Lesson 1 Computers and Operating Systems

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,r' , Exgiain the d:iff nce between system,s*itwarg a66 "n ticition
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r Lock and shut down a computer. graphical user interface (GUl)

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operating system

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1MODULE ComPuting Fundarnentals

This lesson irrroduces you to computers and their rtie in daily 1ife, and dellnes what
it means to be co[rputer iiterate. The lesson also focuses on lhe part of a cornputer

that most affects your computirng experiences: fhe operaring system (OS). In addition
to learning ahout what an operating system does, you'1l identify types of operaring
systern.s and explore the most recent Yersion of Microsoft Windows.

Understonding the lmportonce of Computers

Cornputers are everywhere. During a fypical day, you rnight use your phone tu send a
tnessage to a friend atrout meeting ior lunch and listen to rnusic as you walk to class.
Although you might not realize it, you also use a computer when you withdraw cash
from an automated fe11er machine (ATM), change the tefilPeramre setring on a home
thermostat, and tnm on cruise control as you're driving a car. See Figure 1-1'

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l-1FIGURE Compuiers are everywhere

Depending r:n your job, you probabiy use cofllputers at work to take a diner's
order at a restau.rant, procgss a sale, or conffol a robot on a factory floor.

Overall, comprters assist you in most parts of your daily life. They play a cen-
tral role in worldwide comrnunications, entertainrnent, educafion, cotmnerce, and
other business activities. In fact, computers hat'e been atound since the late 1940s'

when they were massive, speciai-purpose machines with names such as IINMC

and ENIAC and were designed for use by the military and government. These early
coinputers took hours to complete a calcuiation, occupied small buiidings or entire

city blocks, and cost miLlions of dolLrs. Today's smartphonss have more process-
ing power *ran a UNTVAC, cost less than any of its components, and fit in ttre paLm
of your hand. The future promises irinovations such as wearable computers, using
human thought as inpur, and cornputer-controlled micro-robots *rat treat and pos-

sitrly cure cancer. See Figure 1-2.

Username: Jeffrey GaudianoBook C '.rter Literacy BASICS: A Comprehensive Gu' c lC3, Sth Edition. No part of any book

may be reproduced or transmitted in -. y form by any means without the publisher's_r,ror written permission. Use (other than

pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted
to the full extent of the law.

1LESSON Computers and Operating Systems

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FIGURE 1*2 Past, present, and future of computers

But what exactly is a cornputer? What does it really do? Understanding what a l vocrsulAnY
!:omputer is and hot*r it works can help you to appreciate and u*e computers more
effectively. computer

A eomputer is an electroaic device that receives data (input), processes data, data
stores data, and produces a result (output), Data is a collection ofraw, unprocessed hardware
software
facts, including text, numbers, sound, images, and video. peripheral
A ccmputer includes hardware and software. The actuai machine-wires, tran-
information
sistors, and circuits-is c'aTled,hurdware. Sofiware consists of insmrctions, or pro-

grams, for controlling the cornputer sc it perfonns tasks. To perform tasks, a computer

receives data ttrough an input device such a.s a keyboard, processes fhe data, produces

infonnation on an output device such as a monitor, and stores the infonnation on
a storage device, The input and oufput devices connected to the cornputer such as
keyboards and monitors are also rypes of hardwNe ealled peripherals. When data is
processed into a rneaningtul form, it becomes bttornwti*n. See Figure 1-3.

Hardware S9ft-w11e.

Keyboard is an Monitor is an
output device for
input device lcr di3n!yl!g 1,1loryat1on
entering data

1-3FIGURE Computers include hardware and ssftware

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l vselgumny 1MODULE Computing Fundamentals

hard disk If you work as a clerk in a store, you might use a computer to complete a sare
information proeessing cycle for a customer as follows:
eomputer literate
digital divide I Input dttta: As you scan an item with a barcode reader, the computer records the

C mow At{D BEyot{E name and eode of the item.

When computer experts say 1 Proce,rs dtia: The computer uses software iastructions to process rhe data-the
"garbage in, garbage out," they
mean that the datE yo1.1 provide item name and code-by looking up the price.
as input must be accurate and
rrasanable; dtherwise, the output ) output i*ftstmation: The computer displays the informarion-the narne and
will be inaccurate, or, s1.bu6tn*.
price of the iggfll-on a screen, and then prints it on a receipt.

I starc dnta anrl inJb*ttation;The computer temporarily stores the item name and

code as it looks up the price, and then pennanently stores infomation about the
sale on a h*rd disk, which is hardware for storing data.

This series of steps*input, proeessing, output, and storage (Ipos)-is often

referred tr: as the infarmatian processing rycle.you, the cornputer user, perform the
input step first, and then the computer takes over to process the ilata. The computer
often stores the data Iernporarily, displays the output, and fhen stores *re infonnation

during the sailre stage in fhe cycle. See Figure l-4.

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FIGURE 1-4 lnformation processing cycle

Computer Literocy

Innovations in computer technology have been rapid since the computer was intro-
duced. To keep up wirh the pace of change, you need tobe eomputer litarate, which
means that you can use today's cotnputer hardware and software efficiently to enhance
your life and the lives of*rose arcund you. Besides havingpoiished cornpufer skills,
being corrttr,utsr literate also rneans that you understand a wide range of infolnation
4bcut clrrrent computer technology and how it's used to solveprotrlerns. Not everyone
has the opportunity to be computer literate, howel,er. A digit*t dividc is an econornic

gap betrveen fhose who are computer literate and enjoy ac€ess to computer technolo€y
and thosc who do not. The term can refer to people divitled from technology by geog-
raphy, age, education, r:r socioeconomic status. Auaining eomputer literacy is impoi-
tanf because it can help you succeed in a career, k**p in touch wirh peop]e around (he
world, and participate as an active, contribmting member of contemporary sociery.

Username: Jeffrey GaudianoBook: C uter Literacy BASICS: A Comprehensive Gu. c lC3, Sth Edition. No part of any book
may be reproduced or transmitted in 1infovilomlatbioynaonfythmeelaawnsowr tihtheosuet ,ror written permission. Use (other ihan
pursua-nt to the qualified fair use privilege) the publisher,s is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted
to the full extent of the law. .

Terms of Service

1LESSON Computers and Operating Systems

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If yr;u shop lbr a cotnpnter at a rt:tnil store. thc salcs1:rerson emphasizes liarilwlrc
details, such as how quickly ihc dafa is proccssed into info.natii.rn (relerrcd to as pro-

cessing speed) anr-lht.rw r.ruch infonnatitin can be stored (storagc r,:apacity.) H.u,eve r.
a computer
hardwart is ,tx whar rnakes useftii-thc software insralied on iI does.

l\rithout software. a cornputer i,s only a coilection of eletrtronic cotnporcnts in ri c:ase.
s.tiware pr.vides thc means for you io interact with thc cornputer,s hardware
by cntering an,-1 rr:ceiving infumaticn through the user intcrface. The sottware c.rn

mosf persunal compuiers hls a graphital user ixtedaee (GUI). which displays pic- ) vocnsur-lRy

rures callcd ir:orzs and uther visual ciernents that aiiow you to interact with data and graphical user interface (GUI)
executc cornrnands. For eramplc, t0 print a docurnont created and sturei.l {)n a coln-
pufer. vou might select an ieor r,rf a printer on rJre cornputer slTccn. The solirvare icon

on the cLlmputer sends thc intbrrnatir,n nccessarv to print the Llocument to a printer command-line interface
attached to thL: c(.)rnputer. Figure l-5 identilles sorne ubjects in the windows g
graphieai user infertace.

,,.. ,,. : , Graphical user interface

ss.)rne s.tiu,are uses :i cotntnand-line interJ'ace, which requircs vou t() tvpe i..xl

tOrn[:ands to interaL]t widi the com]]uter. Figure l-6 shuws an example of Dos

tshort for Disk operating systcrn), wlrich has il corn'rand-line intert'ai:e.

, 1.:" r r ; r:: Command-itne irrterface

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pursuant

to the full extent of the law.

