the-write-start-sentences-to-paragraphs-with-professional-and-student-readings-available-titles-cengagenow.9780547201313.61680

and those) are used to point out or spec- people, places, or things. Examples are G L O S S A R Y ■ 481
ify certain people, places, or things. everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, ev-
erything, something, nothing, anyone, etc. Paragraph: A group of sentences that
Dependent clause: A group of discuss/develop a topic.
words with a subject and verb but one Independent clause: A clause that
that cannot stand alone and must be can stand alone as a sentence and con- Parallel construction (paral-
joined to an independent clause to tains a complete subject and verb. lelism): The repetition of the same
complete its meaning. Most dependent grammatical structure for coherence or
clauses begin with subordinating con- Indirect object: A noun or pronoun emphasis.
junctions or relative pronouns. following a verb that is receiving a di-
rect object. Paraphrase: The writers restatement
Direct object: The word or words of ideas in his or her own words and
(usually nouns or pronouns) following Infinitive phrase: A group of words sentence structure (not directly quoting
and receiving the action of an consisting of to plus a verb and its com- another author’s words).
action verb, or following a preposition. pleting words. An infinitive phrase can
function as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Parentheses: Punctuation marks
Editing: One of the final steps in the [( )] used to set off specific details giving
writing process during which the writer Interrupters: Sentences may be inter- additional information, explanations, or
checks over the draft of the essay for rupted by clauses or phrases that clarify or qualifications of the main idea in a sen-
misspelled words, grammatical errors, provide additional meaning. These clauses tence. This would include words, dates,
missing words, and other errors. usually begin with the relative pronouns or statements.
who, whom, which, or that. See also Restric-
Essay: An organized written work on a tive clause and Nonrestrictive clause. Participle: A verb form ending in –ed
topic in a series of paragraphs, including or –ing, used as an adjective or used
an introduction, which attracts the reader’s Irregular verbs: Many irregular with helping verbs to form present per-
attention and states the thesis of the essay; verbs (more than 100 in English) do not fect or past perfect forms.
body paragraphs, which present the sup- form the past tense by adding –ed or –d.
porting points of the thesis and develop Some verbs do not change form at all, Participial phrase: A group of
them with facts, details, and examples; or they form the past tense by changing words (verb phrase) consisting of a
and a conclusion, which summarizes the the spelling of the entire word (“stem- participle and its completing words that
ideas and coherently ends the work. changing verbs”). can function as an adjective or adjective
phrase. Participles also are used with
Exemplification: The use of exam- Linking verb: A verb that does not helping verbs to clarify tense or voice.
ples to clarify or illustrate a topic. express action but links the subject to All verbs have present participle and
the word or words that describe the past participle forms.
Expository writing (exposition): subject. The most common linking verbs
Informative writing, the primary pur- are forms of the verb to be. Passive voice: A verb form chosen
pose of which is to explain a concept. when the actor of the sentence is not
Main verb: The last word in a verb important or when the writer wishes to
Fact: A statement that can be proven phrase, usually conveying the action of avoid naming the subject. In the pas-
to be true. the sentence. sive voice, the object of an active verb
becomes the subject of the passive verb.
Fragment: An incomplete sentence Metaphor: A way to describe a topic The form of the verb becomes be + past
because it (1) is missing a subject, a in terms of another concept (e.g., love participle.
verb, or both; (2) the verb is incomplete; is a rose).
or (3) it is a dependent clause that is not Past continuous (progressive)
attached to an independent clause. Modifier: A word or group of words tense: A verb tense showing an action
that functions as an adjective or adverb in progress in the past, formed from
Freewriting: Writing that is used (providing description). helping verbs was/were and adding –ing
to explore the author’s ideas with- to the verb form.
out concern for grammar, spelling, or Narration: A story, typically told in
organization. chronological order, that usually builds Past perfect tense: A verb tense
to a climax, then resolves. used to describe a past action or event
Gerund: The –ing form of a verb that occurring prior to a later time in the
functions as a noun in the sentence. Nonrestrictive clause: A clause that past. The past perfect is formed from
is not essential to complete the meaning had + the verb’s past participle form.
Gerund phrase: A gerund phrase of the sentence. If a nonrestrictive clause
includes a gerund and its completing is removed from the sentence, the basic Past tense: A verb tense used to dis-
words. meaning of the sentence will remain cuss completed past actions. All regular
clear. Because it is nonessential, commas past tense verbs end in –ed. However,
Helping verb: The part of the verb always set off this type of clause. there are more than 100 irregular verbs
before the main verb, conveying the (see The Writer’s Resources).
most important information about tense Noun clause: A clause functioning as
or mood of the verb (examples are a noun, usually beginning with a, the, Period: A punctuation mark [.] that is
forms of have, be, do, will, etc.). what, where, why, or when. used to end a complete statement or is
included in an abbreviation.
Hyphen: A punctuation mark [-] used Nouns: Words that stand for people,
to join descriptive adjectives before a places, or things. They can be singular Personal pronouns: Those pronouns
noun, to join compound words and pre- or plural. that refer to a person (I/me, you, he/him,
fixes, or to separate syllables at the end she/her, it, we/us, and they/them). They are
of a line. Object: A word or words (usually divided into three forms, depending on
nouns or pronouns) following action how they are used in a sentence. These
Indefinite pronouns: These pro- verbs or following words formed from forms are subjective (pronoun used as a
nouns do not refer to a specific person; verbs (–ing words, past participles, and subject), objective (pronoun used as an
they refer to general or indeterminate infinitives); prepositions; or direct object), or possessive (pronoun indicating
objects/indirect objects. possession/ownership).

