Nota Esei Fizik

TOPIK YANG PERLU DIFOKUS

TAJUK FOKUS
PENGENALAN ALAT PENGUKUR
-Tolok skru mikrometer
FIZIK - Neraca Tiga Alur
DAYA DAN - Neraca spring
GERAKAN Daya paduan
DAYA DAN Keseimbangan daya
TEKANAN Kekenyalan- Hukum Hooke
Tekanan Dalam Cecair
HABA Prinsip Pascal
Prinsip Bernoulli
CAHAYA Prinsip Archimedes
Keseimbangan Terma
ELEKTRIK Muatan haba tentu
Hukum gas-hukum gas
GELOMBANG Pantulan Dalam Penuh
ELEKTROMAGNET Kanta cembung , kuasa kanta, panjang fokus
Rajah sinar untuk pelbagai kedudukan objek
ELEKTRONIK kanta pembesar // cemin
teleskop & mikroskop
RADIOAKTIF Rintangan dan faktor2 mempengaruhi nya
Kuasa hilang dalam dawai
Elemen pemanas dalam seterika elektrik
Pembiasan Gelombang
Belauan gelombang
Gelombang elektromagnet
Aruhan elektromagnet
Transformer
Sinar katod
Ciri-ciri sinar katod
Semikonduktor // transistor // logik gate
Ciri-ciri sinar radioaktif
Pereputan radioaktif
kegunaan radioisotop dalam industri
tenaga nuklear

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 2

FOKUS ESEI:
TINGKATAN 4
Konstruk penyelesaian masalah dan membuat keputusan

1. BOT LAJU (SPEED BOAT)

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bentuk bot Aerodinamik Kurangkan rintangan air
(Shape of the boat) (Aerodynamic) (Reduce water resistance)
Jisim Bot Rendah Ringan/ pecutan bertambah
(Mass of boat) (low mass) (Lighter/increase acceleration)
Kuasa enjin Tinggi Pecutan bertambah
(Engine power) (High) (Increase acceleration)
Saiz kipas Besar Tambah daya
(Size of propeller) (Big) (Increase force)
Bahan badan bot Komposit carbon Kukuh/ ringan/tidak berkarat
(Material used for the body (Carbon composite) (Strong/ lighter/ does not rust)
of the boat)

2. PAKAIAN MENYELAM (DIVERS SUIT)

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Ketebalan pakaian Tebal Tidak mudah koyak/ kuat/ halang dari
(Thickness of suit) (Thick) kesejukan
(Strong/ not easy tear/ prevent from cold)
Ketumpatan pakaian Rendah Ringan
(Density of suit) (Low) (Lighter)
Keupayaan pakaian untuk Tinggi Tidak mudah koyak
meregang (High) (Not easy to tear)
(Ability of the suit to
strectch) Ketat/ sendat Kurangkan rintangan air
Saiz pakaian (tight/ fit) (Reduce water resistance)

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 3

3. KAEDAH MENGGANTUNG CERMIN

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bahan bingkai Aluminium Tak mudah patah/ tahan lama
(Material of frame) (Not easy to break/ lasting)
Jisim bingkai Rendah Ringan
(Mass of frame) (low) (lighter)
Tali Tak Kenyal Tegangan seragam /Hasilkan daya ke atas
(String) (Inelastic) yang seragam
(Uniform tension/ Produce uniform force
Sudut gantung Besar acting upwards)
(Angle of hanging) (Big) Tegangan berkurang
(Small tension/ low tension)

4. HIDROMETER (HYDROMETER) :

Fungsi – untuk mengukur ketumpatan cecair contohnya asid / susu getah

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Panjang stem Panjang Julat skala yang luas
(Length of stem) (Long) (Wide range of scale)
Diameter stem Kecil Lebih sensitif / boleh ukur @ kesan perubahan
(Diameter of stem) (small) ketumpatan yang kecil
(More sensitive/ can measure @ detect small
Bahan untuk batang Kaca changed in density)
(Material of stem) (glass) Tidak akan terkakis
Bilangan butir Plumbum Banyak (Will not corrode)
(No of lead shot) (Many) Kedudukan tegak / mudah terapung
Saiz bebuli udara Besar (Stay upright/ easy to floats)
(Size of air bulb) (big) Mudah Terapung / daya apungan tinggi
(easy to floats/ high buoyant force)

