Index Madagascar, 161; elections in, 164 Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI),
Makoba, Wagona, 79 107, 110
Malan, Jannie, 198
Malawi, 193–4 multinationals, 188
Malone, D., 10 Murithi, Tim, 113, 115, 198
Mandela, Nelson, 11, 27, 137–8, 163 Museveni, Yoweri, 25, 79, 162
Mano ethnic group, 76 Muslim Brotherhood, 165
Mano River Basin, 68 Mustapha, A.R., 165
Masai culture, 90 mutongoria wa kithaka, 41
Masina, Nomonde, 26 Mwanawasa, Levy, 163
Masire, Quett, 11
Mathews, Robert, 114 Nairobi Peace Initiative (NPI), 122–3
Mato Oput peace-building process, 14, 16, Namibia, 87, 98; DDR in, 124; democracy
22–5, 41, 129, 198 in, 163
Mauritius, 155, 163 Namibia Economic Policy Research Unit
Mayall, James, 97
Mazula, B., 160 (NEPRU), 180
Mbeki, Thabo, 107, 195–6 nation state, construction of, 98
Mbiti, J.S., 40 National Health Service (NHS) (UK),
Miall, Hugh, 64, 65, 66, 69
military spending, 5, 121 190
militias, private, 11 National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL),
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),
72, 76
8, 15, 92, 175–80, 183, 184, 193, 195 National Rainbow Coalition (Kenya), 80
mine clearance, 33 National Religious Leaders’ Forum of
minority, rights of, 157
mobile phones, subscribers, 160 South Africa (NRLFSA), 43
Mobutu Sese Seko, 11, 76, 155, 162 national unity, 138
modernisation, 48 nationalism, invention of, 94
Morocco, 165–6, 195 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Mouffe, Chantal, 150
Movement for Democracy in Liberia (NATO), 198
natural gas, 5, 8
(MODEL), 123 Ndendeuli culture, 90
Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) Ndi, John Fru, 77, 166
neo-patrimonialism, 4, 10, 71–2
(Zimbabwe), 80 neo-realism, 69
Movement for Multi-party Democracy neoliberalism, 182
New Partnership for Africa’s Development
(MMD) (Zambia), 163
Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni (NEPAD) 15, 85, 106, 107, 108, 175–80,
183, 184, 186, 189, 192, 193
People (MOS, 78 New Patriotic Party (NPP) (Ghana), 163
Movement System (Uganda), 164 Ngai, Supreme Being, 37–8
Mozambique, 87, 98, 124, 144; NGOs in, Ngaita, Peter, 190
Nhema, Francis, 196
160; power supply in, 191 Niger, 5
Mubarak, Hosni, 165 Niger Delta, conflict in, 72
Mucavele, Firmino G., 180 Nigeria, 18–20, 42, 43, 77–8, 79, 96,
Mugabe, Robert, 80, 168, 192 97, 104, 106, 148, 160, 165, 169; oil
Multi-Fibre Agreement, 192 production of, 4, 162
multi-party systems, 158 Nkomo, Joshua, 80
multidimensional approaches to Nkrumah, Kwame, 100, 151, 158
non-governmental organizations (NGOs),
peacekeeping, 49, 82, 87, 91 13, 31, 116, 122–3, 126, 163; competing
238
with government, 123; in Mozambique, Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment Index
160; NGOization, 123 (PCIA), 51
Nyerere, Julius, 11, 151, 158
peace and conflict in Africa: complexity
O’Connell, Tara, 185 of, 197–9; context of, 3–15; studies of,
Obasanjo, Olusegun, 106, 165 12–15
Ogaden, 99
oil, 4, 8, 161, 162, 169, 193; price of, 191; Peace and Security Initiative, 175
peace industry, 13
reserves of, 172 peace processes, indigenous, 14
Operation Artemis, 198 peace zones, establishment of, 116
Operation Murambatsvina (Zimbabwe), peace-building: and DDR, 124–5; as
167 gendered activity, 130
Oput tree, 24 perpetrators, punishment of, 143, 145
order, 36, 39 plunder, economy of, 11
Organisation for Economic Development police, training of new forces, 33
political ecology theories, 72–3
and Co-operation (OECD), 105; African political systems, analysis of, 64
Economic Outlook, 189 politics of settlement, 79
Organization of African Unity (OAU), 85, population, growth of, 177, 191
104, 175 post-colonialism, complexity of, 91
Oromo culture, 90 poverty, 5, 9, 14, 15, 50, 54, 65, 103, 110,
orphans, and HIV/AIDS, 194
Out of Africa, 3 122, 154, 158, 161, 171–84; absolute,
Overseas Development Assistance (ODA), 105; linkage to conflict, 122; reduction
106, 176, 190; attracting of, 107–9 of, 171, 172, 176, 177, 190; relation with
human insecurity, 175–80, 184
palaver system, 42, 90, 151; male bias of, Poverty Reduction Strategy Process, 52
150 power, within political authorities, 102
prayer, 37–8
Pan-Africanism, 150 prebendal state, 72
Paris, Roland, 130 preventive diplomacy, 16, 81; women’s
participation, 154; of family, 17; of public, role in, 39
primordialist approach, 58, 71, 73
16, 27 (in peace processes, 23) prosperity, 36
