Unit 02: Srilanka TU history

UNIT : 2

,yq;if njhopw;rq;f RUf;f tuyhW

ng. Kj;Jypqf; k;
eput; hf ,af;Fdu;

,yq;if njhopw;rq;f RUf;f tuyhW

1796 Mk; Mz;L ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;gFjpia xy;yhe;jhplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpa
Mq;fpNyah; nfhOk;ig ikakhff; nfhz;L fiuNahug;gFjpia Ml;rp nra;ayhapdh;. 1815
Mk; Mz;L fzb; ,uhrr; paj;ij ifg;gw;wpag; gpd; KO ehl;ilAk; Ml;rp nra;j Mq;fpNyah;
1823 Mk; Mz;L Nfhg;gpg; gaphr; n; ra;ifia fz;b gpuNjrj;jpy; Muk;gpj;J> mjid Vw;Wkjp
nra;ayhapdh;. 1867 Mk; Mz;L Nfhg;gpg; gaph;r;nra;if Neha; fhuzkhf tPo;r;rp milifapy;>
Njapiy gaph;r;nra;ifia Muk;gpj;jdh.; Nfhg;gp kw;Wk; Njapiyg; gaph;r;nra;ifapy; <LgLj;j
njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J njhopyhsh;fis nfhz;Lte;jdh;. Nfhg;gp kw;Wk; Njapiy Vw;Wkjpf;F
Njitg;gl;l ghijfs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> ,Ug;G ghijfs;> JiwKfk; kw;Wk; mrR; j;Jiw
Nghd;wtww; pidAk; cUthf;fpdh;. ,j;JiwfSf;F njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J nfhz;L te;jJld>;
,yq;ifah;fisAk; ,j;njhopw;Wiwfspy; <LgLj;jpdh.; ,j;njhopw;Wiw tsh;r;rpAld;
,yq;ifapy; njhopyhsh; thf; ;fk; cUthfpaJ. njhopyhsh; thf; ;fj;jpd; cUthf;fj;Jld;
,yq;ifapy; njhopw; rq;f ,af;fk; cUthfyhapwW; .

Kjy; njhopwr; q;fk;

,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ njhopw;rq;fk; 1893 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; khjk; nfhOk;gpy; mrR; j;
njhopy; <Lgl;bUe;j njhopyhsh;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 1893 Mk; Mz;L ntspte;j Rje;jpu
fjN; jhypf;fk; vd;w gj;jphpif ,yq;if njhopyhsh;fs; jq;fs; gpurr; idfis
jPh;j;Jf;nfhs;stjw;F njhopw; rq;fk; xd;iw cUthf;FtJ mtrpak; vDk; flL; iuia
ntspapl;bUe;jJ. ,f;fl;Liu ehd;F tUlq;fs; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; gbj;J tpl;L ehL jpUk;gpa V.
<. Gy;[d; vd;w fjN; jhypf;fupdhNyNa vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ. V.<.Gy;[d; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; gbf;Fk;
NghJ mq;fpUe;j Nggpad; rq;fk; kw;Wk; r%f [dehaf rk;Nksdk; Nghd;w mikg;GfSld;
njhlhG; fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. ,t;tikg;Gfs; ,q;fpyhe;J njhopyhsh;fsJ
chpikf;F Mjuthf nrawg; l;lJld; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; njhopw;rq;fq;fSf;F MjuthfTk;
nraw;gl;ld. V.<. Gy;[d; jhk; vOjpa flL; iuapy; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; njhopw;rq;fq;fs; vt;thW
njhopyhshf; spd; chpikfSf;fhf nraw;gLfpd;wd kw;Wk; njhopyhsh;fs; njhopw;rq;fk;
xd;wpid cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tjd; mtrpak; gww; pAk; vOjpAs;shh;.

,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; nfhOk;gpy; gj;jphpiffs; ntspte;jJld; mtw;wpy; Ntiy nra;j mrr; fj;
njhopyhshf; s; gy neUf;fbf;fSf;F Kfk; nfhLj;jpUe;jdh;. NghjpasT rk;gskpd;ik> mjpf
NeuNtiy. tpLKiw ,d;ik Nghd;w gpurr; pidfSf;F mr;rfj; njhopyhsh;fs; Kfk;
nfhLj;jpUe;jdh;. ,NjNtis ngUk;ghyhd mrr; ff; fk;gdpfs; Gul;l];jhe;J kjj;jpdUf;Nf
nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;jJ.. mf;fhyj;jpy; ngUk; mrr; fkhf ,Ue;j vr.; lg;spA. Nft; md; fk;gdp
njhopyhshf; Sf;F khj ,Wjpapy; rk;gsj; toq;fhK fhyk; jhkjpj;Nj toq;fp te;jJ. V.<.
Gy;[dpd; flL; iuapdhy; tpopgG; w;w vr;.lgs; pA. Nft; md; fk;gdpapd; njhopyhshf; s; jkJ
rk;gsj;ij 5 Mk; jpfjp toq;Fk; gb nrg;lk;gh; 12 Mk; jpfjp Ntiy epWj;jj;jpy;
<Lgl;ldh;.,t;Ntiy epWj;jj;jpw;F Mjuthf nfhOk;igr; Nrh;e;j rpyh; nrg;glk;gh; 17 Mk;
jpfjp $l;lk; xd;iw elhj;jpdh.; ,f;$l;lj;jpNyNa KjyhtJ njhopw;rq;fk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,f;$l;lj;jpw;F jiyik jhq;fpa vr;.N[. ngNuuh rq;fk; xd;wpd; mtrpak; gww; p Fwpg;gpl;L
jiyuhf mr;rfj; njhopyhsh; xUtiu njhpT nra;Ak; gb $wpAs;shh;. Mdhy; Nft; mrr; fj;
njhopyhsh; Rje;jpu fjN; jhypf;fd; vd;w gj;jphpifapd; chpikahsUk; itj;jpaUkhd lhf;lh;
yp];gd; gpd;Nlh mth;fis jiytuhf njhpT nra;jJld; V.<. Gy;[d; mthf; is
nrayhsuhfj; njhpT nra;Js;sdh;. ,jwF; ,yq;if mr;rfh; rq;fk; vd ngahpl;Ls;sdh;.
,JNt ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ njhopw; rq;fkhFk;. ,t; mr;rf Ntiy epWj;jj;jpy; 60
njhopyhshf; s; gq;Nfw;wJld; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpwF; tpy;ypak; vd;w mrr; fj; njhopyhsh;
jiyik mspj;jhh;. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhf Ntiyia tpl;L nrd;whhf; s; vd Nft;
fk;gdpapdh; 1865 njhopyhsh; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tof;Fj;jhf;fy; nra;jdh;.
,t;tof;fpid tprhupj;j ePjpkd;wk; fk;gdpf;F mwptpf;fhky; NtiyepWj;jk; nra;jik Fw;wk;
vdf;$wp tpy;ypak; cl;gl NkYk; Ie;J njhopyhsh;fSf;F rpiwj;jz;lid toq;fpaJ.

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,jdhy; mrr; fj; njhopyhsh;fspd; rq;fk; gytPdKw;wJ vdpDk; ,g;Nghul;lk; Vida
Jiwfisr;rhh;e;j njhopyhsh;fSf;F cw;rhfkspj;jJ.

