PNEUMONIA DISEASE PNEUMONIA DISEASE
TABLE OF CONTENT DEFINITION PREVALENCE (STATISTICS) SIGNS & SYMPTOMS PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES CONCLUSION 01 02 03 04 05 06 REFERENCE
DEFINITION Pneumonia is an infection that affects one or both lungs. This causes air sacs or alveoli to fill with fluid or pus. Bacteria, viruses, and fungi can cause pneumonia. Symptoms range from mild to severe and include cough with or without sputum (mucus), fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. The severity of pneumonia depends on age, general condition, and the cause of the infection. To diagnose pneumonia, a doctor will take a medical history, do a physical examination, and order diagnostic tests, such as a chest x-ray. This information can help determine which type of pneumonia you have. What Is Pneumonia? | NHLBI, NIH. (2022, March 24). NHLBI, NIH. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia
DEFINITION TREATMENT Control your fever with aspirin, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs Stay away from smoke to let your lungs heal Drink plenty of fluids to help loosen secretions and bring up phlegm Get lots of rest
EPIDEMIOLOGY On average, 12,081 Malaysians suffer from pneumonia each year. There were 13,356 fatalities in 2019, down from the peak of 13,804 in 2018. According to Department of Statistics Malaysia, in 2022, pneumonia is the one of the leading cause of death which ranked 3rd by 11.%. In Malaysia, this illness accounted for 13.2% of fatalities among females in 2019, making it the leading cause of mortality for females. At 11.6%, it ranks as the second-largest cause of death in men. Infants Children younger than 2 Adults over age 65 People with certain medical conditions, including heart failure or chronic lung problems People who smoke WHOS IS AT RISK FOR PNEUMONIA? . Bacterial pneumonia. The most common bacteria that causes this disease is Streptococcus pneumonia. Only damage a tiny portion of one lung or it may spread to both of them. Accounts for around one-third of all cases, is brought on by a number of viruses, including the flu virus. Less dangerous and heals more quickly than bacterial pneumonia. Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) also may cause pneumonia, which can be severe. TYPES OF PNEUMONIA 1. 2. Viral pneumonia Often known as walking pneumonia atypical since both its symptoms and physical signs can differ. Results in a less severe disease. It occur mostly in children and young adults. Individual who inhale excessive amounts of soil or bird dropping from fungi can result in pneumonia People with weakened immune systems, such as those with AIDS, are frequently affected by one type of pneumonia, pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP). 3. Mycoplasma pneumonia. 4. Fungi pneumonia.
pn 04 SYSTEMIC SYMPTOM - FATIGUE AND FEVER 01 02 03 It is frequently described as a severe constriction in the chest, air hunger, trouble breathing, dizziness, or a sense of suffocation. CHEST PAIN PRODUCTIVE COUGH -PUS OR BLOODY SPUTUM SIGN AND SYMPTOM DYSPNEA 05 NAUSEA, VOMITING OR DIARRHEA
A virus primarily affects pneumocytes, a specific type of alveolar cell involved in gas exchange in the lungs. CAP happens when a normal host defence is compromised, a virulent infection overwhelms the immune system, or there is a significant inoculum of infectious microbes. pn Bacterial Pneumonia Following micro-aspiration, these pathogenic bacterial strains invade and spread throughout the lung parenchyma, activating the host immune system and resulting in pneumonia. The immune cell that primarily responds to lower airway germs is an alveolar macrophage. When a highly contagious infection or a significant inoculum leads these alveolar macrophages to enlist polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) to phagocytose and engulf the bacteria, a greater immune response is triggered. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukins are released by the alveolar macrophages. Cytokines can cause the alveolarcapillary membrane to leak, which can result in dyspnea and a reduction in compliance. This inflammatory response leads to bacterial pneumonia. Although these cytokines are crucial for immunity, an overabundance can cause sepsis and multiorgan failure. Viral Pneumonia Viruses are the main cause of viral pneumonia, which usually affects infants and the elderly. The virus may directly infect the lungs, or it may spread via the upper respiratory tract. A virus can spread via systemic circulation from a distant infection site to the lungs. The viral infection inflames the submucosa of the alveoli and sets off a series of cellular immunological responses that eventually lead to a rise in vascular permeability and the development of edoema.
Adherence proteins in microplasma pneumonia have the ability to stick to epithelial membranes, especially the respiratory tract epithelium. Inflammatory cytokines are activated as part of the pathophysiology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. pn Microplasma Pneumonia 1.Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide are produced by M. pneumoniae once it has attached, harming epithelial cells and the cilia that are linked to them. Since they react with human brain cells and RBCs, antibodies made against M. pneumoniae may function as autoantibodies. The respiratory epithelium's cilia are easily penetrated by Mycoplasma pneumoniae due to its gliding motion and particular tip organelles, which causes the respiratory epithelium cells to shed. The prolonged refractory cough is thought to result from ciliary movement inhibition. Fungal Pneumonia Fungi normally enter the lung through inhalation of their spores, but if other regions of the body are affected, they can also enter the lung through the bloodstream. Reactivation of a dormant infection might result in fungal pneumonia Fungi enter the alveoli through connecting pores, where they then move into the gaps between the cells and into neighbouring alveoli. The immune system reacts to this invasion by sending neutrophils, white blood cells that kill germs, to the lungs. The offending organisms are engulfed and killed by the neutrophils, but they also release cytokines that cause the immune system to become more broadly activated. The alveoli are filled with neutrophils and fluid from nearby blood vessels that has spilled, which impairs the transfer of oxygen.
CONCLUSION Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation of the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (suppurative material), which can cause vomiting of phlegm and pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi can cause pneumonia. There are four types of pneumonia: bacterial, viral, mycoplasmal, and fungal.
EFFECTS Spread of bacteria to other organs (Bacteremia) Muscle soreness and weakness Urinary Tract Infection (uti) Septic shock that lead to low blood pressure/reduce of blood flow CONCLUSION
REFERENCES Basma Abdulhadi; (2023, January 16). Mycoplasma pneumonia - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. NCBI bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430780/ DOSM. (2022). Department of Statistics Malaysia. Dosm.gov.my. https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/release-content/statistics-oncauses-of-death-malaysia-2022 Dutta, Dr. S. S. (2021, February 25). What is viral pneumonia?. News. https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Viral-Pneumonia.aspx Parul Pahal, & Venkat , R. (2022, August 1). Typical bacterial pneumonia - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. NCBI bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534295/ Pneumonia. (2022, November 15). Yale Medicine; Yale Medicine. https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pneumonia Roberto. (2022, January 27). Pneumonia Malaysia - symptoms, causes, and treatments available in Kuala Lumpur | Dr. Nurul Yaqeen. Chestspecialistmalaysia.com. https://chestspecialistmalaysia.com/pneumonia-malaysia-symptomscauses-treatment-kuala-lumpur/ Su Wei Ho. (2021, October 11). 6 statistically supported risks to your health and finances. Free Malaysia Today (FMT); Free Malaysia Today (FMT). https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/leisure/money/2021/10/11/6- statistically-supported-risks-to-your-health-and-finances/ Wiki. (2019). Fungal pneumonia pathophysiology. wikidoc. https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Fungal_pneumonia_pathophysiology What Is Pneumonia? | NHLBI, NIH. (2022, March 24). NHLBI, NIH. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia
REFERENCES Goldman, R. (2018, January 20). The Effects of Pneumonia on the Body. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/pneumonia/effects-on-body American Lung Association. (n.d.). Pneumonia Treatment and Recovery. https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-diseaselookup/pneumonia/treatment-and-recovery