345NEAmarkingcriteriaSCAMPERis anidea-generationtechniquethat usesactionverbsasstimuli. Itisawell-knownkindof checklist that canhelpwhencomingupwithideas, eitherformodificationstoanexistingproduct or for makinganewproduct. SCAMPERisanacronym: lSubstitute- What materials or shapescanyouchange?Canyouchangethepurposeofthe design? lCombine- Canyoucombinethis product withanother, tocreatesomethingnew?lAdapt - Whichparts of theproduct couldbeadaptedtochangethenatureoftheproduct? lModify- Canyouchangetheshapeof theproduct?Whatcouldyouaddtomodifythisproduct? lPut toother use- Couldthis product beusedfor somethingelse, otherthantheoriginal intention? lEliminate- Howcouldyousimplifythisproduct?Whatfeaturesorpartscouldyoueliminate? lReverse- Howcouldyoureorganisethisproduct?Whatrolescouldyoureverseorswap?Figure 14.12 Sketchmodel examples for amobilephonestandandasleepmask
346Chapter 14Non-examassessment: IterativeDesignChallengeMarkBand1MarkBand2MarkBand3MarkBand4Design developments Limiteddevelopments are superficial and/or not iterative. Iterativedevelopmentsaregenerallyprogressiveandrespondtosomeidentifiednext stepsof development. Iterativedevelopmentsareprogressive,incorporatetechnical requirementsandrespondtomostidentifiednextstepsofdevelopment.Iterativedevelopmentsarecomprehensiveandprogressive,incorporatealltechnicalrequirementsandfullyrespondtoidentifiednextstepsofdevelopment.What?Howwell doeseachdevelopmentaddressanyperceivedproblems?Doesitbuildonwhatcamebeforeit?Howdetailediseachdevelopment?Howwelldoesitmeetyouridentifiedstakeholder andtechnical requirements?How?Sketching, modelling, annotation, ongoingevaluation. As youdevelopyour designitisimportantthateachiterationfullyrespondstotheproblemsyouidentifiedinthepreviousiteration. Youmustalsodemonstratehoweachiterationincorporatesthestakeholderandthetechnical requirementsthatyoucontinuetoidentifythroughout your portfolio. Intheexamplebelowyoucanseehowthestudenthasclearlypointedouttheinitialproblemswiththecurrentiteration(left-handside). Theyhavethenmethodicallyoutlinedapossiblesolutiontoeachproblem(right-handside)usingsketchingandCADmodelling.Theuseof greenandredtexthighlightstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachsolutioninrelationtocertainstakeholderandtechnical requirements.As thedesignprogresses, usingongoingevaluation, thestudenthasconcludedthissectionof their developmentbyformallyassessingtheiriterationagainstthestakeholderrequirements. Thiscouldbefurtherenhancedbyevidenceofstakeholdertesting.
347NEAmarkingcriteriaThe followingactivity shows howphysical modellingcanbeusedtocheckhowwelladesignincorporates thetechnical requirements. STRETCHACTIVITYGive yourself twominutes tomakeasketchmodel of anideaforaninnovativeshelf/walldisplay for small collectables. Use card, scissors andsticky tape. Figure 14.13 An exampleof progressiveiterationwithongoingevaluation
348Chapter 14Non-examassessment: IterativeDesignChallengeMarkBand1MarkBand2MarkBand3MarkBand4Development of final design solution(s) Little or noprogressionfromearlier developments, andfewor noneof theidentifiedopportunities andrequirements met. Someprogressionfromearlier developments, andsomeof theidentifiedopportunitiesandrequirementsmet. Clearprogressionfromearlierdevelopments,andmostoftheidentifiedopportunitiesandrequirementsmet.Clearandcomprehensiveprogressionfromearlierdevelopments,andalloftheidentifiedopportunitiesandrequirementsmet.What?Howclearlydoesthefinal designsolutionconcludeyourdevelopmentwork?Isthereaclearpathfrominitial developmenttothefinal designsolution?Isitclearhowwellitmeetstheneeds of your primaryuser andotherstakeholders?How?Sketching, modelling, visualisation, annotation, evaluation. Toscorehighlyinthissectionitisvital thatyoucommunicatehowyourideahasdevelopedfromits earlier stagesthroughtothefinal design. Thiswilltakeplaceoverseveralpagessoitisimportant that youguidethereaderthroughyourdevelopmentusingclearheadingstoenablethemtoclearlyfollowhowyourdesignevolvedovertime. Eachdevelopmentmustbedetailedandyoumust makeclear howeachdevelopmentmeetsboththetechnicalandstakeholderrequirementsasthedesignevolves. Youwill sketch, model, testandevaluateasyougoandyoumust makesurethat anyannotationyouusehelpsexplainandjustifyyourdecisions.Figure14.14Thisexampleshowswheretheideastartedandhowitdevelopedtowardsafurther iteration. Thisiterationwasthendevelopedfurtherbeforebeingpresentedasthefinal designsolution. Thefinal designhasbeenannotatedwithdetailsofhowitmeetstherequirementsthat wereestablishedatthestartoftheprocess.
349NEAmarkingcriteriaMarkBand1MarkBand2MarkBand3MarkBand4Critical thinkingSuperficial responses whenproblems are identified. Little or no evidence of innovation throughout thedesign process. Effectiveresponsestosomeidentifiedproblems. Someevidenceof innovationthroughout thedesignprocess. Effectiveresponsestomostidentifiedproblems.Clearevidenceofinnovationthroughoutthedesignprocess. Systematicandeffectiveresponsestoallidentifiedproblems.Clearandsystematicevidenceofinnovationthroughoutthedesignprocess.What?Have youbeenclear inidentifyingproblemsastheyarise?Howwell haveyourespondedtoproblems duringthedevelopment? Howmethodical andlogical hasyourapproachbeen?Have youshowninnovativethinkingthroughyour designdevelopments?How?Sketching, modelling, presentation, annotation. There are tworequirements for this criterion. Thefirst relatestohowwell youhaverespondedtoproblems throughout your development. Asmentionedearlier, itisimportantthat your development workis clearlylaidout andeasytofollowusingrelevantheadings. Key toachievingthis will beclearlyidentifyingproblemsasyoudevelopyourideas. 'Systematic evidenceof innovation' relatestoyouhavingsomesortof planorformattohelpyourespondtoproblems. Whatever methodyoudecideon, stickwithitthroughoutyourdevelopment. It is important herethat youdon't seeanyproblemsasmistakestohide, butrather anopportunity for further improvement. STRETCHACTIVITYTo practise your critical thinking, chooseaproduct youarefamiliarwith, and:lchoose three things youlikeandexplainwhyyouthinktheyworkinthedesignlshare three things youthinkneedimprovement andhowyouwouldimprovethem.The secondrequirement of this criterionisinnovation- whetheryouhaveconsiderednewmethods or ideas toimproveandrefineyour designsolutions. Forsomethingtobeconsideredinnovativeyoushoulddemonstratehowit offerssomethingnewtotheintendedmarket and/or primary user. Trytorespondtoproblemswithunexpectedsolutionsornewapproaches. Get radical - t ryweird, wildandabsurdsolutions. Itiseasiertotonedownasolutionthanit is topumponeup. Is thereclear evidenceof innovationthroughoutyourdevelopment?
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351NEAmarkingcriteriaMarkBand1MarkBand2MarkBand3MarkBand4Quality of initial ideas Informal graphical andmodellingskills arelimited, andrarely clear enoughtoappropriately communicate initial thinking. Informal graphical andmodellingskillsaresufficient, but arenot consistent inappropriatelycommunicatinginitial thinking. Informal graphical andmodellingskillsaregood, andareconsistentinappropriatelycommunicatinginitialthinking. Informalgraphicalandmodellingskillsareexcellent,andareeffectiveandconsistentinappropriatelycommunicatinginitialthinking.What?Howgoodis your initial sketchingandmodelling?Doesit effectivelycommunicateyourinitial ideas? Haveyouusedarangeof suitabletechniques?How?Ideation, sketching, sketchmodels. This criterionassesses howwell your sketchingandmodellingcommunicatesyourinitialideas. Early sketches couldvaryfromsimpledoodle-typesketches, tomoreaccurate3Dsketches. Thekey requirement is that theycommunicateyour ideaseffectively. Simplesketches will requiremoreexplanation. Trytoshowanymovingpartsusingasequenceofdrawings andarrows toshowmovement. Simpleexplodedandclose-upviewscouldalsobeusedat this stage. Figure 14.16 Sticky noteapproachtogeneratingideas- notethesequencesketchatthebottomleft
352Chapter 14Non-examassessment: IterativeDesignChallengeFigure 14.17 Morerefinedinitial ideas that relyheavilyondetailedannotationtocommunicateCLASSROOMDISCUSSIONWorkingingroupsof four, takeitinturnstodiscusseachother'sdesignbriefs.Spend10minutes comingupwithquickideasforeachother'sprojects.UsetheTellme/Showmeapproachbyfirst describingtheideaandthenpresentingitasasimpledoodle-typesketch.Collatetheideasontoalargesheetofcardboardanddiscussfurthertoidentifytheideaswiththemost potential. Figure 14.18 Quickpaper models canbeusedtogenerateinitial ideas
353NEAmarkingcriteriaFigure 14.19 Asimple explodedviewsketchFigure14.20Athree-dimensionalsketchwithasupporting2DdiagramMarkBand1MarkBand2MarkBand3MarkBand4Quality of designdevelopments The range of communicationtechniques used is limited, andis rarely clear enoughtoappropriately developor communicate designconcepts. Therangeof communicationtechniquesusedis sufficient, but is not consistent inappropriatelydevelopingor communicatingdesignconcepts. Therangeofcommunicationtechniquesusedisgood,andisconsistentinappropriatelydevelopingorcommunicatingdesignconcepts. Therangeofcommunicationtechniquesusedisexcellent,andiseffectiveandconsistentinappropriatelydevelopingorcommunicatingdesignconcepts.What?Have youuseda variety of methods tocommunicateyour developments?Howwell dotheycommunicateyour ideas? Howappropriatearethey?How?Sketching, modelling, prototypes, visualisation, video. This criterionfocuses ontherangeandqualityof your sketchingandmodellingthroughoutthe development. Interms of your sketchingthiswouldinvolvesuchtechniquesas2Ddiagrams, sequencedrawings, explodedandcut-awayviews, close-ups, 3Dsketchingandrendering. Thekey point toremember is that youshouldusetheappropriatetechniqueat the appropriatetime. For example, producingafullyrendered3Dexplodedviewsketchat the start of theprocess whenideas arejust formingwouldbetime-consumingandnotespecially useful toyour development.