Riyitj; njhopyhsh; Nghuhl;lk;

nfhOk;gpy; gzpahww; pa nts;isah;fs; kw;Wk; trjp gilj;Njhh; jkJ Milfis riyitj;
njhopyhshf; splk; xg;gilj;Nj Rj;jk; nra;Jf; nfhz;ldh;. ,jdhy; gy riyit epWtdq;fs;
(Nyhz;lhpfs; )nfhOk;G khefupy; ,aq;fpd. riyit njhopy; nra;Ak; ,lq;fSf;F
fll; zk; nrYj;J Ntz;Lk; khefu rig 1896 ,y; mwptpj;jJ. ,f;fl;lzf; Nfhuy; jkJ
tUkhdj;jpw;F ghjfk; ,iog;gJld; kw;Wk;skhefu rig mjpfhhpfspd; nfLgpbfSf;F
Mshf NehpLk; vdf; fUjp riyitj; njhopyshh;fs; NtiyepWj;jg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy
<Lgl;ldh;. ,t;Ntiy epWj;jg; Nghul;lk; %d;W fpoik eilngw;wJ. ,g;Nghuhl;j;jpd; NghJ
riyitj; njhopyhsh;fs; gy fzl; df; $l;lq;fis elhj;jpaJld; Jz;L gpuRuq;fisAk;
ntspapl;ldh;. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F kj;jpa ju thf; ;fj;jpdUk; Mjutspj;jJ. vdpDk;
,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F jiyikaspj;j `ukhdp]; vd;w njhopyhsh; jiytDk; Vida rpyUk;
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;Jf; nfhs;shj njhopyhsh;fis jhf;fpdh; vd tof;Fj; njhlug;gl;L 25
&gh jz;lg; gzj;Jld; xU khj f^opa rpiwj;jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;Nghuhl;lKk;
Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJd; njhopyhsh;fspdhy; fll; z mwtpLjiy jLf;f Kbahkw; Ngha; tpl;lJ.
MapDk; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;ij njhlh;e;J JiwKf glF njhopyhshf; s;> rpW mrr; fj;
njhopyhshf; s; kw;Wk; ,iwrr; p ntl;Lk; njhopyhsh;fs; jkJ gpur;rpidfis Kd;itj;J
Mq;fhq;Nf rpy Nghuhl;lq;fis elhj;jpdh.;

khl;L tz;b njhopyhsh; Nghuhl;lk; - 1906

riyitj; njhopyhsh; Nghuhl;lj;Jld; Muk;gpj;j rpW rpW Nghuhl;lq;fs; nfhOk;gpy;
Mq;fhq;Nf eilngw;wJld; 1906 Mk; Mz;L khl;L tz;b Xl;Ldh; ghhpa NtiyepWj;jg;
Nghuhl;lj;ij elhj;jpdh.; mf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; khl;L tz;bNa nghUl;fs; nfhz;Lr; nry;Yk;
gpujhd Nghf;Ftuj;J rhjdkhf ,Ue;jJ. nfhOk;G JiwKfk; kw;Wk; gpujhd
efuq;fSf;fpilapy; nghUl;fs; nfhz;Lr; nry;Yk; nraw;ghl;bw;F khl;L tz;bNa
cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. khl;L tz;b xl;Ldh; khl;L tz;bapy; mkh;e;Jf; nfhz;L
xl;Ltjdhy; J}q;fp tpLfpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; tpgj;Jf;fs; Vwg; Lfpd;wd vdf; $wp khl;L tz;b
Xl;Ldh; khl;L tz;bapy; mkh;e;J nry;yf; $lhJ ele;J nry;yf; $lhJ vd khefu rig
mwptpj;jJ. ,jid vjphj; ;Nj khl;L tz;b njhopyhsh;fs; Ntiy epWj;jg; Nghuhl;lj;ij
Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. khl;L tz;b xl;Ldh; ehq;fs; ePz;l J}uk; ele;J nry;y KbahJ vdf;
$wpNa Nghuhl;lj;ij Muk;gpj;jdh;. ,g;Nghul;lj;jpw;F kj;jpaju tFg;gpdh; Mjutspj;jJld;
vida Jiwfisr; rhh;e;j njhopyhsh;fSk; Mjutspj;jdh;. ,g;Nghul;lj;jpw;F khl;L tz;b
chpikahsh;fSk; Mjutspj;jdh;

,uapy;Nt Nghuhl;lk;

khl;L tz;b Nghuhl;lj;ij njhlhe; ;J nfhOk;G njhopyhshh;fs; kj;jpapy; NkYk;

tpopgG; zh;T Vwg; l;lJld; 1912 Mk; Mz;L ,uapy;Nt njhopyhsh;fs; jkf;F mePjpahf

jz;lg;gzk; jz;lid> rk;gsg; Fiwg;G kw;Wk; Ntiyia tpl;L ePf;Fjy; Nghd;wtww; pidf;

fzb; j;J jd;dp;r;irahf ]NtiyepWj;jg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;. NtiyepWj;jg;

Nghuhl;lj;ij Muk;gpj;jg;gpd;dh; ,yq;if njhopyhsh;fs; gputpld; rq;fk; vDk; rq;fj;ij

cUthf;fpdh.; ,g;Nghuhl;lk; Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJld; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jiytuhfr; nraw;gl;l

njhopyhshf; s; kl;lfsg;gpwF; jz;lid khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;ldh;.

njhopyhsh; eyd; yPf; (Worker Welfare league) cUthf;fk;.

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nfhOk;Gj; njhopyhsh;fspd; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F nfhOk;gpy; tho;e;j nts;isaiu vjph;f;Fk;
gbj;j kj;jpaju ,sQhf; s; MjuTk; mDruizAk; toq;fyhapdh;. ,thf; spy; Nrh;. nghd;.
mUzhryk;> rp.vr.; ,rl;> ngh;zhd;Nlh> khh;bd]; ngNuuh Nghd;Nwhh; njhopyhsh;fSf;F
Mjuthfr; nraw;gl;ldh;. gbj;j kj;jpaju thf; ;fj;ijr; rhhe; ;j ,k; %tUk; ,ize;J
njhopyhshf; Sf;F cjTtjwf; hf njhopyhsh; eyd; yPf; vDk; rq;fj;ij 1919 ,y;
cUthf;fpdh.; njhopyhsh; eyd; yPf; khehL xd;iw elhj;jp gpd;tUk; Nfhhpf;ifia
Kd;itj;jdh;.

1. Njhopw; rl;lq;fs; jpUj;jg;glNtz;Lk; ciog;G r%f Nritahff; fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;
mj;Jld; ciog;G rhjdq;fis tpl njhopyhshf; spd; eyd; gpujhdkhff; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;

2. njhopyhshf; s; xd;W Nrht; jwf; hd chpikia mq;fPfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;
3. Fiwe;j gl;r rk;gsk; kw;Wk; Ntiy Neuk; eph;zapf;fg;gl;L Kiwg;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;

,f;Nfhhpf;ifia itj;jg;gpd;dh; 1920 ,y; ,yq;if njhopyhsh; rk;Nksdk; vDk; rq;fj;ij
cUthf;fpdh; ,yq;if njhopyhsh; rk;Nksdj;jpd; jiytuhf Nrh.; nghd;. mUzhryk;
nraw;gl;lJld; Nrh; ghud; [ajpyf;f nrayhsuhf nrawg; l;lhh;. ,rr; k;Nksdk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lg;gpd; Jiw Kfj; njhopyhsh;fisAk; ,uapy; njhopyhsh;fisAk;
NtiyepWj;jk; nra;Ak;gb miw$tpaJ.

1923 ,uapy;Nt Ntiy epWj;jKk; nghJ NtiyepWj;jKk;

1922 ,y; ,sk; ,yq;if yP;f;ifr; rhhe; ;j (young Lanka League) V.,. Fzrpq;f kw;Wk; tpf;lh;

nfhua;ah vd;Nghh; ,yq;if njhopyhsh; rq;fj;ij (Ceylon Labour Union) cUthf;fpdh;. Nrh;.

nghd; . mUzhryj;ijg; Nghyy;yhJ V.<. Fzrpq;f njhopyhsh;fis jPtpug; Nghuhl;lq;fspy;

<LgLk; miw$ty; tpLj;jhh;. rk;gsk; mjpfhpgG; kw;Wk; jz;lq;fs; mwtPL vd;gdtw

vjphj; ;J ,uapy;Nt njhopyhsh;fs; jd;dpr;irahf NtiyepWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;L mjwF;

jiyikaspf;Fk;gb V.<.Fzrpq;ftpid Nfhhpdh.; miw$ty; tpLj;jdh;. jiyikia Vw;w
V.<.Fzrpq;f Vida njhopw;Jiwr; rhhe; ;Njhhplk; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F Mjutspf;Fk;

gbNfhhpdhh;. ,g;Nghuhl;lk; JiwKfk;>murhq;f njhopw;rhiy> khefurig> nghwpapy;

epWtdq;fs;>VwW; kjp ,wf;Fkjp epWtdq;fs;> Milj;njhopw;rhiyfs. Xl;ly; kw;Wk;
ntJg;gfq;fSf;Fk; gutpaJ. midj;J njhopyhsh;fSk; ,uapy;Nt njhopyhsh;fSf;F

