18. Ammonium phosphate
NH+1 PO- 34
NH- 3P O4
19. Magnesium hydroxide
Mg+2 OH
M g+ 2O H
20. Potassium sulfate
K1 SO4
K4SO1
Part IV.
Directions: Determine the Mass % of Oxygen in Al2 ( SO4) 3 or AgNO3
Atomic Mass: A l (27) S (32) O (16) Ag (108) N (14)
Al (2) = 54/342 = 16%
S (3) = 96/342 = 28%
O (12) = 192/342 = 56%
+
_________________________________________
342 = 100%
Part V.
Directions: Write an essay about the graph below. Use data!
Vocabulary: Unsaturated, saturated, supersaturated, Ions, Heat, Temperature, grams, solubility, chemical
formula.
This graph represents sodium phosphate, Na3PO4. The point on the graph is above the solubility curve
which makes it super saturated. If the point is above the line its super saturated. If the point is below the
line its unsaturated. If the point is on the line its saturated. The solubility graph is helpful because it helps
you figure out how much solute needs to dissolve at any certain temperature. As the temperature of the
solvent increases, the amount of dissolving solute increases. As the temperature increases more will
dissolve. The water is the solvent, and sodium phosphate is the solute. An example of a saturated solution
is 38 degrees and 70 grams/100g. Supersaturated is a solution that contains more solute than a saturated
substance. If sodium phosphate is saturated it would be 15 degrees and 25 grams/100 g. Saturated is a
solution that is holding as much solute as possible without going over to supersaturated. If sodium
phosphate is unsaturated then it would be 38 degrees and 25 grams/100 g. Unsaturated is a solution that
can dissolve more solute than its temperature.
Reaction 1( Sodium BiCarbonate)
2 NaHCO3 → ____Na2 C O3 + _____ H2O + _____ CO2
Observations: DECOMPOSITION r eaction - because the + is on the right.
Determine the Weight (AMU) of the reactants and the products
Reaction 2(Magnesium Oxide)
2Mg + O2 → 2 MgO
Observations: SYNTHESIS r eaction - because the + is on the left.
Determine the Weight (AMU) of the reactants and the products
Reaction 3(Carbon Oxide)
____ CH3CH2 OH + ____ O2 → ____ CO2 + ____ H2O
Observations: C OMBUSTION r eaction - because
Determine the Weight (AMU) of the reactants and the products
Reaction 4(Sodium Chloride)
___ Na2C O3 + ___ CaCl2 → ___CaCO3 + ____ NaCl
Observations:
Determine the Weight (AMU) of the reactants and the products
Reaction 5(Agron Nitrogen)
___ Cu + ___ AgNO3 → ___ Ag + ___ Cu(NO3 )2
Observations: S INGLE REPLACEMENT r eaction
Determine the Weight (AMU) of the reactants and the products
Reaction 6( Fluoride Sulfur)
___ Fe + ___ S → ___ FeS
Observations:
Determine the Weight (AMU) of the reactants and the products
Chemistry Test Correct
3. Identify the Independent Variable in the attached experiment.
Your Answer: T emperature
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
4. In an experiment to determine if the popping of popcorn is affected by the
temperature at which it is stored, counting the popped kernels is an example of
a(an)___________.
Your Answer: Observation
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
5. When gasoline is burned in an engine, ___________.
Your Answer: n ew substances are formed
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
6. Matter that has a definite shape and volume is called a _________.
Your Answer: s olid
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
7. Matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape is a _______________.
Your Answer: l iquid
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
8. Matter in which the particles are free to move in all directions until they have spread
evenly throughout their container is a _____________.
Your Answer: l iquid
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
9. The amount of energy needed to change material from a liquid to a gas is the Heat of
____________.
Your Answer: vaporization
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
10. When two or more substances are combined so that each substance maintains its
own properties, the result is a(n) ____.
Your Answer: element
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
11. A solution that contains all of the solute it can normally hold at a given temperature
and is graphed ON the line is ____.
Your Answer: saturated
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
12. Increasing the surface area of a solid ____.
Your Answer: i ncreases the speed of dissolving
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
13. The maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent
is its ____.
Your Answer: solubility
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
14. Water is sometimes referred to as the universal solvent because ____.
Your Answer: m any substances can dissolve in it
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
15. A chemical reaction in which the energy released is primarily in the form of HEAT is
__________.
Your Answer: e xothermic
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
16. Numbers that precede symbols and formulas in a chemical equation are called
Your Answer: coefficients
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
17. According to the law of conservation of mass, if two atoms of hydrogen are used as
a reactant, how many atoms of hydrogen must be part of the product?
Your Answer: 2
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
18. Physical or Chemical Change: Breaking a pencil
Your Answer: P hysical
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
19. Physical or Chemical Change: Boiling water
Your Answer: Physical
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
20. Physical or Chemical Change: Rust forming on a bicycle
Your Answer: Chemical
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
21. Physical or Chemical Change: Silver Hydroxide + Sodium Chloride --> Silver
Chloride and Sodium Hydroxide
Your Answer: C hemical
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
22. Physical or Chemical Change: Blowing air into a balloon
Your Answer: P hysical
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
23. Heterogeneous or Homogeneous: Salad
Your Answer: H omogeneous
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
24. Heterogeneous or Homogeneous: Rocks and sand with iron
Your Answer: Heterogeneous
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
25. Heterogeneous or Homogeneous: salt water
Your Answer: Heterogeneous
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
26. Heterogeneous or Homogeneous: Air
Your Answer: Heterogeneous
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
27. Heterogeneous or Homogeneous: Sugar water
Your Answer: Heterogeneous
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
28. Heterogeneous or Homogeneous: Potassium Chlorate dissolved in Water
Your Answer: H eterogeneous
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
29. Heterogeneous or Homogeneous: Chicken noodle soup
Your Answer: H omogeneous
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
30. A solution contained 57 grams of sodium nitrate at 20 C. What is the Solute in the
solution?
Your Answer: water
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
31. A solution contained 120 grams of Potassium nitrate at 85 C. What is the solvent?
Your Answer: w ater
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
32. A scientist wanted to find out if he/she could dissolve 110 grams of Sodium nitrate
at 80 C. Would his solution be Supersaturated, saturated or unsaturated?
Your Answer: u nsaturated
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
33. A scientist wanted to find out if he/she could dissolve 110 grams of Sodium nitrate
at 80 C. How many grams would be added to make this a saturated solution?
Your Answer: 3 4
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
34. Mr. Kotulski tried to make a solution with 90 grams of Potassium nitrate at 40 C.
Describe this solution:
Your Answer: Supersaturated
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
35. Mr. Kotulski tried to make a solution with 90 grams of Potassium nitrate at 40 C.
How many grams of Potassium (KNO3) could be taken away?