482 ■ G L O S S A R Y are known as the antecedent(s) of the Subject-verb agreement: Subjects
pronoun. Pronouns can be divided into and verbs in the present tense (as well
Personification: Giving human several categories. The most common as in the past and future tenses) should
characteristics to nonhuman or inani- categories are personal pronouns, relative agree in number. Thus, singular subjects
mate objects (e.g., The wind howled all pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, indefi- require verbs with singular endings, and
through the night.). nite pronouns, and reflexive pronouns. plural subjects require verbs with plural
endings.
Phrasal verb: A two-word or three- Question mark: A punctuation
word expression that combines a verb mark [?] that ends direct questions. Subordinating conjunction: A
with another word, changing the word that joins two clauses by mak-
meaning (e.g., pick it up). Reflexive pronouns: The reflexive ing one clause less in importance and
form adds –self or –selves to the pronoun dependent on the second (indepen-
Phrase: A group of related words miss- and is used to indicate action performed dent) clause. (Examples: although, after,
ing a subject, verb, or both subject and to or on the antecedent. because, while, etc.) See The Writer’s Re-
verb. Phrases are used in sentences to sources for more information.
complete thoughts or add descriptive de- Regular verb: A verb ending in –ed
tail; they may be restrictive or nonrestric- in the past tense or past participle, or Subordination: Joining a dependent
tive (see Additional Punctuation Rules, forming its third person singular form clause to an independent clause.
Interrupters in The Writer’s Resources). by adding –s or –es.
There are several types of phrases used Synonym: A word with the same, or
as modifiers in sentences: prepositional Relative clause: A clause that func- close to the same, meaning as another
phrases, participial phrases, gerund phrases, tions like an adjective, beginning with a word.
infinitive phrases, and absolute phrases. relative pronoun (who, whom, which, that).
Tense: The form of the verb that
Predicate: The part of the sentence Relative pronouns: Those pro- shows when in time an action occurred
containing the verb, making a statement nouns used to introduce a qualifying or (present, past, future). See The Writer’s
or asking a question about the subject. explanatory clause (who, whom, which, Resources for more information.
that, whoever, whichever).
Prepositional phrase: A preposition Thesis statement: The sentence,
connects a noun or pronoun to the rest Restrictive clause: A clause that is usually included in the introduction,
of the sentence, often showing location essential to identify a noun or to com- that states the main idea of the essay
or time. A prepositional phrase contains a plete the meaning. This type of clause and often outlines the subtopics of the
preposition (e.g., in, on, over, before, after, simply follows the noun or idea it is essay (essay map).
etc.) and its object. modifying. No commas are used to set
off restrictive clauses. Topic sentence: A sentence stating
Present continuous (progres- the main idea of a paragraph.
sive) tense: A verb tense that dis- Run-on sentence: A sentence con-
cusses actions that are happening now taining two independent clauses with Transitional word: A word explain-
or are planned for the future. This tense nothing that joins them together (a seri- ing how or in what way two ideas are
is formed by adding a form of the verb ous grammatical error). related. These are often adverbial con-
to be (is, am, are) with the verb + ing. junctions (see Adverbial conjunction).
Semicolon: A mark of punctuation
Present perfect tense: A verb tense [;] that usually joins two independent Uncountable nouns: Nouns that
used to describe an action or condition clauses or occasionally separates items represent an idea or concept that cannot
in the past that continues up to the in a series containing internal commas. be counted (e.g., water, air, fruit), and
present. The tense is formed by combin- cannot be made plural.
ing has/have + the past participle. Sentence: A complete statement
or question containing a subject and Verb: A word indicating action, feeling,
Present tense: A verb tense used to a verb, and expressing a complete or being; verbs can be divided into three
discuss habitual actions, facts, or condi- thought. classes: action verbs, linking verbs, and
tions that are true of the present. helping verbs (see Chapter 2). Addition-
Simile: A comparison using like or as ally, the form of the verb can indicate
Pre-writing: The step in the writing (e.g., my love is like a rose). the time of the action: present, past, or
process in which the writer thinks about future (also known as tense).
the topic, purpose, and audience, and Simple sentence: A group of words
explores ideas for development through with a subject and a verb, expressing
brainstorming, clustering, or freewriting. complete meaning.