Mjuthf NtiyepWj;jk; nra;jJld; mJ KjyhtJ nghJ NtiyepWj;jkhf khwpaJ.
,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; gpd;dh; njhopw;rq;fk; gykhdJ

,t;NtiyepWj;jj;jpd; gpd;dh; 1928 Mk; Mz;L yz;ldpy; eilngw;w NguuR ciog;ghsh;
khehl;by; ,yq;ifapd; njhopw;rq;f jiytuhfr; nrd;whh;. mq;F nrd;w Ntis njhopw; flr; p
kw;Wk; gphpj;jhdpa njhopw; rq;f fhq;fpuRld; el;Gwit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L ,yq;if jpUk;gpa
Fzrpq;f 1928 Mk; Mf];l; khjk; mfpy,yq;if njhopw; rq;f fhq;fpu]; vDk; njhopw;
rq;f $l;biz cUthf;fpdh; . ,j; njhopw; rq;f $l;lzpapy; Vid Jiwfspy;
njhopw;rq;fq;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;l njhopyhsh; ,ize;Jf; nfhz;ldh;. ,j; njhopw;
rq;f $l;lzp Mf];l; khjk; elhj;jp mkh;tpy; gpd;tUk; Nfhhpf;iffis Kd;itj;jJ.

1. ,iztjwf; hd chpik kw;Wk; rl;lhjP pahf njhopw; rq;fji; j mq;fPfhpj;jy;
2. Njhopyhshf; Sf;F el;l<L toq;fy; kw;Wk; Kjyhspkhh; njhopyhsh;fSf;F rk;gsk;

toq;Ftij cWjpnra;jy;
3. Fiwe;jgl;l rk;gsk;

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Kjy; $l;L xg;ge;jk;

,rn; raw;ghl;bd; gpd;dh; ,yq;ifapd; njhopyhshf; s; jkJ chpik kWg;gpwF; vjpuhf Nghuhl
Muk;gpj;jdh;. Mk;]; fuh[; > nfhOk;G nfhkh;ry; fk;gdp> Nyf; `T]; > ilk;]; xg; rpNyhd;
>nfhOk;G vg;Nghjpf;fhp kw;Wk; Nft; md; fk;gdp Nghd;wtwi; wr; rhhe; ;j njhopyhsh;fs; jkJ
chpik kWg;gpwn; fjpuhf NtiyepWj;jg; Nghuhl;lq;fspy; <Lgl;ldh;. mt;thwhd Nghuhl;lq;fs;
1929 Mk; Mz;Lk; eilngw;wd. ,t;thW eilg;ngw;w Nghul;lq;fspy; 1929 Mk; Mz;L
elhj;jg;gl;l l;Nuk; fhh; Nghul;lk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngww; J. nfhOk;G efhpd; gpujhd
Nghf;Ftuj;J tz;bahf ,Ue;j l;Nuk; fhh; njhopyhsh;fs; rk;gs cah;T Nfl;L Ntiy
epWj;jg; Nghuhl;lk; elhj;jpdh.; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;ij Kwpabf;f l;Nuk; fhh; chpikahsh;fs;
fUq;fhypfis gad;gLj;jpaJld; mjwn; fjpuhf gy ftzaPh;g;G Nghuhl;lq;fis V.<.Fzrpq;f
elhj;jpdhh;. ,jd; tpisthf Kjyhspkhh; njhopyhsh;fspd; Nfhhpf;iff;F ,zq;fpaJld;
Kjyhspkhh; rq;fk; mfpy ,yq;if njhopw; rq;f fhq;fpuRld; $l;L xg;ge;jk; xd;wpy;
ifr;rhj;jpl;lJ. ,JNt ,yq;ifapd; Kjy; $l;L Xgg; e;jk;.

,t;ntww; p 1931 ,y; ilk;]; xg; rpNyhd; gj;jphpifj; njhopyhsh;fis Nghuhl Cf;Ftpj;jJ.
ilk;] xg; rpNyhd; gj;jphpifj; njhopyhsh;fs; rk;gs cs;spl;l Nfhhpf;iffis Kd;itj;J
NtiyepWj;j Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;. ,g;Nghuhl;lk; %d;W khjq;fs; ePbjj; J. ,jid
Kwpabf;f Kjyhspkhh; gy Kaw;rpfis Nkwn; fhz;ldh;. <w;wpy; fUq;fhypfisf; nfhz;L
Nghuhl;lj;ij Kwpabf;f Kaw;rp nra;jdh;. mg;NghJ V.<. Fzrpq;f rhFk;tiu cz;zhtpujg;
Nghuhl;lj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. ,jdhy; Kjyhspkhh; Kaw;rp Njhy;tp fzL; ,zf;fk;
fhzg;gl;lJ.

1935 Kjy; 1947 tiuapyhd fhyf;fl;lk;.

1930 fspy; njhopyhsh;fsJ Nghuhl;lq;fs; tYgn; gw;W ,yq;if njhopyhsh; rq;fk; gyk;
tha;e;jjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; fy;tp fw;W ,d;DnkhU ,sk; gphptpdh;
,yq;iff;F tuyhapdh;. ,thf; s; yz;ldpy; fy;tp fw;FkNghJ khh;f;]pa rpe;jidahy;
ftug;gl;L ,yq;ifapd; njhopyhsh;fis xuzpj;jpul;b Nrhrypr ,yq;ifia fl;bnaOg;Gk;
Nehf;Fld; ,yq;iff;F te;jdh;. ,t;thW te;jthf; spy; fyhepjp nfhy;tpd; Mh.; B.rpy;th>
fyhepjp vd;.vk;. ngNuuh> lhf;lh.; V];.V. tpf;ukrpqf; > gpypg; Fzth;jd> ny];yp Fzth;jd
Nghd;whh; 1932 ,y; ,yq;iff;F te;J njhopyhshf; is mzpjpul;Lk; gzpapy; <Lglyhapdh;.
,thf; s; mk;Kawr; papy; <LgLifapy; V.<. Fzrpq;ftpd; njhopw;rq;fj;jpy; mq;fk; tfpj;j
nts;stj;ij Milj; njhopw;rhiyiar; rhhe; ;j njhopyhsh;fs; 1933 Mk; Mz;L
V.<.Fzrpq;ftpwF; mwptpf;fhky; jpBh; NtiyepWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh.; V.<.Fzrpq;ftplk;
Nfl;fhky; NtiyepWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;likapdhy; mth; NtiyepWj;jj;jpw;F jiyikaspf;f
kWj;jtpl;lhh;. ,jdhy; NtiyepWj;jjpy; <Lgl;l njhopyhshf; s; njhopyhs Ml;rpiag; gww; p
NgRk; fyhepjp nfhy;tpd; Mh.; B. rpy;thtpd; cjtpia ehbdh;. nfhy;tpd; Mh.; b. rpy;th
jiyikNaw;W NtiyepWj;jj;ij nfhz;L elhj;jpdh.; ,rr; k;gtj;Jld; ehl;by; ,lJrhhp
fUj;jpidf; nfhz;l njhopw;rq;f tuyhW Muk;gpf;fyhapw;W.

rk;gs Fiwg;gpwF; vjpuhd Njhl;lj; njhopyhsh; Mhg; ;ghl;lKk; njhopw;rq;f cUthf;fKk;