354Chapter 14Non-examassessment: IterativeDesignChallengeAs withthesketching, your modellingmustbeappropriateandrelevantthroughoutyourdevelopment. Youshouldusearangeofmodellingtechniquestocommunicateyourideas.Theseshouldincludetechniquessuchas: quickpapermodelstoestablishinitialideas;full-sizemock-upsincard, foamandfabric; breadboardprototypes;samplesoftechniquestoconsider incorporating; CADmodels; throughtomorecomplexmaterialsasyoudevelopworkingprototypes. Figure 14.21Modellingcircuit ideas usingCADandbreadboardprototyping
355NEAmarkingcriteriaMarkBand1MarkBand2MarkBand3MarkBand4Quality of final design solution(s) Formal presentationof the final designsolution(s) is limited, making it difficult for a thirdparty tounderstand. Formal presentationof thefinal designsolution(s) issufficient andprovidessomeclarity toathirdparty. Formal presentationof thefinal designsolution(s) isgoodandprovidesappropriateclaritytoathirdparty.Formalpresentationofthefinaldesignsolution(s)isexcellentandprovidesimpactandappropriateclaritytoathirdparty.What?Howwell does thequalityof your final designpresentationcommunicatethefinal idea?Isitclear enoughfor a thirdpartytounderstandit?How?Sketching, rendering, modelling, visualisation. As your development concludes, youareexpectedtopresentafinal designsolution. Thisshouldbe formally presentedinawaythat isappropriatetotheproduct. Itshouldprovideimpact toyour stakeholders andhelpthemtoclearlyunderstandyourdesignsolution. Thiscanbe doneusing: a3Drendereddrawing, and/or a3DCADmodel. Figure 14.22 ArenderedCADmodel of apilot'skneeboard
356Chapter 14Non-examassessment: IterativeDesignChallengeFigure 14.23Ahand-drawnfinal solutionwithadditional writtendetailsKEYPOINTPractise presentingyour ideas toother people as oftenas youcan. Buildthesepresentations intoyour portfolioandwork uptoregular consultationwithyour key stakeholders. Figure14.24ArenderedCADmodel placedintoaphotographtohelpvisualisethefinaldesign
357NEAmarkingcriteriaStrand4: Create: Final Prototype(s)(A02)-20marksThe assessment of this strandrelates totheimpact andqualityof yourfinal prototype(s), inorder that a thirdparty wouldbeabletounderstandyour designintentions. STRETCHACTIVITYPlanthestagesinvolvedinmakingacupoftea.Outlinetheequipmentneededandthetimeyouestimateeachsteptotake.Thiscouldbedoneasatableorflowchart.MarkBand1MarkBand2MarkBand3MarkBand4Quality of planningfor making the final prototype(s) Offers little or nosupport to the makingprocess. Generallysupportsthemanagement of themakingprocesswithsomerelevant requirementsidentifiedfromthetechnical specification. Goodlevel ofdetail andrelevance, coveringmostrequirementsidentifiedfromthetechnical specificationtomanagethemakingprocess.Comprehensiveandrelevant,coveringallrequirementsidentifiedfromthetechnicalspecificationtoeffectivelymanagethemakingprocess.What?Howwell haveyouplannedthemakingof your final prototype(s)?Will itmeettherequirements of your technical specification?Doyouneedtoconsideralternativemethodsandmaterials suitablefor theprototype(s)? Haveyououtlinedthetools, machineryandprocessesyouwill need? Haveyouestimatedthetimeit will take?Haveyouusedauseful andrelevantplanningmethod? Haveyoubuilt inspecificQualityAssuranceandControl measures?How?Flowcharts, Gantt charts, tasklists. This criterionassesses howwell youhaveplannedthemakingof yourfinal prototype(s). Yourmakingplanshoulddetail howeachcomponent istobemadeintheworkshop. Itshouldtake intoaccount thetools, machineryandprocessesthat youintendyouuse. Youmustmake it clear howtheplanallows youtomeet thetechnical specificationthatcamebeforeit. Any techniques must berelevant totheproduct youhavedesignedanddemonstratethatyouhave managedthemakingprocess effectively. Figure14.25Anexampleofanapproachtoplanning
358Chapter 14Non-examassessment: IterativeDesignChallengeMarkBand1MarkBand2MarkBand3MarkBand4Quality of final prototype(s) Inaccurate and/or basic standards demonstrated. Finishingmay not beappropriate and/or theoutcome wouldnot present well to a stakeholder. Sufficient standarddemonstratedthroughagenerallyaccurateoutcome. Finishingisappropriatebut theoutcomecouldbebetter presentedtoastakeholder. Goodstandardandlevelsof accuracydemonstrated.Finishingisappropriateandtheoutcomewill presentwell toastakeholder.Excellentstandard,demonstratinghighlevelsofaccuracy.Finishingisappropriateandtheoutcomewillpresentwellandprovideimpacttoastakeholder.What?Howaccurateisyour final prototype?Whatistheleveloffinish?Doesitreflectthefinaldesign?Howeffectivelywill itcommunicatetoyourstakeholders?How?Photographs, video. This criterionfocusesentirelyonthequalityofyourfinalprototype(s).Youwillneedarangeof clear photographsthatfullydemonstrateyourattentiontodetailandthelevelofaccuracyinyour work. If thereisanymovementorsoundinyourprototype(s)thenthismustbeclearlyshownintheformof avideo. Thelevel offinishmustbeappropriatetoclearlyrepresentyourdesignsolution. Your prototypewill alsobejudgedonthelevelofimpactthatitwillprovideif presentedtoathirdparty. Figure 14.26Examples of final prototypepresentations- Desktidy
359NEAmarkingcriteriaMarkBand1MarkBand2MarkBand3MarkBand4Use of specialist techniques andprocesses Limited and rarely appropriate tomaterials/ components used. Sufficient, but not consistentlyappropriatetomaterials/componentsused. Goodandconsistentlyappropriatetomaterials/componentsused.Excellentandeffectiveandconsistentlyappropriatetomaterials/componentsused.What?What techniques andprocesses haveyouused?Howspecialisedarethey?Aretheyappropriate tothematerials youhavechosen?Haveyoudocumentedthisinreal time?How?Photographs, videos. This criterion(andthenext) relyonyousuccessfullydocumentingthemakingprocessesundertakentofully realiseyour final prototype(s). Thiswill bewhollydependentonarangeof photographs andvideos that clearlyshowthemainprocessesinvolved. Inadditionyourteacher andtechnicianwill makeobservationsonyour abilityintheworkshop. MarkBand1MarkBand2MarkBand3MarkBand4Use of specialist tools and equipment Use and selectionof handtools and/or machinery is limited andrarely appropriate. Digital designand/or manufacture is limited and demonstrates little or no skills or knowledge. Useandselectionof handtools andmachineryissufficient, but not alwaysconsistentlyappropriate. Digital designandmanufactureisnot alwaysusedappropriately, but demonstratessufficient skills andknowledge. Useandselectionofhandtoolsandmachineryisgoodandconsistentlyappropriate. Digital designandmanufactureisusedappropriatelytodemonstrategoodskillsandknowledge. Useandselectionofhandtoolsandmachineryiseffectiveandconsistentlyappropriate.Digitaldesignandmanufactureisusedeffectivelyandappropriatelytodemonstrateexcellentskillsandknowledge.What?What tools andequipment haveyouused?Aretheyappropriatetothematerialsyouhave chosen? Howhaveyouuseddigital designandmanufacturetechniques?Haveyoudocumentedthis inreal time? How?Photographs, videos. As withthe previous criterion, afullydocumented'makingdiary' isrequiredtoprovideevidence of thetools andmachineryyouhaveusedtomakeyourfinal prototype(s). Notethat at youarerequiredtodemonstrateuseof handtools, machinery, digital designanddigital manufacture. This shouldnot detract fromthemostappropriateuseofeachitem. This couldinvolveuseof CAD/CAMtomakeyour final prototype(s) ortomakeaspecificelement/component. If digital designhas not beenappropriatetothemakingofyourfinalprototype(s), however, it will beassessedonitsuseinyour developmentmodelling. Thiscouldequally relatetouseof handtools andmachinerythroughearlierdevelopmentsif the final prototype(s) areexclusivelymadethroughtheuseof CAD/CAM. Youarenotrequiredtoshowevery individual stepof themaking; but itmustbesufficienttosupportthedemonstrationof your skills. Youmust beselectiveabout theimagesandvideoyouusetoshowthe mainstages of making.