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 4

5. BELON UNTUK IKLAN

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bahan Nilon Kuat/ kedap udara/ ringan
(Material) (Nylon) (Strong/ air proof/light)
Kekuatan Tinggi Tahan lama
(Strength) (High) (Lasting)
Saiz belon Besar Menghasilkan daya apungan tinggi/ Isipadu udara
(Size of balloon) (Bigger) tersesar bertambah
(Produce higher bouyant force/ increased volume of
Ketumpatan belon Rendah air displaced)
(Density Of balloon) (Low) Kurangkan berat/ ringan
Ketumpatan gas yang Rendah (Reduce weight/ lighter)
digunakan (Low) Ringan
(Density of gas used) (Lighter)
Jenis Gas
(Type of gas) Helium Ringan
(Lighter)
6. JET

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bahan untuk badan Titanium Kuat/ Tidak berkarat
(Material for the body) (Strong/ does not rust)
Kedudukan bilah Senget Sedut banyak udara masuk)
(Position of blade) (Slanting) (Absorb more air in)
Saiz bilah Besar Tambah udara masuk
(Size of blade) (Big) (Increase air intake)
Bilangan pemancut bahan api Banyak Bakar lebih banyak bahan api untuk
(No of fuel injector) (Many/ more) hasilkan daya yang lebih tinggi
(Burn more fuel to produce higher force)
Saiz kebuk pembakaran Besar Lebih banyak ruang untuk pembakaran
(Size of combustion chamber) (Big) (More space for the burning of fuel)
Saiz lubang udara masuk Besar Sedut lebih banyak udara
(Size of air hole in) (Big) (Suck more air)
Saiz lubang udara keluar Sempit Tambah laju udara keluar/ Tambah
(Size of air hole out) (Narrow/small) momentum
(Increase speed of air out / increase
momentum)

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 5

7. RADIATOR KERETA (CAR RADIATOR)

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Muatan haba tentu Cecair Tinggi Lambat panas / upaya serap haba yang
penyejuk (high) banyak
(Specific heat capacity of ( longer time to be hot/ able to absorb more
cooling liquid) Tinggi heat )
Takat didih cecair penyejuk (high) Tidak mudah mendidih / lambat didih
(boiling point of cooling (harder to boil / longer time to boil)
liquid) Besar
Saiz kipas (big) Boleh hembus lebih banyak udara/ boleh
(size of fan) serap lebih banyak udara
(absorb more air / blow more air)
Bilangan bilah sirip Banyak Tambah luas permukaan / kehilangan haba
(no of fin blade) (Many) bertambah /
(increase surface area/ heat loss increase)
Bahan bilah sirip Kuprum Pengalir haba yang baik/ mudah bebaskan
(Material of fin blade) (Copper) haba
(Good conductor of heat/ easy to release
Muatan haba tentu bilah Rendah heat)
sirip (low) mudah bebaskan haba / cepat panas
(specific heat capacity of fin (easy to release heat) / easy to be hot)
blade)

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 6

8. DART SEBAGAI PELURU PISTOL MAINAN

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bentuk dart Aerodinamik Kurangkan rintangan udara
(Shape of dart) (Aerodynamic) (Reduce air resistance)
Jisim dart Rendah Kelajuan bertambah
(Mass of dart) (Low) (Increase speed)
Ketebalan dawai spring Tebal Lebih Tegar / k tinggi/ Tenaga
(Thickness of spring wire) (Thicker) keupayaan elastik tinggi
(Stiffer/ high k / high elastic potential
Diameter gegelung spring Kecil energy)
(Diameter of spring coil) (Small) Lebih Tegar / k tinggi/ Tenaga
keupayaan elastik tinggi
Teknik menembak Halakan keatas sedikit (Stiffer/ high k / high elastic potential
(Shooting technique) dari garisan ufuk energy)
(Aim upward from Mengatasi daya graviti.
horizontal line) (Overcome gravitational force)