,e;jpauhd Nfh.eNlra;ah; vd;gth; 1920nf Mk; Mz;L ,yq;ifapy; te;J Fbakh;e;jJld;
V.<.Fzrpq;fTld; ,ize;J nfhOk;gpy; Ntiynra;Ak; ,e;jpaj; njhopyhsh;fis
Fzrpq;ftpd; rq;fj;jpy; ,izf;Fk; gzpapy; <Lgl;bUe;jhh;. Fzrpq;fTld; gzpahww; pa
eNlra;ah; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk; njhopyhsh; gl;lhskhfTs;s ,e;jpa Njhl;lj;njhopyhsh;fs;
epiyik Fwpj;J mwpAk; Kawr; papy; <Lgl;lJld; mthf; is mzpjpul;Lk; Kawr; papy;
1930fspy; Kide;jhh;. 1930fspy; V.<.Fzrpq;f ,e;jpaj; njhopyhsh;fSf;F vjpuhf ,dthj

5|Page

epiyg;ghl;il filg;gpbf;f Muk;gpj;jJld; eNlra;ah; mthplkpUe;J gphpe;Jr;nrd;W ,yq;if
,e;jpa njhopyhsh; rk;Nksdk; kw;Wk; mfpy ,yq;if ,e;jpa Njhl;lj;njhopyhsh; rk;Nksdk;
vDk; ,uz;L njhopw; rq;fq;fis cUthf;fpdhh;. Kd;idaJ nfhOk;G Nghd;w efuq;fspy;
gzpGhpAk; njhopyhshf; is mzpjpul;l cUthf;fpaJld; gpd;idaJ Njhl;lj;
njhopyhshf; is mzpjpul;l cUthf;fpapUe;jhh;. 1931 Mk; Mz;L Njhl;l Kjyhspkhh; rq;fk;
Njhl;lj; njhopyhsh;fspd; rk;gsj;ijf; Fiwj;jJ. ,jid vjph;j;J eNlra;ah; 3000
Njhl;lj;njhopyhshf; is tutioj;J ml;ld; Mhg; ;ghl;lf; $ll; nkhd;wpid elhj;jpdhh;.

nts;stj;ij Milj;njhopw;rhiy Nghuhl;lj;Jld; njhopyhshf; is mzpjpul;Lk; gzpapdpy;
<Lgl;l fyhepjp nfhy;tpd; Mh.; B. rpy;th 1933 ,y; mfpy ,yq;if Njhl;lj; njhopyhsh;
rq;fk; vd;w rq;fj;ij cUthf;fp Njhl;lj; njhopyhshf; isAk; mzpjpul;bdhh;. ,yq;if
njhopw;rq;fq;fspd; tshr; r; pia mtjhdpj;j murhq;fk; njhopw;rq;fis gjpT nra;Ak;
tifapy; 1935 Mk; Mz;L njhopw; rq;f fll; isr; rl;lj;ij nfhz;L te;jJ. ,rr; l;lj;jpd;gb
njhopw;rq;fq;fs; gjpT nra;a Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,g;gpd;Gyj;jpy; 1939 Mz;L ,yq;if te;j
,e;jpaj; jiytuhd [t`h;yhy; NeUtpd; mwpTwj;jYf;F mika ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j
,e;jpa thj;jfh;fs; 1939 ,yq;if ,e;jpa njhopyhsh; fhq;fpu]; vd;w njhopw; rq;fj;ij
cUthf;fp Njhl;lj; njhopyhsh;fis mzpjpul;lyhapdh;.

njhopw;rq;fq;fs; cUthf;fiy mq;fPfhpj;jYk; $l;L Xgg; e;jKk;

1939 Mk; Mz;L gftd;jyht nfhl;bahfy Njhl;lj; njhopyhsh;fs; njhopw;rq;fjj; py;
,ize;Js;sdh;. ,jid Njhl;l Kfhikj;Jtk; vjph;j;jJ. ,jid vjph;j;J nfhl;bafy
njhopyhshf; s; Ntiy 1939 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 17Mk; khjk; eilngww; NtiyepWj;jjpy;
<Lgl;ldh;. ,t;NtiyepWj;jjpy; njhopw; jpizf;fsk; jiyapl;L njhopw;rq;fji; j
mq;fPfhpf;Fk;gb Njhl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F Mizapl;lJ. 1939 Mk; Mz;L rkrkh[f;
flr; papd; mfpy ,yq;if Njhl;lj; njhopyhsh; rq;fj;jpy; ,ize;j Ky;Nyha Njhl;lj;
njhopyhshf; s; rk;gs cah;T Nfhhp brk;gh; khjk; NtiyepWj;jg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;.
,g;Nghul;lj;jpy; <Lgl;l njhopyhsh;fis fiyf;f Njhl;l chpikahsh; NghyPir
tutioj;jJld; NghyP]; Nkw;nfhz;l Jg;ghf;fp gpuNahfjj; py; Nfhtpe; ;jd; vd;w njhopyhsp
caphpoe;jhh;. ,jidj; njhlhe; ;J Njhl;lq;fspy; njhopw;rq;f cUthf;fk; mjpfhpj;jJld;
Njhl;l chpikahsh; rq;fk; 1940 Mk; Mz;L VO mk;r $l;L xg;ge;jk; xd;wpid
njhopw;rq;fjJ; ld; nra;jJ.

1940 Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;dh; ,yq;ifapy; njhopw;WiwfSf;F mika gy njhopw;rq;fq;fs;
cUthf;fg;gl;ld. cUthf;fg;gl;l njhopw;rq;fq;fs; njhopyhsh;fs; Kfk; nfhLf;Fk;
gpurr; pidfis Kd;itj;J NtiyepWj;jq;fs; nra;jd. 1946 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 17k;
jpfjp murhq;f Copah; rq;fk; rk;gs cah;T Nfhhp NtiyepWj;jk; xd;wpid xOq;F
nra;jpUe;jJ.,t;Ntiy epWj;Jk; Vida mur jpizf;fsq;fSf;Fk; gutpaJ. mf;Nlhgh; 17
Mk; jpfjp Muk;gpf;fgl;l NtiyepWj;jg; Nghul;lk; 22 Mk; jpfjp rk;gs cahT; toq;f
,zq;fpaJld; Kbtpw;F te;jJ. ,t;thwhd NtiyepWj;jg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; 1947 Mk;
Mz;Lk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. 1947 Mk; murhq;f Nrit Copah;fs; gy Nfhhpf;iffis
Kd;itj;J Nk 29 Mk; jpfjp Nfhy; Ng]; jplypy; nghJf;$ll; k; xd;wpid elhj;jpdh.;
,f;$l;lj;jpy; fyhepjp vd;.vk;.ngNuuh> gPl;lnfdkd;>gpypg; Fzthj; d kw;Wk; [P.[P.vd;Nghh;
ciuahw;wpaJld; $l;l Kbtpy; kf[h; xd;wpid murhq;fj;jpw;F rkh;g;gpj;jdh.; murhq;fk;
mt; kf[hpy; ifnahg;gkpl;bUe;j Copah;fs; 16 Ngiu jw;fhypfkhf Nk 30 Kjy; Ntiy
,il epWj;jk; nra;jJ. njhopw;rq;ffq;fs; mjid fz;bj;J Nk 31 Mk; jpfjp midj;J
mur Copah;fisAk; NtiyepWj;jk; nra;Ak;gb NfhhpaJ. midj;J mur Copah;fSk;
NtiyepWj;jk; [Pd; 5Mk; jpfjp tiu njhlhe; ;jJ. ,t;Ntiy epWj;jj;jpy; njkl;lnfhl
,uapy;Nt Copah; gq;F nfhs;stpy;iy. ,jdhy; NtiyepWj;jj;ij xOq;F nra;jthf; s;
njkl;lnfhl njhopyhshf; is NtiyepWj;jj;jpy; <Lglf;NfhUk; tifapy; NtiyepWj;jj;jpy;
<Lgl;l Copah;fis mioj;Jf; nfhz;L njkl;lnfhl Gifapuj Ntiyj;jsj;jUfpy; nrd;W
Mhg; ;ghl;lk; nra;jdh;. ,t;thh;g;ghl;lj;ij fiyf;f NghyP]; Jg;ghf;fp gpuNahfk;

