Matter & Atomic Structure

LESSON BOOK
MATTER &

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

MUHAMMAD ZUL AZMIR
BIN MOHD AZIZI
ED2604A
2020954055

SCE551
Madam Siti Fairuz binti Dalim

CHEMISTRY KSSM

MATTER &
ATOMIC
STRUCTURE

Edited by :
Zul Azmir.Azizi

SPECIAL
EDITION

"Chemistry can be a good and bad thing."
-Adam Sandler.

Contents

TABLE OF
CONTENTS

2- Matter and the Atomic Structure

2.1 – Basic Concepts of Matter 1-2

2.2 – The Development of the 3-4
Atomic Model

2.3 – Atomic Structure 4-5
2.4 - Isotopes and Its Uses 5-6
Questions
Sample Past Year Question 7
Conceptual Map 8
Reference 9
10

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my gratitude to Allah SWT who has given me
strength and inspiration in preparing this assignment. First of all, I
wish to thank my SCE551 lecturer, Madam Siti Fairuz binti Dalim for
sharing your expertise. I value the insights and guidance you provide.
Not to forget my fellow friends, thank you so much for such a
wonderful contribution throughout this semester. Your help is greatly
appreciated. And for those whose names not all be listed, your
contributions are heartily welcomed and appreciated.

Sincerely,
Book Author:

__________
Zul Azmir.Azizi

Copyright © 2022 by Zul Azmir.Azizi Layout and presenting:
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2.1 Basic Concepts of Matter

2.1.1 – At the end of the lesson, student can describe what is matter
briefly .
2.1.2 – At the end of the lesson, student can explain 6 changes in the
states of matter through picture.
2.1.3 – At the end of the lesson, students can determine the type of
melting point and freezing point of naphthalene through activity.

Matter is something Matter can exist
that has mass and in three states,
takes up space and namely solid, liquid
consists of tiny and and gaseous.
discrete particles
States
of

Matter

LIQUID

Melting Vaporization

Freezing Condensation
Sublimation

Deposition

SOLID GAS

State Solid Liquid Gas

Arrangement of The particles are The particles are The particles are
particle tightly packed and tightly packed but too far apart

Movement of ordered not ordered Move randomly
particles and rapidly at all
Vibrate at a fixed Move randomly
Kinetic energy position and slowly directions

Force of Low Average High
attraction
Low Average High

Matter can exist in the form of elements and compounds, elements consist of
particles of atoms and molecules, while compounds consist of molecules or ions.

MATTER

Element Compound

Atom Molecule Molecule Ion
( ) ( 2) 2
( )
1

A-B B-C

Temperature Fusion occurs

rises from A to B No temperature

Present in the increase from B to C Temperature (° )

solid because of the heat D

When heated, energy from the

particles absorb particles absorbed is BC

heat energy and used to overcome the A
vibrate faster force of attraction

because the between the particles Time ( )
kinetic energy until the solid

increases becomes liquid

C-D Heating
The temperature rises from C to D Curve of
It exists in the liquid state Naphthalene
When heated, the particles absorb heat and move faster

Melting point is the constant temperature
when a substance chances from solid state
to become liquid at a specific pressure.

TEST YOURSELF

Melting Freezing
Point Point

Freezing point is the constant
temperature when a substance
changes from liquid state to become
solid at a specific pressure.

Cooling E- F
Curve of Temperature drops from E to F
Naphthalene In the liquid state
During cooling, the particles give off heat and move
more slowly due to the loss of kinetic energy

F-G

Freezing occurs

The temperature does not drop from F to G,

Temperature (° ) since the heat energy that is lost in the
E environment is balanced with the one in heat

energy, is released when particles attract to

FG form a solid

G-H

H The temperature drops from G to H

In the solid state

Time ( ) When cooling down, the particles give off

heat and vibrate more slowly 2

2.2 2.2.1 – At the end of the class, student can restate the
Development subatomic particles in atoms of various elements.
of Atomic 2.2.2 - At the end of the class, student can compare and
Model contrast the relative mass and relative charge of proton,
electron and neutron by given atom.
2.2.3 - At the end of the class, student can organize the
sequence atomic structure models based on Atomic Models of
Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr and Chadwick accordingly.