9. SPOILER KERETA LUMBA

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bahan yang digunakan Komposit karbon Ringan / kuat
(Material used) (Carbon (Lighter/ strong)
composite)
Bentuk Aerofil Hasilkan daya kebawah
(Shape) (Aerofoil) (Produce downward force)
Jisim Rendah Tambah halaju
(Mass) (Low) (Increase speed)
Permukaan spoiler Besar Hasilkan lebih tinggi daya kebawah
(Surface area of spoiler) (Bigger) (Produce higher downward force)

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 7

10. KERETAPI LAJU ( HIGH SPEED TRAIN)

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bentuk keratan rentas badan Aerodinamik Kurangkan rintangan udara
keretapi (Aerodynamic) (Reduce air resistance)
(Cross sectional shape)
Bahan badan keretapi Kukuh Tahan tekanan tinggi
(Material for the body) (Strong) (withstand high pressure)
Ketumpatan badan Rendah Ringan / pecutan tinggi
(Density of the body) (Low) (lighter/ high acceleration)
Bahan untuk landasan Super konduktor Rintangan sifar
(Material for the track) (zero resistance)
Bilangan gerabak Banyak Kurangkan inersia
(No of coach) (Many) (Reduce inertia)

11. TERMOMETER KLINIKAL

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Cecair yang digunakan Merkuri Legap/Mudah di baca/ takat lebur tinggi
(Liquid used) (Mercury) (Opaque/easy to read/ high melting point)
Julat 35°C – 42 °C Upaya untuk ukur suhu
(Range) (Able to measure temperature)
Kejituan Tinggi Lebih sensitif/ boleh kesan suhu badan lebih
(Accuracy) (High) tepat
(more sensitive/ can detect body
Saiz tiub kapilari Kecil temperature accurately)
(Size of capillary tube) (Small) Sensitiviti bertambah
(Sensitivity increase)

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 8

12. CERMIN UNTUK MANTAU PELANGGAN DALAM PASARAYA / KESELAMATAN JALAN
RAYA

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Jenis cermin Cembung Sudut pandangan besar
(Type of mirror) (convex) (wider field of view)
Diameter Besar Sudut pandangan yang lebih luas
(Big) (more wider field of view)
Ketumpatan Rendah Ringan
(Density) (Low) (lighter)
Kedudukan Tinggi / bucu Julat pandangan lebih luas dan jauh/ tidak
(Position) siling / simpang halangan laluan
(High/ corner of ( Wider range of view and far / do not disturb
13. MIKROSKOP MAJMUK ceiling/ junction) customer pathway)

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB CIRI-CIRI IMEJ:

Kedudukan fo < uo < 2fo Hasilkan imej Besar, Songsang dan 1. Imej pertama –
Objek,uo Nyata (BSN) // RIM BSN @ RIM
Jarak Antara L > fo + fe Imej dapat terbentuk di depan kanta
kedua-dua kanta, d mata 2. Imej akhir –
Jarak antara imej u1 < fe Hasilkan imej yang besar / sebagai BSM (berbanding dengan
pertama dengan kanta pembesar/ menambah objek asal) / VIM
kanta mata, u1 Tempat sejuk pembesaran
Tempat simpanan dan kering Elakkan kulat/Avoid fungus
Cermin
Cermin Tambahan cekung Tumpukan cahaya ke atas kanta
objektif dan dapat imej yang lebih
terang

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 9

FOKUS ESEI:
TINGKATAN 5
1. Ayunan bola polistrena dalam medan elektrik untuk menghasilkan ayunan dengan frekuensi tinggi.

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Jarak antara kedua-dua Pendek/ Jarak ayunan pendek
plat Dekat
Jisim bola polisterina bersalut Kecil Mudah berayun / inertia rendah
Aluminium
Voltan VLT Tinggi Medan elektrik tinggi / daya ayunan tinggi
Bahan tali untuk gantung Nilon Ringan
bola polisterina

Bagaimana bola polisterina boleh berayun antara dua plat logam yang bercas.
1. Pada mulanya bola polisterina adalah neutral (bil cas sama)
2. Bila bola polisterina di sesarkan ke arah plat kiri (bercas positif) bola itu akan bercas positif.
3. Oleh kerana cas yang sama menolak maka bola polisterina akan ditolak ke arah plat kanan

(bercas negatif)
4. Sampai di plat kanan (negatif) bola itu pula akan dicaskan dengan cas negatif.
5. Cas yang sama menolak menyebabkan bola ditolak ke plat kiri semula.
6. Proses berulang.