6|Page

Nkw;nfhz;lj;jpy; murhq;f ypfpjh; Nritahsh; rq;fj;ijr; rhhe; ;j fe;jrhkp gypahfpdhh;.
,rr; k;gtk; murhq;f Copahf; s; njhopwr; q;f hPjpapy; mzpjpus NkYk; toptFj;jJ.

cyf njhopw; rq;f tuyhW.

gjpndhl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjptiu kd;dh; Ml;rpiaf; nfhz;l epyg;gpuGj;Jt Ml;rp
KiwNa cyfpd; gy ehLfspy; fhzg;gl;ld. gz;ilkhw;W Kiwg;gb kf;fSf;fpilapy;
ghpkhw;wq;fs; eilg;ngww; Jld; gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpgg; Fjpapy; iftpidQh;fs;
mjhtJ rg;ghj;J> ijj;j Milfs;> Mguzq;fs; Nghd;wtww; pid cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
iftpidQh;fs; jhk; cw;gj;jp nra;j nghUl;fis xU nghJ ,lj;jpy; tpw;gid nra;a
Muk;gpj;jdh;. jhk; cw;gj;jp nra;j nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;ifapy; gz;lq;fis thq;F
NthhplkpUe;J ngWtjw;F gjpyhf nghJ ehzak; xd;wpid itj;Jf;nfhz;ldh;. ,t;ehza
KiwNa gpd;dh; gzkhf khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,t; khw;wq;fs; ,q;fpyhe;J Kjypl;l INuhg;gpa
ehLfspNyNa Kjypy; Vwg; l;lJld; epyg;gpuGj;jt rKjhaj;jpy; kd;dUf;F mLj;jhf nghUs;
gilj;j cah; thf; ;fkhf thj; ;jfk; nra;Ak; gphptpdh; cUthfyhapdh;. kd;dUk; ,t;thj; ;jf
Kiwia Cf;Ftpj;jdh;.

gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; ,t;thj; ;jf Kiw tYgn; gw;wJld; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; njhopypy; Gjpa

fzL; gpbg;GfSk; eilg;ngw;wJ. ,;g;Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; Kjypy; Mil ijf;Fk; njhopypNyNa
ele;jd. ,f;fz;L gpbg;G ,q;fpyhe;jpd; yq;fhrah; vd;w ,lj;jpNyNa ele;jJ. yq;fhrah;

ngUk;ghyhd Mil jahhpf;Fk; iftpidQh;fis nfhz;bUe;jJ. 1764 Mk; Mz;L N[k;];

`h;fphpNt]; vd;gh; Kjd; Kjypy; Milf;fhd E}ypid Rw;WtjwF; rf;fuk; (Spinning Jenny)

xd;wpid fz;L gpbjj; hh;. ,rr; f;fuk; mjpfsT E}ypid FWfpa Neuj;jpy; jahhpf;f cjtpaJ.

,jidj; njhlhe; ;J Mh;f; iul; vd;gth; 1769 Mk; Mz;L (Spinning Throttle) E}y; Rw;wy; fUtp

kw;Wk; 1779 ,y; nrKNty; nfhk;ld; vd;gth; (spinning mule) E}iyAk; ehiuAk;

,izf;Fk; fUtpia fzL; gpbjj; hh;. ,f;fz;L gpbg;Gfs; Mil cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpf;fr;
nra;jJ. ,NjNtis mnkhpf;fhtpy; itl;dp vd;gth; 1793 ,y; gUj;jp E}y;> ehh;> tpijfs;

vd;gdtw;id jdpj;jdpahf gphpf;Fk; (Cotton gin) vd;w fUtpia fz;L gpbj;jhh;.

gpuhd;rpy; bTfhd;rd; kw;Wk; [f;thh; vd;NghUk; E}y; E}w;Fk; fUtpfisf; fzL; gpbjj; dh;.

,f;fz;L gpbg;Gfisj; njhlhe; ;J ];nfhl;yhe;J N[k;]; nthl;]; vd;gth; ePuhtp ( Steam

Engin) ,ae;jpuj;ij fz;Lgpbjj; hh;. ,f;fz;L gpbg;Gfs; midj;Jk; Mil cw;gj;jpiaAk;

Vida cw;gj;jpfisAk; mjpfhpf;fr; nra;jJ. ,t;tshr; r; pahdJ Nkw;ifNuhg;gpa ehLfshd

gpuhd;];>N[h;kdp> ngy;[pak;>xy;yhe;J> ,;j;jhyp Nghd;w ehLfspYk; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyahpd;
fhydpahd mnkhpf;fhtpYk; tsh;r;rp ngww; J.

njhopyhsh; thf; ;fj;jpd; Njhww; k;

,ae;jpuq;fis fz;Lgpbf;Fk; Kaw;rpahdJ kdpjDf;F Njitg;gl;l midj;J JiwfisAk;
Nehf;fp efh;e;jJ. ,jdhy; mJ ehs;tiu KOikahf jdpkdpjhf; shy; kl;Lk; cwg; j;jp
nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; ,ae;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;L cw;gj;jp nra;a Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lTld; mt;
,ae;jpuq;fis ,af;Ftjw;F kdpjhf; s; Njitg;gl;ldh;. mJehs;tiu jpwd; Njh;r;rpAs;s
iftpidQh;fshf Ntiy nra;jthf; s; ,ae;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;L ,af;Fk; njhopyhsuhf
khww; k; ngwyhapdh;. kWtifapy; ,ae;jpuq;fis thq;Fk; trjp ngww; iftpidQh;fs;
Kjyhspfshf khwpdh;.,k;khw;wq;fs; gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; midj;J
Nkw;ifNuhg;gpa ehLfspYk; mnkhpf;fhtpYk; Vwg; l;ld. ,jdhy; gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;by;
Milj;njhopy; cw;gj;jp mjpfhpj;J yhgk; <l;LtJk; mjpfhpj;J. ,jdhy; tptrha epyq;fspd;
clikahsh;fs; fha;fwp tpisrr; Yf;F gjpyhf gUj;jpia cw;gj;jp nra;ayhapdh;. gUj;jp
cw;gj;jpf;F Fiwthd ciog;ghshf; s; Njitg;gl;ldh;. ,jdhy; mJehs;
gz;izahsh;fsplk; gz;izabikfshf Ntiy nra;jthf; s; Ntiyw;Nwhuhf MdJld;

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mthf; s; midtUk; Gjpa njhopw;rhiyapy; rk;gsj;jpw;F Ntiy nra;Ak; njhopyhsh;fshf
cUthf;fk; ngww; dh;. ,k;khw;wj;Jld; cyfpy; epyTlik cwT Kiw ePq;fp Kjyhsp
njhopyhsp vDk; Gjpa th;f;fq;fs; cUthfpd. Milj; njhopwr; hiyfs;> rg;ghj;J
njhopw;rhiyfs; vd gy njhopw;rhiyfspy; tptrhapfs; rk;gsk; ngWk; njhopyhsh;fshf
njhopyhshf; s; gzpGhpa Muk;gpj;jJld; nghpNahh; Kjy; rpWthf; s; tiu ,j; njhopw;
rhiyfspy; njhopy; Ghpayhapdh;.

njhopw;rhiyfSf;F ngUksT njhopyhsh;fs; Njitg;gl;l NghjpYk; tptrha epyj;jpy;
Ntiy nra;j gz;iz mbikfs; ,ae;jpu njhopw;rhiyfspy; Ntiy nra;a gae;jdh;
kw;Wk; kWj;jdh;. ,jdhy; tptrhapfs; gpbf;fg;gl;L mbikfshf nfhz;Lr; nrd;W
Ntiyfspy; mkh;j;jg;gl;ldh;. ,NjNtis ,q;fpyhe;J jkJ mnkhpf;f fhydpf;F
njhopyhshf; is mbikfshf nfhz;Lr; nrd;wJld; gpd;dhl;lfspy; mbik tpahghuKk;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW njhopyhsh;fs; mbikfshfTk;> xg;ge;jfhuhf; shfTk;
njhopw;rhiyfspy; <LgLj;jg;gl;ldh;. 1838 Mk; Mz;L tiu mbik tpahghuk;
eilngw;wJld; Nkw;ifNuhg;gpa ehLfs; jkJ fhydpfspd; njhopw;rhiyfSf;F Mg;gphpf;f
ehl;bypUe;J kdpjh;fis mbikfshf gpbj;J nrd;W njhopyhsh;fshf Ntiyf;fkh;j;jpdh.;

njhopw; rq;fq;fspd; cUthf;fk;