Your Answer: 27
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
36. Mr. Kotulski tried to make a solution with 90 grams of Potassium nitrate (KNO3) at
40 C. What Temperature would Mr. Kotulski have to heat the water to in order to make it
dissolve?
Your Answer: 3 600
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
37. What is the Mass% of Oxygen in the following compound: NaNO3
Your Answer: 5 6
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
38. What is the Mass% of Oxygen in the following compound: Lithium sulfate
Your Answer: 58
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
39. How much Heat Energy would be required to completely evaporate 35 grams of Ice
from its Melting Pt. completely to steam?
Your Answer: 9 8000
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
40. How much Heat Energy would be required to completely evaporate 25 grams of
Silver from its melting point?
Your Answer: 51996100
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
41. What type of chemical reaction is shown in the following link:
Your Answer: D ouble Displacement
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
42. What type of chemical reaction is shown in the following link:
Your Answer: Synthesis
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
43. What type of chemical reaction is shown in the following link:
Your Answer: D ouble Displacement
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
44. Analyze the following Data: What is the % of Large rocks in the following mixture?
Your Answer: 52
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
45. What is different about the 2 Pie Charts? (Mixture and Compound)
Your Answer: C ompounds are just like mixtures
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
46. Analyze the following Solubility Graph: A mass of 80 g of KNO3 is dissolved in 100
g of water at 50 ºC. The solution is heated to 70ºC. How many more grams of potassium
nitrate must be added to make the solution saturated?
Your Answer: 6 0 g
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
47. Analyze the Solubility Graph: What is the solubility of NaNO3 at 25°C?
Your Answer: 91 g
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
48. Which Phase of Matter would occupy the LEAST volume?
Your Answer: gas
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
49. Which Phase of Matter would occupy the GREATEST volume?
Your Answer: solid
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
50. Which of the following equations follows the Law of Conservation of Mass?
Your Answer: D
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
51. What are the correct Coefficients for the following chemical reaction?
Your Answer: 1 , 2, 1, 2
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
52. What are the correct Coefficients for the following chemical reaction?
Your Answer: Tue Apr 02 2002 21:00:00 GMT-0800 (PST)
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
53. Use the Solubility Rules Chart to determine if CaSO4 is the Soluble or Insoluble
Your Answer: I nsoluble
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
54. Use the Solubility Rules Chart to determine if PbCO3 is Soluble or Insoluble
Your Answer: I nsoluble
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
55. Use the Solubility Rules Chart to determine if Ag3PO4 is Soluble or Insoluble
Your Answer: I nsoluble
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
56. Use the Solubility Rules Chart to determine if Sodium Nitrate is Soluble or Insoluble
Your Answer: Soluble
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
57. The ability of some solids to change directly from a solid to a gas is called
___________.
Your Answer: sublimation
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
58. Name the following compound: Na2SO4
Your Answer: S odium Sulfate
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
59. Name the following compound: CaCO3
Your Answer: C alcium Carbonate
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
60. Name the following compound: NH4NO3
Your Answer: A mmonium Nitrate
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
61. Name the following compound: Li3PO4
Your Answer: L ithium Phosphate
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
62. Write the formula for the following compound: Magnesium hydroxide
Your Answer: M g2OH-
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
63. Write the formula for the following compound: Calcium phosphate
Your Answer: C a3PO4
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
64. Write the formula for the following compound: Ammonium sulfate
Your Answer: N H2SO4
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
65. Write the formula for the following compound: Lead (II) Nitrate
Your Answer: P b2NO3
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
66. A scientist wanted to find out the % of Oxygen from the reaction between Lithium
carbonate and Ammonium bromide. Predict the products and balance the chemical
reaction. Determine the % of Oxygen by mass in the compound that contains Oxygen
found in the product. DO NOT WRITE THE % SYMBOL!
Your Answer: 65
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
66. A second scientist wanted to find out the % of Oxygen from the reaction between
Magnesium sulfate and Sodium chloride. Predict the products and balance the
chemical reaction. Determine the % of Oxygen by mass in the compound that contains
Oxygen found in the product. DO NOT WRITE THE % SYMBOL!
Your Answer: 44
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
67. Symbol for Gold
Your Answer: A u
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
68. Symbol for Mercury
Your Answer: H g
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
69. Name the following compound: (NH4)2CO3
Your Answer: A mmonium Carbonate
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
70. Write the Chemical Formula for: Potassium Carbonate
Your Answer: K2CO3
71. Write the Chemical Formula for: Magnesium Phosphate Incorrect
Your Answer: Mg3PO4 0 / 1 point(s)
72. Write the Chemical Formula for: Aluminum hydroxide Incorrect
Your Answer: Al3OH 0 / 1 point(s)
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
73. How many Oxygen atoms in the following compound: Mg(NO3)2
Your Answer: 6
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
74. How many Oxygen atoms in the following compound: Calcium Phosphate Hint:
(Don't forget to criss-cross!)
Your Answer: 4
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
75. How many Oxygen atoms in the following compound: Potassium nitrate
Your Answer: 3
Atomic Structure Project
Portfolio
Due: Friday 1/19/18
Directions: Construct a flipbook that covers the following categories related to Atomic Structure
and its relationship to the Periodic Table
Reading: https://www.livescience.com/37206-atom-definition.html
*Use this site for notes
1. Cover Page: Atomic Structure and Periodic Table✔
2. History of the Atom✔
Link: h ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSAgLvKOPLQ&t=490s
Link2:
a. Dalton
b. Thomson - Video
c. Rutherford
D. Bohr
3. Structure of the Atom✔
Video
Video2
a. Nucleus, protons, neutrons, electrons
b. Atomic Mass
c. Charge
d. Valence Electrons
***Use models to explain the difference between:
Sodium Chloride and M agnesium Chloride or Sodium sulfide and C alcium Sulfide
4. Isotopes✔
Link: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/isotopes-and-atomic-mass
a. Provide Example
b. How are they used by Scientists?
5. Families of the Periodic Table✔
*Describe the life of Mendeleev and how he created the Periodic Table.
*What makes the elements similar in each family?