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 10

2. BILIK KULIAH

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bahan untuk dinding Papan lembut
(Material for the wall) (Softboard) Menyerap gelombang bunyi/
elak gema
Kedudukan mikrofon Belakang pembesar suara (Absorb sound waves/ avoid
(Position of microphone) (Back of speakers) echo)
Jenis mikrofon Mikrofon tanpa wayar Elakkan ‘bising’
(Type of microphone) (Wirelessmicrophone) (Avoid Noise)
Kedudukan pembesar suara Tinggi
(Position of speakers) (High) Bebas bergerak
Jarak antara dua pembesar Jauh (free to move)
suara (Far)
(Distance between two Elakkan halangan
speakers) (Avoid obstacle)

Jarak antara dua bunyi kuat
berturutan, x adalah dekat.
(Distance between two
consecutive loud sounds
short)

3. GELOMBANG ELEKTROMAGNET UNTUK SISTEM PENYIARAN SATELIT

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Nama gelombang Gelombang elektromagnet/ Tidak perlu medium/frekuensi
mikro tinggi/ Tenaga tinggi
Frekuensi gelombang Tinggi Tenaga tinggi/ boleh
bergerak jauh
Panjang gelombang Rendah Mudah di pantulkan
Halaju gelombang Tinggi Dapat bergerak jauh
Pelembapan Rendah Kurang tenaga terbebas
semasa penyiaran

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 11

4. PILIH LITAR ELEKTRIK

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Jenis susunan litar Selari Satu mentol tak fungsi yang lain masih bole
(Type of circuit (Parallel) berfungsi
arrangement) (One bulb malfunction others still function)
Ketebalan dawai kabel Tebal Rintangan rendah
(Thickness of cable (Thick) (Low resistance)
used)
Voltan yang ( Bergantung Berikan voltage cukup untuk peralatan
digunakan kepada peralatan berfungsi
(Voltage used) cthnya 240V) (Give enough voltage supply for the
appliances to operate)
Fius Bergantung kepada Mencegah peralatan elektrik dari rosak akibat
(Fuse) arus yang mengalir arus berlebihan mengalir.
dalam litar. Kadar (Protect the electrical appliances from
Fius lebih sedikit damage due to the excess current)
dari arus yang
mengalir

5. ELEMEN PEMANAS DALAM CEREK ELEKTRIK (HEATING ELEMENT IN ELECTRIC HEATER)

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bahan gegelung pemanas Nikrom Rintangan tinggi
(material of the coil) (Nichrome) (High resistance)
Bilangan lilitan gegelung Banyak Rintangan tinggi / banyak haba
(Number of turns of the coil) (Many) (High resistance/ more heat )
Takat lebur Tinggi Tidak mudah melebur
(Melting point) (High) (Not easy to melt)
Kadar pengoksidaan Rendah Tidak mudah berkarat
(Oxidation rate) (Low) (not easy to rust)

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 12

6. UBAHSUAI PENJANA A.T KE PENJANA A.U

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bentuk Magnet Melenkung Menghasilkan medanmagnet jejarian/ Garis
(Shape of magnet used) (Curve) medan magnet tertumpu pada armatur
(Produce radial magnetic field/ magnetic field
Kekuatan magnet Kuat lines is concentrated at the armature)
(Strength of magnet) (Strong) Hasilkan lebih banyak pemotongan fluks/ arus
bertambah
Bilangan lilitan gelung Banyak (Produce more cutting of flux)
(Number of turns of the coil) (More/ higher) / increase current)
Hasilkan lebih banyak pemotongan fluks/ arus
Sentuhan berus dan Spring bertambah
komutator (Produce more cutting of flux)
(Contact of brush and Slip Ring / increase current)
commutator ) Pastikan sentuhan ketat
Cincin yang digunakan (Ensure the contact is tight)
(Ring used)
Mengubah arah arus selepas separuh putaran
untuk memastikan daya kupel memutarkan
gelung dalam arah yang sama.
(Reverse the current each half revolution to
keep the couple force turning the coil in the
same direction)