360Chapter 14Non-examassessment: IterativeDesignChallengeFigure 14.27Anexampleof documentingmakingMarkBand1MarkBand2MarkBand3MarkBand4Viability of the final prototype(s) Fewor nolinks tothetechnical specification, demonstratinglimitedpotential tobecomeamarketable product. Meetssomeof thetechnical specification, demonstratingsomepotential tobecomeamarketableproduct. Meetsmostofthetechnical specification,demonstratinggoodpotential tobecomeamarketableproduct.Meetsallofthetechnicalspecification,demonstratingexcellentpotentialtobecomeamarketableproduct.What?Howwell doestheprototype(s) meetyourtechnicalspecification?Canyoujustifyitsmarketability?How?Photographs, videos. This criterionrequiresyoutoshowhowyourfinal prototype(s)meetsyourtechnicalspecification. Thiscouldbedonebycomparingyourfinalprototype(s)againstyourworkingdrawingsanddescribinghowitmeetseachofyourtechnicalrequirements.Ajustificationofwhyyouconsider your prototype(s) tobemarketableisalsorequired.
361NEAmarkingcriteriaFigure 14.28 Example assessment of howtheprototypemeetsthespecificationStrand5: Evaluate(A03)-20marksThe work beingassessedinthis strandwill beevidencedfromyourcompleteportfolio. Thisassessment focuses onthequalityof analysisandevaluationyouhaveundertakenandhowwell this relates andreflects onthecontext, brief andrequirementsof thedevelopmentsyouhave gone through. MarkBand1MarkBand2MarkBand3MarkBand4Analysis andevaluation of primary and/or secondary sources Limited analysis andevaluationof investigatedsources of informationfromstakeholders, existingproducts and/or wider issues, offeringlittleor no support toinformthedesign process. Sufficient analysisandevaluationof investigatedsources of informationfromstakeholders, existingproducts andwider issues, offeringsomesupport toinformthedesignprocess. Goodlevel ofanalysisandevaluationofinvestigatedsourcesofinformationfromstakeholders,existingproductsandwiderissues,offeringclearsupporttoinformthedesignprocess.Comprehensiveandsystematicanalysisandevaluationofinvestigatedsourcesofinformationfromstakeholders,existingproductsandwiderissues,offeringclearandfocusedsupporttoinformthedesignprocess.What?Howwell haveyouanalysedtheinformationyoufound?Haveyouclearlyexplainedhowitsupports thedesignprocess? Haveyouevaluateditsusefulness?
362Chapter 14Non-examassessment: IterativeDesignChallengeHow?Writtenreports, videos, annotations, graphsandcharts. Despitethiscriterionappearingneartheendofthemarkscheme,youwillneedtoprovideevidenceof detailedevaluationthroughoutyoure-portfolio.Thiscriterionfocusesonyour abilitytoanalyseandevaluatetheinformationyoufoundasyouinvestigatedyourstakeholdersanddevelopedyourideas. Asyoudevelopyourideasyoushouldanalyseexistingproductsandexaminetherelevantwiderissuesappropriatetoyourideas.Itisalsoimportant that youmakeitclearhowtheinformationyouanalyseaffectsthedirectionofyour development. Aprimarysourceisinformationyouhavefoundyourself.Thiswouldincludehands-onproductanalysis, interviews, etc. Asecondarysourceofinformationissomeoneelse'sresearchthatyouhaveanalysed. Thiscouldbeadocumentformtheinternetor oneyouhavescannedinfromamagazineortextbook. Figure 14.29Anexampleof hands-on analysis of aproduct - t his is primary research. Note theuseof colour andboldtohighlight key information. KEYPOINTMake it clear howany ongoingresearchyoucarry out has influencedthe development of your ideas. Clear headings andexplanations will helpyouwiththis. Colour highlightingmight alsohelptoidentify specific stakeholder requirements that arebeingmet.
363NEAmarkingcriteriaMarkBand1MarkBand2MarkBand3MarkBand4Ongoing evaluationto manage designprogression Superficial evaluations with little or noreflectionon requirements or feedback. Fewor noreviews toidentify any problems and/ or next steps for futureiterations, resultinginlimited support for designprogression. Somecritical evaluationswithsufficient reflectiononrequirementsandfeedback. Infrequent reviewstoidentifysomeproblemsand/or next stepsfor futureiterations, whicharenot alwaysconsistent insupportingdesignprogression. Mostlycritical evaluationswithgoodreflectiononrequirementsandfeedback. Ongoingandclearreviewstoidentifyproblemsandnextstepsforfutureiterationstoconsistentlysupportdesignprogression.Fullandcriticalevaluationswithfocusedreflectiononrequirementsandfeedback.Ongoing,clearandcomprehensivereviewstoidentifyproblemsandnextstepsforfutureiterationstoeffectivelyandconsistentlysupportdesignprogression.What?Howwell haveyouevaluatedeachiteration?Haveyoufocusedontechnical andstakeholderrequirements? Haveyouusedfeedbackfromyour stakeholders?Havethesereviewsidentifiedproblems? Haveyouusedthis informationtoplanwhattoconsiderinthenextiteration? Has theprocess beenongoing?How?Annotations, videos, writtenreports. This criterionlooks at howwell youmakeuseof ongoingevaluationwhileyoudevelopyour ideas. Any evaluationmust befull andmust focusonthecritical detailsthatwillhelpdirect subsequent iterations. Youmust makeit clear howeachsolutionyousuggestclearlyaddresses any problems youhavediscoveredthroughmodel testingandstakeholderfeedback. Figure 14.30 This student has usedalogical approachtoherdevelopmentbyoutlininginitialproblems with the design, thenfocusingonasolutionthatdealswitheachoneKEYPOINTMakeitclearhowtheregularfeedbackfromyourstakeholdersisinfluencinganddirectingyourdevelopment.Thiscouldbedoneusingcolourcodingorreferencenumbersthatrelatetoyournon-technicalspecification.