,ae;jpug; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l ,q;fpyhe;jpNy Kjw; njhopw;rq;fk; cUthdJ.
njhopw;rhiyfs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJld; jdpkdpjdpd; ciog;gpdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk;
cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fistpl z,ae;jpuj;jpd; cjtpAld; cw;gj;jp vz;zpf;if
mjpfkhfpaJ. kWGwk; jpwikkpf;f iftpidQhf; spd; NjitAk; Fiwe;jJ. ,jdhy;
jpwik kpf;f iftpdQh;fs; njhopy; ,d;wp tWik epiyikf;F js;sg;gl;ldh;. kWGwk;
njhopw;rhiyfspd; Ntiy nra;NthUf;F Fiwthd rk;gsk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy;
NfhgKw;w njhopyhsh; ,ae;jpuq;fs; jhd; jkJ Ntiyikapd;ikf;F fhuzk; vdf;
fUjp ,ae;jpuq;fis cilf;fyhapdh;. ,NjNghy; Vida ehLfisr;rhh;e;j
njhopyhshf; Sk; vjph;g;G eiltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. ,t;ntjph;g;Gfis
ftzj;jpy; nfhz;l gphpj;jhdpa murhq;fk; 1800 njhopyhsh; xd;W $LjYf;nfjpuhd

rl;lj;ij (CombinationAct of 1800) mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. MapDk; ,rr; lj;ij Gwf;fzpj;J

Mhg; ;ghl;lq;fspy; <Lgl;ldh;. 1811f;Fk; 1812f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; njhopyhsfs;
FOthf xd;W jpuz;L Milj; njhopw;rhiyfspd; ,ae;jpuq;fisAk; Vida
njhopw;rhiyfspd; ,ae;jpuq;fisAk; cilj;jdh.;

njhopyhshf; spd; vjph;g;Gfs; njhlhe; ;jJld; 1810 ,q;fpyhe;jpd; tlfpof;F fiur; rhhe; ;j

Ruq;fj; njhopyhsh;fs; NtiyepWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;. 1812 ,y; ];nfhl;b];

E}w;ghshf; s; Ntiy epWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;. rTj; Nty;]; ,Uk;Gj; njhopyhsh;fs; 1816

,y; NtiyepWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;. 1818 ,y; ];nfhl;Nyd;l Ruq;fj; njhopyhshf; s;

NtiyepWj;jjpy; <Lgl;ldh;. ,NjNtis yq;fhrah; E}w;ghsh;fs; 1818 ,y;

NtiyepWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;. ,t;Ntiy epWj;jq;fspd; gpujhd Nfhhpf;ifshf rk;gs

cah;T kw;Wk; 1800 ,y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l NtiyepWj;j jilrl;lj;ij ePf;Ff vd;gd

gpujhd Nfhhpf;iffshf ,Ue;jd. ,f;Nfhhpf;iffis Kd; itj;j Nghuhl;lq;fs; 1824

tiu njhlhe; ;jJld; ,q;fpyhe;J murhq;fk; 1824 Mk; Mz;L njhopyhsh;fs;

njhopw;rq;fq;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; 1800 Mk; nfhz;L tug;gl;l

rl;lj;jpw;F jpUj;jj;ij nfhz;L te;jJ. ,j;jpUj;jr; rl;lk; ,q;fpyhe;J njhopyhshf; s;

njhopw;rq;fq;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s tha;g;gspj;jJ.

nuhgh;l; Xtd; (dprk);

MapDk; Kiwahd njhopw;rq;fq;fk; cUthftpy;iy . ,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;
njhopyhshf; is xd;wpizg;gjpy; nuhgl; Xtd; vDk; Milj;njhopw;rhiy
chpikahsh; xUtNu Kd;dpiy tfpj;jhh;. ,th; njhopyhsh;fSk; chpikahsUk;
xd;wpize;J $l;lhf nrawg; l;lhy; ,UgphpdUk; gpurr; pidapd;wp thoyhk; vDk;
fUj;jpid Kd;itj;jhh;. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ept;ld; vd;w gpuNjrj;jpy; 2000 njhopyhsh;

8|Page

gzpGhpAk; Milj;njhopwr; hiyf;F chpikshuhd ,th; jkJ Miyapy; gzpGhpAk;
njhopyhshf; Sf;F $ba rk;gsj;ij toq;fpdhh;. Neuj;ij Fiwj;jhh;. rpWthf; spd;
Ntiyia Kiwg;gLj;jpdhh;. njhopyhshf; sJ tPLfis etPdkag;gLj;jpdhh;.
,t;thwhd nraw;ghLfs; njhopyhshf; is fthe; ;jJ. Mdhy; ,r; nraw;ghLfis
Vid njhopw;rhiy chpikahsh;fshy; gpd;gw;w KbahJ Ngha;tpl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ,th;
jkJ nfhs;ifapy; ,Ue;J tpyfhJ midj;J trjpfisAk; nfhz;l njhopyhsh;
fpuhkj;ij cUthf;f Kad;whh;. ,jd; %yk; njhopyhsh;fSf;Fk;
Kjyhspkhh;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Uf;Fk; Vww; j;jho;Tfis xopf;fyhk; vdf;
fUjpdhh;.,tuJ ,k;Kawr; p ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ntww; p ngwtpy;iy. ,jdhy; Xtd; 1825 ,y;
,q;fpyhe;jpypUe;J mnkhpf;fhtpw;Fr; nrd;W ,e;jpahd vd;w khepyj;jpy; 30000 Vf;fh;
fhzpia thq;fp ghhpa Milj; njhopw;rhiyia cUthf;fp jkJ vz;zf;fUthd
njhopyhsh; fpuhkq;fis cUthf;fp njhopwr; hiyfis Muk;gpj;jhh;. ,jwF;
ngUk;tuNtw;G ,Ue;jJ. mt;thwhd fpuhkq;fs; 18 I gy;NtW gFjpfspy;
cUthf;fpdhh;. Mdhy; ghhpa Kjyhspfs; kj;jpapy; Xtdpd; jpl;lk; vLgltpy;iy. 1828
,y; Xtd; ,q;fpyhe;jpw;F jpUk;gpdhh;. Xtd; ,q;fpyhe;jpw;F jpUk;Gifapy;
,;q;fpyhe;jpd; njhopyhsh; NkYk; tshr; r; p ngww; pUe;jJld; Nghh; Fzkpf;fth;fshff;
fhzg;gl;ldh;.

,q;fpyhe;J jpUk;gpa xtd; ,q;fpyhe;J njhopyhsh;fspd; Nghuhl;lf; Fzj;ijf; fzL;
mthf; is NkYk; gyg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lhh;. VyNt njhopyhsh;fshy;

ftug;gl;l Xtd; nghpa gphpj;jhdpah kw;Wk; mah;yhe;jpd; ngUk; Njrpa

xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l tpahghu rq;fk; (Grand National Consolidated Trades Union of Great

Britain and Ireland) vd;w rq;fj;ij 1834 Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fpdhh;. mjd; gpujhd

Nehf;fk; njhopw;rhiyfspdJ rq;fq;fis (Societies) ifg;gw;wp

njhopw;Wiwfis elhj;JtjhFk;. ,rr; q;fk; cUthf;fg;gl;l rpyehl;fspy; ngUk;ghyhd
Mz;> ngz; njhopyhshf; s; ,jpy; ,ize;Jf; nfhz;ldh;. NkYk; ,jd; gpujhd
Nfhhpf;ifshf rk;gsj;ij mjpfhpj;jy; kw;Wk; Ntiy Neuj;ij Fiwg;gjhf

mike;jJ. ,rr; q;fk; gphpj;jhdpah KOtJk; Ntfkhf tshr; r; paile;j NghjpYk;
Kf;fap Jiwfshd fl;Lkhdj;Jiw> E}y; E}w;wy;> kl;ghz;l cw;gj;jpJiw kw;Wk