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 13

7. PENGHANTARAN TENAGA ELEKTRIK

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Jenis dawai kabel Kuprum Rintangan rendah
(Type of cable wire) (Copper) (Low resistance)
Ketebalan dawai kabel Tebal Rintangan rendah
(Thickness of cable wire) (Thicker) (Low resistance)
Jenis transformer Injak Turun Turunkan voltan
(Type of transformer) (Step down) (Lower the voltage)
Susunan litar Selari Satu mentol terbakar, lain masih
(Arrangement of circuit) (Parallel) menyala.
(One bulb blow, other still function)
Ketumpatan kabel Rendah Ringan
(Density of cable wire) (Low) (lighter)
Jenis arus yang digunakan Ulang alik Mudah dinaikkan dan diturunkan voltaan
dengan menggunakan transformer.
Magnitud Voltan Tinggi Mengecilkan arus / kehilangan tenaga
dikurangkan.

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 14

8. TRANSFORMER

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Jenis teras besi Teras besi lembut Mudah dimagn etkan dan
(Type of iron core) (Soft Iron Core) mudah dinyahmagnetkan
(Easy to magnetized and
Sifat teras besi Berlapis/berlamina demagnetized)
(Characteristic of iron core) (Laminated ) Kurangkan arus pusar
Bahan dawai Kuprum (Reduce Eddy Current)
(Material of wire) (Copper) Rintangan rendah
Ketebalan dawai Tebal (Reduce resistance)
(Thickness of wire) (Thick) Rintangan rendah
Jarak antara gelung primer dan Rapat/dekat (Reduce resistance)
gelung sekunder (close) Elak kebocoran fluks
(Distance between primary coil and (Avoid flux leakage)
secondary coil)

Prinsip Kerja Sebuah Transformer:
1. Arus ulangalik yang berubah arah dan magnitud mengalir dalam gelung primer
2. Menghasilkan medan magnet yang juga berubah arah dan magnitud
3. Dengan bantuan teras besi lembut medan magnet mengalir ke gelung sekunder
4. Pemotongan fluks berlaku dalam gelung sekunder menghasilkan d.g.e aruhan dan arus aruhan.

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 15

9. LITAR TRANSISTOR SEBAGAI PENGESAN KEBAKARAN

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Sambungan terminal Npn – terminal positif ke Ic mengalir
bateri kepada transistor pemungut (Ic flow)
(Connection of the Pnp- terminal positif ke
terminal battery to the pengeluar Menghadkan arus ke tapak/
transistor) (Npn – positive terminal to mengurangkan arus ke tapak
collector (limit the current to the base/
Komponen untuk (Pnp – positive terminal to reduce current to the base)
melindungi transistor emitter) Ada haba rintangan rendah
(Component to protect the Perintang pada tapak (AHARR)
transistor) (Resistor at the base) (When there is heat, the
Jenis perintang yang resistance is low)
sensitif kepada haba Perintang peka haba/ Berbunyi
(Type of resistor that is termistor (Ringing)
sensitive to heat) (Heat dependent resistor/
Komponen yang Thermistor)
memberikan isyarat Loceng
kebakaran (Bell/ alarm)
(Component that give fire
signal)

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 16

10. MEMILIH SUMBER RADIOAKTIF DALAM PERUBATAN

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Jenis Sinar Beta Boleh dikesan oleh Tiub GM// kurang bahaya
(Type of ray) berbanding gama
Pendek (Can be detected by GM Tube)// less dangerous
Separuh hayat (Short) compared to gamma )
(Half life) Tinggi Tidak berada lama dalam badan pesakit
Kuasa Penembusan (High) (Does not stay longer in the patients body)
(Penetration power) Cecair Boleh tembusi
Keadaan jirim (Liquid) (Able to penetrate)
(State of matter) Dapat mengalir melalui salur darah /mudah
Tiub Gm diserap
Jenis Pengesan (GM tube) (Can flow through blood vessel/ easy to absorb)
(Type of detector) Boleh kesan sinaran dengan mudah / mudah
dibawa
(Can detect radiation easily/ portable)