Process analysis: An organizational Subject: The topic (who or what)
structure that explains how to do some- about which a clause makes a statement
thing or how something works. or asks a question. Usually the subject
is a noun or pronoun, and usually the
Pronoun: A word that takes the subject precedes the verb.
place of or refers to nouns. The word
or words that the pronoun refers to

CREDITS

Text Credits Robert L. Forward, “Indistinguishable Magic” excerpted
from Indistinguishable Magic. Baen Books, copyright © 1995.
A.J. Jacobs, “Extremely Cool,” Entertainment Weekly, 1996. Reprinted by permission of Baen Books.
Reprinted by permission of the author.
Russell Baker, “The Plot Against People,” the New York
Bruce Catton, “Grant and Lee: A Study in Contrasts” from Times, June 18, 1968. Copyright © 1968 by the New York
The American Story, Earl Schneck Miers, editor. Capitol Times. Reprinted with permission.
Historical Society. Reprinted by permission of the United
States Capitol Society. Timothy Gower, “Strive to Be Fit, Not Fanatical” from the
Los Angeles Times, June 7, 1999. Copyright © 1999 by Timo-
Excerpt from “Deep Cold” from The Rural Life by thy Gower. Reprinted by permission of the author.
Verlyn Klinkenborg. Copyright © 2003 by Verlyn Klinken-
borg. By permission of Little, Brown and Company, Inc. Photo Credits