364Chapter 14Non-examassessment: IterativeDesignChallengeMarkBand1MarkBand2MarkBand3MarkBand4Feasibility of thefinal prototype(s) Limitedwithfewor no methods usedtoappropriately analyseandtest whether thedesignsolutionis fit for purpose. Sufficient withsomeappropriatemethodsusedtoanalyseandtest whetherthedesignsolutionisfit forpurpose. Goodlevel ofdetailwithmostlyappropriatemethodsusedtoanalyseandtestwhetherthedesignsolutionisfitforpurpose.Comprehensivewithfullyappropriatemethodsusedtoanalyseandtestwhetherthedesignsolutionisfitforpurpose.KEYPOINTEnsure your testingis 'insitu'. This means testingit inthe environment whereit is intendedtobeused. For example, a teabagdisposal systemwouldbest be testedinakitchenor café. What?Howeffectivelyhaveyoutestedyourfinal prototype(s)?Haveyouusedavarietyofappropriatemethods?Haveyoueffectivelyanalysedtheresults?Isyourdesignfitforpurpose?How?Photographs, videos, annotationsandwrittenreports. Howwell youanalyseandtestyourfinal prototype(s)willdeterminewhetherornotitisfitfor purpose. Thiscriterionwill assesstheappropriatenessofthemethodsyouusetofullytest your final prototype(s). Thiswill dependonthetypeofprototypethatyoumake.Mostprototypes, however, canbesuccessfullytestedinanumberofways.Usabilitycanbeevaluatedbytestingtheprototypeonitsintendedusergroup.Thisshouldincludeyour primaryuser, butitshouldalsoincludeotherrelevantstakeholders.Itinvolvesaskingtheuser totest it inarealisticenvironment, meaningthattheschoolworkshopwillnot besuitable. It couldalsoincludemoregeneral stakeholdersurveysandopinions.Material testscouldbecarriedtodetermineiftheprototypewillcopewithanticipateduseinavarietyof environments. Atestrigmightbebuilttohelpyoutestoutspecificfeatures,suchas stability. Photographsandvideoswill beessentialtorecordthespecificteststhatyoucarryout. Figure14.31Anexampleof testing
365NEAmarkingcriteriaMarkBand1MarkBand2MarkBand3MarkBand4Evaluation of the final prototype(s) Superficial evaluationof strengths and/or weaknesses, withfewor no suggestions for modificationand/or considerationof possibledesign optimisationpresented. Sufficient critical evaluationof strengthsand/or weaknesses, withsomesuggestionsfor modificationand/or considerationof possibledesignoptimisationpresented. Goodcritical evaluationofstrengthsandweaknesses,withdetailedsuggestionsformodificationandconsiderationofpossibledesignoptimisationpresented. Fullandcriticalevaluationofstrengthsandweaknesses,withcomprehensivesuggestionsformodificationandconsiderationofpossibledesignoptimisationpresented.What?Have youclearly identifiedyour design's strengthsandweaknesses?Haveyoubasedtheseonyour testing? Haveyousuggestedmodificationstoaddressanyweaknesses?Haveyousuggestedany modifications that wouldoptimisethedesign?How?Writtenwork, sketching, modelling. This criterionassesses howwell youhaveanalysedyour testingtoarriveatasetofdetailedstrengths andweaknesses. Youmust thensuggest comprehensivemodificationsthatwilladdress the weaknesses youhavefound. Designoptimisationis about balancingthetrade-off betweenyourprototype'scost, weight andmanufacturability. Anymodificationsyousuggestwill haveanimpactononeorall of these. Youmust demonstrateanawarenessof theseissuesanddemonstratehowtheymight begintoberesolved. Figure 14.32 An exampleof final prototypeevaluation
366Chapter 15Thewrittenpaper: Principles of DesignandTechnology CHAPTER15Thewrittenpaper:PrinciplesofDesignandTechnologyThewrittenpaperPrinciplesof DesignandTechnologyisasinglewrittenexamwithquestionscoveringboth'core' and'in-depth' content. Itcoversthespecificationcontentandcandrawonanyofthefollowingareas: lIdentifyingrequirementslLearningfromexistingproductsandpracticelImplicationsof wider issueslDesignthinkingandcommunicationlMaterial considerationslTechnical understandinglManufacturingprocessesandtechniqueslViabilityof designsolutionsWhenwillthewrittenpaperbetaken?Youwill sit thepaper at theendof theGCSEcourseintheMayorJuneofthesecondyearofthecourse, whichisusuallyinYear11. HowlongwillIhave?This examinationwill be2hourslong. ThepaperisdividedintoSectionsAandB(seebelowfor moreinformation), andwhilebothsectionsareavailableforthefull2hours,youshouldusemoretimetoanswer thein-depthquestionsinSectionBofthepaper.Whatformatwillthewrittenpapertake?Thepaper will besplit intotwosections: SectionA(55marks)This sectionof thepaper will consistofthreesetsofwiderquestionsthatmainlyrequireyoutodemonstrateyour 'core' knowledge(althoughtheremaybesomequestionsthatrelyonyoudrawingonyour 'in-depth' toolkitofknowledge. Innoparticularorder:lTherewill beaproductanalysisquestion, andthiswillbeamulti-materialproduct.lTherewill bequestionsthattestyourmathematicalskillsandcanrelatetodifferenttypesof products. lTherewill beaquestionthatrequirestechnical understanding.Thesequestionswill alsocoverwiderissuesandothercoretopics.Therewill beamixtureof differentlevelsofquestions, thesewillexpectyoutodemonstrateacomprehensiveandthoroughknowledgeofthetopicandoneextendedresponsequestionthat will havean*nexttoit. Thisquestionwilllookforanin-depthunderstandingof thetopic, adetailedandlogical answerthatissupportedbyexamples.SectionB(45marks)This sectionof thepaper will assessyour'in-depth' knowledge. Thereisaninsertdocumentthat will support thequestionsgiveninSectionB. Theinsertdocumentwillprovideachoiceofproductswithinasituational contextthatrelatetothesixmaincategoriesofin-depthlearning.
367ThewrittenpaperThe beginningof this sectionof thepaper islikelytotest further 'core' knowledgewithinthesituationoutlinedintheinsert document. Theremainingquestionwill requireyoutochooseaproduct inorder todemonstrateyour in-depthunderstandinginrelationtoanyoneofthemaincategories of materials and/or systems, includingthesources, developmentandmanufactureofprototypes andproducts usingthechosencategoriesof materialsand/orsystems. There will bea mixtureof different levels of questions, thatexaminebothcoreandin-depthknowledge as laidout intheearlier chapters. AsinSectionA, therewill beamixtureofdifferent levels of questions, thesewill expect youtodemonstrateacomprehensiveandthoroughknowledgeof thetopicandoneextendedresponsequestionthatwill haveanasterisk * next toit. This questionwill lookfor anin-depthunderstandingofthetopic, adetailedandlogical answer that is supportedbyexamples. Howwill I beassessed?Inthe writtenpaper youwill beassessedagainst thetwoassessmentcriteriashowninthetable below. (AO1andAO2arenot assessedinthewrittenpaper.) Assessment objective%of GCSE(9-1) DesignandTechnologyAO3 Analyse and evaluate: • design decisions and outcomes, includingfor prototypes made by themselves andothers • wider issues in design andtechnology 10%AO4 Demonstrate and apply knowledge andunderstanding of: • technical principles • designing and making principles 40%Fifteenper cent of thepaper will assess mathematical skillswithinadesignandtechnologycontext. Mathematical skills that maybeassessedincludearithmeticandnumerical computation, handlingdata, graphs, andgeometryandtrigonometry. See'Questionsassessingyour mathematical skills' onpage376for moreinformationonthis. General adviceonansweringexamquestionsYour exampaper will bescannedandmarkedonline, soyouneedtotakecarenottowriteoutside the L-shapedbrackets at thecorner of thepaper, otherwisetheexaminermaynotbe able toseeyour answer. Practisekeepingyour answerstothebookletspacesprovided-these have beencarefullythought-out. Additional paper canbeused, whichwill bescannedalongwithyour paper. SectionA(55marks)Typically questions inthis sectionof thepaper will start withanimageofaproductandyouwill beaskedquestions about thematerials, propertiesandfeaturesofthat product. Thequestions inSectionAtendtocover coreprinciples, althoughextendeddiscussions andexplanations mayrequiretheuseof examplestosupport your answers fromthein-depthareasof learningthatyouhavecovered. Some questions will drawoncoredesignprinciples, contextsandmaterial properties. They may involveproduct analysis or problemsolvingandyoumaynotalwaysbe familiar withtheproduct that is presented, but youwill still needtoapplyyourknowledge andunderstanding. Avoidrelyingsolelyonthephotograph, andthinkabout the context inwhichtheproduct wouldbeused. Practisethisbylookingatexistingproducts that aremadefrommultiplematerialsandbythinkingaboutmaterials andcomponents - whytheyhavebeenchosenandwhatpropertiesthey have tomakethemsuitablefor this purpose. Figure15.1Someproductsmadefrommultiplematerials