11. MENGESAN KETEBALAN KERTAS

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Keadaan jirim
(State of matter) Pepejal Mudah untuk uruskan/ tidak tumpah
Jenis Pengesan
(Type of detector) Tiub GM Boleh kesan sinar beta β
Separuh hayat sumber (GM tube)
Sinaran Radioaktif dari Tahan lama/ tidak perlu tambah
sumber Lama Boleh dikesan oleh tiub GM / boleh tembusi kertas
Kedudukan sumber dan Beta, β
Pengesan
Sumber Sumber mengeluarkan sinaran dan di kesan oleh
diatas/bawah alat pengesan dibawah/atas
dan
Pengesan
dibawah/atas

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 17

12. REAKTOR NUKLEAR (NUCLEAR REACTOR)

ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bahan api yang digunakan Uranium Menghasikkan tindakbalas pembelahan lebih
(Fuel used) mudah
Lama (Produce fision reaction easily)
Separuh hayat bahan (Long) Tahan lama
(Half life of the source) Pepejal (Lasting)
Keadaan Jirim (Solid) Mudah diuruskan
(State of matter) Grafit (Easy to handle)
Moderator (Graphite) Memperlahankan gerakan neutron
Boron / (Slow down the motion of neutrons)
Rod pengawal Cadmium Serap neutron
(Control Rod) (Absorb the neutron)

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 18

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF INSTRUMENT

HYDROMETER

 Used to measure relative density of liquids
 Lead shots = to weight it down // enable the hydrometer floats vertically in the liquid
 Lesser density = larger volume of liquid displaced (hydrometer is submerged)

Higher density = lower volume of liquid displaced (hydrometer floats)

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 19

MANOMETER & BAROMETER

 A device for measuring atmospheric pressure

 to measure gas pressure

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 20

BUNSEN BURNER

VACUUM CLEANER

Explain how the vacuum cleaner is able to remove dust from the floor.
Answer:
 Fan blows air out from vent
 Low pressure inside vacuum cleaner
 High pressure outside vacuum cleaner
 Different in pressure result sucking force

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 21

DROPPER

Using the knowledge of atmospheric pressure, explain how the liquid in the bottle can be sucked into the
dropper tube.

Answer:
 Press the dropper
 Air inside the dropper is forced out
 Pressure inside the dropper decreases
 Atmospheric pressure pushes the liquid into the dropper tube

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 22

PRESSURE IN A CAPILLARY TUBE

Pgas  Patm   gh Pgas  Patm Pgas  Patm   gh

Pgas = gas pressure in the capillary tube (Pa or N m-2)
Patm = atmospheric pressure (Pa or N m-2)

h = length of the captured mercury (m)
ρ = density of mercury (kg m-3)
g = gravitational field strength (N kg-1)

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 23

APPLICATION OF LENS

CHARACTERISTICS MICROSCOPE TELESCOPE
DIAGRAM

fo (objective lens) P so f P so f
To produce bigger image
To produce a higher
fe (eyepiece lens) f magnification
D (normal D > fo + fe
adjustment) f
To produce bigger image from D = fo + fe
u (object distance) the eyepiece // to increase the
First image To produce sharp & bright
Final image magnification image

f < u < 2f Infinity (oo)
(RIM) (RID)
RIM
VIM RID (at f)
VIM (oo)

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 24

MICROSCOPE
TELESCOPE

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 25

SIMPLE CAMERA

Lens To focus a sharp image onto the film
Film To record the image
Diaphragm To adjust the size of aperture (control the brightness of the image)
Shutter To open and shut the camera (film is exposed only for a short time)

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 26

WAVE

PHYSICAL MEANING SI UNIT SYMBOL
QUANTITY meter a
Amplitude The maximum displacement from its equilibrium position. Second T
Amplitude relates to loudness in sound and brightness in Hertz f
Period light.

Frequency The time taken for an oscillation to complete one cycle.
T1
Wavelength
f
The number of waves produced in one second.
f 1

T

The distance between two successive crests or two 
successive troughs.

Meter

The distance between two successive compressions or
two successive rarefactions in a sound wave.