MODULE 1 Computing Fundamentals

Although comrnandline interfaces require you to relnember nnd type complex

cornmands and allow little roorn t'or error many advanced courputer users prefer

them because they offer precise control over svsterl details.

In contrast to cotrmand-1ile interfaces, graphical user interfaces are visuaily invit-
irg and easy ti:r novices to use with only basic training. Horryever, they rarely ]et users
directly access detailed tectrnical settings the way that corunand-line interface.s drr.

'll'r,''i,r I System Softwore ond Applicotion Softwqre

,,,l l tiilil A cor4;uter relies on two main types of software, application softrvare anrl sysfern
1.1.1 .l software. system soflware is the software that runs a colnputer, and includes the

l vocEsurlny operating system and utiJity programs. An operating systern is softwa;e thar co0rrli-
nates fhe resour€es and activities on a computer. A utility prograrl helps tire operat-
system soltware ing system set up, maintain, and protect a computer. For example, y{ru use a Lltility

operating system prografn when you connect your computer to the Internet, a worltlwide system of

utility program linked computers.
Internet As you use a computer. system software works i.n the background to rnan-

application software age hardware and run other software, called applicatian sofiware, which is the
sottware you use rnost directly to complete a specitlc task or to create something
ffi aeovr Ar{o BEYor{D electronically. using application sottware" you can perfonn tasks such as wriring a
report, creating a video, vierving a Web page, or sending photos to a fricnd. In gen-
A cornputer's cperating system is erai, a computer runs system soflware to perfbrm cornputer tasks, while you run
sonretimes called the plat{orm. applicarion software to carry out your work or personai tasks. Table 1*l compares
Application software is developed operating systems and application software.
to run on a pariicular platform.
When you purchase an applica- T&tstE 1-": Comparing operating systerns and application software
tron, the manu{acturer notes
Purpose Operates and controls Provides services and
which plaiform it runs on. Some computer hardware information directly to
Role in a and runs application
manufacturers provide one ver- computer software I tcora
sion of an application designed
for one platform, and another system Coordinates the Performs tasks based upon
version designed {or a differ, Typical activities of users, user input
ent platform. Make sure you tasks application software,
purchase software that runs on and hardware Creates documents such
the operaiing system you have Examples as reports and charts
installed on your computer. Monitors hardware Provides entertai nment
Manages resources Displays photos
Controls input and
output Microsoft Word
Processes data (word-processi ng)
Adobe Photoshop (graphics
Windows 8 editing)
Mac OS X Mozilla Firefox {\,Veb
Android browser)

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LLESSON Computers and Operating Systems

Typ*r of Operoting Systems r,re&

operating systems fali into four major caregories that depend on the type of rJeyice t-r.1.2
t'or which they are designed: personal computers, motrile cornputing devices, serv-
ers, and device.s ofher *ran cotrputers. When you purchase a personal computer or
mobile device, the operating system is already instailed, so your preference for an
operaring system often detennines the cornputers you can consider purchasing.

Personol Computer Operotin g Systems l vnc*nuuny

operating systems installed on a single cotrputer are cailed personal or desktop multitasking
cperating sysfems. These ire considered single-user operaring systems because one
user interacrs with the operating system at a time. They are also multita;king operar- Windows I
ing systems beeause they let you work with more than one program at the sarne time.
For example, you can iook up definiticns on ttre Internet as you write a report and Mac OS X

receive e-mai1 on your laptop,

The ihree most popuiar personal computff operating systems are 'vfindows,
Mac os, and Linux. Currently, Microsoftwindows runs on more personal cornpurers
worldwide rhan any other operatilg system. For many years, the most widely used
version of windorvs was'windows xP, released in 2001. windows T, relemed in
2009, recently surpassed windows XP in popularity. wirudows g, rhe most recenr
major version of Windows, was released in 2Ol?"

windows trecarne widespread beeause it ran on i-nexpensive personal computers

created by a variery of computer manufacturers, It retained its popularity because it

is easy to use and person*lize and runs more types of applications than other operar-
ing systems.

In contrast, Mac os runs only on Apple Macintosh computers. The current
versicn of the operatirg sysrem is called Mac os x, where the X is the Rornan
numeral 10. Reieases of Mac os X up to 10.8 are named alter big cats, such

as snow Leopard and Mountain Lion, Figurc 1-7 shows a Macintosh compurer
running Mac os X Mountain Lion. Mac oS X version 10.9 is cailed Mavericks,
which rnarks the beginning of a change in the naming scheme from big cats to
places in california. (Mavericks is a suifing location in northern california.)

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f'IGURE 1-7 Mac OS X Mountain Lion

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I 1MODULE Computing Fundamentals

) vocaeulaRv N{ac oS set the sran(iard for GUI operating sysrelns. Mac os X has devekrped

Linux the reputation frorn irs users of heing a very secure, reliable, and easy-to-rnainrain
open-sourte so{'tware operating system.

ffi anovr AND BEYoND I.inw is i,r l)crsunirl colnpuror opcrailng sysrrm relatcd to LNIX. an ogrcratinr

Apple Computers is often systern first developed in the lg60s for large, special-purpose computers that ire tre-
credited with introducing the quently used by scientists and prograrnmers. Unlike Windows and Mac OS, uhich
graphical user inter{ace when are proprietary operating systelns, meaning fhey are owned and trpdated soleiy by
it released its first Macintosh their ct;rnpanies, Linux is released to the public: as apen-source sofiware, which
computer. However. Xerox means that anyonc can use, rnodify, and distribute it. Prograrnmers around the workl
Corporation first develcped
the idea o{ using icons in an have collaborated on impror.ing Lilux and devekrping utilities, appiications. and
interface fcr an experimental
computer called the Alto. enhancenrents,
This computer and its icons,
desktop metaphor, and menus Linux is avaiiahle in versions called disfrihutions, including cornmercial dis-
of commands that popped up tributions suc,h as Fedr:ra, opensusE, Ubuntu, and Mandriva. Distrihutions offereti
next to objects influenced the b_\, noncornmercial Linux cormnunities include Debian, Slackrvare, and Gentoo"
design of later graphical user
interfaces, rncluding the one- {or Figure I-8 shows lJbunru (narned after the African philosophy thar encourages
the Macintosh.
ilunanity toward others), which includes feafures sirnil;Lr to Windows and Mac OS.

Ii**ft[: i:8 Linux Ubuntu

Sorne distributir:ns of Linux sur-{r as BSD haye comrnand-line interfaces. Al]
disrrihutir-rns crffer the advantages of running on any type of hardware, providing
excellent secu.rity, and heing free to instali anrl ust:.

Early Days of Personal 0perating Systems

Personal computer operating systems appeared in the 1980s when IBM and other companies developed
the f irst personal computers. Ali of these computers had a command-line interface; many ran a version
of DOS, such as MS-DOS. ("MS" standsfor Microsoft.) ln 1984, Apple introducer.i the Mac OS, which
featured one of the first graphicai user interfaces on a commercially available computer. Microsoft released
Windows 1.0 shortly after the Macintosh ciebuted, though Windaws did not become popular until Microsoft
released version 3.1 in 1992. Linux was developerl and rntroduced in the early 1ggOs by a Finnish student
narned Linus Torvaids, who set out t0 create a free operatrng system kernel. Torvalds relea.sed Linux under
the terms of a General Public License (GPL), which allows you to copy the operating system for your own
use, to give to others, or to sell.

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1LESSON Computers and Operating Systems

Mobile Operoting Systems ) vsc*umnv

A mobile operating syslem is designed for a sma11 handhei<l computing clevice such smartphone
as a smarfphone or tablet. A rnobile operating systern includes features simiiar to a tablet
personai operafing system, but is simpler and signiflcamrly smalier. A smartphone is
a cel1 phone that inciudes rnany feafures of a computer, allowing it to run general- touehscreen

purpase cornputing applications. Larger than smarqrhones, tablets xe one-piece ios

mobile computers that typically include a touehscreen, which is a screen you touch Android
to inferact with the GUI. Mobile operatirg systems are designed ro fit into the lirn-
ited memory of rnobile devices snd work well with mobile hardware and fearures Windows Phone
snch as touchscreens, navigation systerns, and speech recognition. Windows RT

Four popuiar rnobile operating systems include iOS, Android, Windows Phone,

and lYindows RT, which are desigtreil for smarrphones and rablers, as shown in
Figure 1-9.

