Lab work instructions for Fundamentals of Chemistry

MEETING 10. FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY

BUILD A MOLECULE PHET SIMULATION - RECOGNIZING PATTERNS IN COVALENT BONDING

NAME_______________________________________________PERIOD________

Element bonded Formula of Name of Molecule Sketch of ball and Number of covalent
stick model bonds ELEMENT
to Hydrogen stable molecule forms

BORON

SILICON

PHOSPHORUS

BROMINE

5. CONCLUSION: Sort the atoms into groups based on the number of covalent bonds (hydrogen atoms) they will
bond with in a molecule.

Number of bonds formed with Elements
Hydrogen?

1

2

3

4

group
13 14 15 16 17 18

Ne

Al Ar
Ga Ge As Kr

MEETING 10. FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY

BUILD A MOLECULE PHET SIMULATION - RECOGNIZING PATTERNS IN COVALENT BONDING

NAME_______________________________________________PERIOD________
NEXT: Fill in the above elements where they would go in the partial periodic table shown.

6. Can you see the pattern in the number of covalent bonds that each atom forms? Write a set of “rules”
explaining this pattern in the space below.

7. One element that we didn’t test with Hydrogen was selenium – Se. Predict the formula of the molecule formed
by selenium and hydrogen using the rules you just identified. Justify/explain your choice.

PART II: DIATOMIC MOLECULES

BACKGROUND: A number of non-metal elements, but not all, are capable of bonding with another atom of the same
element to form a diatomic molecule. Sometimes these diatomic molecules contain a single covalent bond, but other
elements will form double covalent bonds or even triple covalent bonds in their diatomic molecules.

1. Test the atoms shown on the list below to determine if they will form a diatomic molecule. Remember, it’s only
a stable molecule that actually exists, if the simulation gives it a name. If it’s a stable molecule, look at the 3D
picture, change the view to BALL and STICK and observe how many bonds are present.

STICKS SHOWN BETWEEN ATOMS NUMBER OF ELECTRON PAIRS TYPE OF COVALENT BOND
SHARED BETWEEN ATOMS
1 Single
2 1 Double
3 2 Triple
3

POSSIBLE If it actually exists: name it. Ball and Stick Model Sketch Type of Bond between
DIATOMIC If it doesn’t actually exists write Atoms
MOLECULE? “no” and cross off the formula
on the left.
H2
O2
C2
N2
Cl2
F2

MEETING 10. FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY

BUILD A MOLECULE PHET SIMULATION - RECOGNIZING PATTERNS IN COVALENT BONDING

NAME_______________________________________________PERIOD________

B2
Si2
S2
P2
Br2

2. SUMMARIZE: Sort out the diatomic molecules which actually form by their bond type.

Form a diatomic molecule with a SINGLE
bond:
Form a diatomic molecule with a DOUBLE
bond:
Form a diatomic molecule with a TRIPLE
bond:
DON’T form a diatomic molecule:

3. How do the above results compare with the number of hydrogen atoms that each type of atom will bond with?
What patterns are noted? What exceptions are notable?

PART III: More Complex Bonding Patterns.

1. Oxygen and Sulfur Bonding Patterns. Build each of the indicated molecules. Name each. Draw the ball and stick
model for the molecule and shade in the OXYGEN or SULFUR atom in each molecule. Indicate the bonding
pattern on the oxygen or sulfur atom. The first one has been done for you.

Formula Name Ball and stick Model Bonding pattern on
(Shade in the oxygen or shaded atom.
H2O Water sulfur atom in your sketch)
OCl2 2 single bonds
NO

MEETING 10. FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY

BUILD A MOLECULE PHET SIMULATION - RECOGNIZING PATTERNS IN COVALENT BONDING

NAME_______________________________________________PERIOD________

ONH Formic Acid (note 2 different oxygens
CO2 in this molecule)
CH2O2

BS

SiS2

Your choice…

CONCLUSION: How do Oxygen and Sulfur atoms tend to bond in molecules? What patterns do you see? How many
covalent bonds (total) do oxygen atoms or sulfur atoms tend to form?

2. NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS bonding patterns. Repeat the process above for these molecules containing
either nitrogen or phosphorus.

Formula Name Ball and stick Model Bonding pattern on
(Shade in the nitrogen or shaded atom.
N2 phosphorus atom in your
NH3 sketch)
NH2Cl
NO
HNO
HCN
CH3NH2
HPS

MEETING 10. FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY

BUILD A MOLECULE PHET SIMULATION - RECOGNIZING PATTERNS IN COVALENT BONDING

NAME_______________________________________________PERIOD________

PH3

Your choice…

Your choice…

CONCLUSION: How do Nitrogen and Phosphorus tend to bond in compounds? What patterns do you see? How many
total covalent bonds do nitrogen and phosphorus atoms tend to form?

3. Carbon and Silicon bonding patterns. Now repeat the process one more time. Build the atoms shown which
contain atoms of carbon or silicon.

Formula Name Ball and stick Model Bonding pattern on
(Shade in the carbon or shaded atom.
CCl2H2 silicon atom in your sketch)
CH3NH2
CO2
CH2O
C2H2
HCN
SiS2
CH3Si3
SiC
CH2Si
CN

YOUR CHOICE…

MEETING 10. FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY

BUILD A MOLECULE PHET SIMULATION - RECOGNIZING PATTERNS IN COVALENT BONDING
NAME_______________________________________________PERIOD________

CONCLUSION: What general conclusions can be made about the way carbon and silicon bond to other atoms? How
many total bonds to carbon and silicon atoms tend to form?
Which compounds above seem to be exceptions to the pattern you just described?

APPLY AND EXTEND PRACTICE
1. Write in the symbol of an atom in each circle that would have the bonding pattern shown. (There could be more
than one correct answer.)

2. Draw the correct bonding lines (single bonds, double bonds, or triple bonds) to connect the atoms in each
structure shown.

H HH

HCH O NN

MEETING 10. FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY

BUILD A MOLECULE PHET SIMULATION - RECOGNIZING PATTERNS IN COVALENT BONDING

NAME_______________________________________________PERIOD________

H

H

Cl Cl N F SF

Cl Cl

MEETING 11. FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY

MEETING 11. FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY

Geometry of Molecular Species (VSEPR)

Objective(s):
• Determine the molecular geometry of modeling clay by using toothpicks or momymod

Lab Materials:
Molymod, Modeling clay, toothpicks, pencil, and paper

Activities
1. Draw the Lewis structure for water, H2O and create the molecule by using Clay and or
Molymod

a) How many "groups" (atoms and lone pairs) surround the central
oxygen?

b) What is the geometry of this molecule (look at atoms and lone
pairs)? Draw this VSEPR structure next to the Lewis structure.

c) What is the shape of this molecule (look only at the atoms)?

d) What is the H-O-H bond angle?

e) Place the partial positive and negative charges on the H and O atoms,
based on their relative electronegativities. Is water a polarcompound?

2. Stick the picture of the molecular geometry and give the example of substance.

Linear Trigonal Planar Tetrahedral Trigonal Octahedral

bipyramid

MEETING 11. FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY

3. Draw the Lewis and VSEPR structures (Clay and or molymod)
for the following 5 compounds and label them with their
geometry.

