8/23/2022
Pathophysiology of AD: what’s new? Scope of presentation
Siriwan Wananukul, M.D. • Skin barrier function
• Skin microbiome
King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital • Immune dysregulation
Chulalongkorn University • Environmental factors
• Itch‐scratch cycle
12
Corneocyte and intercellular lipid Skin barrier function
Nakahara T, et al. J Dermatol 2021;48:130‐9. Al‐Ghazzewi FH, et al. Beneficial Microbes 2014; 5: 99‐107
Luger T, et al. J Dermatol Sci. 2021;102:142‐57.
Proksch E, et al. Exp Dermatol 2008;17:1063‐72
Rawlings AV, et al. Dermatol Ther 2004;17 (Suppl1):49–56
34
Treatment gradually shifts Temporal shifts in the skin microbiome Epidermal barrier dysfunction
and change in skin microbiome
microbiomes of children with AD associated with disease flares and
towards healthy‐like microbiota treatment in children with AD
Skin pH
(serine protease)
Khadka CD, et al. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:720674. Kim JE, et al. J Clin Med 2019 ;8:444 1
Kong HH, et al. Genome Res 2012;22:850‐9
6
5
8/23/2022
Interactions Between AD and S.aureus Infection Epidermal barrier dysfunction Immume dysregulation
and change in skin microbiome Th2 cytokines
Kim J, et al. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2019;11:593‐603.
European American(EA) AD
7 primarily TH2/TH22 skewing,
in chronic has Th1
Asian AD and Pediatric AD:
Th17 in acute lesions
African American AD and
Pediatric AD:
no Th1 in chronic lesions
Filagrin and loricrin gene mutation
are more common in EA (40%)
C z a r n o w i c k i T, e t a l . Allergy Clin Immunol 2019;143:1‐11.
8
Environment: Trigger factors of A D 10 Nakahara T, et al. J Dermatol 2021; 48: 130–9.
◦ Skin microbiome dysbiosis (Staphylococcus aureus) 10
◦ Irritants:
◦ Cleansers
◦ Chemicals
◦ Extremes of weathers
◦ pollution, PM2.5
◦ Rough clothes
◦ Allergen:
◦ Food allergen: eggs, peanuts, milk, fish, wheat
◦ Aeroallergens: dust mite, animal dander & molds.
◦ Stress and anxiety
9
Cutaneous itch sensation in atopic dermatitis Neuroimmune interactions in chronic itch of AD
Puar N, et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021;126:21‐31 Yosipovitch G, et al. JEADV 2020;34:339‐50. 2
11 12
8/23/2022
AD is an intensely pruritic condition, which affects the quality Pathophysiology of AD
of life of patients, their families and caregivers
• Skin barrier dysfunction
Fujii M. Biol Pharm Bull 2020;43:12‐9. • Skin microbiome dysbiosis
• Environmental factors
13 • Immune dysregulation: Th2 cytokines
• Itch‐scratch cycle
14
From pathophysiology to treatment of AD
Moisturizer Thank you for your attention
Topical corticosteroid S
Topical calcineurin inhibitors i
Crisaborole r
Immunosupressive i
Dupilumab w
a
n
Modified from Kim J, et al. Allergy Asthma Proc 40:84 –92, 2019;
15 16
3