Excerpt from “Living on Tokyo Time” by Lynnika But- Page iv: © Fancy/Veer/Royalty-Free/Corbis; Page iv: Ed
ler from the Utne Reader, January/February 2003. Betz/AP Images; Page viii: Bonnie S. Rauch/Super Stock, Inc.;
Reprinted by permission of the author. Pageix: Carson Baldwin, Jr./Earth Scenes/Animals, Animals;
Page x: © Jonathan Ernst/Reuters/Corbis; Page xi: Sandy
Excerpt from Shelby Steele, from The Content of Our Char- King/The Image Bank/Getty Images; Page xiii: Dave Kramer/
acter by Shelby Steele. Copyright © 1990 by the author and Index Stock Imagery; Page xiii: © Scot Frei/Corbis; Page 1:
reprinted by permission of the Carol Mann Agency. Erik Dreyer/Getty Images; Page 2: © Fancy/Veer/Royalty-
Free/Corbis; Page 2: Jerry S. Mendoza/AP Images; Page 2:
William Raspberry, “The Handicap of Definition.” © 1982 Rubberball/Jupiter Images; Page 2: Ed Lallo/Index Stock
The Washington Post. All rights reserved. Used by per- Imagery/Photolibrary; Page 20: © Jonathan Ernst/
mission and protected by the Copyright Laws of the Reuters/Corbis; Page 48: Stock Image/Jupiter Images;
United States. The printing, copying, redistribution, or Page 85: Carson Baldwin, Jr./Earth Scenes/Animals,
retransmission of the Material without express written Animals; Page 116: Hulton Archive/Getty Images; Page
permission is prohibited. 133: © Fancy/Veer/Royalty-Free/Corbis; Page 157: Com-
stock/Creatas/Jupiter Images; Page 159: Frank Micelotta/
Grace Suh, “The Eye of the Beholder.” Copyright © 1992. Getty Images; Page 175: © Jeff Vanuga/Corbis; Page 177:
Reprinted by permission of the author. First appeared in Don Ryan/AP Images; Page 190: Sandy King/The Im-
A Magazine, 1992. age Bank/Getty Images; Page 192: Jim Mone/AP Images;
Page 203: Dave Kramer/Index Stock Imagery; Page 205:
Jan Harold Brunvand, “The Roommate’s Death” from Ed Betz/AP Images; Page 217: © Kevin Fleming/Corbis;
The Vanishing Hitchhiker: American Urban Legends and Their Page 217: Paul Warner/AP Images; Page 219: Monika
Meanings by Jan Harold Brunvand. Copyright © 1981 by Graff/The Image Works; Page 231: A. Ramey/Photo Edit,
Jan Harold Brunvand. Used by permission of W.W. Norton Inc. (www.photoeditinc.com); Page 233: © Tony Arruza/
& Company, Inc. Corbis; Page 247: Bonnie S. Rauch/Super Stock, Inc.; Page
249: Justin Sullivan/Getty Images; Page 259: © Scot Frei/
Luis J. Rodriguez, “The Ice Cream Truck.” From Always Corbis; Page 261: Ulrike Welsch/Photo Researchers, Inc.;
Running–La Vida Loca, Gang Days In L.A. by Luis J. Rodri- Page 282: Walter Bibikow/Index Stock Imagery; Page 287:
guez. (Curbstone Press, 1993). Reprinted with permission Stock Image/Super Stock, Inc.; Page 308: Kevin Mazur/
of Curbstone Press. Distributed by Consortium. Getty Images.

Mary Ann Hogan, “Why We Carp and Harp.” First appeared
in the Los Angeles Times, March 10, 1992. Reprinted by per-
mission of the author.

Nancy Masterson Sakamoto, “Conversational Ballgames”
from Polite Fictions. Tokyo: Kinseido, Ltd., 982. © 1982 by
Nancy Masterson Sakamoto. Reprinted by permission of
the author.

Robert Keith Miller, “Discrimination Is a Virtue” from
Newsweek, July 21, 1980. Reprinted by permission of the
author.