Mil cw;gj;jp Jiwfisr; rhhe; ;j ,izatpy;iy. ,j;Jiwfisr; rhhe; ;j

njhopyhshf; s; jdpj;J ,aq;fpdh.; khwhf ,j;Jiwr; rhhe; ;j njhopyhshf; s; Xtdpd;
rq;fj;Jld; el;Gwit Ngzpte;jdh;. Xtdpd; rq;fj;jpd; tsh;r;rpiaf; fz;L

Ml;rpahsh;fs; gae;jdh;. ,rr; q;fk; ,ufrpa ,af;fk; vdf; $wp ,rr; q;fj;jpd; jiyth;
kw;Wk Kd;dzp cWg;gpdh;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;. jiyth;fspd; ifJfspdhy;

,rr; q;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs; tPo;r;rpAw;wJ. ,rr; q;fj;jpd; nrawg; hLfs; 1834 cld;
Kbtpw;F te;jJ.

rhhb; rk;- kf;fs; gl;lak;

nuhgh;l; Xtdpd; rq;fk; tPo;r;rpAw;wJld; %d;W tUlj;jpd; gpd;dh; mrr; q;fj;jpy;
nraw;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fs; murpaypy; khww; k; nfhz;L tUtjd; %yk; njhopyhsh;fspd;
gpurr; pidf;F jPh;T fhzKbAk; vdf; fUjp xU kf;fs; gl;laj;iij jahhpj;jdh;.
thf;F mspf;Fk; chpikia njhopyhshf; s; ngwtpl;lhy; njhopyhshf; spd; Ntiy
KiwfspYk; tho;f;ifj; juj;jpYk; ghhpa khww; j;ijf; nfhz;LtuKbahJ
vdf;fUjpdh;. 1836 ,y; yz;ldpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l yz;ld; njhopyhshf; spd; rq;fk;
vd;w mikg;Ng ,jid jahhpgg; jpy; Kd;dzp ghj;jpuk; tfpj;jJ. nuhgh;l; Xtidg;
gpd;gw;wpa jpUj;Jduhf (Mechanic) tpy;ypak; vd;gtNu ,jid jahhpgg; jpu; Kd;dzp
ghj;jpuk; tfpf; fyhdhh;. ,t;kf;fs; gl;lak; MW Kf;fpa cWg;giufis
nfhz;bUe;jJ. 1. rh;tNjr thf;Fhpi 2. tUlhe;j ghuhSkd;wk; 3. rkkhd Njh;jy;
khtl;lq;fs; 4. ,ufpa thf;nfLg;G 5.ghuhSkd;w mq;fj;jthf; Sf;F nfhLg;gdT 6.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F njhpnra;ag;gLgthf; Sf;F nrhj;Jf;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ
mtrpakpy;iy vd;gdthFk;.

9|Page

rhhb; ]; ,af;fk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ gphpj;jhdpah ghhpa nghUshjhu neUf;fbia
re;jpjpUe;jJ. ,jdhy; ,t;tpaf;fj;jpdhpd;ghy; ngUk;ghyhd njhopyhshf; s;
<hf; ;g;gl;ldh;. rhhl; ;b]; ,af;fj;jpdh; jkJ gl;laj;jpw;F kf;fsJ xg;gj;ij thq;Fk;
,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;J mjid Ml;rpahsh;fsplk; xg;gilf;Fk Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;ldh;.
gj;J yl;rk; ifnahg;gj;ij vLf;Fk; eltbf;if Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;
gpuhd;]; cl;gl gy INuhg;gpa ehLfspYk; njhopyhsh; vOrr; pfs; Vwg; l;likapdhy;
gphpj;jhdpa murhq;fk; ,t;ntOrr; piaf; fzL; gae;jJ. ,jid ,uhZt gyj;ijf;
nfhz;L Klf;f Kawr; p vLj;J. ,jmuid mwpe;j mikg;ghsh;fspy; rpyh; ,af;fk;
,jid vjph;f;f jahuhf Ntz;Lk; vDk; fUj;ij Kd;itj;jdh;. nuhgh;l; Xtidg;
gpd;gw;wp te;jthf; s; mt;thwhd Kawr; p Njitapy;iy rkhjhdk; %yk; gpurr; pidf;F
jPh;T fhzyhk; vd;w fUj;jpid Kd;itj;jdh;.,jdhy; ,UgphptpdUf;F ,ilapy;
fUj;J Nkhjy;fs; Vwg; l;ld. ,f;fUj;J Nkhjy;fSf;F kj;jpapy; 12 yl;rj;J
Ik;gjhapuk; ifnahg;gk; vLf;fg;gl;L 1839 Mk; Mz;L [Piy 12 Mk; jpfjp gl;lak;
murhq;fj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. murhq;fk; ,jid Kw;whf epuhfhpj;jJ. murhq;fk;
rhhl; ;b]; jiyth;fis ifJ nra;J rpiwapy; milj;jJ. xU tUlj;jpw;F gpd;dh;
rhh;l;b]; jiyth;fs; tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;ldh;. tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;l jiyth; jq;fsJ
nraw;ghl;il kPl;Lg;ghhj; ;J 1840 ,y; Njrpa rhhl; ;b]; rq;fk; (National
Chartist Association) murpay; fl;rpia cUthf;fpdh;. ,t; murpay; fl;rp
cUthf;fj;ij njhlhe; ;J ghhpa vjph;g;G $l;lq;fs; elhj;jpaJld; 1842 Mk; Njrpa
NtiyepWj;jj;jpw;F miogG; tpLj;jJ. ,rr; e;jhg; ;gj;jpy; kPz;Lk; Kd;dzp jiyth;fs;
ifJ nra;ag;l;lJld; Ntiy epWj;jg; Nghuhl;lk; rhP F; iof;fg;gl;lJ. ,jid njhlhe; ;J
kPz;Lk; ghhpa vjph;g;G $l;lq;fs; njhlhe; ;J elhj;jg;gl;ld. ,jd; xU crr; fl;lkhf
1848 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 4 Mk; jpfjp ifnahg;gq;fis ghuk; nfhLg;gjwf; hf
Kaw;rpnaLj;Js;sdh;. ,jidf; fzL; gae;j gphpj;jhdpa murhq;fk; $l;lq;fSf;F
jil nra;jJ. rhhl; ;b]; jiyth;fSf;F kl;Lk; ifnahg;gk; toq;f
tha;g;gspf;fg;gl;lJ. X Nfhdh; kw;Wk; N[hd;]; Kjypa jiyth;fs; ifnahg;gj;ijAk;
gl;laj;ijAk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhplk; xg;gilj;jpdh.; ,jd; gpd;dh; rhhl; ;b]; ,af;fj;jpd;
gy Kd;dzp jiythf; s; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L ePz;lfhyj;jpw;F rpiwitf;fg;gl;ldh;.
,jdhy; ,t;tpaf;fk; nky;y nky;y gytPkile;J Ngha;tpl;lJ.

Kiwahd njhopw;rq;fq;fs;-rh;tNjr njhopyhsh; rq;fk;

rhhl; ;b]; ,af;fk; gytPdKw;wNghjpYk; 1848 f;Fk; 1864 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy;

,q;fpyhe;jpd; njhopw;Wiwfshd Mil>epyf;fhp >,Uk;G> cs;spl;l midj;J

JiwfSk; ghhpa tshr; r; p fzl; Jld; njhopyhshf; Sk; mjpfhpj;jdh;. njhopyhshf; sJ

Nghuhl;lq;fSk; mjpfhpj;jd. :epahakhd Ntiy ehs; epahakhd rk;gsk; vd;gNj

,thf; sccJ gpujhdf; Nfhhpf;ifahf mike;jJ. ,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpNyNa Kiwahd

njhopw;rq;fq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. 1851 Mk; Mz;L xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l

nghwpapayhshh; rq;fk; (Amalgamated Engineers Society) cUthf;fg;gl;LJld; midj;J

njhopw;rhiyisr; rhh;e;j rq;fqf; Sk; ,jwF; s; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;ld. ,NjNghy;

,Uk;G Miy njhopyhshf; s;> Ruq;fj; njhopyhshf; s; kw;Wk; jrR; r; njhopyhshf; s;

xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l njhopw; rq;fq;fis Kiwahf cUthf;fpf; nfhz;ldh.; ,JNt

cyf njhopw;rq;f cUthf;fj;jpw;F Kd;Djhuzkhf mike;jJ.

mnkhpf;f njhopw; rq;fj; Njhw;wk;

,q;fpyhe;jpy; Vwg; l;l ,ae;jpug;Gul;rp mnkhpf;fhtpYk; jhf;fj;ij Vwg; Lj;jpaJ.