*What are some trends in the Periodic Table?
a. Alkali Metals
b. Alkaline Earth Metals
c. Halogens
d. Noble Gases
6. Choose an article to read from site and summarize:
https://www.livescience.com/37206-atom-definition.html
Atomic Structure and
Periodic Table
Olivia Ferraro
History of the Atom
An atom is the basic unit of a chemical element. Every solid, liquid,
and gas are composed of atoms. The world is made of atoms. The atom
has three parts, protons, neutrons, and electrons. The proton is a particle
is found in the nucleus of an atom. It has a positive electrical charge. The
neutron is a particle found in the nucleus of most atom. Neutrons are very
important in the atom because if the atom has equal numbers of protons
and electrons, they cancel eachother out and has a neutral charge. The
electron is a particle found around the nucleus of every atom. It has a
negative charge and is the smallest particle out of the three. The electrons
negative charge balances the protons positive charge in the nucleus.
John Dalton is a very important figure
in chemistry. He created the atomic theory
which created the foundation for chemistry.
In the atomic theory Dalton states ¨All matter
is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and
indestructible. All atoms of a given element
are identical in mass and properties.
Compounds are formed by a combination of
two or more different kinds of atoms. A
chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms¨. John Dalton is explaining
how everything is made up of atoms, yet we will never see or destroy them.
Today, Dalton's theory has been investigated more. For example, we now
know that atoms can be destroyed by nuclear reactions, and that there
are different atoms depending on their mass.
Joseph John Thomson discovered the
electron in 1897. JJ Thomson was able to answer
part of the question from John Dalton's discovery.
Are atoms invisible, tiny spherical objects, or even
tinier than that? When JJ Thomson discovered
that electrons were much smaller than atoms
which made him realize that atoms were not one
hundred percent solid, indivisible, and atoms were
made up of smaller subatomic particles.
Subatomic particles
are clusters of particles that make up an atom. JJ Thomson discovered the
electron using the cathode ray tube experiment. He used a large glass
tube that was sealed all over and contained no oxygen. It has two pieces of
metal at the end that are connected and used as a power source. A ray
would shoot from the first piece of metal and travel through the second
piece of metal and hit the end of the glass tube leaving a special coating
inside. This experiment also confirmed that the cathode ray is negatively
charged.
Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus in 1911,
and proposed the name proton. Rutherford came up
with the name proton shortly after World War 1 in 1920.
He chose the name of the proton because of its
positive charge in the nucleus. He suggested that all
mass in the atom is in the nucleus. The nucleus is held
together by the ¨strong force¨ which is one of the four
basic forces in nature. The protons and neutrons
conduct a force that overcomes an electrical force and
pushes the protons apart. Based on the size of the
nucleus the amount of force and size of atoms will vary.
The atoms will then disintegrate into different elements such as carbon-14
decaying into nitrogen-14.
Niels Bohr discovered that electrons travel in
different orbits around the nucleus, and that the
amount of electrons effects the components of an
element. He also created the liquid drop theory. The
liquid drop theory is described as nuclear fission. The
theory is that a droplet of water has the exact
representation of an atom's nucleus. This theory was
used in the attempt to split uranium atoms, and played
a key role in developing atomic bombs. A fun fact
about Neil Bohr is that the periodic element bohrium
was named after him. "Never express yourself more
clearly than you are able to think" - Niels Bohr
Structure of the Atom
The nucleus, protons, neutrons, and
electrons are all parts of the atom.
The
neutrons, protons, and electrons orbit
the nucleus. The nucleus is located in
the center of the atom. In an atom two
protons and two neutrons go in the
nucleus, and two electrons orbit the
second ring. An example of the
structure of an atom is carbon. In
carbon there would be six protons and six neutrons. If there are six
protons that also means there are six electrons. Then, two electrons will go
in the second orbital and four will go in the third orbital. When placing
electrons on the third orbital they go in the way a clock turns, twelve, three,
six, and nine o´clock.
Atomic mass is the mass of an atom. It's basically the sum of protons
and neutrons. An example is nitrogen, if nitrogen has seven protons and
seven neutrons then the mass will be fourteen.
Charges are the number of the amount of protons or neutrons in an
atom. There are different types of charges, one is called electric charge.
There are two types of electric charges, positive and negative. The positive
charge is called cation, while a negative charge is called an anion. An
example of charges is: Proton = +1 Neutron = 0 Electron = -1
Valence electrons are the outer shell of a electron. Elements whose
atoms have the same numbers of the valence electron are grouped
together in the periodic table.
Isotopes
Isotopes were discovered in 1913 by Frederick Soddy. Isotopes are
atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of
neutrons, there different versions of the same element. An example of an
isotope is hydrogen which can have different atomic mass(number of
neutrons). Every hydrogen has the same atomic number(number of
protons). An easier way to think of this is if you had identical twins. They
both look the same and are the same gender, but if you put them both on
a scale one is heavier than the other. This relates to isotopes because
atoms look the same on the outside, but are different on the inside
because of their varying atomic mass. There are two types of isotopes,
radioactive and stable isotopes. Radioactive isotopes have an unstable
combination of protons and neutrons therefore making the nuclei
unstable. After time they decay and emit chemicals like beta and gamma
rays, and even become harmful to certain parts of the environment.
Decay’s popular meaning is to rot, but with isotopes decaying means to
turn into another isotope consisting of the same element. Stable isotopes
have a stable combination of protons and neutrons, making the nuclei
stable. They also don't decay into another isotope and aren't harmful to
nature and wildlife like radioactive isotopes. Isotopes are very helpful to
scientists when it comes to determining temperature and timelines.
Radioactive isotopes decaying stage help scientists determine the date or
time period of an archeological find and even the universe itself. Anything
that was once part of a living object can be sent to a lab to determine how
much carbon is in it. They can then find out how much carbon was in the
atmosphere that matches to the objects carbon in a certain time period
and can then calculate how long its been since the objects death. Stable
isotopes are used to determine the record of a climate change. Scientists
will pull 100 feet long ice cores containing hundreds of years of ancient air
particles which scientists can then extract and use a mass spectrometer,
and determine the temperature. Isotopes are also often used for medical
imaging and cancer treatment. Isotopes are one of the most successful
cancer treatments. When using nuclear medicine radioactive isotopes help
run diagnostics about specific information in the human body and can
help describe internal features. This information can help cure patients
easily and now radioactive isotopes are a routine in the medical world.
Isotopes help cancer treatment because radioactive isotopes emit
radiation directly into cancer cells therefore, the higher radiation helps kill
the dangerous cells.
Families of the Periodic Table
Dmitri Mendeleev was born on February 8th,
1834 in Tobolsk Siberia, one of fourteen children.
After Dimitris father passed away in 1847 his mother
ran a glass factory only to catch on fire in 1848. Soon
after he attended the Main Pedagogical Institute in
St. Petersburg. His mother then died and he
graduated in the year of 1855. He got his first
teaching position in a city called Simferopol in
Crimea. Shortly after, in 1856 he went back to St.