483

INDEX

a/an, 370, 372–374 consistency in units of classification, 206 coordinating, 44–62, 77
accept/except, 405 topic sentence, 207 subordinating, 95, 112
Absolute phrases, 355 transitional expressions, linking clas- in transitional expressions, 143
Action verbs, 19–22 Connotation, 256
sifications, 208 conscience/conscious, 405
tense, 27 units of classification, 209–211 Consequences, predicting, 268
Active voice, 337–340 Classification technique, readings in, Contemplative pause, introductory words
Address by name (introductory words), 110
Adjectives, 346 439–445 for, 111
Clauses, 351. See also dependent clauses; Contractions, 378–380
before a noun, hyphens in, 389
objective or subjective, 346 independent clauses spelling of, 403–405
preposition combinations with, restrictive and nonrestrictive, 392–396 Contrast, 234
Clustering, 129
367–370 Coherence, paragraph, 141–145 expressing with introductory words, 110
Adverbial conjunctions, 70–81, 350 elements of, 142 Controlling idea (topic sentence),
logical order, 142
semicolon and comma with, 71 repeating key concepts and words, 145 134–139, 297–299
transitional expressions in paragraphs, substituting pronouns for key nouns, 145 deciding on, using reporter’s
transitional expressions contributing
143 questions, 298
Adverbs, 348 to, 143–145 missing, lack of focus resulting from, 135
Coincidence versus cause and effect, 278 Coordinating conjunctions, 44–55, 58–62,
preposition combinations with, Colons, 88–93
367–370 77, 349
in business letter salutation, 89 correcting run–on and comma–splice
advice/advise, 405 in figures denoting time, 89
affect/effect, 405 introducing a list, 88 sentences, 55–58, 60
and, 45 quotation marks and, 380 transitional expressions in paragraphs,
Answering the opposition, 268 separating title and subtitle, 89
Antecedents, 314 Comma splices, 56–58, 60, 361 143
Comma(s) Coordination, 360
agreement of pronouns with, 321–323 with adverbial conjunctions, 71 council/consul/counsel, 406
Apostrophes, 378–380 with coordinating conjunctions, Cross–examining (prewriting technique), 131
Argumentation, 261 Cubing (prewriting technique), 130
Articles, 370–374 44–55, 77
Attitude, expressing in thesis sentence, 290 with dependent clauses, 98 Dangling modifying phrases, 357
aural/oral, 398 with introductory words, 110 Dashes, 387
Authority, referring to, 258 in lists, 83 Days of the week, capitalizing, 375
with nonrestrictive clauses, 393 Definition paragraphs, 249–260
be, 332, 337 quotation marks and, 380
Block method, comparison/contrast semicolon versus, 63 extended definitions, 251
setting off interrupters, 114, 115 simple definitions, 249–251
paragraphs, 237 Common nouns, 11, 40, 313 topic sentence of extended definition,
Body paragraphs, 288, 297–299 Comparison and contrast paragraphs,
BOYFANS, 45. See also Coordinating 252
233–248 Definition technique, readings in, 459–465
conjunctions block method, 237 Definitions, 249
Brackets, 385–387 deciding whether to compare or
Brainstorming, 132 types of, 250
breath/breathe, 405 contrast, 234 Demonstrative pronouns, 318
Business letters, colon in salutation, 89 point–by–point method, 237, 238 Denotation, 256
but, 45 topic sentence, 235–237 Dependent clauses, 95–102, 351
buy/by, 399 transitional expressions in, 239
Comparison/contrast technique, readings independent clauses versus, 95–98
Call to action, 299 punctuating, 98
Capitalization, 375 in, 453–459 subordinating conjunctions, 95
Comparisons, 234 Description, 159
in essay titles, 288 introductory phrases for, 106
of proper nouns, 11, 313 in descriptive paragraphs, 164–170 objective and subjective, 160, 346
capital/capitol, 399 introductory phrases for, 106 Descriptive paragraphs, 159–176
Causal chains, 277 complement/compliment, 399 comparisons and figurative language,
Causal relationships, 277 Complex sentences, 95, 361. See also
Cause–and–effect reasoning, 277–281 164–170
confusion with chronological dependent clauses dominant impressions, 160–162
Compound sentences, 44, 360 sensory images in, 162–164
sequence or coincidence, 278 ten steps in writing process, 170–175
introductory phrases describing, 106 with adverbial conjunctions, 70–81 Descriptive technique, readings in,
topic sentence in cause/effect with commas and coordinating con-
416–422
paragraphs, 279 junctions, 44–62, 77 desert/dessert, 406
transitional expressions for, 278 with semicolons, 63–69, 77 diner/dinner, 406
choose/chose, 405 Compound subjects, 32, 35, 342–344 Directional process, 220
Chronological order, 142 Compound verbs, 34–36, 342–344 Dialog, quotation marks with, 380
steps in a process, 221 Compound words, hyphens in, 389 Dominant impressions, 160–162
Chronological sequence versus cause and Compound–complex sentences, 361
Computers, using for writing, 7 choosing details to support, 170
effect, 278 Concluding paragraph, 288, 299
cite/site/sight, 400 Conjunctions, 349 Editorial comments in quoted material, 385
Class definition, 250 adverbial, 70–81 Effect, 277. See also Cause–and–effect
Classification paragraphs, 205–218
reasoning
484 effect/affect, 405