Apple iPhone tleft) and iPad (rieht) Smartphone {le{t) and tablet (right)
running iOS running Android

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Sma*phone running Windows phcne 0eft) and
tablet running Windows RT (rieht)

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FIGURE 1-9 Mobile operating systems

As shown in Figure l4,iOS is aversion of Mac OS X written forApple,s mobile

devices, including iPhones emtl iPads. Google developedandroad as an open-source
operacing systern designed to run on many fypes of smarqrhones and tabiets. Android
is derived from Linux. windows Phone and windows RT arc similar to wiadows g.

Mobile operating systems prirnarily work as singLe-user, singie-tasking operat-
ing systems because they iet only one user perform a single task at one time. A few
recent versions of mobile operating systems let you perform some tasks at the same
time, such as search the Internet while making a phone call. They can tre considered
single-user, multitasking operating systems, thnugh they allow you to perform only
two tasks at the szune lime.

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) voclnumRv 1MODULE Computing Fundamentals

embedded operating systern Embedded Operoting Systems

server operating system Sirnilar to rrohile operatin* systeins arc embedded operating s.ys/ems. which
network run devices such as ATMs, navigution sysrems, porfablc media players, digital
video recorders. and other consurner electronics. An emberlderl c,perating sysfern
Server is included in the harilware of a standalone devicc. IJnlike rnobile operating sys-
tems, however, errbedded q;ei"ating sysrems are designed to fileet a specitlc pur-
pose antl perform a singie type of task. such as providing rnaps and direcrions. In
adilition, an emhedded operalinu systeln runs with little or no intervention tiorn
ycu or other users. You provide a speciflc type of input. sucrh as a destination,
and the crnbedded t:perating sysrem suppiies the ouiput, such as directions. See
Figure l-10.

bffi ffiovr Ailrl BEyoND i9 iliinrkiii;r1o.i il.i ol$iiouski

Many embedded cperating i:i,i=i.lili:: i-:ij Portable and buiit'in navigation devices have embedtJed
systems are specralized ver-
sions of their more {ully featured operating systems
counterparts, such as Linux and
Wlndows. For example, comput-
erized cash registers, or point-ol,
sale deuices, use an embedded
version of Windows to manage
sales transactions and keep them
secure. Household electron-
ics such as microwave ovens
and digital video recorders use
embedded versions of Linux to
perform their tasks. The iPod has
an embedded version of i0S that
lets you select and play songs.

Likc rnost rnobile operating systems, cmhedded operating systcms are lbr
singie users performing a singie task at one tirne. Mobiie operating systems such
as Android hegan as embedded operating systems lor cell phunes antl were cledi-
cated to perlbrrning tasks such as storing, retricving, and calling phone numbers.
As r-:ell phones evolved into rnore fu1ly t'eatured smartphones. with the ahility ro
takc phrltos, caprure videos, play musir:. Lronnecf to the Inrernet. and orqanizc
personai infirrmation, the ernbedded {rpcrating systems evolr,ed intr: rnobile oper-
atilg systerns.

Server Operoting Systems

A server operating syslcrn resirles on a seryer and is used to manage a nefiuork,

which is a group .f two or inore coffrputers linked togerher. A server is a corrr-

ptltcr that provides netwrlrk servir:es such irs e-mail to other cornpute.rs, or clients.
Because of their purpose. sewer operating systoms are sornetimes called, nett,ork
operating .!-yJtsr?r,!. Figure 1-11 shows a nunrber uf client colnputers connected to
a single scrter.

c Gupumusaresymuaba-enmt reteo:ptrJhoeedffuqrceueyadliGfioeardu,tdrfaaiainrnsoumBseoittopekrg:ivi!lneg-e),yiunftoevrriomLlaittbeioyrnaacoynfyBthmAeSelaalcwnss:owrAtihtcheoosmuetpTrteheherneipnsusoibvfleiSsheervfisceprisiocprlrcwo3hrii,bttiSetetnhd.pEeVdriimotiloaisntos.irosNnow. piUllasbreteo(pfortoahsneeyrcubthtoeaodnk

to the full extent of the law.

1LESSON Computers and Operating Systems

O2015 CeEale i-eamiig

FIGURE 1*11 Server computer on a network

Each client computer on a network has its own personal cperating system, ) vocmumny r
while the server runs a server uperating system tu manage lhe requests for services
multiuser operating system
from the cLient colnputers. For exarnple, if a user on the network wants to print a

document, the seryer operafing system handles the request and sends the pri:nt job
tc the printer, where it iines up with other print jobs in a certain order. That way,
the printer isn't overloaded with printjobs from dozens of other ussrs on the net-
work. An expert cal1ed the retwork administrator uses the server operating system
to manage the nefwork and its users.

Server operating systems are multiuser operating systorns because rhey let
many users flrn programs and take advantage of the server's rssources at the same
time. one important task a server operarbg system perfonns is balancing user needs
so fhat everyone can access the services and resources they request and that a prob-
iem with one user doesn't affect aii users.

Windows Server is the server version of lYindows, and Mac OS X Server is
the server version of Mac OS. Versions and distributions of UND( and Linux are

*1so server r:perating systems. In fact, rnany servers that handle e-maii and lnternet
access use UND( because it is a powerful, flexible multiuser operating systern.

Operating System Tosks *Wffffilir

The operating system controls your computer from soon after you nrn on the power 1-1.1.2
until you twn it off. During rhat time, the operating system takes care of technical
tasks so that you can focus r:n completing a school project, Iistening to music, or
e:ommunicating with other people, for exarnple. The technical tasks an operating sys-
tem perfonns include cornpleting start-up steps, managing memory processing input
and output, controlling hardware, and ending a computer session.

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i.MODULE Computing Fundamentals

) vocraullRy Completing Stort-Up Steps

boot process Yr:u firrn on the power to the computer to start an operating system. The boot process
random access memor;Y {RAM)
is a series ol steps the operating system rnust cr:mplete before you can interact with
1a ___1 the operating syststn. Figure 1-12 il]ristrates the boor process.

Computer d istri butes electrical ,\ '\ 3&k
power to its components ------___-_ I rig@
2i/
BIOS runs the POST
BIOS starts
IL

6 5W 4rc
,ry
Operati ng system completes BIOS loads system files into RAM
Bl0S checks connected devices
setup tasks and displays the FIGiJHE 1-1? Boot process
main screen for the GUI

,O 2fl15 Ce'i!age learrirg; ciiDari [duriesy oi lrirrosoft CorEorrtien

ffi nnovr AilD BEYor{D As Figure 1-12 shows, the boot process includes the following steps:

Starting or restarting a computer 1. Tte cornputer receives and distributes electrical power to its circuits so the
is also called booting the systeln components can ilm.

computer because it must go , When a system component cailed the ROM chip receives power, it st.arts a util-
through the boot process belore
ity program called the BIOS, which stands for basic input/output systern, The
you can use the operating BIOS contains instructions for starting the system before the operating system
system. The term "boot" is loaded.
comes from the expression
"pulling yourseif up by your own 3. The BIOS performs the power-on self-test (POST) to c'heck crirical system
bootstraps," which means to components and make sure they are running properly. Duting t}lis step, your
accomplish something without colnputer might beep and flash trtessages on the screen.
external help. A cold booi
refers io starting a computer 4- If rtre system components are mnning properly, the BIOS looks for devices
ihat is turned otf. A warm boot
(also cailed a saft boat) relers connected to the computer and c:hecks their settings. If the BIOS frnds an error,
to restarting a computer thai the computer might beep again and dispiay error messages describing the
is already turned on. 0f the
steps shown in Figure 1-12, problern.
the compuier performs only
If Steps 3*4 are suc:cessful and error-free, the BIOS searches for the systern
Steps 4-6 during a warm boot.
fi,les the computer needs to run the operating systefit, and then loads thern intcr
rantdom ilccess memory (RAM). which is mertory the cornputer uses to store

instmctians and data temporarily. Next, the BIOS loads the kernel, or core, of
the nperafing svstem into RAM. The kernel takes over control of the co*tputer
from the BI0S.