Petersburg to receive his
master degree and conduct research on organic
chemistry. He then studied abroad in the University
of Heidelberg for two years. Instead of working with
other chemists at the university such as Robert
Bunsen and August Kekulé he decided to set up a lab in his apartment. In
1860 he attended the Chemistry Convention to discuss crucial issues to
science such as atomic mass, chemical symbols, and chemical formulas. At
the convention he was able to speak with many of Europe's leading
chemists. In 1861 Mendeleev traveled back to St. Petersburg to obtain a
professorship at the Technological Institute in 1864. In his years of teaching
at the Technological Institute he had published a textbook on organic
chemistry because he couldn't find a book that met his teaching needs.
After it was awarded the prestigious Demidov prize in 1861 he wrote
another textbook on the principles of chemistry. Finally in 1867 he was
given the position of professor of chemical technology in the University of
St. Petersburg where he created the periodic table in 1869. He continued to
teach at the university until 1890 where he then retired and died in 1907.
Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by their relative atomic
mass, atomic weight, and rarely he used atomic numbers. The results were
a repeating pattern of the elements organized in columns corresponding
to their atomic mass and weight. At times when putting the table together
Mendeleev would leave gaps where he believed elements that had not yet
been discovered would find their place. Creating the periodic table had
some bumps in the road because Mendeleev would sometimes have to
break his own rule. An example is, iodine has a lower atomic mass than
tellurium, so according to the rules it must come before tellurium. But, in
order for iodine to be in a group with elements like fluorine, chlorine, and
bromine it had to come after tellurium. In 1913, Henry Moseley proposed the
idea of using atomic numbers instead of atomic mass and it solved
problems like this one since iodine has a higher atomic number than
tellurium. In the end, Dmitri brought fame to himself for his scientific
creation and received the title of the Founder of the Periodic Law.
When Dmitri Mendeleev created the periodic table he organized
them in groups based on their similarities. He organized them by atomic
mass, weight, and number of valence electrons. In the table the columns
were organized by the number of valence electrons in the highest energy
level that can react with other atoms. Elements in one group will act similar
to each other and will react the same. For example, in the alkali metal
group they all have valence electrons. Alkali metals have one valence
electron, and they have a +1 charge so they can react with Halogen
elements which are a -1 charge. Alkaline Earth Metals have two valence
electrons, and a +2 charge. Halogens have seven valence electrons, and
react well with alkali metals. Noble gases have a full outer shell and have
no valence electrons. This keeps them from participating in chemical
bonds with other atoms.
There are many trends between groups in the periodic table. Some of
the trends are Electronegativity, Ionization energy, Electron Affinity, Atomic
radius, Melting point, Metallic character trends. Electronegativity is a
chemical property that attracts and binds atoms with electrons.
Ionization Energy is the energy that removes an electron from a neutral
atom. Ionization Energy is the opposite of Electronegativity because the
lower the energy is the more likely the atom will become a cation.
Electron Affinity is the ability for an atom to accept an electron.
Similar to how radius is half the diameter of a circle Atomic radius is one
half the distance of the nuclei and two atoms. Melting Point trend is the
amount of energy needed to break a chemical bond. It's also used to
change a substance from its solid phase to liquid phase. An example is
metal because it has a high melting point. Metallic Character is the ability
for an atom to lose and electron.
Summarized Article
Atoms are the basic unit of matter. They are divided into three parts
protons, neutrons, and electrons that are made up of particles. Atoms were
created shortly after the Big Bang Theory 13.7 million years ago. In the
atom protons and neutrons are located in the center of the atom because
they are heavier. Electrons are very lightweight so they orbit the nucleus in
the electron cloud. The cloud has a radius ten thousand times greater
than the nucleus. The protons and neutrons always have the same mass
but one. One proton weighs more than one thousand eight hundred. There
will always be an equal number of protons, electrons, and neutrons. In 1911
a physicists named Ernest Rutherford discovered the neutron and proton.
All the mass of the atom stays in the nucleus. The protons and neutrons
that make up the nucleus are the same mass, and have the same
momentum. The nucleus is held to together by the ¨strong force¨ which is
one of four natural forces. Atoms can be unstable because the holding
force varies depending on the size of the nucleus. Protons got its name
from its positive charges. The number of protons is called the atomic
number. The periodic table is organized by atomic number. The number of
protons in an atom affects what type of element it is, and determines the
chemical behavior. In 1897, JJ Thomson discovered the electron. It got its
name from its negative charges and how its electrically attracted to
positively charged protons. Electrons are the tiniest particle compared to
protons and neutrons. They are located in the outer shell of the atom,
which matter the most. Neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick in
1932. Neutrons are uncharged particles in the nucleus. He found neutrons
during an experiment where atoms were shot at thin sheets of beryllium
and subatomic particles released with no charges and became a neutron.
Isotopes are determined by the number of neutrons in an element.
Atomic Compound Model
Directions: Construct a model of an ionic compound that has:
*See me before you choose your compound:
1. Correct ratio of atoms within the molecule ✔
2. Protons and neutrons✔
3. Correct placement of electrons✔
4. Use of the compound✔
5. Can be displayed in classroom from the ceiling
6. Be prepared to discuss the Valence electrons and charges✔
You may use the following elements:
1. Lithium +1
2. Sodium +1
3. Potassium +1
4. Beryllium +2
5. Magnesium +2
6. Calcium +2
7. Boron +3
8. Aluminum +3
9. Nitrogen -3
10. Phosphorus -3
11. Oxygen -2
12. Sulfur -2
13. Fluorine -1
14. Chlorine -1
- Magnesium Oxygen
- Mg+ 2 O- 2
- Mg has P = 12 and N = 12
- O has P = 8 and N = 8
- Magnesium Oxide is used for mineral supplement, and to relieve heartburn and
indigestion.
- There are two valence electrons in mg & 6 in o. This creates and octet.
- Mg is a +2 charge and o is a -2 charge.
Isotope - Radiometric Dating
Directions: Use the following Isotopes and decay rates to determine the age of the fossils in the room.
Isotope #1 Isotope #2
Years % Remaining Years (millions) % Remaining
0 100
0 100
3.2 50
2800 50 6.4 25
9.6 12.5
25
6.25
8400 12.5 16 3.125
11,200 6.25 1.56
22.4 0.78
14,600 3.125 25.6 0.39
1.56 0.19
32 0.095
20,200 0.78
0
23,000 0.39
0.19
28,600 0.095
0
Questions:
1. How old is each
fossil if there is 29%
remaining?
2. How old is each
fossil if there is 46%?
3. How much of
Isotope #1 is
remaining if the fossil
is 8000 years old?