Lewis VSEPR

a) SF6

b) SF4

c) BrF5

d) NH3

e) CO2

[Type here]

Now fill in the missing information in the chart geometry shape polar
compound atoms on lone pairs on octahedral

central atom central atom

SF6

51

4 octahedral

XeCl3-

50

41 seesaw

BrF3

trigonal linear
bipyramidal

40

NH3

22 V-shaped yes
(bent)

trigonal no
planar

21

CO2

MEETING 13. FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY
NATURAL ACID-BASE EXPERIMENT

LECTURER (S): ELIYAWATI, M.PD

Name : F
ID Number :
Date :

BEFORE DOING YOUR EXPERIMENT, PLEASE READ THIS INSTRUCTION CAREFULLY

1. You will conduct acid-base home experiment
2. Read the home experiment natural acid-base worksheet carefully carefully. Please ask
your lecture if there are any questions
3. Safety is number one. Be careful if you are using electricity, fire, or harmful chemicals.
4. Record your experiment activity, don’t forget to mention your name and student
identification number (NIM)
5. Submit your video link and your lab report, the due date is available in spada.upi.edu
6. Lab Report: Make a lab report following the official form, make sure you write a
balanced redox equation that underlying your experiment
7. Video link : Upload your experiment video in google drive or your YouTube channel.
Copy the link. Open up this forum. Reply forum (that has been created for you) by writing
your video link

LABORATORY REPORT FORM

A. Objective
B. Basic Theory
C. Materials and Apparatuses
D. Procedure
E. Observation Data
F. Data Analysis and Discussion
G. Conclusion
H. References

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM ON SCIENCE EDUCATION
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA

A. OBJECTIVES B. APPEAQRAUTIPUMSEENST F

Identifying acidic, basic, and 1. Ladle
neutral solution using natural 2. Saucepan with the lid to
indicator cover the solution from direct
light so please avoid a glass lid
C. MATERIALS 3. Measuring cup
4. Small plastic cup
1. Peel of red dragon fruit 5. Drop pipette/ syringe 10 ml
2. Commercial alcohol (4 items will be recommended:
(ethanol) 3. Tap water one per each solution and one
4. Detergent for pH indicator)
5. Vinegar 6. Sieve

C. PROCEDURE

1. Peel 1 red dragon fruit, take the skin. Cut the skin into small pieces
2. Prepare a saucepan, put 200 ml of alcohol (equivalent to the volume of glass

mineral water), soak the dragon fruit peel pieces in it for 24 hours. Stir with
ladle every 4 hour.
3. During soaking, cover the saucepan and keep it away from direct sunlight.
4. After 24 hours, separate the soaked solution with dragon fruit skin using
sieve.
5. We are going to use that filtrate as a fresh natural pH indicator for
experiment. Firstly, observe and take a note its initial color.
6. In 1 small plastic cup, pour ±10 ml of tap water by using syringe. Add 3-5
drops of natural pH indicator using another syringe/ drop pipette. Observe
and take a note a change of color. This is a control color of neutral solution.
7. In 1 small plastic cup, dissolve 1/4 teaspoon of detergent in ±10 ml of tap
water (pour it using syringe). Add 3-5 drops of natural pH indicator using
another syringe/ drop pipette. Observe and take a note a change of color. This
is a control color of basic solution

8. In 1 small plastic cup, pour ±10 ml of vinegar by using syringe. Add 3- 5
drops of natural pH indicator using another syringe/ drop pipette. Observe and
take a note a change of color. This is a control color of acidic solution.
9. Prepare at least 5 more sample solutions around you. It should be white or
colorless solution. You can find it on your kitchen ingredients e.g baking soda
solution, salt solution, sugar solution, medicine solution, toilet cleaner solution,
etc. Note: Make every sample into solution
10.Into 5 different cups, pour 10 ml 5 different sample solutions by using
syringe. Add 3-5 drops of natural pH indicator using another syringe/ drop
pipette. Observe and take a note a change of color.
11.Analyse all color change of each solution into acidic, basic, or neutral
solution.