6. The opertting systern completes setup tasks, such as rcquesting your usernalne
and password, stafis and runs utility scftware and other programs in the back-
ground. and rhen displays the main user interf'ace screen.

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inmay be reproduced or iransmitted
uter Literacy BASIC$: A Comprehensive

,.y form by any means without the publisher's yr'tor written permission. Use (other than

pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted

to the full extent of the law.

1LESSON Computers and Operating Systems

In Step-by-Step 1.1, ycu stafi a computer lhatruflsW-indows 8, the most recent ) vocrnuunv
version of the Windows operating system. tcr display flrc S/#r, screefi, which is where
Start screen
you start working on a \liindows I computer. Maly \Yindows 8 cornputers have touch*
tlick
screens, while others use a keyhoard and a mouse or touchpad. The Step-by-Steps in
username
this book assume you are using a computer with a keyboard and m*use, so the steps password
$ie mouse tenns such as click (press the lett mouse hrtton) when irxtructing you to
interact with fhe computer. For example, you click an icon to select it, If ycu are using sign in
a touchscreen, llrru should tap instead of click. The introductions to other Step-by- tile
Sreps in Module 1 will explain other substitufions as you need them, sgoll bar

Be1'ore you start Step-by-Step 1.1, rrrake sure your coilIpuier is tumed off. When
courpleting the steps, you might need to select yow asenuilfle {a unique natrie that
identifres you to Windo'"vs 8) and enter aIto,r;sword (a conf,dential wr:rd or phrase), if a

passu,ord is set for your computer, before Windows displays the Start screen. Selecting a
Eseflrarne amd entering a passw<nd is calied sigzing ln (or logging on), which means to
identify yourself to the operating system. If you don't know your usernarne tn password,

see your insrucir-rr for irelp.

1. Turn on your computer by pressing the power button. After a moment, a f uutcx nr

lock screen might appear displaying a picture, the date, and the time. li a lock screen does not appear

2. Press the Enter key to display the Welcome screen, which lists you and when you turn on your computer,
skip Step 2.
any other users of your computer.
r;eu&r 1*33
3. lf necessary, click your username, type your password, and then press the
IWindows Start
Enter key. The Windows 8 Start screen appears, as showfi in Figure 1*13.
The Start screen includes rectangles called tiles, which represent software screen
your computer can access. Some tiles, such as the Weather tile, are called

live tiies because they show frequently updated information or images. The
tiles and their arrangement might differ on your Start screen.

l-rve tii*

lh.rws frequeniiy
updated inf+rrn*tion
or inragps

Caiendai'iil*
rF-pieseiltr s*ttuiate
on this c.rmputer
for w*rking viith
appointments

4, Move the mouse to display a scroll bar at the bottom of the Start screen.

{A scro/Jfarcontains arrow i:uttons and a Lroxyou can use to scroll the
screen right and left or up and down.J

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1MODULE Computing Fundamentals

ffi5. On the scroll bar, click the right scroll "rro* to scroll the Start

screen to the right and display additional tiles.

m5. Click the left scroll urro* on the scroll brar to scroll the Start

screen to the Ieft.

7. Leave the computer running with the Start screen displayed for the next

Step-by'Step.

) vgc$ur.lRv Monoging Memory

resource After starting up, one of the main tasks aLn operating systerll perfonns is managing
computer resources. In a computer system, 3. relodrcc is any component the system
virtual memory requires ro do work. The rnain res()urccs arc lne,nory. pruuessing cornponcnts. sror-
agc spilce, and pcriphcrals.
swapping
An operating system manages memr:ry so that it uses RAM effrciently. RAM
is a critical resource because computers have only a limited runourrt, and everSr
plograln-applications, utility prograrns, even the operating system itself-needs
space in RAM to .run. When you stafl an applicatirtn, the operating system allo-
cattx RAM to that application. When you close an application, the operating system
reclaims the RA,r\{ to assign it to anotl.rer program.

If yori run more than one application at the same time, the colnputer cail flin

out of RAM. In that case, the operating systern might close an applir:atian or shut
down the compllter unexpectedly (this is called a crash). To prevent crasires and
gain meraory, operating systelns take advantage of tirtaul merzory, wlrich is part of
a colrlputer's hard disk that can work as additional RAM. For example, suppose you
have five applications running and fhen siart a six*t appiication. Windr:ws rnight
have enough FIAM to display the user interface for the applir:ation, hut not enough
to a1k:w you to cornplete any ttsks in the ap3licati.r:n. To gain memtiry fo start the
sixth application, Windows moves data frorn one of the other mnning applications
trut <rf RAM ;rrd into vimra). rnernory. This processing is called swappiag and cnn'
tinues until ycu close one ofthe open applications. See Figure 1-14.

RAM

rt-i-t
App4i

OS moves data Not enough free space in RAM for App 6
for App 3 to
virtual mernory
to gain space in
RAM for App 6

Virtual memory

.O rlfli5 ierr!2ge lo;riir_c

f[GUffif 1-]di Managing mernory

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may be reproduced or transmitted in -.,y form by any means without the publishefs yiior wriiten permission. Use (other than

pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Eervice is prohibited. Molators will be prosecuted
to the full extent of the law.

ILESSON Computers and Operating Systems

In general, as the operating system runs out of RAM tbr programs, it swaps } VOGABUTARY
pages of data from RAM to virtual memory. (A page is fhe amount of data and
instrucdons the operaring system can swap at one time.) The part of a computer's page

stmage space detlicated to virtual memory is alsrt called the page file or swap file. buffer

Althr:ugh using virnr*l metrrory means the operating system can access more spooling

memory than is available in RAM, swapping is slower &an using RAM alone. [f

you notice an appiication responding more slo'aly than usual io your commands, fhe

operatkg system is probably using virnral memory.

Processing lnput ond Oufput

A*ofher major task for the operating system is processing input and output When
you type text on t}te keyboud to provide input to a software appiication, the operat-
ing system accepts and processes the data so the computer can display the text as

$uq)ut on fhe monitor.
Often, the operating syst$rn must handle rnany input and output tasks at the

sarne time, such as when you click buttons and enter text to create a docurnent,
or when you have mare than one applicatiol running at once. To keep your L:orrl-
puter running smoothly, the operating system sets a sequence forprocessing input

and oufput tasks. For example, if you want tn print a iarge document containing
text *rd graphics, the printer must receive the entire doctment before it starts

priuting, Instead of waiting for the printer and slowing down processing, the oper-
atiug system places the rlocument data into abuffer, part of memory or storage
where data waits until it can be ffansferred to a device. In rhe rneantime, you can
continue working with the computer without interruption.'lVhen the printer has
received the entire dor:ument, the operating systern rerrtoves rhe data fiorn the

buffer. Sending print data to a bulTer before printing it is called spoalirg. See

Figure 1-15,

OS stores a document When the printer is ready,
to he printed in a buffer the 0S releases the
document from the buffet
FIGURE L-l5 Coordinating input and output

c Gufmufsfaeiy:rin[bale,m?reer:lp!rJfoied,f1ufrcei1eyd'G[5oar*ufdtriiarannsoumBseoitotpekrd:iviilneg*e',)yiunftoevrriomLlaittbeioyranacoynfyBthmAeSelaalcwnss:owrAtihtcneoosmuetprrielermheeispnusobivlieissehervr'iscJpirsio:prlrcwo3nri,itnt5ietetnhdp.Eevdrioimtitoaisntso.iroNsnow. ipUltasbreteo(pfortoahsneeyrcubthroeaodnk