4. How much of
Cabrerianite is
remaining if the fossil
is 11,000 years old?
5. How old is each
fossil if there is 23%
remaining of both
isotopes?
% remaining Isotope #1 Isotope #2
Fossil A 32% remaining
Fossil B 18% remaining
Fossil C 75% remaining
Fossil D 65% remaining
Fossil E 20% remaining
Fossil F 42% remaining
Average Atomic Mass Practice Problems
1. Calculate the atomic mass of lead. The four lead isotopes have atomic masses and relative
abundances of 203.973 amu (1.4%), 205.974 amu (24.1%), 206.976 amu (22.1%) and
207.977 amu (52.4%).
How many neutrons would each isotope have in its nucleus?
203.973 * 0.014 = 2.86
205.974 * 0.241 = 49.6
206.976 * 0.221 = 45.7
207.977 * 0.524 = 108.9
+__________________
207.06
2. Calculate the average atomic mass of sulfur if 95.00% of all sulfur atoms have a mass of
31.972 amu, 0.76% has a mass of 32.971amu and 4.22% have a mass of 33.967amu.
How many neutrons would each isotope have in its nucleus?
31.972 * 0.9500 = 30.373
32.971 * 0.0076 = 0.2505
33.967 * 0.0422 = 1.4334
+________________
32.0569
QUIZ: Isotopes
Name: Olivia Ferraro Date: 2/6/18
Directions construct a graph that will help you determine the age of fossils.
Isotope A Percent Isotope
Years
0 100
5730 50
11,460 25
17,190 12.5
22,920 6.25
28,650 3.125
34,380 1.06
40,110 .5
45,840 .25
51,570 .125
57,300 0
Hint: Remember to add gridlines
Graph: (place graph here)
Questions: (Use your graph above to answer the questions below)
1. How old is the following fossil?
Fossil A - 73% of Isotope A remaining
The fossil(a) is an estimate of 3,000 years old.
2. How old is the following fossil?
Fossil B - 15% of Isotope A remaining
The fossil(b) is an estimate of 16,000 years old.
3. What percentage of Isotope A is remaining if the fossil is 1200 years old?
If Isotope A existed for 1,200 years than an estimate of it remains would be 27%.
Average Atomic Mass Calculations
1. Naturally occurring chlorine that is put in pools is 7 5.53 percent 35Cl (mass = 34.969
amu) and 2 4.47 percent 37Cl ( mass = 36.966 amu). Calculate the average atomic mass
0.7553 * 35 = 26.44
0.2447 * 37 = 9.0539
Total = 35.5
2. Calculate the atomic mass of silicon. The three silicon isotopes have atomic masses and
relative abundances of 27.9769 amu (92.2297%), 28.9765 amu (4.6832%) and 2 9.9738
amu (3.0872%).
27.9769 * .922297 = 25.80301
28.9765 * .046832 = 1.35703
29.9738 * 0.030872 = .92535
Total = 28.0854
Key Vocabulary
Key Terms to use: Isotope, nucleus, neutrons, average atomic mass, Mass%, M&Ms,
protons, atomic number, element, however, therefore, additionally, for instance, in
conclusion, d ata, % abundance
Writing:
Use one of the examples above to discuss how you determine the number of neutrons for each
isotope. You also need to discuss how the %abundance contributed to the Average Atomic
Mass of the element. (HINT: Think of the M&M Lab!)
In order to solve the number of neutrons in an isotope you have to find the atomic weight
and the atomic number(protons) of the element. Then you would subtract the atomic weight
from the atomic number. The total would give you the number of neutrons in the isotope. An
example of this would be finding the number of neutrons using the data of the Silicon problem.
Silicon has three forms of isotopes. The atomic weight of the first version of an isotope is 27.97.
The atomic number is 13. 27.97 minus 13 equals 14.97. 15 is the number of neutrons in the first
version of Silicon. Another example of finding the number of neutrons is in the second isotope of
Silicon. The atomic weight of the second version of an isotope is 28.97. The atomic number is
14. 28.97 minus 14 equals 14.97. 15 is the number of neutrons in the second version of Silicon.
Another example of finding the number of neutrons is in the third isotope of Silicon. The atomic
weight of the third version of an isotope is 29.97. The atomic number is 14. 29.97 minus 14
equals 15.97. 16 is the number of neutrons in the third version of Silicon. Abundance is the
amount of each isotope in the world. Some isotopes are more abundant or common than others.
The abundance determines the atomic mass because it helps decide which isotope there is
more of and which isotope it effects more. An example of this is Silicon if we were determining
the atomic mass in Silicon we would set the problem up like this: 27.9769 * .922297 = 25.80301
- 28.9765 * .046832 = 1.35703 - 29.9738 * 0.030872 = .92535 T he abundance 27.9769 is the
biggest number, therefore it affects the solution the most. Which is why the final mass of 28.08
is very close to the isotope that there is the most of.
Age of Fossils
Olivia: The Fusarus fossil is older than the Montanosaurus fossil. The Fusarus
fossil only 18% remaining. The Montanosarus has 35% remaining which means
that it's been around for a shorter amount of time. The Fusarus fossil has existed
for 23,000 years. The Montanosaurus fossil has existed for only 15,000 years. As
the Fusarus and Montanosuarus fossils age increases the percentage increases.
The line graph is evidence of how the Fusarus fossil(isotope 1) is older than the
Montanosaurus The dependent variable is age, and the independent variable is
time. In addition, if there is only 18% of the fossil left then over time it will
eventually disappear due to weather.
Emma: I think that the fossil of the Fusarus is older than the Montanosaurus
fossil because the Fusarus fossil has been around longer. To find the age of the
fossil you have to make a graph to show the age of the fossil. You would put the
percentages on the y-axis and the age of the fossil on the x-axis. If you look at the
graph and go to 18% on the x-axis, the graph will show that the age of the of the
Fusarus fossil is around 4000 years old. The Montanosaurus fossil has about 35%
remaining. If you look at the graph and look in between 30 and 40 you will see
that the age of the Montanosaurus fossil is around 2100. In conclusion, the
Fusarus fossil is about 2000 years older than the Montanosaurus.
Beth: Fossil A is older. Fusarus is almost 6,000 years old while Montanosaurus is
only 3,000 years old. In order to figure out which fossil is older you had to find the
percentage on the y-axis and find where it meets the line on the x-axis. Also, if
there is only 18% left of a fossil, there is less of it mainly because it is older and
has decayed over time. Compared to a montanosaurus, there is 35% left of it
which means there is more of it because it is younger and hasn't had as much
time to decay as Fusarus.