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369ThewrittenpaperFigure 15.2 Calculatingthecosts of materialsThe images inFigure15.2showarangeof Year 9designworkcalculatingareasandthecost of prototypeproducts. Theyincludetheuseof trigonometrytofindlengthsofsides, calculationof circumferences andareas of shapessuchascircles, trianglesandpolygons. Thisprovides a groundingfor theMaths questionsat GCSE. Technical understandingquestionsThese questions will ask youtoapplyyour knowledgeof newtechnologies, digital technology, mechanisms, motion, forces, electronicssystemsincludingtheuseofprogrammablecomponents. Topractiseansweringtechnical understandingquestions, itmay be useful tofindexamples of productsthat aremulti-material and/ormulti-functionalinorder tothink about thesystems, structuresandmaterialstheyuse. Youshouldalsoconsiderhowthe designof theproduct benefits theuser. Handhelddevicesthatmaketaskseasierinthe kitchencanbeagoodstartingpoint for exampleproducts. Figure 15.3 An exampleof aproduct that usesmechanisms
370Chapter 15Thewrittenpaper: Principles of DesignandTechnology SectionB(45marks)Asituational context will beprovidedthroughaninsertbooklet,alongwithproductsrelatedtothecontext thatareassociatedwithdifferentareasofin-depthlearning.Theremaybequestionsthat still covercoreknowledgeandyouwillbeabletochooseaproductwithinanareatodemonstrateyourin-depthknowledgeonmaterials,processes,technicalunderstandingandwider issues. Topractisethissectionyoushouldlookatreal-lifeproducts, forexampleinapublicspacesuchas apark, andalsoselectsomemadefromdifferentmaterialswithinyoursubjectarea.Thinkabout howtheyaremade. Wider issuesor technical understandingmayalsobetested, forexampletheissuesthatfacedesignersintheselectionof materialsandmanufacturingmethods:howdesignsneedtobeeasytouse, howprototypescanachievetheirfunctionalrequirements;whatwillhappentoproductsafter theyarenolongerneeded, andhowdesignerspitchandsellideas,andpresent themtousersandstakeholderswithinthegivencontext.Figure 15.4 Youneedtoconsider thesituational context
371GLOSSARYAbsorbency: Theabilityof amaterial tosuckupmoisture. Additives: Substances addedtopolymerstoimprovetheir mechanical properties. Aestheticallypleasing: Attractivetothesenses. Alloy: Ametal madebycombiningtwoor moremetalstogive greater strengthor resistancetocorrosion. Annealing: Reducingthehardness of ametal andmakingit moreductile. Anthropometrics: Thestudyof thesizesof thehumanbody. Asymmetry: Theabsenceof symmetryof anykind. Batchproduction: Makingaset number of identical products. Bevel gear: Agear withteethcut at a45° angletochange the directionof thedriveshaft by90°. Biobased: Aproduct madefromarenewableresource. Biodegradable: Theabilityof amaterial, substanceor object tobreak downnaturallyintheenvironment throughthe actionof micro-organisms, therebyavoidingpollution. Natural andregeneratedfibres arebiodegradable. Blendingfibres: Mixingfibres of different originstogether inorder toimprovethepropertiesof thefinishedyarn. Blockmodel: Aninformal model that capturestheformof anidea - t ends tohavenomovingparts. Bondedfabric: Fabricmanufacturedbyaddingpressure, heat, chemicals or adhesives toawebof fibres, causingthemtobondtogether. Examples of bondedfabricsinclude baby wipes andinterfacing. Brazing: Solderingat veryhightemperatures. Breadboard: Aprototypingtool for buildingelectroniccircuits. Brittle: Likely tosnap, crack or breakwhenbent or hit withanimpact. Bulkdiscount: Reducedpriceof items for buyingagreater number at a time. CAD: Computer-aideddesign. CAE: Computer-aidedengineering. Camandfollower: Amechanismtoconvert rotarymotionintoreciprocatingmotion. CAM: Computer-aidedmanufacture. Casehardening: Hardeningtheouter surfaceof ametal. Catalysts: Chemicals that causeareactiontohappen. Circulareconomy:Analternativetoatraditionallineareconomy(manufacture, use, dispose),inwhichweuseresourcesforaslongaspossiblethenreuseandregenerateproductsandmaterials; acradle-to-cradlemodel.Climatechange:Achangeinglobalclimateapparentfromthemid-tolatetwentiethcenturyonwards.Cloudcomputing:Anetworkofonlineserversthatstoreandmanagedata. CNC:Acomputer-controlledmachineusedinindustry.CNC:Computernumericcontrol.Co-injectionmoulding:Aninjection-mouldingprocessthatusestwodifferentpolymers.Collaboration:Workingwithotherstoachieveasharedgoal. Thereisasharedexpectationwhichiscriticalinunderstandingcollaboration. Commodity:Arawmaterialthatcanbeboughtandsold,suchascoffeeorgold. Compressivestrength:Theresistanceofamaterialtobreakingasaresultofcompression/squashing.Context:Thesettingorsurroundingsforadesignsolution. Crease-resistance:Afibre'sabilitytorecoverafterbeingwrinkled. Culture:Theideasandactivitiesofgroupsofpeople;thewaythatpeoplebehaveandrelatetooneanother;thebeliefsandaspirationsofagroupofpeople.Current:Theactual electricityflowing,measuredinamps.Debugging:Findingandremovingerrorsinamicrocontrollerprogram. Diode:Acomponentthatallowscurrenttoflowinonedirectiononly. Downcycling:Recyclingintoalower-qualityproduct.Drape:Thewayafabrichangsunderitsownweight.Driver:Acomponenttoboosttheoutputcurrent.Ductile:Abletobebentordeformedwithoutlosingtoughness. Durability/hardness:Theabilitytoresistcutting,wearorabrasion. Eco-material:Anenvironmentallyfriendlymaterial.Economiesofscale:Thecostadvantagesthatmanufacturersobtainduetothesize,outputorscaleoftheirproduction. Effort:Theinputforceinamechanism.
372Electrolysis: Extractionof metals bymeltingandpassingelectric currents throughit. Emergingtechnologies: Newtechnologiesthat arecurrently beingdeveloped, or will bedevelopedwithinthenext fivetotenyears. Ergonomics: Thestudyof howweuseandinteract witha product or system. Ethical: Correct, fitting, goodor honourable. Fabricating: Creatingproducts byassemblingpartsandcomponents together. Fast fashion: Atrendinvolvingthequicktransfer of newcollections fromthecatwalkintostores. FEA: Finiteelement analysis. Feltedfabric: Fabricmanufacturedbyaddingmoisture, pressureandfrictiontoawebof fibres, causingthemtomatt together. Ferrous metal: Ametal that containsiron. Filament fibre: Along, smooth, fibreof syntheticor natural proteinorigin. Finiteresources: Non-renewablesourcesthat cannotbereplacedina sufficient timeframetoallowfurther humanconsumption. Examples includecrudeoil andnatural gasandcoal, as theseresources havetakenmillionsof yearstoform. Focus group: Anorganiseddiscussionledbyamoderator, whereagroupof peopleareaskedabout their views andexperiences, perceptionsof andattitudestowards a product, brand, service, idea, advertisementor packaging. Force: Apush, apull or atwist. Former: Ablock madetoholdmaterial intheshaperequired. Fulcrum: Thepivot aroundwhichalever turns. Function: What aproduct will doandhowit will work. Fuseddepositionmodelling(FDM): Buildingupa3Dshape by layingdownmaterial inlayers. Galvanising: Coatingsteel withzinctostopit corroding. Globalisation: Businesses andorganisationsoperatingglobally anddevelopinginternational influence. Gloss: Ashiny, reflectivesurfacefinish. Goldenratio: Acommonmathematical ratiofoundinnature that canbeusedtocreatepleasing, natural-lookingcompositions inyour designwork; alsoknownastheGoldenMean, theGoldenSection, or bytheGreekletter Phi. GRP: Glass-reinforcedplastic. gsm: Grams per squaremetre. Usedtoclassifytheweightsof paper andcard. Idlergear:Agearthatisinsertedbetweentwospurgearstochangetheoutputdirection.Import:Tobringgoodsinfromanothercountry.Inclusivedesign:Designingforthewidestpossibleaudience. Input:Thetypeofmotionorforceputintoamechanism.Insulator:Resiststhepassageofheatorsound,keepsheatinside/blockssound. Integratedcircuit(IC):Amicrochip.InternetofThings(IoT):Whereelectronicdevicesconnectwithintheexistinginternetinfrastructure,tosendandreceivedatawithouthumanintervention.Iterativedesign:Adesignprocessbasedonacyclicprocessofprototyping, testing,reflecting,analysing,evaluatingandrefiningaproductorprocess.Theprocessesarerepeatedwithafocusofachievingtheoptimumdesign.Iterativemodelling:Repeatedmodellingtodevelopanidea. Laminating:Buildingupashapeinthinlayers.Lathe:Amachineusedformakingcylindrical-shapedobjectsbyspinning. Layplans:Usedbyfabricpatterncutterstoguidethemwhenplacingpatternpiecesinthecorrectlocationanddirectionbeforecutting. Leanmanufacturing:Asystematicmethodfortheeliminationofwastewithinamanufacturingsystem.Lever:Arigidbarthatturnsaroundafulcrum.Lightdependentresistor(LDR):Alight-sensingcomponent. Lightweight:Weighsverylittle.Linebending:Bendingapolymersheetaftersofteninganarrowstrip. Linkage:Acomponentusedtodirectforcesandmovementtowheretheyareneeded.Load:Theoutputforceinamechanism.Lubrication:Asubstanceappliedtoreducefrictionbetweenmovingparts. Malleable:Abletobehammeredorpressedintoshapewithoutbreakingorcracking.Marketpull:Referstothemarket(users/customers)identifyingandrequiringtheneedforanewproductorsolutiontoaproblem. Marketing:Thebusinessofpromotingandsellingaproduct; canincludeadvertisingandpromotion,andmarketresearch. Mass/highvolumeproduction:Producingverylargenumbersofanitemorproduct.Mathematicalmodelling:Therepresentationofarealsituationusingmathematicalconceptsandlanguage.