(1766-1844) Proposed by John Dalton
- Matter is made up of particles called atoms
- An atom is the smallest spherical body that
cannot be created, destroyed nor divided
further
- The atoms of the same element are identical.

(1856-1940) Electron Dalton’s Atomic Model

- Proposed by J.J Thomson
-- - Electrons were discovered which
have a negative charge
- - An atom is a positively charged
-- sphere that contains multiple electron

-

Positively-
charged sphere

Thomson’s Atomic Model

(1871-1937) Proposed by Ernest Rutherford Electron move outside
- Nucleus is the centre of the atom the nucleus
- Discovered protons in the nucleus
which are positively-charged particles - -
- The nucleus contains nearly all of the -
mass of an atom. -
- Electrons move outside the nucleus -+

-
-

Nucleus consists of protons

Rutherford’s Atomic Model

(1885-1962) Shell Proposed by Niels Bohr

Nucleus that In an atom, Electrons orbit the

+ contains protons nucleus in shells in an atom

Electron

Bohr’s Atomic Model

(1891-1974) Proposed by James Chadwick Shell
- Discovered neutral particles, that Nucleus that
are neutrons in the nucleus
- Neutrons contribute almost half contains protons
of the mass of an atom and neutrons

Electron

Chadwick’s Atomic Model

3

Neutron Proton
Symbol: e Symbol: p
Relative charge: -1 Relative charge: +1
Relative mass: 1/1840 Relative mass: 1

Electron REVEAL Neutron
Symbol: n THE PUZZLE Proton
Relative charge: 0(neutral)
Relative mass: 1 Electron

Subatomic Particles

2.3 - Atomic Structure

2.3.1 - Student can define proton number and nucleon number of the atom
at the end of the session.
2.3.2 - Student can calculate the nucleon number, proton number and
number of electrons in an atom in the given question at the end of the
session.
2.3.3 - Students can express a standard representation of a atom by a
given atom at the end of the session.
2.3.4 - Student can construct an atomic structure diagram and electron
arrangement at the end of the session.

Nucleon The total number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
=

Neutron

+

Proton

The number of protons that found in the nucleus of an atom

From the definition : When atom is neutral atom,
number of protons = number of electrons

Nucleon number = Proton number + Neutron number

Neutron number = Nucleon number - Proton number

The nucleon number of a potassium Example 1 Example 2
atom is 39. A potassium atom has
19 protons. How many neutrons An aluminium atom has 13 protons
and electrons are there in a and 14 neutrons. What are the
potassium atom? proton number and nucleon number
of an aluminium atom?
Solution Number of electrons =
Number of protons Solution

=19 Proton number = Number of protons
Number of neutrons = Nucleon =13
number+ Proton number Nucleon number= Proton number +
=39-19 Number of neutrons
=20 =13+14

=27 4

Standard Nucleon number A X Symbol of
Representation Proton number Z element
Of An Atom

The nucleon number of carbon atom is 12, while the number of proton

of a carbon is 6. the symbol of carbon element is C. What is the

standard representation (AZX) of a carbon atom ?

Solution 12 C Example 1
Symbol of element = C 6
Proton number = 6
Nucleon number = 12

The electrons in an atom orbit the nucleus in their Atomic
respective shell. The electrons first fill the shell that Structure &
is closest to the nucleus. When the shell closest to the
nucleus is full, the electrons fill the next shell. The Electron
outermost shell filled with electrons is the valence Arrangement
shell (called valence electrons).

- The electron arrangement of the aluminium atom
- is 2 full electrons in the first shell, 8 full
- - electrons in the second shell and 3 full electrons
in the third shell. The electronic arrangement of
- Al
-
- -
- - the aluminium atom can be written as follows:
- 2.8.3

Number of valence electrons = 3

The electron arrangement shows - -
the arrangement of the nucleus - -
and electrons of an atom. -
-
The atomic structure shows the number of 13 P
protons and neutrons in the nucleus and the - 14
electron arrangement of an atom.
N

- -
- -

2.4.1 – Students can define the meaning of isotopes by given 2.4
element in the periodic table at the end of the class. Isotopes
2.4.2 - Students can calculate the relative atomic mass of
isotopes by given question at the end of the class. and its
2.4.3 - Students can identify the usage of isotopes by given usage
picture in various fields at the end of the class.