Final Paragraph:
The Fusarus fossil is older than the Montanosaurus fossil. The
estimated age for the fossils is between 3,000 and 4,000 years. There is 18%
remaining of the Fusarus fossil and 35% remaining of the Montanosaurus
fossil. In order to find the age of the fossils you have to graph the data
corresponding with the years the fossil has existed and the amount that
has survived over time. you have to find the percentage on the y-axis and
find where it meets the line on the x-axis. Also, another way to determine
which fossil is older, regarding the age, is to look at the percent. If there is
only 18% left of Fusarus, that means has decayed over longer periods of
time. If there is 35% remaining of Montanosaurus, then there is more of it
because of the shorter periods of time for it to decay.
M&M Isotope Lab
In the Unit 2 M&M Isotope lab, we had to determine the average atomic
mass. We used 2 forms of an atom. We substituted the isotope forms with regular
and pretzel M&M's. We then calculated the average atomic mass using the
isotope forms and the abundance.
Velocity Story
Name: O livia Ferraro Date: 2 /12/18
Directions: Work in a group to tell a story of a classmate in motion. You must include 3 turns
(change in direction) and 3 different velocities. Your story must also have an amount of time
where the classmate does not move. What did the person do when they stopped? Where were
they going?
Data Table:
Example: Velocity = Distance/Time
V = 12 m/3 sec
V = 4 m/sec.
Description Distance (m) Time (sec.) Velocity (m/s)
Walking to read a poster 0.81 (m/s)
Walking backwards around a 3 (m) 3.7 (sec.) 0.33333 (m/s)
corner
Running upstairs 1.5 (m) 4.5 (sec.) 1.11111 (m/s)
Walking and then turning around 0.47 (m/s)
Running up a ramp 3 (m) 2.7 (sec.) 2.5 (m/s)
6.48 (m) 13.8 (sec.)
9.26 (m) 3.72 (sec.)
Story:
Emily was writing a paper about the school and needed all the
information she could get. First she rushed to the hallway, she had
another 3 meters to go and made it in 3.7 seconds with just enough time
to read the poster. Then she started writing about the lunch waves. She
made it just in time to walk with the students while they went back to their
classes. There were so many people in the halls that in order to get out
Emily had to walk 1.5 meters backwards around the corner. Within 4.5
seconds she safely reached the open hallway. Emily realized that she was
about to miss the next gym class. She quickly ran down 3 meters of stairs
leading to the first floor. The gym class was very close to the hallway she
was in so it would only take her about 2.7 seconds. A teacher caught Emily
running to the gym and made her walk the whole way. Instead of it taking
her only 2.7 seconds it took her 13.8 seconds! The teacher also made her
go a different way to punish her! Emily had to walk 3.48 meters more than
her original direction! Finally, it was the end of the day and Emily got all of
the information she needed. But, she was about to miss the bus so she
sprinted 9.26 meters within 3.72 and just made the bus.
Velocity Project 2018 Speed - The action of Position - A place where
Motion - T he action of being able to move/operate someone/something is
being moved
located
Distance - The amount of Acceleration - Increase in Terminal Velocity - Where
space between two things the speed of something. a freely falling object
reaches the resistance of
something preventing it
from falling and reaching
further acceleration.
Time - The progress of the Initial Velocity - The Displacement - The action
past/present/future. The velocity of an object before of moving something from
continued progress of acceleration causes a its original position.
existence. change.
Velocity - The speed of Final Velocity - The Key Metric units - A basic
something in a given
direction. velocity at the final point of unit of measurement
time.
2. What is the difference between Speed and Velocity? Explain using an example
in your own words.
Velocity is speed with direction. Speed has no direction. Its
measured in the units of distance. Velocity is measured by magnitude.
3. Pick 2 cities (minimum 500 miles apart) in the United States or world and
construct a data table and graph showing the amount of hours that it would take
to travel between the 2 cities with the following modes of transportation:
A. Fastest Runner
T = d /v = 38.5 hours
T = 898 miles / (23.35 miles / 1 hour)
T = (898 miles * 1 hour) / 45 miles
B. Model T Ford
T = d/v = 19.9 hours
T = 898 miles / (45 miles / 1 hour)
T = (898 miles * 1 hour) / 45 miles
C. Hindenburg
T = d/ v = 6.7 hours
T = 898 miles / (135 miles / 1 hour)
T = (898 miles * 1 hour) / 135 miles
D. Tesla top speed
T = d /v = 5.8 hours
T = 898 miles / (155 miles / 1 hour)
T = (898 miles * 1 hour) / 155 miles
E. Fastest train
T = d /v = 2.4 hours
T = 898 miles / (375 miles / 1 hour)
T = (898 miles * 1 hour) / 375 miles
F. F35 Fighter Jet
T = d/ v = 0.635 hours
T = 898 miles / (1414.82 miles / 1 hour)
T = (898 miles * 1 hour) / 1414.82 miles
G. Bike
T = d/v = 93.54 hours
T = 898 miles / (9.6 miles / 1 hour)
T = (898 miles * 1 hour) / 9.6 miles
*Provide a map showing your cities
4. What would like to see in this city when you arrive? What tourist attraction?
What restaurant would you like to visit in this city? What is the basic history of
this city?
I would want to see the gardens and fountain at Forsyth park. There are also
many tourists attractions in Savannah I would want to see. I would want to see the
ghost tours because Savannah is the most haunted city in America. I would also want to
go on a boat trip where I can learn about the town and all the amazing things I can do
there, and a historic tour where I can learn about the slaves that worked in the famous
mansion. I would want to visit the “My Daily Bread “ cafe where because they have
amazing popsicles and sandwiches. It's also right across from the park, shops, and near
a historical tour. In 1782 the American Revolution took place in Savannah. It is a major
shipping port. Its known as the most haunted city, and the oldest city in Georgia. It's a
big tourist destination because of its beauty and accessibility.
5. Determine and graph an 18% increase in Velocity for each vehicle - Show how
the Times would be affected by the increase in speed. Show a double bar graph
with the 2 different times for each vehicle.
*Provide a paragraph and pictures about the vehicles*
Fastest runner Model T Ford Hindenburg
T = 898 / 23.35 T = 898 / 45 T = 898 / 135
T = 898 / (23.35 * 1.18) T = 898 / (45 * 1.18) T = 898 / (135 * 1.18)
T = 898 / 27.553 T = 898 / 53.1 T = 898 / 159.3
T = 32.59 hours T = 16.912 hours T = 5.637 hours
Usain Bolt is the fastest The Model T Ford was invented The HIndenburg took flight
runner in history. His
speed in 1908. It was the longest on 1936. Its average
average speed is 23.35
miles per hour. He is 31 production of automobiles until is 135 miles per hour. It
years old, and has won
8 olympic gold medals. the volkswagen beetle took its was a very exciting and
6, 1937.
place in 1972. Its average speed luxurious way to travel.
Is 45 miles per hour. It crashed on May
Tesla Top Speed Fastest train F35 Fighter Jet
T = 898 / 155 T = 898 / 375 T = 898 / 1414
T = 898 / (155 * 1.18) T = 898 / (375 * 1.18) T = 898 / (1414 * 1.18)
T = 898 / 182.9 T = 898 / 442.5 T = 898 / 1668.52
T = 4.909 hours T = 2.029 hours T = 0 .538 hours
The Tesla is an electric One of the fastest trains is the The F 35 fighter jet is a 5th
car brand that is making Fuxing train. It has become the generation fighter aircraft.
its way to the top. Its fastest bullet train and has put Its average speed is 1414
electric engine, high tech China in the lead for fastest train miles per hour. The cost of
features, and auto driving in operation. Its average speed this aircraft is $1.1 trillion.
is making the world is 375 miles per hour.
see cars differently.
Bike Bikes are an affordable way to get
T = 898 / 9.6 around places. They are more healthy
T = 898 / ( 9.6 * 1.18) for the earth and your body. The
T = 898 / 11.328 average speed of a bike is 9.6 miles.
T = 79.272 hours Bikes are more popular around tourists
destinations, cities, and neighborhoods.
6. Use a math calculation to show how long it would take the F 35 Fighter Jet to
get to
A. Sun
T = (93 x 106 ) / 1414.82
T = 65732.743 hours
T = 2738 days
B. Saturn
T = (746 x 106) / 1414.8
T = 5 27275 hours
T = 21969.7917 days
C. Neptune
T = (2.7 x 109 ) / 1414.82
T = 0.00191 hours
T = 7.9583 days
(Use scientific notation)
Acceleration Conclusion
Problem Statement: How does the angle of the ramp affect the acceleration of the car?
Conclusion: (use data)
Keywords: Purpose of experiment, Hypothesis, variables, data to prove your hypothesis
The purpose of this experiment was to find how the different angles of the ramps affects the
acceleration of the car. The hypothesis was the lower the ramp, the slower the acceleration. The
solution matched our hypothesis. An example is angle 3, it was the lowest angle and had an
acceleration of 96.8. This compares to the highest angle. Angle 1 was the highest angle and
had an acceleration of 106.8. In addition, the general average worked with the hypothesis. As
the ramp won't lower, the acceleration decreases.
Acceleration Data Table:
Hypothesis: Dist. 1 Velocit Velocit Acceleration
Independent 60 cm Time 1 y 1 Dist. 2 Time 2 y 2 106.8
Variable: 60 cm 0.90 0.50 182.8
Dependent 60 cm sec 66.6 60 cm sec 120 269.5
Variable: 60 cm 0.78 0.40 142.20
sec 76.9 60 cm sec 150
Write Units --> 0.85 0.33 262.2
sec 70.5 60 cm sec 181.8 355.1
Trial 0.84 0.41 338.1
sec 71.30 60 cm sec 129.6 189.8
angle 1 =
120.54
angle 1 =
angle 1 =
avg.
angle 2 60 cm 0.92 65.2 60 cm 0.37 162.2
angle 2 60 cm sec 83.3 60 cm sec 146.3
angle 2 60 cm 0.72 0.41 142.8
avg. 60 cm sec 75 60 cm sec 150.4
0.80 74.5 60 cm 0.42
sec sec
0.81 0.4
sec sec
angle 3 1.40 0.55 109.1
60 cm sec 42.8 60 cm sec
angle 3 60 cm 1.45 0.57 105.3 44.06
angle 3 60 cm sec 41.4 60 cm sec 100 96.8
avg. 60 cm 1.43 74.8
sec 0.60 104.8
1.40 41.9 60 cm sec
sec
0.6
42 60 cm sec
QUIZ: Motion
Name: Olivia Ferraro Date: 3/1/18
Formulas:
A= v2 −v1 V2 = V1 + (a * T) T= V2−V1
T2 a
1. After traveling for 14.0 seconds, a bicyclist reaches a speed of 89 m/s. What is the runner’s
acceleration?
A = V2 - V1 / T2
A = 89 m/s - 14.0 s /T2
A = 75 m/s / 14.0 s
A = 5.36 s
2. A car starting from rest accelerates at a rate of 18.0 m/s2. What is its final speed at the end of
5.0 seconds?
T=D/V
T = 5.0 s / 18.0 m/s
T = 0.3 seconds.
3. A cyclist accelerates at a rate of 16.0 m/s2. How long will it take the cyclist to reach a speed of
49 m/s?
T=D/V
T = 16.0 m/s / 49 m/s
T = 0.3 seconds.
3. During an Apollo moon landing, reflecting panels were placed on the moon. This allowed
earth-based astronomers to shoot laser beams at the moon's surface to determine its distance.
The reflected laser beam was observed 4.6 seconds after the laser pulse was sent. The speed of
light is 3.0 × 108 m/s. What was the distance between the astronomers and the moon?
D=V*T
D = (4.6 sec) * (3.0 × 108 m/s)
D = (4.6 sec) * (300,000,000)
D = 1.38 * 109
Directions: Choose 4 or 5
4. It is now 10:29 a.m., but when the bell rings at 10:30 a.m. Suzette will be late for French class
for the third time this week. She must get from one side of the school to the other by hurrying
down three different hallways. She runs down the first hallway, a distance of 65.0 m, at a
speed of 5.2 m/s. The second hallway is filled with students, and she covers its 32.0 m length
at an average speed of 1.46 m/s. The final hallway is empty, and Suzette sprints its 60.0 m
length at a speed of 7.3 m/s.
a. Does Suzette make it to class on time or does she get detention for being late again?
T=D/V T=D/V T=D/V
T = 65.0 m / 5.2 m/s T = 32.0 m / 1.46 m/s T = 60.0 m / 7.3 m/s
T = 12.5 sec. T = 21.9 sec. T = 8.2 sec.
12.5 + 21.9 + 8.2 = 42.6 sec
Suzette arrives to French class 17.4 seconds before the bell rang. She didn't get her third tardy.
5. What is the Acceleration of the Cart on the Ramp? Determine the Angle of the Ramp (A).
Angle Chart: h ttps://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4RmhXJlHvo1YXZhcDNMSDNSMXc
Which Angle had the greatest Acceleration? Write a Conclusion based on your findings. Create
a Graph if you have time.
Angle 1 = Hypotenuse / Opposite Angle 2 = Hypotenuse / Opposite
Angle 1 = 19 / 50 m Angle 2 = 46 / 100 m
Angle 2 has the greatest acceleration.