) vocnauuRy 1MODULE Cornputing Fundamentals

app In step-by-srep 1.2, yy. use rwo techniques ro srarr and crose winrlows appii-

desktop appliration cations. First, you start the w'eather applicarion from the start screen. when you do,
the weather application takes up the entire screen and provi4es a clean, urrc1u1"."d
desktop workspace t'or viewing weather infonnation. Because of these two characteristir-s,
the wearher application is considered a windows g applieation. or agp for short.
window
You use a r-lifferent fechnique ro stafr Microsctt word. which is an eiarnple of a
desktop application, a prograln that opens irnrl runs in a window on the clesktop.
The desktop is the main work area tbr runnilg procluctivity applications, especially
those created for earlier versions of \\lnrrows, such as winrlows 7. A winiow is a
rectangular work area rhat contains tools for performing work and interacting with

the application.

f curcx nr 1' lf the computer screen is blank or displaying an animated design (called

lf a message appears asking if a screen sarer), move the mouse or press a key to aisplaylrre stat
you want to allow Weather to use
your location, click the Block screen again. You might have to close the lock screen and sign in to
Windows as you did in Step-by Step 1.1.
button"
2. click the weather tile on the start screen. The weather app briefly
ilfi{JRfi l*trS
displays a startup screen (a sun graphic), followed by a full screen of
Weather app showing
information for New York current weather information.

3. lf an Enter Location box appears, type New to display a list of location

names that start with "New," and then click New york, United States
in the list to display weather information for that location. lf an Enter
Location box does not appear, your Weather app is already set up to
show ihe weather in a specific location. See Figure 1-16.

fJeathe.r conrlitions
and forecast

ipmUousartelhyureanb-anfeum1llreteeo:pxttrJheoeendftfuqroceuefyadtlhiGfeioeardluadtwfraiaainrnsoumBseoitotpekrd:iviiClneg*e,,iyiunftoevrriomLlaittbeioyrnaacoynfyBthAmeSelIaaCwnSso: wrAtihtCheoosumetpTtrheeerhmepsnusobivfliesSheGerrv'uisceprisio:prlrCwoh3rii,bttiSetetnhd.pEeVdriimotiloaisntos.irosNnow. piUllasbrteeo(pforoathsneeyrcubthtoeaodnk

1LESSON Computers and Operating Systems

4. Pressthe Windows teyElon the keyboard to return to the Start screen.
The Weather app is still runningthough it does not appear on the screen.

5. 0n the Start screen, type word to rlisplay a screen similar to the one
shown in Figure 1-17.

:;[a;;i.ri:i1:.].;,'
Using the Search
menu to start an
a pplication

The panel on the right is called ihe search menu, which includes a search riiiii"ii?ir I -1i,i
box dispiaying the text you typed. Below the search box are the search
Word open on the
results, inciuding ail types of applicatians, settings, and files on y0ur desktop
computer that have names starting with "word,,, inclurJrng Word 2013.

6. ctick word 2013 in the search results to open the Microsoft word anpli-

cation on the rJeskiop. See Figure 1-lB. you explore Word thorcughly in

Module 2.

€

7. Click the Close button lll'- in th" upper-right corner o{ the Word window

to close the application.

8. Press the Windows l<ey E! to return to the Start scree-n.

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';ter Literacy B.ASICS: A Comprehensive
may be reproduced or transmitted in -,,y form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than
pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted

to the full extent of the law.

l"MODULE Computing Fundamentals

) voe*eumny Controlling Hordwore

driver The operating system considers every hardware device connected to the computer as
an input or output resource, For example, a rxicrophone is an iaput resource and a
Plug and Play speaker is an output resource, both for audio data such as music and spoken words.
To control a h'ardware resource, the operating systeflr communicates with a driver,
also called a device driver, which is a small program that enables the operating sys-
tem to interact with &e device. Each device must have a driver, which is typically
provided by the device manufaeturer. One of the operating system's setup tasks is to
activate the driver for each device connected to the computer so the devir:e works *s
you expe$t it to work.

If you install new hardware, such as speakers that plug into your compllter,

the operating system usually recognizes the device immediately or f}e nexr rime
you start fhe computer. Because the operating system includes drivers for colrunon
devices, it sexches for the correct driver on fhe computer ;rnd then installs it so you
can use the new hardware right away. This feafure is called Plug and Play. trf *rc

operatiflg system can't find the right driver on the computer, if typically displays

instmctions for acquiring and i-nstalling the driver software"

1. t.3.4 Ending o Computer Session

A personal operating system. needs to know rvhen you're finished working with a
cornputer so it can protect itself and ofher soffware and keep your information pri-
vate while you are away. Aithough you selecr an option to erd a session, ttie oper-
ating system. takes care of the tasks, which range frorn shutting down, to restarting,
signing out (also called logging oftJ, switching users, and locking the compufer.
The options for signing out and switching users apply only if a computer has rnore
than one user. Shutting down is the only option that truns off the power to the
computer. To work wirh the computer again, you nlrfl on the power and wait for the
computer to complete the boof process. So that you can avoid this delay whiie the
computer reboots, operafing systems provide alternatives to shutting dowfl such as

sleep and hibernate. These are low-power states that t}le operating system triggers

automatically and let you quickly resume work without rebooting. (Lesson 4
discusses these power-saving states in more detail,) Table 1-2 surnmarizes the

ways to cnd a computer sessiun.

&rriAh l0l5 ce8gakmi.S. Ali Ri3ht( R*dsd Mr 6l k Fpi.{ r@uBi. r&$li!a!!d. h Bhdr s in tI. Du.I. elelroric riglli s.,.e fid pd} snlfr mr hesuFp$sed he iir eBmt eit e&8t6til.

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may be reproduced or iransmitted io *,,y form by any means without the publisher's pr'ior written permission. Use (other than

pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted
to the full extent of the law.

LLESSON Computers and Operating Systems

?Amt[ ;*3 Ending a computer session

Shut down Completely turns off the computer You plan to be away from ihe computer
Restart for more than a day or your computer is
Sign out Closes applications and resets the oper- vulnerable to electrical damage (such as
Switch users ating system during a lightning storm).
Lock
Sleep/H ibernate Closes applications but keeps the You need to reboot the operating
operating system running so another system, such as when you install new
O 20!5 [en!age Lea,rlir]g user can sign in without restarting the applications or hardware.
com puter
Applicaiions and the operating sysiem You share your computer with someone
continue to run while another user else who wants ta use it when you are
sign-s in; the other user is not allowed to finished and you are planning to be
access your applications or data away for an hour or rnore.
Applications arrd ihe operating system
continue to run, though you cannot You share your computer with someone
access them until you sign rn else who wanis to use it briefiy.
Applications and the operating system
continue to run, though in a lcw-power You are leaving the computer but plan
state to return to it soon, and want to keep
your work and data private.

You are leaving the computer but want
it to quickly resume working when you
return.

As with the boot process during startu.p, an operating systern t'ollows a pro{-'e- fi outcx nr
dure to ci:rnpleteiy shur down. It eornpletes the lbllowing steps to mttke sure al.l users
have saved their dat*, all applications and system sr.lftware are stable, and the operilt- lf you want to turn oit the polrer
ing systern itseif has not developed a probiem. to a computer, use the operating
system's shutdown option to do
L Clwcks ustrs*lt the comptter has rnore lhan one user, the operating sys- so. Ahruptly cutting oft the power
tem checks whether any others are signed il to use the computer. I1 they are. by pressing the power button or
unplugging a computer can iead
they rnight be required to end their sessions hefore the operating systeln cafl
shut down. tr serious system prohlems.

"t Closes *pplit:tltlons-The operaring system sends a shutdown signal to e.ach

running applicarion. lf you have not saved data in an application, the operating
system gives you a chance to save it beibre it srnds a shutclown signal to the

next appiication. The t'iperati.ng system also clears application data liotn virfual
rnernory and swaps it to RAM.