373Matt: Adull, non-reflectivesurfacefinish. Mechanism: Aseries of parts that worktogether tocontrol forces andmotion. Microcontroller: Aprogrammableelectroniccomponent that adds functionalitytoaproduct. Micron: One-thousandthof amillimetre. Usedtoclassifythe thickness of paper andcard. Monomer: Amoleculethat canbebondedtoother identical molecules toformapolymer. MOSFET: Atypeof transistor usedas adriver. Mould: has various references indesignandmanufacture; it canbe a hollowcontainer usedtogiveshapetoamoltenor hot material whileit cools andhardens; or usedtodescribe theformingof anobject fromamalleablematerial Moulding: candescribetheprocess of formingashapefroma mould; or beusedtodescribeaspecificform, e.g. adecorative moulding. Nanotechnology: Technologyonamicroscopicscale. Natural cellulosefibres: Fibres that comefromplant- basedsources, for examplecottonandlinen. Natural polymers: Chains of proteinor cellulosemolecules (monomers), suchas keratin, glucoseor fibroin. These chains arethebasis of all natural fibres. Natural proteinfibres: Fibres that comefromanimal- basedsources. Theseincludehair, fur or silkfibres. Non-ferrous metal: Ametal that does not containiron. Non-renewableenergy: Energyderivedfromresources that comeout of thegroundasliquids, gasesandsolids andcannot bequicklyreplenished. Non-wovenfabrics: Fabrics madebyentanglingfibrestogether usingfriction, pressure, heat or chemicals. Thesefabrics are cheaper toproducethanwovenfabricsandareoftenusedfor disposableproducts. Obsolescence: Becomingoutdatedor nolonger wanted. One-off production: Makingonlyoneor asmall number of products. Organic: Derivedfromlivingmatter. Output: Thetypeof motionor forceamechanismproduces. Oxidation: Discolouring, tarnishingand/or rustingof metal throughreactionwithair or water. Physical andworkingproperties: Thepropertiesof amaterial that affect thewayit is used. Piezo-electric sounder: Aminiaturespeaker for producingsounds fromamicrocontroller. Pinion: Asmall driver gear (smaller thanthedrivengear). Plainweave:Abasicweaveconstructioninwhichtheweftyarngoesunderandoveralternatewarpyarns,givingastrongandflatfabric. Plannedobsolescence:Thebusinesspracticeofdeliberatelyoutdatinganitembeforetheendofitsusefullife. Plasticmemory:Theabilityofthermopolymerstoreturntotheiroriginalstateafterreheating.Plating:Coatingonetypeofmetalwithanothertoimproveappearanceorcorrosion-resistance.Polarised:Acomponentinelectricalsystemsthatmustbeconnectedthecorrectwayroundinacircuit.Polymer:Asubstancethathasamolecularstructurebuiltupfromalargenumberofsimilarunits(monomers)bondedtogether. Polymerisation:Theprocessofjoiningsmallmoleculestoformpolymers(longchains). Powdercoating:Acoatingofelectricallychargedpowderthatisbakedontoachieveatoughfinish.Pressmoulding:Formingahollowshapefromasoftenedpolymersheet. Primaryuser:Thepersonorgroupofpeoplewhowilluseaproductorsystem. Printedcircuitboard(PCB):Thesupportandconnectionsfortheelectroniccomponentsinaproduct.Program:Asetofinstructionstotellamicrocontrollerhowtocarryoutatask. Programminglanguage:Thesetofinstructionsandrulesusedtowriteamicrocontrollerprogram.Proportion:Therelativesizeandscaleofthevariouselementsinadesign. Prototyping:Aprocessthatinvolvestheproductionofatestmodel, onwhichthefinalproductisbased.Pulleyandbeltdrive:Amethodoftransferringrotarymotionbetweentwoshafts. Quenching:Rapidlycoolinghotmetalbyimmersingincoldwater. Rackandpinion:Asystemtochangebetweenrotaryandlinearmotion. Rapidprototyping:Theprocessofmakinga3Dshapefromadigital file. Recyclable:Amaterialorproductsuitableforre-processingbacktorawforms. Recycledpaper:Papermadefromusedpaperproducts.Regeneratedfibres:Fibresderivedfromnaturalcellulosesources, usingsyntheticchemicalprocesses.Theseincludeviscoseandbamboofibre.Reinforce:Tostrengthenorsupportanobjectorsubstancewithadditionalmaterial.
374Renewable: Anatural resourcethat isnot depletedbyuse. Resistance: Howhardit is for anelectriccurrent toflow, measuredinohms. Rigid: Theability towithstandforceswithout flexing. Satin: Anin-betweengloss andmatt finish. Satinweave: Aluxurious weaveinfabricconstructioninwhichtheweft yarnfloats over threeor morewarpyarns, givinga smoothandshinyfinish. Scaleof production: Thenumber of productsbeingproducedinonego. Seamallowance: Marginaddedintextilestopatternpieces toallowenoughfabricaroundtheedgeof thesewinglinefor errors. Seasoning: Adjustingthemoisturecontent of timber tomake it moresuitablefor use. Self-finishing: Amaterial that requiresnofurther coatings or finishingprocesses. Sensor: Acomponent that producesasignal inresponsetoa specific physical quantity. Shaft: Arodthat transfers therotationthroughamechanism. Signal: Anelectrical voltagethat is usedtorepresentinformation. Simplegear train: Apair of gears consistingof adriver gear anda drivengear. Sketchmodels: Quickmodels, oftenof just partsof adesign, madefromeasy-to-workandlow-cost materialssuchas cardboardor foam. Smelting: Meltingdownmetals intomoltenliquid. Soldering: Meltingsolder aroundtwoor moremetalstocreate a joint. Spur gear: Awheel withteetharounditsedge. Stabiliser: Anadditiveaddedtopolymerstohelpthemwithstanddegradation. Stakeholder: Aperson, groupor organisationwithaninterest ina product/system, for exampleparents/schoolswhendesigningproducts for children. Standardisedcomponent: Anindividual part or component, manufacturedinthousandsor millions, tothesame specification. Staplefibre: Ashort fibrewithcrimp(wavytexture); most natural fibres arestaplefibres, althoughsyntheticfibres canbemanufacturedtoformthestapleshape. Steambending: Softeningthefibresof woodwithsteamtoallowit tobend. Stockform: Commonlyavailableformsof amaterial thatcanbe bought. Stoveenamelling:Apaintcoatingthatisbakedontoachieveatough, durablefinish.Stroke:Thedistancethefollower(ofacam)rises.Structure:Acollectionofpartsthatprovidesupport.Subsystem:Asectionwithaspecificrolewithinasystem.Sustainable:Referstotheconsiderationofwhethersomethingisabletobemaintainedatacertainrateorlevelwithoutimpactingonfutureconsiderations.Sustainableeconomicgrowth:Arateofgrowththatcanbemaintainedforfuturegenerationswithoutcausingsignificanteconomicproblems.Symmetry:Whenelementsarearrangedinthesamewayonbothsidesofanaxisorwhenrotatedaroundapoint. Synthesised:Madebycombiningpartsof,e.g.combiningdifferentcarboncompounds.Synthetic:Amanufacturedsubstancethatimitatesanatural product. System:Thegeneralnameforasetofmechanicalorelectronicpartsthatworktogethertoproduceadesiredoutput. Systemdiagram:Adiagramoftheinterconnectionsandflowofsignalsinanelectronicsystem.Systemsthinking:Theunderstandingofaproductorcomponentaspartofalargersystemofotherproductsandsystems. Intheiterativedesignprocess,considerationof theroleofall componentsandsub-systemsoftheproductorsystem, includingtheuserexperienceandthemarketingoftheobjectbeingdesigned,ensuresallaspectsoftheproductaregiventherequiredattentiontodetail. Technicaltextiles:Textilesmanufacturedspecificallyfortheirperformancepropertiesinsteadoftheiraestheticvalue. ExamplesoftechnicaltextilesincludeKevlarandStomatex®. Technologypush:Whenresearchanddevelopmentofnewtechnologydrivesnewproductdevelopment,e.g.touchscreenandfingerprinttechnologyinsmartphones.Tempering:Usingheattomakeametallessbrittle.Tensilestrength:Theresistanceofamaterialtobreakingundertension/stretching.Thermistor:Atemperature-sensingcomponent.Throwawaysociety:Asocietyinfluencedbyconsumerismandexcessiveconsumptionofproducts.Tolerance:Anallowableamountofvariationofaspecifiedquantity, especiallyinthedimensionsofapart.Torque:Aturningortwistingforce.Toughness:Abilitytoresistbreaking,bendingorsnapping.
375Triangulation: Achievingrigiditybyproducingtriangular structures. Twill weave: Astrongweaveinfabricconstructioninwhichthe weft yarngoes under andover alternatewarpyarns ina diagonal formation, givingatexturedfinish. Upcycling: Reusingandtransformingproductsintoahigher-quality product. Usability: Howeasy aproduct is touse, howclear andobvious thefunctions are. User-centreddesign(UCD): Sometimescalled'human-centreddesign', user-centreddesignisadesignstrategy, or designapproach, withtheaimof makingproducts andsystems usable. It focuses ontheuser interface andhowtheuser interacts withandrelatestotheproduct. UVdegradation: Theweakeningof polymerswhenexposedtotheultraviolet light insunlight. Vacuumforming:Producingthinhollowitemsoverashapedmouldusingaheatedpolymersheetandvacuum.Viability:Theabilitytoworksuccessfully.Virginfibrepaper:Papermadefrom'new',unusedwoodfibres. Voltage:Ameasureoftheelectrical'pressure'causingacurrenttoflow, measuredinvolts.Wastage:Removingmaterialtoleaveadesiredshape.Water-resistance:Theabilityofamaterialtoresistwaterdropletsforaperiodoftime. WEEEdirective:Asustainabilityschemetoreducetheamountofwasteelectricalproductssenttolandfill.Weftknit:Fabricconstructedwithhorizontalandverticalrowsof interlockingloops. Welding:Afusionofmaterialscausedbyintenseheat.