Height of
Ramp Velocity Velocity
2 Acceleration
(Opposite) Dist. 1 Time 1 1 Dist. 2 Time 2
50 m 100 m 10 sec. 10. 100 m 5 sec. 20 19
100 m 5 sec. 20 100 m 2 sec. 50 46
100 m 50 m V2 = D / T A = V2 - V1 / T
50 m V1 = D / T V = 100 m / 5 sec. A = 20 sec - 10 sec / 10
V = 100 m / 10 sec. V = 20 sec A = 19
V = 10 sec
100 m V2 = D / T A = V2 - V1 / T
100 m V1 = D / T V = 100 m / 2 sec. A = 50 sec - 20 sec / 5
V = 100 m / 5 sec. V = 50 sec A = 46
V = 20 sec.
Graph:
Conclusion:
In conclusion, in order to find the angle and acceleration of the cart on the ramp, first you had to
determine the velocity and acceleration of 50 m and 100 m. The formula for finding velocity is
velocity = distance / time (V = D / T). The answer to finding the first velocity with 50 m is 10
seconds. The answer to finding the second velocity with 50 m is 20 seconds. I found the answers
of these problems by using the velocity formula. Now that I found the velocities of 50 m I can
find the acceleration. The formula of acceleration is acceleration = velocity 1 - velocity 2 / time
(A = V1 - V2 / T). The answer to finding acceleration with 50 m is 19. I found the acceleration
by using the acceleration formula. You also have to determine the velocity and acceleration of
100. Using the velocity formula the answer to finding the first velocity with 100 m is 20 seconds.
The second velocity is velocity with 100 m is 50 seconds.
EXTRA CREDIT:
Light from another star in the galaxy reaches the earth in 46 minutes. The speed of light is 3.0 ×
108 m/s. In k ilometers, how far is the earth from the star?
Answer must be in scientific notation
D=V*T
D = (46 min) * (3.0 × 108 m/s)
D = (46 min) * (300,000,000 m/s)
D = 1.3800000000 m/s
D(Scientific Notation) = 1.38 101 0
QUIZ REVIEW2: GPE/KE
Scenario: You are an engineer for a major engineering firm that will design the lift motor and
safety restraints for the next roller coaster on the planet Naboo in Star Wars. Naboo has a
gravity equal to 64% greater than Earth’s. The Star Wars Theme Park needs to provide you
with the velocity of the roller coaster on this planet to help you with your design. Your roller
coaster will be called the Millenium Falcon and will have a height of 83 m. Your roller coaster
“The Falcon” will have a mass of 3,400 kg. You will need to compare the needs for safety on
Earth to the needs on Naboo. Explain your reasoning for the changes on Naboo.
Naboo:
Directions: Provide a data table showing the comparisons between the Millenium Falcon Roller
Coaster on Earth and Naboo. Describe the types of restraints that you would need on the faster
coaster.
Calculations:
Earth Naboo
GPE = KE GPE = KE
GPE = m * g m/s2 * h GPE = m * g m/s2 * h
GPE = 3400 kg * 9.8 m/s2 * 83 m GPE = 3400 kg * 16.072 m/s2 * 83 m
GPE = 2765560 joules GPE = 4535518.4 joules
KE = .5mv2 KE = .5mv2
2765560 J = 0.5m (3400 kg)V2 4535518.4 = 0.5m (3400kg)V2
2765560 = 1700V2 4535518.4 = 1700V2
1626.8 = V2 2668.1 = V2
40.334 = V 52.12 = V
Data Table:
Earth Naboo
GPE 4535518.4
KE 2765560 joules joules
40.334 52.12
Graph:
QUIZ REVIEW: GPE
1. Suppose you placed a 2 30 kg Siberian Tiger on the Superman Roller Coaster on the planet
Tatooine. This roller coaster has a height of 125 m and Tatooine has a gravity that is equal to
23% greater than that of Earth’s. What would be your velocity at the bottom of the hill?
Explain your energy transformations on the ride.
GPE = KE KE = 345000 joules
GPE = m * g m/s2 * h KE = m*g*h = .5 m/s2
GPE = 230 kg * 12 * 125 m KE = 345000 J
GPE = 345000 joules KE = 587 J
2. In 1993, Cuban athlete Javier Sotomayor set the world record for the high jump. The
gravitational potential energy associated with Sotomayor’s jump was 2 130 J. Sotomayor’s mass
was 89.0 kg. How high did Sotomayor jump?
H = GPE / m * g m/s2
H = 2130 J / 89.0 kg * 9.8 m/s2
H = 2130 J / 872.2 kg
H = 2.44210044 J
3. One of the tallest radio towers is in Fargo, North Dakota. The tower is 629 m tall, or about 44
percent taller than the Sears Tower in Chicago. If a bird lands on top of the tower, so that the
gravitational potential energy associated with the bird is 1 250 J, what is its mass?
M = GPE / h * g KE = 0.2027
M = 1250 J / 629 m * 9.8 m/s2 KE = m*g*h = .5 m/s2
M = 1250 J / 6164.2 m KE = 0.2027 J
M = 0.2027 m KE = 0.450 J
4. With an elevation of 5 334 m above sea level, the village of Aucanquilca, Chile is the highest
inhabited town in the world. What would be the gravitational potential energy associated with a
95 kg person in Aucanquilca?
GPE = KE
GPE = m * g m/s2 * h
GPE = 95 kg * 9.8 m/s2 * 5334 m
GPE = 4965954 m
Potential Energy Project
Energy - the capacity Joules - the unit of Chemical Potential Law of Conservation
or power to complete energy. Energy - the energy of Energy - t he total
stored in the energy of an isolated
an action. chemical bonds of a system that remains
substance. constant.
Kinetic Energy - Kilojoules - a Elastic Potential Gravity - t he force
resulting from motion. measurement of how Energy - potential that attracts an object
much energy people energy stored as a toward the center of
can get from deformation in an the earth, or mass.
consuming food. elastic object.
Potential Energy - Gravitational Mechanical Energy -
the energy attracted Potential Energy - the sum of kinetic
or related to a body energy an object
of charge. possesses due to its and potential energy.
position in the
gravitational field.
Resource: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/Lesson-1/Potential-Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy
Determine the Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) of 3 different masses (g) at 3 different
heights.
3 objects: Y ou, African Elephant, Chevy Camaro (research the masses)
*2.2 lbs = 1 kg
Data Table:
Me African Chevy
Elephant Camaro
Mass 43.09 6,350 kg 1,671 kg
kg
Gravity 9.8 9.8 m/s2 9.8
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