Speed of wave v = f ms-1 v

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 27

DISPLACEMENT-DISTANCE GRAPH

DISPLACEMENT-TIME GRAPH

To find frequency, f  1
T

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 28

EXPERIMENT TO STUDY THE INTERFERENCE OF WATER WAVE

λ = ax
D

λ = wavelength of water waves

a = distance between two dippers

x = distance between two consecutive antinodal line or nodal line

D = distance between dippers and screen

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Interference of Light Waves Interference of Sound Waves

  ax
D

The wavelength of monochromatic light can be found The wavelength of sound wave can be found by the

by the formula: formula:

a = distance between two slits a = distance between two loudspeakers
x = distance between two consecutive bright fringe or x = distance between two consecutive loud sound or
dark soft

fringe sound
D = distance between slits and screen D = distance between loudspeakers and where the
sound

heard

When constructive occurs there will be a bright fringe. When constructive occurs there will be a loud sound.
When destructive occurs there will be a dark fringe. When destructive occurs there will be a soft sound.

What happens to x, when a double-slit with a bigger What happens to x, when a higher frequency is used?
separation is used?

x will decrease

λ = a x  higher frequency, lower wavelength
D x will decrease

What happens to x, when a red laser pen is replaced λ = a x 
by yellow laser pen? D

x will decrease
ʎ yellow < ʎ red

λ = a x
D

State the relationship between wavelength and x. State the relationship between frequency and
ʎ decrease, x decrease wavelength.

higher frequency, lower wavelength

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ELECTRICITY

CHARACTERISTIC ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
Similarities
Definition Have same unit (Volt)

Symbol Can be measured by Voltmeter

Work done by a source in driving 1 C Work done in moving 1 C charge

charge in a complete circuit from 1 point in an electric field to

another point

V

E

Electrical diagram
Circuit diagram

Voltmeter reading 1.5 V (EMF) Less than 1.5 V (potential difference)
Current No current flow Current flow
(opened circuit)
Condition of the Does not light up (closed circuit)
bulb Light up
Chemical energy  Electrical energy
Transmission of Electrical energy  Heat energy
energy

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ELECTRONIC

N-Type AND P-Type SEMICONDUCTOR

CHARACTERISTIC P-Type SEMICONDUCTOR N-Type SEMICONDUCTOR
Doping Material TRIVALENT: PENTAVALENT:

Aluminum, Boron, Indium and Gallium Antimony, Arsenic and Phosphorus

(BAGI) (APA)

Role of doping Atom receiver Atom donor
material Holes Free electrons

Majority Charge Free electrons Holes
Carrier

Minority Charge
Carrier

SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE

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FORWARD BIAS REVERSE BIAS

 The cell voltage greater than the junction  The cell voltage is lower than the junction

voltage. voltage.

 The depletion layer is narrow, and the  The depletion layer is wide, and the

resistance of diode decreases. resistance of diode increases.

 Hence a large current flows through the  Hence only a very small current (leakage

diode. current) flows through the diode.

 Bulb light up.  Bulb not light up.

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 HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION

 The current will only flow in the first half-cycle when the diode in forward bias.
 The current is blocked in the second half-cycle when the diode is in reverse bias.

 FULL-WAVE RECTIFICATION

 In the first half, the current flows from P → B → D → Q.
 In the second half, the current flows from Q → C → A → P.

 THE USES OF CAPASITOR

1. When the current pass through the resistor and capacitor, the capacitor is charged and stores
energy.

2. When there is no current pass through the resistor and capacitor, the capacitor discharge and
the energy from it is used to produce voltage across the resistor.

3. As a result it produces a smooth dc output.

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THE USES OF TRANSISTOR

LIGHT CONTROLLED SWITCH

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Radioactivity

QUESTION:

X, Y and Z are three different radioactive substances.
X emits only α-particles, Y emits only β-particles and Z emits only γ-rays.
You are required to carry out investigation to identify the types of radiation by using
Geiger-Muller tube.
- Draw a diagram to show how you carry out the investigation.
- Describe the procedures and explain how you arrived at the conclusion

ANSWER:

PROCEDURES
 Observed the reading on the scale without an absorber
 Put a piece of paper, aluminium and lead between the source and the
detector in turns
 For each kind absorber, record the reading on the rate meter
 Carry out the same procedure for the three substances
 α radiation will be stopped by all three kinds of absorber
 β radiation will be stopped by aluminium and lead
 γ will be stopped by lead only

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QUESTION:

Sketch activity against time graph to show the decay of a radioactive substance.
Explain how the half-life is determined.

ANSWER:

N = Amount of radioisotope particles after nth half-life
No = Initial amount of radioisotope particles

NUCLEAR REACTOR

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