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377environmental issues 1 9, 21, 23- 5, 27, 29, 154, 162- 3, 197, 200, 321- 2 epoxy resin 1 72, 207 ergonomics 7, 7, 8, 18 ethene 195- 6 ethical issues 5 - 6, 17, 17, 21, 29, 89- 90, 162- 3, 197, 255- 6, 309 evaluation 2 0, 351- 4, 367- 8, 370- 1 existing products/designs, investi- gation 1 4- 21, 341- 4, 366- 7 exploded drawings 34 extraction 1 60- 2, 160, 195- 6, 243-7 extrusion 1 85, 202, 228- 30, 246 fabricating 2 25, 225 fabrics 4 6- 8, 236- 89 availability 288- 9 bonded 4 8, 251, 251 common names 259 commonly available forms 258- 61 and digital design tools 278-8 0 felted 4 8, 252, 252 finishes 274- 7 iterative models 2 73- 4 knitted 48 manipulating/joining 262- 70 manufacturing methods 281-7 non-woven 4 8, 251- 3, 251physical and working proper- ties 2 36- 9 scales of production 281- 7 sources and origins 2 40- 57 specifications 2 36, 236structural integrity 271- 2 technical 5 3, 242, 242 thermal 57 woven 4 7, 248- 50 fair trade 2 9 fashion 1 3, 17 fast 2 55, 255 fasteners 1 20, 260, 314 Fastskin 53 fibres 4 6- 8, 236- 89 availability 288- 9 commonly available forms 258- 61 and digital design tools 278-8 0 dyeing 274 filament 2 47, 247 finishes 274- 7 fromfibre to yarn 2 47- 8 and iterative models 2 73- 4 manipulating/joining 262- 70 and manufacturing methods 281-7 microfibres 247 mixed/blended 4 7, 239, 239natural 4 6, 237, 240- 1, 243- 6, 254 natural cellulose 2 40, 240, 241 natural protein240, 240, 241, 254physical andworkingproper- ties 236- 9regenerated242, 242, 247scales of production281- 7sources andorigins 240- 57standardcomponents 260- 1staple247, 247stock forms 258- 9structural integrity271- 2synthetic 47, 238, 242, 246- 7, 254filing1 27- 8, 167fillers 196finishes 100- 3, 144- 6, 180- 6, 218- 20, 269, 274- 7, 321- 3finite element analysis (FEA) 223, 223fixing143, 314fixtures 150flame-resistance275flammability 57flash2 18- 19, 218flexiply 49flexography 109flock spraying184flowcharts 34, 301- 2, 304fluidisedbedcoatings 184flux 1 74, 174foamboards 39, 85, 89, 92, 95, 99, 110, 215, 319foamsheets 215focus groups 35, 35, 36foil 179folding94, 96, 175force sensitiveresistors (FSRs) 304, 304forces 61- 5, 61, 290- 4, 315- 16Forest StewardshipCouncil (FSC) 25, 89, 115form1 87, 224formers 138, 138Frenchpolish145fulcrums 63, 63, 291- 3function144, 236, 236fuseddepositionmodelling(FDM) 149, 222galvanising184gates 218, 218gathers 270, 270gear ratio295, 297- 8gearboxes 65gears 64- 5, 203, 294- 8, 313, 318bevel 296, 296idler 296, 296simplegear trains 64, 64, 65, 294-5spur 64, 64GENIE 307glass paper 144glass-reinforcedplastic(GRP) 52, 211, 225, 225gluing172goldenratio13, 13gouges132grain116, 116grainline264, 264gsm(gramsper squaremetre)38, 38guillotines168gunmetal 159gusset plates317, 317hand-heldtools9, 166-9handles121, 236, 236hardboardpins120hardening177, 178hardness55hardwood41, 113, 115hinges121hot foil application101hot glueguns143humanfactors3, 3ideation349impact resistance55inclusivedesign7-8, 8infraredsensors70, 304innovation354inputs62, 62, 70- 1, 291-8insulation84integratedcircuits(ICs) 307, 307interfacingelectronicsystems301, 301textiles261, 271-2, 271interlining271- 2, 271Internet of Things(IoT) 74, 74, 76interpretationof plans279, 324interviews36, 338iron157, 161isometricdrawings32, 32iterativedesignvi-vii, 33, 36createvii, 332, 334, 348-66definition33, 213, 322evaluatevii, 332, 334, 366-71explorevii, 332, 334, 337-48andspecificmaterials/compo-nents98-9, 142-3, 178-9, 213- 17, 273-4, 318, 319-20IterativeDesignChallenge(non-examassessment) 332-71AssessmentObjectives334-5chronological progression333, 354- 5contextual challenges333format 333- 5methodof assessment334-5NEAmarkingcriteria336-71real-timeevidence333-4timeallotments333jigs150joining94- 5, 124-38, 165-75, 204- 10, 262- 70, 311-14joints, timber 135-7just-in-time282, 283, 326kerf/kerfing137- 8, 137, 166, 167Kevlar 52- 3, 231, 242kineticenergy26knock-down(KD) fittings140lacquer 145, 181laminate52- 3, 148laminatedlayers/boards39-40,85, 89-93,95,110laminating102-3,138,138laminatingpresses151lasercutters105,187,205,265,279, 323lasersintering76,149,221lathes131-2,152,169,169,206layplans279,279layering, textiles271-2lead158lenticularplasticsheet49levers63, 63,66,291-3lifecycleassessment19,90-1,163,197, 256,309-10lightdependentresistors(LDRs)70, 304,304lightemittingdiodes(LEDs)72,301, 305lightsensors70,304lightweightmaterials84,84,192linebending208,208lineardesignviilinen237, 241,243-4lining272, 272linkages66,66,314,319loads63, 63locks123lubrication65,65magneticproperties58,303magnetite58makermovement77malleable56,156,156manipulating94-5,124-38,165-75, 204-10,262-70,311-14manufacturing106-9,149-52,232, 281-7,325-7additive76digital221-2,278-9,324lean149,235,235,282,283,326,326seealsocomputer-assistedmanufacturemarketpull17,17marketing17,17markinggauges/knives124markingout94,124,165,204,263-4matchstickmodelling143materials15-16,38-58,369seealsospecificmaterialsmathematics13,34,34,318,374mechanicaladvantage(MA)290-3mechanicaldevicescontrolledmovement60-7anddigitaldesigntools323-5finishes321-3anditerativemodels318-19manipulating/joining311-14andmanufacturingmethods325-7rotationalmechanicalsystems294-9scalesofproduction325-7
378sources and origins 30 9- 10 structural integrity 315- 17 working with 290- 9 mechanisms 61, 61 mediumdensity fibreboard(MDF) 42, 113, 116, 138, 142, 175 members 3 15, 315 mercerising 2 75, 275 mesh 178, 179 metal oxides 1 60 metals 42- 4, 156- 91 availability 189- 91 base 1 89, 190 calculating quantities/sizes 190- 1 commonly available forms 164 and digital design tools 186- 7 ferro-magnetic 58 ferrous 4 2, 42, 43, 156, 156, 157,180 finishes 180- 6 interactive models 1 78- 9 magnetic 58 manipulating/joining165- 75 manufacturing methods 187- 8 minor 189 non-ferrous 4 2, 42, 43, 156, 156, 157- 8 physical and workingproper- ties 156- 9 platinumgroup 189 precious 1 64, 183, 189, 190 recycled 191 scales of production 187- 8 shaping 1 65, 176 sources and origins 1 60- 3 stock forms 4 2, 164 structural integrity 176- 8 tolerances 191 waste minimisation 191 microcontrollers 68- 9, 68, 72, 301- 9, 319- 20 software models 320 microencapsulation 277, 277microns 3 8, 38 milling 1 05, 169, 205- 6 mimicry 344 mining 162 mitre squares 124 modelling kits 2 16 modern materials 49- 50 monomers 1 92, 192 moodboards 337 mortise gauges 124 MOSFETs 30 6, 306 motion controlled 60-7 linear 6 1 oscillating 62 reciprocating 62, 299 rotary 6 1, 299 motors 7 3, 306, 313, 318 moulding blown228, 232co-injection218, 218compression227GRP225injection227, 232, 234press 209, 209rotational 226mouldings 118, 118moulds 209- 10, 209mounts 314multi-axis machining206multimeters 304, 304NACERAP286nailing/nails 120, 134nanotechnology74, 74nibblers 166nitinol alloys 159nomex 53nuts 170, 203, 314Nyloc nuts 314nylon102, 238obliquedrawings 31observation338obsolescence310, 310offset lithography109oil 26, 27crude195, 197timber 145opportunities, design14- 19ores 160, 161, 162orthographicprojects 33, 33outputs 62, 62, 72- 3, 291- 8, 305overlockers 269, 284oxidation161, 161oxyacetylene168, 168, 174paint 145, 180- 1paper 38- 40, 82- 111availability110- 11commonlyavailableforms 91- 3anddigital designtools 103- 5finishes 100garnet 144anditerativemodels 98- 9manipulatingandjoining94-5andmanufacturingmethods106- 9paper-makingprocess 86- 7physical andworkingproper- ties 82- 3recycled82, 82, 87- 8, 89, 90scales of production106- 9sources andorigins 86-91standardcomponents 93structural integrity96- 7types 82-3participatory design36partingtools 132patterns 150, 