emigrate/immigrate, 406 Irony, quotation marks for, 381 I N D E X ■ 485
especially/special, 407 Irregular verbs, 25, 328–335
Essay map in thesis sentence, 291 Italics, 390–392 revising first draft, 149–156
Essays, 285–309 it’s/its, 403 support sentences, 134, 139
topic of, 131
body paragraphs, 288, 297–299 lay/laying/laid, 409 topic sentence, 134–139
concluding paragraph, 288, 299 Letters, used as letters, 381 unity of, 140
introductory paragraph, 288 lie/lying/lay, 408 working outline of, 145–148
introductory sentences for thesis Linking verbs, 22–24 Parallelism, in series, 85–88
Parentheses, 384
sentence, 295–297 tense, 27 Parenthetical expressions, 114. See also
sample student essays, 300–307 Listing (prewriting technique), 128
thesis sentence, 288–292 Lists, 82–94 Interrupters
titles of, 288 setting apart with dashes, 387
Evaluation (in concluding paragraph), 300 commas in, 83 Participial phrases, 354
Example paragraphs, 192–204 introducing with a colon, 88–93 passed/past, 399
evaluating for all elements, 194–199 parallelism in, 85–88 Passive voice, 337–340
topic sentence, 193 pro/con lists in persuasive paragraphs, Past participles, 328–332, 337
transitional expressions in, 193 Past perfect tense, 335, 336, 338
using an extended example, 199–202 266–268 Past tenses, 27, 327, 328–332, 338
Example technique, readings in, 431–438 uses in writing, 62 Period
Examples, using in persuasive Logical order, 142, 221 placement with parentheses, 384
loose/lose, 406 placement with quotation marks, 380
paragraphs, 268 Personal pronouns, 315
except/accept, 405 Metaphors, 164 personal/personnel, 406
Extended examples, 199–202 Misplaced modifying phrases, 357 Personification, 164, 214
Months, capitalizing names of, 375 Persuasion, 261
Facts, presenting to support arguments, 258 introductory phrases for, 107
farther/further, 406 Names/nicknames, quotation marks with, Persuasion technique, readings in,
First draft of a paragraph, 148–156 381
466–473
revising, 149–156 Narration, 177 Persuasive paragraphs, 261–283
writing, 148 Narrative paragraphs, 177–191
for, 45 argumentation, 261
figurative language, 164–170 developing, 179 cause–and–effect reasoning, 277–281
Fragments (sentence), 36–40 elements of, 178 organization patterns, 271–275
Future tenses, 27, 326, 328, 338 examples of, developed using focus pro/con lists, 266–268
support used to convince readers,
Gerund phrases, 354 questions, 180
Gerunds, 354 topic sentences, 178 268–271
transitional expressions, showing time topic sentence, 262
Helping verbs, 24–27 transitional expressions in, 275
hole/whole, 401 sequence, 181–184 Phrases, 351–360
Holidays, capitalizing names of, 375 writing exercises, using focus ques- absolute, 355
Hyphens, 389 gerund, 354
tions, 184–188 infinitive, 355
Ideas, order in paragraphs, 142 Narrative technique, readings in, 422–431 introductory, 103–109
immigrate/emigrate, 406 Negation, definition by, 250 misplaced and dangling modifiers, 357
Independent clauses, 11, 36, 351 Nonrestrictive clauses and phrases, participial, 354
prepositional, 16–18, 41, 351–354
combining using adverbial conjunc- 393–396 quotation marks with, 381
tions, 70–81 nor, 45 restrictive and nonrestrictive, 392–396
Nouns, 11, 40, 312–314 verb phrases, two– and three–word,
combining using semicolons, 63–69, 77
dependent clauses versus, 95–98 articles with, 370–374 411–414
linking with comma and coordinating in prepositional phrases, 16–18, 41 plain/plane, 399
plurals of, 312 Plurals, apostrophe in, 378, 379
conjunctions, 44–62, 77 possessive, apostrophe in, 376–380 Point–by–point method, comparison/
subordination of, 95 series or lists of, 82
Indefinite pronouns, 319 substitution of pronouns for in para- contrast paragraphs, 237, 238
Infinitive phrases, 355 Possession, indicating with apostrophe,
Informational process, 220 graphs, 145
Intensifiers, 320 Numbers, 376–378 378–380
Interjections, 350 Predicting consequences, 268, 300
Interrupters (in sentences), 114–120 Objective description, 160, 346 Prefixes, hyphens with, 389
necessary or not necessary, punctuat- Opinions, 268 Prepositional phrases, 16–18, 41, 351–354
or, 45 Prepositions, 351
ing, 115 oral/aural, 398
restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses Order of time, space, and ideas, 142 combination with adjectives and
Ownership or possession, indicating with adverbs, 367–370
and phrases, 392–396
single words and phrases, listing of 115 apostrophe, 378–380 commonly used, listing of, 17
Introductory paragraphs, 288 lists immediately following, 88
thesis sentence, 288–292 Paragraphs presence/presents, 399
Introductory phrases, 103–109 classification, 205–218 Present perfect tense, 335, 338
cause and effect, 106 coherence of, 141–145 Present tenses, 27, 326, 328, 332, 338
clarifying who, what, why, when, combining sentences to improve style, principal/principle, 400
121–124 Pro/con lists, 266–268
where, and how, 104–106 comparison and contrast, 233–248 Process, 219
comparison, 106 controlling idea, 134 directional and informational, 220
definition, 106 definition, 249–260 introductory phrases for, 107
description, 106 descriptive, 159–176 Process paragraphs, 219–232
persuation, 107 elements of, 133 connecting steps with transitional
process, 107 example, 192–204
Introductory sentences, 295–297 first draft of, 148 expressions, 223
Introductory words, 109–114, 143 modes of development, 127 directional and informational process,
uses of, 110 narrative, 177–191
words that cannot be used as, 112 persuasive, 261–283 220
prewriting techniques, 128–132 organizing steps in order, 221–223
process, 219–232 topic sentence, 223
Process technique, readings in, 445–452

