25th Inter-University Symposium on Asia Megacities, July 11–13, 2024 ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE OF RAILWAYS IN THE CITIES OF THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST Ekaterina V. Glatolenkova1 , Ulyana A. Bannova2 and Veronika A. Voronina 3 1,2,3 Pacific National University, Khabarovsk, Russia, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT The article is aimed at drawing attention to the objects of the railway architectural heritage of the Khabarovsk Krai. The construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries contributed to the emergence and development of many settlements in the Far East; in the Khabarovsk Territory, new settlements are located along the Khabarovsk – Vladivostok line. The authors analyzed the territories of railway stations in three cities – Bikin, Vyazemsky and Khabarovsk. It has been established that in these cities there are still preserved buildings built during the construction of the railway, some of them are recognized as objects of cultural heritage, some are in disrepair or have been lost. The analysis is supported by archival research of drawing documentation of the late 19th century from the archives of Khabarovsk and Vladivostok. The findings prove that not only buildings, but also station areas have great potential for further research, inclusion of railway architecture in the list of iconic objects and cultural monuments of the Khabarovsk Krai. The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation under grant no. 24-28-20509, https://rscf.ru/project/24-28-20509. Keywords: Architecture, architectural heritage, railway station building, railway architecture, Ussuri Railway INTRODUCTION In recent years, there has been significant interest in the topic of industrial heritage. However, most studies are devoted to industrial architecture – plants and factories of the late 19th century. Very few works are focusing on the railway architecture; most of these works are about the railroads of the western part of Russia. But very few studies about the Far Eastern ones. Besides, among the variety of architecture, railway terminal most often become objects of research. It is clearly because of famous architects traditionally were involved in railroad construction in the West. Those terminals are truly masterpieces of design which were constructed by Fyodor Shekhtel, Konstantin Ton, Stanislav Brzhozovsky, Nikolai Benois and other famous authors. The railway architecture of the Far East is of a different nature. The Ussuri, Amur and Chinese Eastern Railways are parts of the Great Siberian Road (Trans-Siberian Railway), which was laid in extremely deserted areas where railway terminals, station villages for workers and water towers were the only permanent buildings for many kilometers. And it had become the “masterpieces” for these “wild” places, a kind of genius loci. The railway intensified the settlement of the Amur region, Northern Manchuria and Transbaikalia and provided construction of many cities. Built at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. residential buildings, schools, temples, depots and water towers in nowadays have the status protected cultural heritage monument. And in China those even claim UNESCO heritage status. Only a
Ekaterina V. Glatolenkova, Ulyana A. Bannova and Veronika A. Voronina 2 small part of railways architecture heritage in the Khabarovsk and Primrosky Territories are included in the lists of cultural heritage and are protected, while the rest are in unsatisfactory condition and require reconstruction. This remains an open problem. The aim of this research is to attract attention to the architectural heritage of the Ussuri Railway and the creation of an actualization concept heritage. Then an analysis of developments in cities along the eastern direction of the Trans-Siberian Railway – Ussuri railway will be conducted. LITERATURE REVIEW To understand the general picture of railway construction, materials on roads of the late 19th century are analyzed. Albums of views and albums of executives were used as sources of visual information about the lines under construction in the Far East and Central Asia drawings for individual sections, road guides, to obtain information about the timing and nature of the work performed – reports on the construction and operation of roads, as well as memories and notes from travel. Among the authors whose works are necessary for understanding the general context of the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, it should be noticed S. Marx [1] and K. Volmar [2]. Previously studies of Trans-Siberian Railways in Russian reported by Maria A. Vivdych [3), Nadezhda E. Ablova [4], Alexander V. Khobta [5], Mikhail. A. Kovalchuk [6] cannot be considered definitive, since they consider the historical aspects of construction, paying little attention to architecture. The subject of architectural design of railways was considered by Natalya O. Shashkova [7] Vladimir V. Sedov [8] and others. The urban planning of stations, including those in the Far Eastern directions, was considered by Evgenia I. Kirichenko [9], Natalia E. Kozyrenko [10] and others. Nikolay P. Kradin, Mikhail E. Bazilevich [11], Amir A. Khisamutdinov [12] and others wrote about architects and engineers taking part in the design of railway facilities. Several studies examined the architectural features of the railways of certain directions of the East: Gulnara. M. Kamalova is researching the Orenburg-Tashkent railroad [13], Tatiana Yu. Troitskaya studied the Chinese Eastern Railway [14]. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The framework of this research is underpinned by fallowing major theories. Historical context study and analyzing the conditions for the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway contribute to a better understanding of the motives used by political actors, builders and designers of decisions. Study of the technical side of design – principles of functional zoning of stations, layouts of individual buildings and comparison with modern design methods and design methods in other countries. Stylistic comparative studies, which allows you to compare individual processes in the design of typologically similar objects located in different regions. Cultural heritage. The trend towards the protection of cultural heritage is becoming increasingly sensitive to objects of the industrial past. Architectural railway heritage is an increasingly popular focus in this area.