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l voc*sut*nv MODULE 1. Cornputing Fundamentals

account 3. Clases sl,stem saftwnre-The operating systern ends the running prografits

and processes that are part of the system software, making sure they close
prapertry. If the operating system detects a problern, it displays a tlessage n{lw
or during the next starttlp. The operaring systern also clears data fiorn RAM

and buffers.

4. T-utus off the pou,er*The operating systern signals the colnpllter's power man-

agement hardware to tum off the porver.

In Step-by-Step 1.3, you explore the Lcck, Sign out, and (if possible) Switch
account options in E'indows 8. In Windriws, an &tcoant is a ci:llection of your appli-
eations, preferences, and other settings. You can create lnore than one account on a
single computer. Other personal operating systelns have similar options for endi*g

a cOmputer session.

FtGt"iRE 1*19 I. Point to the upper-left corner of the Start screen io display a thumb-
User icon options
nail image of the desktop, and then move the mouse pcinter down to
display a thumbnaii of the Weather app, which verifies the app is siill

ru n n ing.

2. Click your user icon in the upper-right corner of the Start screen to

display a list, or rnenu, of options. See Figure 1-19. Your list might

d iffer.

User icon

LJser menu

Picture and iJserna$re
acp*ar here only if
inore thail cne
accouRt is s*i up an
your c'rmput*r

C GurUsema$tcl Jeffrey GaudknoBcok: : lC3, 5lh &lition. Nq pad of any hook
rter Literacry EASICS: A Comprehensive
reppdueed or lransffiiited iE urrt form by Eny means without the puhlishefs prior wrifien permission. .!.|.-se (other than
may be to the qualified fair use privilege) irt violation of ihe law or these Terms sf Service is prohibited. Violators witl be prosecuted

pu&uqnt

to the full extent of the law.

lLES$OU Computers and Operating Systems

eairE*djiJrii}*nf*${}}lJC*"6iigr€"1iIaryEjpil$gi.itRignc*[email protected]{eildrtdidlCre}erdi,i6t;d&4illsidd!4hSdlcsdinhgF.tsuptFd*md.d.dc8eh54*fgfi!tll:dMffEd]f#d*df{,}taiit*ueF\lgdf{rdi1fr6!l!!B@i-r6e1r4d!idtier*liige9ls&4&eiii4 lie rul&{u6lfghbr*lidi6{ 64.li6il

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) vocneuunv 1M0DULE Computing Fundarnentals

Charms bar In Step-by-Step 1.4, you use the Windows 8 shutdown options to put your com-
puter to sleep, wake it up, and then shut it down. To dispiay the shutdown options,
charm
yor *'ork with the Chsnns iar, which appears when you point to the upper-right or

lower-right corner of the screen. Tbe Charms b:u contains buitons ca1led clrarns. To
shut down the computer, yoli use &e Settings charfir.

FlGt!RE :..*pS I. Point to the lower-right corner of the Start screen to display the Charms
Charms bar
bar, and then point to the Settlngs charrn, See Figure 1-20.

Cham,;: har

Settlngs charrn

2. Click the Settings charm to display the Settings menu.
3. Click the Power button to display the shutdown options on the Power

menu. See Figure 1-21.

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may be reproduced or transmitted in a,,y form by any means without the publishefs prior writtefi permission. Use (other than
pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted
to the fult extent of the law.

1LESSON Computers and Operating Systems

f,{$u&f; 1*2i
Windows 8 Power menu

ilil;ll:r tr:eil.r

t,ir,r1;;r,"' ; rri, -,,

L Click Sleep. Windows I puts the computer to sieep. The light in the fl aurcx nr

hardware power button changes coior or blinks to indicate the computer if the Sleep option does not
is in a sleep state. appear on the Power mEnu, your
computer might be set ta go to
tr Move the mouse tr: wake the cornputer. lf the screen does not change, sieep only automatically. Click a
blank area of the Settings menu,
press the hardware pou;er button to wake the computer. lf necessary, and skip Steps 4*6.
close the lock screen and enter your password to dtsplay the Start

screen.

6. Display the Charms bar again, and then click Settings to display the

Settings menu.

7. Click the Power button, and then click Shut down. Windows 8 turns off

the conrputer. lf the Power menu includes an option called Update and
shut down instead of Shut down, ciick Update and shut down.

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may be reproduced or transmitted in a,ry form by any means without the publisher"s prior written permission. Use (other than
pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Serviee is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted
to the full extent of the law.

1MODULE Computing Fundamentals

In this lessou, you learned: The technical tasks an operating system perfonns include
complcring stirlt-up sreps, InanaginS memory, proccssing
r A comput*r is an elecffonic device that receives rlata (input),
input and outpuL controlling hardw'are, and ending a
processes data, stores data. and produces a result (output).
cofiputcr. session-
r A camputer includes hardwar"e--$rysical equipment such as
The boot proess is a series of steps rhe computlt and oper-
wirrs and circuirs*and softw'ale-insmrcdons or progranL{ ating systern luus{ corrplete bet-ore you can interact $,idr the
far cr:ntrolling rla computer. operating systfln"

I Tb kr.ep up with the changes in computer technoiogy, you need The resources :rn opeiaring slistem managos include mt:mory
(RAM), processing components. storage space, and peripheral
to be compute.r literate, which m.eans that you can use loday's
corlpu[er haldwzre and softrvart. efficiently to enhance your devices"
Lit'e anrl the lives of those around yau.
To suppleme.nt RAM. operating syst$ms take advantage of vir-
I You interact rvith software tlu'ough its user interfirce, *'hich tual ruemoly, which is p;ut of a corupuler's storage space *tal
can work as ildditionirl memory,
allows you to ente.r irnd recei.ve intbrmatioR. Mosl contempo-
rary sotirvar-e has a graphical user inte.rtaie (OUI), which uses To keep your cornputer running srnocthly, rhe operating sys-
icons and other graphi.cs to accept data arrd commimds. Other tem sets a sequeflce for processing iaput and output tasks and
sot-t\tr are usas a comrnand-line inrcrface, w'hic-h requires you to uses buffers, *'hith ar"e parts of memory {}r storage whei:e data
type text i-:ommands to ifitornct with the cornputrr- waits until it can be ransfcrred to a device"

r A cornputer nins fwo rnain rypes of softu,ale: systerr sof'twate To contrnl a hat'dware resr:utcc., tlle operating system cDlrlnu-

and application softw'are. Systera softw;u'e is the software that nicates witi a clevice drivel, a small progtam *rat teils lhe oper-
runs a co$puter. ;urd includes the operaring sysrem and utility
programs- A uriiity progpam helps tle operating syste.ln set up1 ating systern horv to inreract rvith the device-
maintain, and protecl a computer.
A personal op*ratfug system needs to know when you're f,n-
r An operating system is software tlat coordinates llte resource"'t ished working with a computei: so it can protect ittelf and other
sot'twitre and keep ycrur intouaation private ra'hile you 'are
anil activities on a computer. away. Although you select'an option to end a sessir:n. the oper-
ating system t-akes care of rhe tasks" which range fioir:. shut-
r Application sgftware is sofNl'are you tlse to calry out your ting down, to restarting, signing out (also called logging off),
switching users, and locking the computer.
work or pelson'al tasks"

I Personal cor11tr]uter operaring systcrns mn on personal ct.rm-

puters. Mobile operariag systerrs are designed for haadheld
computsrs such as tablets and srrar."tphones. Embtdded oper-
ating systems are part of an electr-onic rlr:vice or sy-{tern other
ihan a computer. Sener operaring systems run servsrs, the

computers fhat coordinate networts.

I Single-u.ser, singlh-rasking operating systerns Iet only one use'r

porform a -qingle task at one tirne. Most mobile 'and e,mbed-
ded operating syste.ms fall imo dris categorry. Singlc-user mul-
tiulskiag operating syster[s iet one urir.r run mlmy progr'ilns
at the .qarne time, ald include all personal computrr operadng
systeins. Multiuser operating systerns such as sen'er operating
systeins le inunv u$ets run programs and take advantage of the

cornputer's resources at lhe same tirne-

C, GuiUsername: Jeffrey GaudianoBook: I lC3, Sth Edition. No part of any book
*er Literacy BASICS: A Comprehensive
may be reproduced or transmitted ift a,ry form by any means without the publisher's prior written perrnission. Use (other than
pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted

to the full exteni of the law.