262- 4perspectivedrawing31- 2, 31Petersham261pewter 159, 189- 90photo-etching311- 12, 327photochromic51, 277, 277photopolymers221phthalates197physical quantities68, 68, 154-5, 190- 1, 233, 288-9physical andworkingproperties82- 6, 112-13, 156-9, 192-4, 236- 9, 237PICAXE307piezo-electricsounders305, 305pigments, polymer196, 234, 274pinions64, 64, 297, 297plainweave249, 249planing117, 129-30plasmacutters168plasticmemory45, 45plasticisers196, 232plasticity55plastics52, 192, 211, 225, 225plating183, 183, 190pleats269, 269plywood42, 113, 116, 138, 142polarised305, 305polishing185pollution89, 197, 256, 310polyacetals231polyester 102, 238, 239polyetheretherketone(PEEK)231polylacticacid(PLA) 200polymer resin180-1polymerisation196, 196, 242polymers192-235, 192availability231-5commonlyavailableforms202-3conductive50digital designtools221-4environmentallyfriendly200finishes218-20foamed202anditerativemodels213-17manipulatingandjoining204-10andmanufacturingmethods224-30natural 194, 240, 242physical andworkingproper-ties192-4powdered202scalesof production224-30shape-memory51sourcesandorigins194-201standardcomponents203stockforms202-3structural integrity211-12synthetic194-5, 246-7, 274thermopolymers44-5, 193, 211-12thermosetting44, 45, 193, 211polymorph49, 314polypropylenefilm102polystyrene207, 216polythene193, 195-6poprivets171-2pouchlamination102powder coating181-2, 181, 202powertools168-9preciousmetalclay(PMC)50pressing/presses175,285primarysources366-7primers180,181PrinciplesofDesignandTechnol-ogy(writtenpaper)372-5printedcircuitboards(PCBs)307,307layouts324manufacture311-13,327PCBisolationrouting312pick-and-placePCBassembly327,327printing3D76-7,148-9,217,222,226digital106,278flatbedscreen283rotaryscreen283-4screen107,283-4sublimation278problem-solving35-7productanalysis342productenhancement21productionbatch106-8,149,188,188,226-7,226,281,281,325-6bespoke281,281,325cradle-to-cradle25large-scale(mass)108-9,149-52,188,227-30,227,281,281,283-5,326-7one-off106,149,187-8,187,225-6,225,281,325scalesof106-9,149-52,187,224-30,225,226,227,281-7,325-7profiles164,164programminglanguages301,301programs68,68proportion12,12prototyping7-13,279,279,319-20,333,336,362-6,368-71rapid221,221,278,323,325psychologicalfactors10,10pulleyandbeltdrives66,66,297-8,297pulping87,88,90PVCfoamsheet85,90-2,95,110qualityassurance287,287qualitycontrol286,286quarrying162quenching178,178questionnaires36,338rackandpinions297,297ratings309,309recyclable254,254recycling25fibres/fabrics254,256-7metals163,191paper82,82,87-90polymers198,200-1,231-2primary256secondary256
379systemcomponents 310 tertiary 257 timber 116- 17 reduce 2 5, 199, 200 reforming 1 37- 8, 208- 10, 269- 70 reinforce 1 76, 211, 211 renewable 27, 27, 112, 112 repair 25 resistance 30 0, 300 resistors 7 0, 304, 304 reuse 2 5, 199, 200 ribs 3 16, 316 rigid 8 4, 84, 315, 315 rivets, pop 1 71- 2 roasting 1 61, 161 robotics 76 rods 1 78, 179, 202, 216 roller coaters 1 51 rotary cutters 1 69, 265, 266 rotary systems 313 routers/routing 132- 3, 148, 151- 2, 312, 324 rubber 194 runners 122 safety issues 1 54, 197 sand casting 1 75 sanding 1 30- 1, 144 sanding sealer 145 satin weave 2 50, 250 saws 1 25- 6, 150, 167, 204 band 2 65- 6, 283 hacksaws 9 4, 143, 167, 204, 216 SCAMPER acronym350 schematic diagrams 35 scrapers 132 screws/screwing 119, 134, 170- 1 wormscrews 2 97, 297 seams 267-70 seasoning 1 14, 117, 117 seating design 9 - 10 secondary sources 36 6- 7 self-finishing 180, 180, 218, 218self-healing materials 5 1 sensors 6 8, 68 analogue 30 2, 302 digital 30 2, 302 infrared 7 0, 304 light 7 0, 304 switch 7 1, 303, 303 sewing machines, industrial 284 shafts 6 4, 64, 313 shaping 1 65, 176 shears 166 sheet materials 1 42- 3, 164, 202, 213- 14 shellac 194- 5 shrinkage 235 signals 68, 68 silk 2 36- 7, 240- 1, 245- 6, 254 silver, sterling 1 59 sizes, calculating 1 54, 233, 288- 9 sketch models 3 3, 33, 350 sketching30- 5, 31, 351- 2, 355, 358- 9slidingbevels 124smart materials 51, 276- 7smelting160, 160social issues 5- 6, 29, 89- 90, 162, 197, 255- 6, 309society 18softwaremodels 318softwood41, 112, 115solar photovoltaicpower 27solder 159, 173- 4, 312soldering173, 173, 312- 13speakers 72, 305spinnerets 246-7spooncutters 132stabilisers 196, 212, 212stakeholders 3- 4, 3, 232, 234, 340- 1standardcomponents 93, 260- 1standardfixings 147, 147staples 120stays 121steamdollies 285steel 1 57, 158, 189stencils 108stereolithography 76, 221sticky-backedvinyl 215stiffness 55stock forms 42, 164, 202, 258- 9stonewashing276, 276stove enamelling181, 181strength54compressive139, 139, 157, 157strengthtoweight ratio55tensile139, 139, 156, 156stroke 299structural integrity 96- 7, 176- 8, 211- 12, 271- 2, 315- 17structure315, 315style 17styrene sheets 214Styrofoam40, 85, 89- 91, 93, 95, 99, 110subsystems 67, 67supercalendering100surface formingtools 128surface mount technology327, 327surveys 338sustainable6, 24- 5, 29, 242, 242switches latching71, 71momentary 71, 71push-to-make71, 303switchsensors 71, 303, 303tilt 71, 303timedelay 71, 303symmetry 12, 12synthesised195synthetics 47, 192, 192, 194- 5, 238, 242, 246- 7, 254, 274systemdiagrams67, 67, 301-2systems61, 61systemsthinking36-7, 36tableplates141tang167, 167taskanalysis4taste13, 17technical requirements344-6, 375technical specifications336, 346- 8technical textiles53, 242, 242technologydisruptive75-7emerging20, 20, 22-5, 74-7new22- 5, 74-7technologypush17, 17Teflon49tempering177, 177, 178templates108, 150tenacity54tensioner wheels298, 298Tensol 207tessellation108test rigs369testing352thermal conductivity57-8thermal energy26thermal resistance57thermistors304, 304thermochromic51, 276, 276thermoforming228, 232threadlock314threads260throwawaycultures19, 19, 255, 255timber 112- 55availability152, 153-4commonlyavailableforms117-23anddigital designtools147- 52finishes144- 6anditerativemodels142-3manipulatingandjoining124- 38manufacturedboards40, 42, 113, 115- 16, 118, 142-3, 149andmanufacturingmethods149- 52natural 40- 1, 112-15, 117-18, 152- 4physical andworkingproper-ties112- 13recycling116-17scaleof production149-52sources114- 17standardcomponents119-21, 147,147structural integrity139-41timber yards118, 118timeissues187, 224tin158tinsnips166toiles273-4tolerances191,235,235,287torque64, 64,294-5toughness177,177transportation153,254-5trends13, 17triangulation139,317,317trysquares124turning131-2,169,205twillweave250,250twoblockfittings140underlining272,272upcycling116,116uranium27usability3, 7-13,7,18,36userinterfaces(UIs)320user-centreddesign(UCD)35-7,35users3-4, 3,7,339,340-1UVdegradation212,212vacuumforming209-10,209,220, 226vacuumpressing138varnish101,145veneers116,138viability231,231vinylcutters104-5,108,323virtualmodelling223viscose238volatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)180voltage300,300voltagedividers303,303Vulcanite194wales252, 253warp114, 114,248-9,248warpknitfabrics253,253wastage124-33,165,191,198-200,204-6, 204,235,262-6,287water-resistance52-3,57,238,238, 321-2wearabletechnology69weatherresistance56WEEE(WasteElectricalandElec-tronicEquipment)directive310, 310weft248-9,248weftknitfabric252,253welding174,174,207-8,207weldingrods178,179wire178wirewool144woodstains145wool237, 239,241,244-5,254workingdrawings33wormdrives297,297wormwheels297,297yarn46, 247-50,252-3,274zinc158, 184
380ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors andpublishers wouldliketothankthefollowingschoolsandstudents: Silcoates School inWakefield; KenilworthSchool inKenilworth; PhilipRobinsonfromThryberghAcademyandSportsCollegeandTerry Bream. 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