Isotopes are atoms of For example, Chlorine-
certain elements that 35 and Chlorine-37
have the same number atoms have different
of protons but masses due to the
different numbers of number of neutrons in
nucleons/neutrons in the nucleus are
the nucleus of the different.
atoms.

5

Relative atomic mass of isotopes
Most elements occur in nature as a mixture of two or more isotopes.
The relative atomic mass of these elements depends on the natural
abundance of the isotopes in a sample that calculated with the formula:

= σ %



Hydrogen-3 Medicine Phosphorus-32
As a detector for Study of plant
the investigation Cobalt-60 metabolism
of sewage and •In radiation therapy
liquid waste to kill cancer cells Agriculture
without surgery
Industry •Sterilization of
surgical instruments

Iodine-131
Treatment of thyroid
diseases such as
hyperthyroidism and
thyroid cancer

Isotopes are
widely used in
various fields.

TEST Lead-210 Isotopes are
YOUR EYES To determine the used in for the
age of sand and sustainability
Nuclear earth layers up to 80 of life which
years has both
Uranium-235 positive and
Electricity Carbon-14 negative
generated by a Estimation of the effects on the
nuclear power age of artifacts or environment and
generator. fossils society.

Archaeology Engineering

Sodium-24
When detecting
leaks in
underground
lines.

6

1. What are the 3 sub atomic Protons, neutrons and
particles? electrons.

A) 2.8.5 2. Element X has 13 electrons.
B) 2.8.3 (correct) What is the electron
C) 2.8.1 arrangement?
D) 2.8.7

3. What is the change of A) Sublimation
gas to liquid? B) Freezing
C) Condensation (correct)
D) Evaporation

Archaeology : Carbon-14 - Estimation 4. Give 2 uses
of the age of artifacts or fossils of isotopes in
Medical : Cobalt-60 - Used to treat different
cancer industries.

5. Which of the Proton Number Nucleon Number
following is true 23 11
about the subatomic 23 12
particles of element 11 23
X? 23 12 23

X11

QUIZ Questions MAZE CHASE
GAME Answer GAME

Answer our Or get ready for
riddle or… Extra Class !

7

SAMPLE PAST YEAR QUESTIONS

SPM 2019 SPM 2016

SPM 2018 SPM 2015

SPM 2014

SPM 2017

Past Year Questions Reference: 8
Lim, D. (2022, January 23). SPM 2011 to 2019 Question Papers.
Daniellimjj.com. https://www.daniellimjj.com/2014/02/spm-2012-and-
spm-2011-question-papers.html



REFERENCE

DSKP Form Guest. (2021). DSKP KSSM Chemistry Form 4
4&5 KSSM
Chemistry and 5 - Versi English - PDFCOFFEE.COM.
(Page 56-59)
Pdfcoffee.com; PDFCOFFEE.COM.

https://pdfcoffee.com/dskp-kssm-chemistry-

form-4-and-5-versi-english-pdf-free.html

isqyaacob. (2020, April 2). KSSM Chemistry KSSM
FORM 4 Pages 1-50 - Flip PDF Download | Chemistry
FlipHTML5 | isqyaacob. Fliphtml5.com; Textbook Form
isqyaacob. 4 (Page 22-41)
https://fliphtml5.com/terxp/iopa/basic

FOCUS Siong,C.H, Neo,Low.Swee, Wah,Lim.Eng & Sani.
Chemistry S (2021). Focus Chemistry (1st ed.). Penerbitan
reference Pelangi Sdn. Bhd: Selangor.
book

The Atomic Structure. (n.d.).

Www.youtube.com. Retrieved December 23, Video on
YouTube
2021, from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcK74GtYt

I0

10

COLLABORATION