D. OBSERVATION TABLE

Include the following table of on your lab report, discuss the results of your experiment
according to acid-base and pH concept theory

1. Color change in control solution

Write down color change from each control solution

No Control S
olution pH Indic
ators Color change
(from....
.to.....)
1. 10 ml Ta
p water 3-5
drops


2. 10 ml De
tergent 3-5
drops

solution 3-5
drops


3. 10 ml V
inegar

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM ON SCIENCE EDUCATION
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA

2. Color change in sample solution

Write down your sample solution and its color change

Control pH Color change Characteristic
No Solution Indica
tors (from...
..to.....) (acidic/ basic
/ neutral)

1. 3-5 dr
ops



2. 3-5 dr
ops




3. 3-5 dro
ps




4. 3-5 dr
ops




5. 3-5 dr
ops


6. 3-5 dr
ops


7. 3-5 dr
ops


8. 3-5 dr
ops




9. 3-5 dr
ops



10. 3-5 dr
ops


INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM ON SCIENCE EDUCATION
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA

3. Data Analysis

4. Conclusion

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM ON SCIENCE EDUCATION
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA

MEETING 13. FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY

pH OF ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM

LECTURER (S): ELIYAWATI, M.PD

Name : C. MEAQTUEIRPIMALESNT F
ID Number : F
Date :

A. OBJECTIVES

Determine pH of acid, base,
salt and buffer solution.

B. APPARATUSES

Test tubes 13
Beaker 3
Volumetric pipette 5 mL 1
Volumetric pipette 10 mL 1
Test Tube Rack 1

D. OBSERVATION TABLE

1. pH of acid and base

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM ON SCIENCE EDUCATION
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA

2. pH of Solution (acid +base) F
3. pH of Salt Solution

4. pH of Buffer Solution

F. CALCULATION AND CHEMICAL REACTION

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM ON SCIENCE EDUCATION
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA

MEETING 14. NATURAL-ARTIFICIAL FOOD COLORING

NATURAL-ARTIFICAL FOOD COLORING

LECTURER (S): ELIYAWATI, M.PD

Name : F
ID Number :
Date :

BASIC THEORY

The use of food additives does not constitute a modern invention. The first food additives,
used since 5000 years ago, included vinegar for pickling vegetables; salting and smoking to
help preserve meat and fish; herbs to enhance flavor; and vegetable coloring to improve the
appearance of food (Tomaska & Brooke-Taylor, 2014).

Based on its types, food additives can be grouped into two, namely natural additives and
artificial additives. Natural additives come from living things and artificial additives is
made by chemically. Natural substances generally do not give harmful side effects, in
contrast to artificial additives. Artificial additives are obtained through chemical reactions
derived from chemicals as raw materials(Kemendikbud, 2017).

Colors have been identified as one of the most important attractors in finished food products
tend to give unwanted distinctive tastes and aromas, they are easily damaged by heating,
they are pale in color, and limited type. Artificial food coloring were chosen because they
have more advantages over natural coloring, which are cheaper price, practical use, stronger
color, more types, and the color is not damaged due to heating.

MATERIALS

SYRUP TRADITIONAL SNACK CENDOL WATER GRASS JELLY SAUCE

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM ON SCIENCE EDUCATION
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA

EQUIPMENT

TRIPOD

WIRE GAUZE BUNSEN BURNER MORTAR & PESTLE PIPETTE BEAKER

WOOL YARN DISH SOAP

PROCEDURE

Prepare a beaker based on the number of food ingredients you want to test

Add 5 grams of each food ingredients and dissolve it in 10 ml of water. (If
the ingredients can not be mixed easily,mash it first using amortar )

Dip a few pieces of wool into each beaker

Heat each beaker with the bunsen burner until the mixture in the beaker
boils. Remove when it is already boil.
Let the mixture cool

Take the wool thread that has been dipped in the food solution, observe to
its color. Then, wash the wool with soap
Compare the observed results before the wool is washed and after washing.
Then write down the data in a table.

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM ON SCIENCE EDUCATION
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Result Table

*give check Wool wc
oalsohred) ReWmao
ionl color (BeforeDwisaasp
hpeeda)r
(Before
Type of


No
mat
erial









































Discussion

Conclusion

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM ON SCIENCE EDUCATION
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA