadia, maTi mebatone vargi (aznauri) farjianebis sagvareulo - svaneTis mkvidria. svaneTs ki odiSis mxolod mTian regionebze hqonda gavlena da aqedan gamomdinare, TodoaTa (Todua) gvarmodeniloba svaneTs mosazRvre zemo odiSis romelime sofelSi unda warmoqmniliyo. dokumentidan agreTve, irkveva, rom TodoaTa (Todua) gvarmodeniloba 1483 wlebamde (sabuTis Sedgenamde) karga xniT adre unda arsebuliyo, radganac sigelSi TodoZeTa (Todua) sagvareulos Zvelnic (winaparni) arian moxseniebulni.
yovelTviuri Jurnali `memkvidreoba~ # 4 (4) 2024 w. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 96 me mainc moval gazafxulo, Sen oRond damxvdi! RmerTo, acxovne amis damwerni: gigi korinTeli, qeTevan papunaSvili, Tea RambaSiZe, nana momceliZe, Tumc raime cToma ixiloT, nu gvwyevT, aramed SegvindeviT. redaqciis misamarTi: saqarTvelo, q. Tbilisi, avTo varazis quჩa # 28, bina # 71 a sabanko rekvizitebi: s.s. GE30TB7850236080100015 telefoni: 5 55 78 61 17 veb gverdi: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100009011895877
genealogiuri kvlevis centri ` ~ g T a v a z o b T: sasurveli sagvareuloze genealogiuri naSromis Sedgenas naSromSi Sesuli iqneba: - etapi pieveli: gvarsaxelis etimologia; sagvareulos warmoSobis areali; sagvareulos socialuri mdgomareoba; sagvareulos Sesaxeb arsebuli eTnografiuli masala; sagvareulos Sesaxeb arsebuli istoriuli masala; sagvareulos adgili qarTul laSqarSi; sagvareulosTan dakavSirebuli toponimebi; sagvareulos wevrTa gansaxlebis ariali da raodenoba. - etapi meore: sasurveli soflSi, XIX saukunesa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi Semdgar, aRwerebsa da saeklesio davTrebSi, sakvlevi sagvareulos wevrTa Canawerebi. pirbeli da meore etapis erTad dakveTis SemTxvevaSi, saCuqrad dagimzaddebaT:AA4 formatis erTi wigni an A5 formatis ocdaaTi wigni, agreTve, istoriul-SemecnebiTi videorgoli da A3 formatis tiloze dabeWdili sagvareulo niSani. aRniSnul masalaze dayrdnobiT xdeba: naSromis A4 an A5 formatis wignis saxiT damzadeba; TqvenTvis sasurveli sabuTebis aslis A3, A2 da A1 formatis tiloze beWvda; sagvareulo niSnis Sedgena da A3, A2 an A1 formatis tiloze beWvda; TvalsaCino nakeTobis damzadeba: droSa, saaTi, maisuri, nardi da sxva; genealogiuri xis Sedgena:–winaparTa saxelebi da dabadebis, qorwinebis, gardacvalebis TariRebi; istoriul-SemecnebiTi videorgolis damzadeba; dokumenturi filmis gadaReba; sasurvel sofelze istoriul-eTnografiuli naSromis Sedgena. misamarTi: saqarTvelo, q. Tbilisi, avTo varazis quჩa # 28, bina # 71 a telefoni: 555 78 61 17 veb gverdi: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100009011895877 sabanko rekvizitebi: s.s. GE30TB7850236080100015