patriarchy, 16, 151
patrimonialism, 9, 10–12 al-Qadhafi, Muammar, 165
Patriotic Front (Zambia), 163
patronage see clientelism racial harmony, 38
pax, 35 Ramsbotham, O., 66, 126
peace: as absence of war, 35; as process, Ravalomanana, Marc, 164–5
re-traditionalization of society, 11
44; definition of, 34–5; in Africa, recidivism of conflicts, 125
philosophical framework for, 35–40; reconciliation, 17, 42, 119, 120–1,
negative, 33, 35, 54; positive, 33–4, 54,
147 (problems of, 34); sustainable, 113; 136, 138; culturally-inspired, 26–7;
understood globally, 33–5 institutionalization of, 25
peace-building, 113–30; approaches reconstruction of society, 33, 116; post-
to, 117–21; commercialization and conflict, 182
NGOization of, 15; concept of, 114–17; refugees, 103, 169; return of, 33, 86
integrated, 126; one-dimensional, 126; Regional Economic Communities (RECs),
structural approaches to, 67, 121–2; 82
sustainable, 130 regionalism, assertive, 197
Peace Accord (Mozambique), 160
239
Index reintegration of fighters, 29, 146 Smith, R.M., 98
religion as source of identity, 102 social conflicts, as social relationships,
religious aura protecting institutions,
61–2
152–3 social context of conflict, 63
remittances of migrant workers, 190 Social Democratic Front (SDF), Cameroon,
Reno, William, 10
resettlement of displaced persons, 114 77
resources, 4, 122, 148, 192; cause of social trust, rebuilding of, 17, 23
Somali people, 99
conflict, 57, 72, 183 Somali Republic, dissolution of, 104
Responding to Conflict organization, 52 Somalia, 7, 14, 43, 67, 83, 87, 93, 100, 114,
responsibility, universal, 35
retributive justice see justice, retributive 123, 193; political vacuum in, 167
Revolutionary United Front (RUF), 29, 72 Somaliland, 16, 90; indigenous conflict
Richmond, O., 181–2
robust peacekeeping, 82 resolution in, 20–1
Rorty, Richard, 152, 153 Sona people, 98
Rosato, S., 183–4 songs, 39
Rugunda, Dr, 25 Soro, Guillaume, 167
rule of law, 36, 143, 149, 154 South Africa, 16, 84–5, 89, 93, 96, 116, 129,
Rummel, Rudolph, 46
Rupesinghe, K., 123 160, 168, 169, 174, 195; creation of,
Rwanda, 87, 89, 98, 116, 122, 125, 130, 137; elections in, 163; re-racialization
of politics in, 159; restorative
198; genocide in, 50, 59, 87, 122, 134; justice in, 133–47 see also Truth and
retributive justice in, 133–47 Reconciliation Commission
Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), 134 South African Development Community
Rwodi Moo, 24 (SADC), 81, 82, 84–5, 168, 193, 198;
Allied Armed Forces (SADC-AAF), 84,
Salih, Mohamed, 197 198
Sandole, Dennis, 52, 53, 62 sovereignty, 95
Saro-Wiwa, Ken, execution of, 78 Soyinka, Wole, 79
Sata, Michael, 163 spears, bending of, 41
satire, use of, 91 state, 73, 100, 155; absolutist, 94;
secessionist movements, 103 alternatives to, 64; collapse of, 103;
Seck, Idrissa, 164 colonial, 101; creation of new states,
security, historical sociology of, 92–6 99; criminalised states, 155; failed
Sekou Touré, Ahmed, 158 states, 126–7, 193, 198; failure of,
self-stimulating conflict processes, 62 reasons for, 148; historical sociology
Senegal, 77, 195; elections in, 163–4 of, 92–6; Hobbesian, 93, 99; inexistence
sexuality, 110 of, 32; instability of, 112; juridical, 74;
shalom, 33, 35 liberal democratic, 116; post-conflict,
shir council of elders, 20–1 183; relation with, 102; retreat of,
SIDA organization, 56 188; shadow state, 155; single-party,
Sierra Leone, 5, 11–12, 29, 72, 87, 104, 102; strong, 94, 96, 198; survival
of, 104; vampire state, 155; waning
115, 128, 167; DDR in, 124; elections effectiveness of, 102; weak, 182
in, 165; reconstruction in, 122; Special state-building, 48
Court, 116 state-centred conflicts, 75–8
Singer, David, 57 stayism, 121
Sisk, T.D., 58 Stock, Robert, 3
Smith, Dan, 52 Strange, Susan, 189
Strategic Partnership with Africa, 108
240
strategic studies, 49 tyranny of the single cause, 57 Index
structural adjustment programmes, 78, 92
structural approaches to peace-building, ubuntu reconciliation process, 14, 16,
26–7, 40, 89, 129, 138
121–2
Sudan, 8, 43, 83–4, 93, 96, 114, 119, 125, Uganda, 79, 83, 119, 125, 198; elections
in, 164; northern, endogenous
126, 128, 129, 148, 169, 195; failed reconciliation in, 21–6
state, 168–9; oil resources of, 162, 177
Sudan People’s Liberation Movement ujaamaa, 151
(SPLM), 22 Umkhonto weSizwe organization, 137
Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement/ United Nations (UN), 51–2, 56, 74, 81,
Army (SPLM/A), 83
86–8, 134, 168; Consolidated Appeals
Tanzania, 90 Process (CAP), 52; operations in the
taxation, 121 Congo, 87; Peacebuilding Fund (PBF),
Taylor, Charles, 76, 124 128; peacekeeping operations, 33;
technology, transfers of, 176 Report on the World Social Situation,
telecommunications, access to, 195 173; support for Africa, 176
terrorism, war on, 162 UN Children’s Fund (UNESCO), 38
textiles, export of, 192 UN Conference on Trade and
third-party involvement in conflicts, 65–6, Development (UNCTAD), 172
UN Convention Against Corruption
81–8 (UNCAC), 107
Thomson, Alex, 149, 156, 158 UN Development Programme (UNDP),
Thorpe, Christiana, 165 104; Human Development Index, 5, 198
Tiv people (Nigeria), 14, 18–20; peace UN Mission for the Referendum in
Western Sahara (MINURSO), 88
processes among, 16 UN Mission in Burundi (ONUB), 85
Togo, 148, 166, 169; elections in, 166 UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea
top-down approach to peace-building, 31 (UNMEE), 87–8
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), 87
UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS), 87
Property (TRIPS), 194 UN Operations in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI), 87
traditional approaches to conflict UN Operations in the Congo (ONUC), 86
UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of
resolution, 31–45, 88–91, 129; failures Congo (MONUC), 87
of, 43 UN Peacebuilding Commission (PBC),
transition, as a comprehensive process, 127–8
139–43 UN Security Council, 50, 84, 86
transitional justice, 133–47; in practice, UN Transitional Assistance Group
144–7; promotion of, 147 (UNTAG), 124
transparency, 106, 158, 186 UN Truce Supervision Organization
Tripp, Aili Mari, 79 (UNTSO), 86
truth, 147; establishment of, 25; notions UN World Summit Declaration, 8
of, 138 ‘under the acacia’ approach to
Truth and Reconciliation Commission reconciliation, 26
(South Africa), 15, 27, 89, 116, 129, 138, UNDG-ECHA Working Group, 55, 56
144 United States of America (USA), 183–4;
Tsvangirai, Morgan, 80 African Command (Africom), 9, 193;
Tuareg rebellion, 68 interests of, 9, 161–2; withdrawal from
Tunisia, 198 UN forces, 87
Tutsi people, 122, 133–6, 165
Tutu, Desmond, No Future without
Forgiveness, 27
241
Index United States Institute for Peace (USIP), 43 women, 44, 116; bear the brunt of
Universal Declaration on Human Rights, violence, 129; contribution to peace,
39; excluded from political decision-
171 making, 28; in leadership positions,
universal suffrage, 152 130; mobilizing of, 123; role of, 175 (in
University of Bradford, Africa Centre, 13 socializing children, 38–9)
Uppsala University, conflict database, 7–8
urucaca plant, 41 Women Mass Action for Peace (Liberia),
USAID, 56 129–30
Uwazie, E.E., 32, 42
Uwimana, Denys, 192 women’s movements, 79
World Bank, 5, 54, 78, 108, 127, 177,
Vaux, Tony, 52
vendetta, 27 182, 190; Conflict Prevention and
victims: empowerment of, 147; forgiving Reconstruction, 52; Country Policy
and Institutional Assessment,
perpetrators, 27 106; International Development
violence, 48, 55, 172; absence of, 154; Association, 196; Post Conflict
Reconstruction Unit, 122, 127
history of, 60; prevention of, 116; World Trade Organization (WTO), 194;
structural, 33, 54, 70, 155 lack of concessions for Africa, 180
Vraalsen, T., 31–2
Xeer code of conduct, 20
Wade, Abdoulaye, 77, 164 Xhosa community, 26
Walker, Robert, 52
Waltz, Kenneth, 53; Man, the State and Yakubu, Derry, 19, 113
Yar’Adua, Umaru, 165
War, 60 Yoruba people, 36, 38, 40, 97
war: interstate, 49, 50, 83; new, 74; of Yusuf, Haron, 20
liberation, 98; small wars, 49; study of, Zambia, 161, 163
fragmented, 49; underlying causes of, Zartman, William, 69, 99–100, 117
53; “wars of the third kind”, 50 see also Zimbabwe, 80, 93, 98, 122, 124, 127, 148,
civil war
war-to-peace transitions, 47 161, 170, 192–3, 196; DDR in, 124–5;
water: access to, 161, 193–4 dictatorship in, 167–8
weak societies, 64 Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU),
weapons, destruction of, 33 80; ZANU-PF, 80
West Africa Network for Peacebuilding Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU),
(WANEP), 123 80
Westphalia project, 74 Zulu people, 89, 163
witchcraft, 11 Zvinavashe, Vitalis, 168
Wolof ethnic group, 77, 98
242