Ekaterina V. Glatolenkova, Ulyana A. Bannova and Veronika A. Voronina 3 METHODS This study will employ a mixed-methods approach to investigate the construction materials of the considered sections of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The research methods are based on classical general scientific methods, such as: historical method, comparative method and the method of architectural analysis. The first one – historical method, allow us to collect, analyze and systematize of archival, literary and electronic information sources of the history of the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The comparative method allows to compare the railway construction projects under consideration on different sections of the road, as well as types of architecture and urban planning solutions in the Far East with similar objects in the Russian Empire to identify similarities, differences and features. The method of architectural analysis allows us to determine the historical and cultural value of the objects under consideration. The comprehensive research method makes it possible to combine historical, archival, bibliographic research and field surveys for a comprehensive analysis of railway construction objects. EXPECTED OUTCOMES This research may improve attitudes towards historic buildings in Khabarovsk Territory. As a result of the implementation of the planned project, historical data on the construction and architectural and urban planning features of the railway, which have not previously been published, will be obtained. Measurement work will also be carried out at railway stations. This information can be used both by state authorities for the protection of architectural monuments and by restoration workshops to conduct examinations and establish the value of historical buildings The practical value of the work will be an electronic catalog of railway buildings and an Internet project. It is also planned to organize excursions and educational lectures for citizens in the format of city walks and lectures. If the planned work is not carried out, many buildings built in small towns may be irretrievably lost. RESULTS The study is conducted in cities located along the Trans-Siberian Railway in Khabarovsk Krai – Khabarovsk, Vyazemsky City, Bikin. In each of them the railway has had a great influence on development. The districts of the city -- stations near the railway station are considered. Khabarovsk – a large city, the railway station developed on the unpopulated outskirts. The railway settlement was built in 1894-1897. There were dwelling houses, railway hospital, church, warehouses, depot in the settlement. The first building of the railway station was wooden, but DIFFERED in size from those built at other stations; the windows were decorated with decorative inserts depicting the symbol of the Ministry of Railways - crossing anchor and pickaxe. After a fire during the Civil War the station was not rebuilt for a long time and only in 1926 a new stone building in Russian style was built - a building with tents on the roof and arched windows. In the 1960s it was replaced by a modernist construction with spacious rooms and minimalist facades, and in 2009, as part of a massive reconstruction, the volume of the
Ekaterina V. Glatolenkova, Ulyana A. Bannova and Veronika A. Voronina 4 building was increased and the facade was completely changed, repeating the ideas of the 1926 building. City of Vyazemsky. The station settlement Vyazemsky was built in the early XX century, 130 kilometres from Khabarovsk. The settlement had a school, a church, dwelling houses for employees and their families, and buildings of services necessary for train maintenance. Two railway objects – a school and a former locomotive depot - are included in the register of cultural heritage objects of Khabarovsk Krai. They have been restored, are in good condition and are still in operation. The residential area with servants' houses is also well preserved. Bikin. The first settlement Bikin was founded by Cossacks in the middle of the XIX century, in 1894-1897 during the laying of the Northern section of the Ussuriyskaya railway a settlement for railway workers and their families was built: a wooden building of the railway station according to the standard project for railway stations of IV class, residential houses, buildings of transport services. At the beginning of the XX century a school and a college were built. Nowadays the water tower, the house of the station chief, the school and the college have been preserved. REFERENCES (SAMPLE, SHOULD BE IN IEEE STYLE) 1. Marks S. G. “Road to power: the Trans-Siberian railroad and the colonization of Asian Russia, 1850-1917”. Tauris: London. 240 p., 1991. 2. Volmar K. “Trans-Siberian Railway: History of the creation of the Russian railway network / Per. from English O. I. Sergeeva; preface and note D. D. Zelova”. Kuchkovo Pole: Moscow, 272 p., 2016 (in Russian). 3. Vivdych M. A. “Railway construction in the Far East at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries: dissertation ... candidate of historical sciences”. Novosibirsk: Institute of History SB RAS, 2011 (in Russian). 4. Ablova N. E. “CER and Russian emigration in China: international. and watered. aspects of history (first half of the twentieth century)”. Rus. Panorama: Moscow, 430 p., 2005 (in Russian). 5. Khobta A. V. “History of the construction of the Circum-Baikal Railway 1887-1915”. Irkutsk, 267 p., 2005 (in Russian). 6. Kovalchuk M. A. “History of transport in the Russian Far East (second half of the 19th century - June 1941) Book 1. Technical and socio-legal aspects of the development of transport in the region”. Khabarovsk. 167 p., 1997 (in Russian). 7. Shashkova B. T. “Architectural ensemble of the Moscow-Kursk Railway: formation and development in the period from 1864 to 1917”. Moscow, 383 p. (in Russian). 8. Sedov V.V. “Architecture on the high road”. Project Russia. (19). pp. 41–8. 2001 (in Russian). 9. Lisovsky V., Shcheboleva E., Nashchokina M., Zvagelskaya V., Kirichenko E. “Urban planning in Russia in the mid-19th – early 20th centuries. Book 3. Capitals and provinces”. Progress-Tradition: Moscow. 616 p., 2010 (in Russian).
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