1LESSON Computers and Operating Systems

E LESSoN REvIEW

TRUE / FALSE

Circle T if th* rtatem€nt is trur or F if the statement is false.

T I' 1. The infc'rmation procassing cyele includes steps f'or handling input, processing, ouEut, and satrage.

T F 2. Hartluare is what rnakes a cotnputer useful, nor the snftuare.

T F 3. The purpose of application sorrw*are is to operate and control computor hardwiue by runnilg utiliry prog:rams.

TF 4. {Jne step in the hoot pror'ess is ro peiform t}re power-on se}f-test (POS:n, which makes sure critical system colaponeni{

are working propcrly.

T F 5, All personal cornpurer opcrating systems arr- considerccl mukiuser operating systems.

MU LTIPLE EHOICE

Select thr best response for the following statements-

1" Fourpopular operating syste.ms include iOS, Android, l\tndows Fhone, and Windows RT

A. per:sonal C. scrver
B. mobile D. nerwork

2- In a computer systeuL lr is any cmnponent the system requkes to do work.

A- user interface C. rescurce
B. urility pr:ograrn D" platform

l.A operating system le.ts you work with rnore Llran orre progratn at the siune tiure.
A. rnulti*rsking
B. multiuse,r C. single-user
D. command-line

is the only way to end a cotnputer ses-qion try turning ofif the power to t}re coiilputer.

A. Signing out C. Locking

B" Shutting down D. Restating

5- When data is processed intn a mearingful fnna, it becomes

A. kdormution C. storage

B. inpur D. fireltrory

C, GuiUsername: Jeffrey GaudianoBook: : lC3, Sth Edition. No part of any book
rter Literacy BASICS; A Comprehensive
may be reproduced or transmitted ifi arry form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than

pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted

to the full extent of the law.

1MODULE Computing Fundamentals

UUffi$TTEN EUH$TISNS

Write a brief ansrver lo the following questions.

l. Howdoesacomputerfollowtheinformationprocessingcycletoprr{bnataslis?

2. What does it rnean to be compute.r literate?

3. What Lr the purpose of an operating system?
4. What is &e differenee betr['een -{ystem software and application software?
5. Why is managing memory ons of irn r:perating sy.stem's mnst impo.rtant tasks?
6. How does an operadng sy*tr,'m's Plug and Play feature work?
7. What is the difference between signing out and locking rle computer?

8. What is the differcace tretween a comraand-line interface and a grirphical user iatet{ace?
9. What does it mean r}at Linux is open-source software?

10. What is an embedded ilperating syste.m and where would you find one?

Username: Jeffrey GaudianoBook: C, rter Literacy BASICS: A Comprehensive Gui : lC3, Sth Edition. No part of any book

may be reproduced or transmitted ifi arry form by any rneans without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than

pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or ihese Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted
to the full exteni of the law.

1LESSON Computers and Operating Systems

E PRoJEcrs pffi#iffitrY 3.-a

Pffi*Jffi*Y . *} In this pmjecq vou st:rt \Vindows I apps and desktnp .r'r*,.,iiirr
applications, and then anslver questir:ns about youl l'1.1.1
Tn rhis project. you start Windows 8, explore the Start
screen. and answor questions ilbout whar you lind- acrivirirs. Suhmrt thc rl dttrn :mswers ;rs vout'instruc-
SubrmL thr: writren rrnswrrs as yout insUuctot'rrquests tol-fequesLs. Sr:me stelrs requkc you to trx'.donn new
tasks or strlvc problerns independently-
l- Stanttndows 8 tnd sign in, ifnecassarv-
1. Start Wlndows I and sign in, if necessmy.
2- Exarnine the tiles on tle Start screen, and ihen scroll the Start 2. Examinr the tiles on the StiLrt screen and use one to stalt an app

screen as far as possible to &e right.1l&at differences do you that Let; you tr':ri-'k appointments and display current, future,
nodce between the tiles on rhe far-ieft and fzr-right sides of the and past dates. Slhich app clid you start?
Start screen? 3" Describe the app you started.

3- Scroil back to the far ief,t sirle of the Stiut screen, and then click 4. Experirnent w-ith ttr app and try to discover how to enrcr irfor-
rhe Desktop tile. Descrihe rv'hat happens.
mation. What diil you learn?
4. Refum to the Start scr-ren. What technique did you usel) 5. Start another app that displays a map cf rhe LTnited States or

5. Scroll thr St"art screen to thc ri;iht until a \&'ord 201-i rile other location. ['hat app did you start?
6. Descriho the app you started"
appeal's. (If a Ir\rxd 20l J tiL. tloes not aX,pe:r, conthue *,ith rhe
7. Expodlnent *.ith the app and ry to discover how to inrrract
stcp.) StariWord 2013- lf i-rat rechnique did you usr?
wiih it- $rli',rt did you learn?
6- Rerrur to the Start screea, itnd then click r}le Desktop tile.
Horv is the desktop diffe:ent from t}:e one that appeare<l when S Start Word 2O1-3. How does this applicatir:n dift'er from rhe rwo
you perfbrmed Step 3?
apps you started?
7. Start the Weather app. Desctibe the sreps you peilbuned.
9. Clost \\trrd, and tlen closr the two other apps you sriutetl
8" Return to tle Stan scree.n, and rhen switch betw,cen *rr Star-t
screen and the desktop a few tiraes. ttrat is the pupose of using rhe Alt+F,{ keys.

caLch hration in the Window's 8 opet'ating systom? ,

9. Ciose Word 20i 3. Descdbe the steps you perforrned. J. Click the ltow do I shut dorvn {turn off) my ,r..'j;ir':',lij:iii'rrr,
PC? topic. (If this topic does not appear in the 1-1.1.2
1.0. Retlm ro rhe Weather app, and thefi cl.)se it hy pressing rhe list, ciick a topic *'irh a sirnilar title.) l&'atch

AII+F4 ke5rs. the vidr:o and then read the stcps and explanations- Describe
thr: information r:overed in this topic.
I l. In Step-by-Step 1"4, you shut dr.lvn Winilows. How is shut- Ciick the Search box ar the top of the window. Type lock and
ting down an opelating systern diffcrent from cloaing an t}ren press the Enter key.

applicariarr'l Click the How do I Iork or unlor:k my PC? urpic. Read the

pffi*iflf;? 5*ffi steps and explanations. Dr'scribe the informarion rovered in
this topic.
tr\'indorvs includes a feature called trYindows Help and Suppnrt that
provides instructions, dernos, and othei int'ormation ro heip you per-
t-trrm oprrating systei-n asks, In this project. you usr Windows Help

and Support to le:un more about the Windorvs I shutdr:rvn options,

ancl then answel'questir:ns about what yr.lu le;uned. Submit tho tvria
ten answets as your in.rtructol requeJls.

1 . Start Windows 8 and sign in, if necessary-

2. On thr Slari screen, iirpe help tcr opea the Serch rnenu .with
"help" al.r*ady entered in rhe Search box"

3. Click Help and Support in t}e search results. The l&rindows

Help lrnd Support rvindow oprns on rhe deskcop.

4. Click the Search box at rhr: rop of *re winrlow Trvpe shut

down, and then press ihc Enter key. A list of t{elp topics con-
taining the words "shui down" appears in the Windc'ws Help
aniJ Support windorv.

Username: Jeffrey GaudianoBook: C, rter Literacy BASICS: A Comprehensive Gui : lC3, 5th Edition. No part of any book

may be reproduced ar transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than
pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted
to the full exlent of the law.