,q;fpyhe;jpd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; mnkhpf;fh ,Ue;jikapdhYk; mnkhpf;fh ngUk;

%ytsq;fis nfhz;bUe;jikapdhYk; mq;Fk; 1776 Kjy; njhopw;Wiwfs;

gphpj;jhdpahf; shy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mq;F xg;ge;jj; njhopyhsh;fshf

nts;isah;fSk; mbikj; njhopyhshf; shf Mg;gphpf;f fWg;gh;fSk;

njhopw;rhiyfspy; Ntiyf;fkh;j;jg;gl;ldh;. ,q;F njhopyhsh;fs; 15 kzpj;jpahsq;fs;

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Ntiyf;fkh;j;jg;gl;ldh;.mnkhpf;fj; njhopyhshf; s; Mq;fhq;Nf NtiyepWj;jg;

Nghuhl;lj;ij elhj;jpaJld; mit %hf; ;fkhf Kwpabf;fg;gl;ld. vdpDk; 1785 ,y;

ept;Nahh;f; efu rg;ghj;J cw;gj;jp njhopyhsh; Nghuhl;lk; kw;Wk; 1786 ,y; gpynly;gpah

mrR; j; njhopyhsh;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l ghhpa Nghuhl;lq;fs; gy jd;dpr;ir

Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F top tFj;jJ. jd;dpr;irah njhopyhsh; Nghyuhl;lq;fs;

njhlhe; ;jJld; 1827 ,y; Kiwahd (Mechanics Union of Trade Association of Philadephia)

gpynly;gpahtpd; jpUj;Jdh; rq;fk; vDk; njhopw;rq;fk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,rr; q;f

cUthf;fj;Jld; mnkhpf;fhtpd; Vida khepyq;fspYk; ,jid nahj;j njhopw;

rq;fq;fs; cUthdJld; 1833 f;F k; 1837 ,ilapy; rk;gs cah;T> Ntiy Neu

Fiwg;G: ey;y Ntiy #oy; vd;gdtw;iwf;Nfhhp 173 NtiyepWj;jg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;

elhj;jg;gl;ld. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Nghyy;yhJ mnkhpf;fhtpd; njhopyhsh;fs; njhopw;rq;f

cUthf;fj;Jld; murpaypy; nrYj;Jk; tifapy; njhopw;fl;rpfisAk; cUthf;fpdh.;

gpynly;gpah khepyj;jpd; njhopyhsh;fs; Kjy; njhopw; fl;rpia cUthf;fpdh;.

mjidj; njhlhe; ;J mt;thwhd fl;rpfs; 61 flr; p gy khepyq;fspy;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJld; mf;fl;rpfs; njhopyhshf; sJ ];jhgdg;gLj;Jtjwh; f 50

gj;jphpiffis 1828 f;Fk; 33 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ntspf;nfhzhe; ;Js;sdh;.

,rn; raw;ghLfspd; njhlhr; r; pahf 1852 ,y; Njrpa mr;Rj; njhopyhsh; rq;fk;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;Njrpa rq;f cUthf;fj;Jld; Vida Jiwfisr; rhhe; ;j

njhopyhshf; Sk; jj;jkJ Jiwf;nfd Njrpa njhopw;rq;fq;fis cUthf;fpf;

nfhz;lJld; Ntiy Neu Fiwg;G mth;fsJ gpujhdf; Nfhhpf;ifahf ,Ue;jJ.

INuhg;gpa njhopw;rq;fq;fspd; Njhww; k;

,q;fpyhe;jpy; Nghy; INuhg;gpa ehLfshd N[h;kdp> gpuhd;];> ,j;jhyp cs;spl;l gy
ehLfspYk; ,ae;jpug;Gul;rpAld; njhopw;Wiwfs; tshr; r; paile;jJld; njhopyhsh;fSk;
mjpfhpj;jdh;. ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;by; Nghuhl;lq;fSk; Muk;gpj;jd. ,e;ehLfspy; N[h;kd
>gpuhd;]; kw;Wk; ,j;jhyp Kjypa ehLfspd; njhopyhsh; ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; mnkhpf;f
ehl;bd; njhopyhshf; isg; Nghy; Ntiy Neu Fiwg;G kw;Wk; rk;gs cah;T Nfhhp
Nghuhl;lq;fspy; <Lgl;ldh;. N[h;kd; ehl;Lj; njhopyhsh;fs; Kjypy; njhopyhsh; el;G
fofq;fisNa cUthf;fpdh.; 1848 Mk; Mz;Nl njhopyhsh; fhq;fpu]; (Worker’s
Congress) vDk; njhopw; rq;fj;ij ];bgd; Nghhd; ; vd;gth; cUthf;fp njhopyhsh;
el;Gf; fofq;fis xd;wpizj;jhh;. 1850 Mz;lstpy; ,j;njhopw;rq;fk; 250 fpisf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ. 1862 N[h;kdpapd; Kd;dzp njhopyhsh;fs; rpyh; yz;lDf;Fr; nrd;W
yz;ld; njhopyhsh;fs; vt;thW Njrpa njhopw; rq;fq;fis mikj;J nraw;gLfpd;wdh;
vd;gjid mwpe;J te;j N[h;kdpapy; Njrpa njhopw; rq;fq;fis cUthf;fp
nraw;gl;ldh;.

gpuhd;]; ehl;bd; njhopyhsh;fs; N[h;kd; njhopyhsh;fisg; Nghy; ,ae;jpuq;fis
cilg;gjpy; jPtpuk; fhl;bajhy; gpuhd;]; ehl;bd; Kjyhspj;Jtk; gpuhd;]; xd;W
$Ltij 1791 ,y; jil nra;jJ.MapDk; ,jid kPwp njhopyhsh; gy efuq;fspy;
,ae;jpuq;fis cilj;jdh; ,jdhy; 1825f;Fk; 1847f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; 1250
njhopyhsh; kPj tof;Fj; njhlug;gl;lJ. 1831 Mk; Mz;L ypNahd; efupd; gl;L
E}w;ghiyfisr; 40 Mapuk; njhopyhsh;fs; rk;gsT cah;T kw;W Ntiy Neu
Fiwg;G Nfhhpf;ifia Kd;itj;J NtiyepWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;. ,t; Ntiy
epWj;jj;ij Kwpabf;f NghyPrhh; te;jJls; njhopyhsh;fs; NghyPRld; rz;ilapl;L rpy
ehl;fs; efuj;ij jkJ flL; ghl;by; itj;jpUe;jdh;. ,ijj; njhlhe; J gy efuq;fspy;
Nghuhl;lq;fs; ntbj;jd. ,jd; gpd;dh; gpuhd;]; ehl;by; njhopw; rq;f ,af;fk;
tYgn; gwyhapw;W.

1831 f;Fk; 1864 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Vida INuhg;gpa ehLfshd ,j;jhyp>
];ngapd> ngy;[pak;> nrf;Nfh];yhtpah> Nghyhe;J `q;Nfhp Nghd;w ehLfspYk;
njhopyhsh; Nghuhl;lq;fs; ntbj;jd. ,g;Nghuhl;lq;fs; cyf njhopw;rq;f
,af;fj;jpw;F toptFj;jd.

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