1M0DULE Cornputing Fundamentals

*iNffi 2. A,ssign an ope,rating syste.m to each tearn
Ttr&Tdw*ftK Fffi*Jf;fiT
meinbrr.
You work at a small graphic design company as a projecr assis-
tant. Thc colrpany uses old compttrors running r*rindnws XP. -1. Use the Intemet and othr-r lesources to n:sear.ch your ope.rat-
Your rranagcr wants to purchase ne.w L.omputels for t}tc corn- iag systcra, focusing on the f"eatures you idemifi.ed in your
pany, and is rviiling m buv personal comprrttrs running the lat- checklist.
cst versions of \Yindows, Mac OS X, or Linux. Shr. iLsks you
and two team members to help he'r'make the decision. W<nk as a 4- Collirborate as a teafit to erDxto a table or report suminuriz-
t*am of three to cornplete rhe following steps. ing your fintiings for rhr: three opcrating systems. Subrnir rhe

1 . Develop a checklist of features to eviduate for each operating doculTlEnt as your instructor t'*que.sts-

syste&. such as price, ease of use, application sofr*'are avail-
abilitl', 5e.^6iry. and built-in tools.

E cRrrrcAl THtNKtNG

*ffi BT$*eL 3',$4 gr.dK$ ru& 3..*3 ._. l: tl:jrr-t;i:;)iri...' #ffi $T"B*efi- T$-{ $ r=*ffi & ruffi g *g
I-l J.l
'llhis lessern emphasize.s that thr: nperating system is In thi,s le.sson, you explored several ways to r:nd a ii,r:,in:ti
mainly concerned with syste.rn tasks, while applicatron computer sessioa, including signing oug locking
,..,:tr... r]il:i:;t

1 - r.t.2

sofrw*:rre helps you pe.rtixrn your work or pe-rsonal t:r,sks. How often rhe computrr. srvirching users, letting thLr compurer go to slcep,

do you intcract directly rtth the operating svsrem? How rnuch do restarting. and shuning down. Which method would you choosr in

you use appiication sof.twalej lthe followi-n g situ ations

1. Durfug a period of 2-5 days, kecp a log of your somputer l. For each of rhe tbllowing situacions, indicate how you woukl
activiries- Record what you are doir:g on the cornprrter and for
horv iong. Nore s.'hether vou ire using *re operating svste[r or end a Windows session and tvh_y.

application sr:frwarc to perfbr-m these tasks. I Ynu arr going on vacation tbr five days.
I Ycru are using a cornputer in a cafi to work on a_ projcct
2. Review and edit youl log tn make it as accur-ate as possible.
you want to keep private. You want to leave fht: computer
Estimate the percentage of time you spent using rhe oper.ating for a few rninutes u.,hile you ordcr"a hor beverage.
system and using appiication sofrware.
r You installed a new applicution and ale insmtcted to
l. Sutrrnit *re log as yi:ur insftuctor requests.
rehr)0t

I You share a oomputer with your roomnate, who wanls

to brietly check htr e-rnail while you are working on tht.

computer^

I Y.nu share a laptop with your-bro*ter and are finishing an

assignmelt before you head off to your pirt-time job.

I You arc finished working on your cotnputff ior the da-v,

hut want it to tesutne quickly *,hen you uslr ir againin the

morning-

l. Suhinit Lhc answt'rs as your insnuctor requelts.

pUmusareysrunbaaetmt rteeop: trJhoeedffuqrceueyadliGfioeadrudtfraiaainrnsoumBseoitotpekrd:iviiClneg,ae)ilyintftoevrriomLlaittbeioyrnaacoynfyBthAmeSelIaaCwnSs:owrAtihtCheoosumetpTtrheeerhmepsnusobivflieSsheGervfuisceiprisio:prlrCwo3hri,itbt5eittenhdp.EeVdriimotiloaisntso.irosNnow. p'iUllasbrteeo(pforoathsneeyrcubthtoeaodnk

to the full exlenl of the law.

LLESSON Computers and Operating Systems

E oNLTNE DtscovERY

ffii{*&_$P'dffi ffi #$##lfffi ffiY g*g #r*{-$f\*ffi ffi$Sffi#Wffi ffiY g*k

Android is cun-ently the rnost widely used operating syritern lbr Shotly beforc Apple reltascd thc first Macintosh coraputrr running
smar-Ehones. Reseirch Andrsid ctn at least two \&reb sites and then lIac OS, Apple designed :rnd rclcased a simiitu'cornputer called the
answer the following questions. Submit rhe t+r-itten ilrswsrs as vour Lisa. Research the Apple Lisa nn at loas[ t$o Wrb sites, and rhen
answrr thi: firilowing questiors. Suhrnit rhe rtrinen nns\rers its your
instructor rcquests. instructor requests.

l. Whcn was tbe ffu'st Android smartphor:e sold? l. \l&en did Appk hegin to sell r}e Lisa computer? \1har rypes

2. Android is open-riource softwate released u*cler the Apache r:f customer.s dirl Apple rvant the Lisa to aitract?

Licrnse- Whar exactly dnes this niean? ?. \[1at oFerating sysrern did r]e Lisa run?

3" 'lf,,hat is t}te maia iocation f.or rlorvnioading apps that run 3. The operating system on the Lisa rvas advanced for its rirne,
on AndroidJ Give a few examples otlAndroid apps you can but harl some major drawbacks- Describe at least one of r}ese

download. drawbarts.

4. Instead of a Start scree.r or desktop, Androicl has a home 4- rfras tho Lisa a cornmercial success or failur.e? Explain rvhy.

screen. &'hat typicnl.ly appears on an Android home screen? 5. What kind of user lntedace did the operating .sysrem ruo?
5- Describe the nami.ng conventisn for Androi.l version,s-
6" Er,enrualh', Apple reino'cduced the Lisa as the Macintosh XL.
E roe sKTLLS What oprmting sysrcrn did rhe Macintosh XL run?

Tf vou like worlirng rvith operating svste.ms, you san wtrk a.l a L In which rreas aflr your skiils the sffnngest',) \\hen: da 1,ou

cornputer support specialist to help people use lxrsonal and raobile nted to imprave?
computr.r's. Wr:rking as a cornputer support specialist is a good
r.vay to st'ru't ii career ia ihe technology field. However, &is posirion 4. What p:n'ii of ttris job do you tind aftracdve and why?
demznds a sprcial blend of skills to be successful imtl r:a.rn prorno-
tions- Work wirh a gSoup or on vour own to research this job and
thcn answe.r the follo*ing quesrions, Submit rhe lr.'ritten answers a-s
youl instructor requesls.

1- lfrIi-rat do compuu:r suppofi speci..{isrs do?

2. List the skills needetl to be an cxcellent computer supporr

specialist.

t*-.

i.'fi:iXl,*H,ffi||f*f'|"musaeyrnbaemree:prJoedffurceeydGoarudtriaannsoumBseiottoepkdr:iviiolnegaer)y'initfeovrriomLlaitbteiyirnaacoynfyBthmAeSelaalcwnss:owrAtithchooemu;tprrteehrheneipnsusoibvrleissehGrerfLusJiipsr-ipo)rrol'wcrr3rioi,tttestetnhd.pEevdrioimtitoaisnrso.iroNsnow. piUilasbrteLo(pforoathsneeyrcubthr0eaodnk

1MODULE Computing Fundamentals

f EXPLoRE AND soLVE he"cs rhe AII+F4 keys ro close the pC setrings screen. Display

Did you know? the Settings mr.nu, and rhen u-lick Personalize to display
aptions for'lxrstrnalizing the Start scre.en_ Click a blank area of
I You carr change the appear;race r.rf rhe lLlnilows lock scre en, the Stzut scrcen to close tle Pcrsonalizc menu.

u"m icon, antl Start sc'r'cen. In a writen document, describe how you can customize each
of r}ese fcutures.
I The user icon is also callerl *re accounr picture.
Submit rhr. ilocumenr as your instructor- requedls.
1. Frnm the Start screen. display the Sxtings menu, and then
clir.k Change PC settings.

2, On the right, click Lock srreen, examine the seuings, click
the Back button (next ta '.pC and clevices,,on rhe lei;, cli.ck
Account picfure, antl then examire *re sernngs