486 ■ I N D E X so, 45 in narrative paragraphs, 178
Sound (descriptive images), 162 in persuasive paragraphs, 262
Pronoun reference errors, 13, 40 Space, logical order in, 142 in process paragraphs, 223
Pronouns, 12, 314–325 special/especially, 407 topic/subject and controlling idea, 134,
Spelling
agreement with antecedents, 321–323 297–299
antecedent(s) of, 314 commonly misspelled words, 397 Transitional expressions, 143
demonstrative, 318 contractions and similar–sounding
indefinite, 319 for cause/effect writing, 278
personal, 315 words, 403–405 connecting comparisons and
reflexive, 320 of similar–sounding words, 398–403
relative, 316–318 of verbs pronounced similarly, 408–410 contrasts, 239
substituting for key nouns in para- of words sounding or looking almost connecting process steps, 223
commonly used, listing of, 144
graphs, 145 alike, 405–407 introducing examples, 193
Proper nouns, 11, 40, 313 Subtitles, colon preceding, 89 linking classifications with, 208
Subject (or topic) of topic sentences, for persuasion, 275
capitalization of, 375 showing time sequence, 181–184
Punctuation, 6. See also names of individ- 134, 297
Subject(s) (of sentences), 11–16 Underlining, 390–392
ual punctuation marks Unity, paragraph, 140
placement with parentheses, 384 agreement with verbs, 341–345
placement with quotation marks, 380 prepositional phrases, 16 Verb phrases, two– and
functions of, 13 three–word, 411
Questions for topic development. See Who, nouns, 11
what, why, when, where, and how prepositional phrases and, 16–18 Verb tense, 27–32, 326–337
pronoun reference error, 13 Verbs, 19–27, 326–345
quiet/quit/quite, 407 pronouns, 12
Quotation marks, 380–384 Subjective description, 160, 346 action, 19–22
Quoted material, brackets in, 385 Subordinating conjunctions, 95, 350. See agreement with subjects,

rain/reign/rein, 400 also dependent clauses 341–345
raise/raising/raised, 409 introductory words and, 112 confusing verbs pronounced
Referring to an authority, 268 transitional expressions in paragraphs,
Relative pronouns, 316–318, 392 similarly, 408–410
Restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses and 144 differences in American and British
Subordination, 95, 361
phrases, 392–396 Support sentences (in paragraphs), 134, 139 usage, 332
right/rite/write, 401 gerunds, 354
rise/rising/rose, 408 in body paragraphs, 297 helping, 24–27
Run–on sentences, 55–58, 60, 361 developing the controlling idea, 134 infinitive, 355
paragraph unity and, 140 irregular, 25, 328–335
Salutation of business letter, colon in, 89 six important support questions, 298 linking, 22–24
Sarcasm, quotation marks for, 381 Surprise or wonderment (introductory lists immediately following, 88
Semicolon(s) participial phrases, 354
words), 110 series of lists of, 82
combining independent clauses, Syllables, separation with hyphens, 389 voice of, 337–340
63–69, 77 Synonym definition, 250
waist/waste, 400
preceding adverbial conjunctions, 71 Taste (descriptive images), 162 Warnings (in concluding paragraph), 299
quotation marks and, 380 Tense (verbs), 27–32, 326–337 weather/whether, 401
Sensory images, 162–164, 167–169, 346 we’re/were/where, 403
Sentence fragments, 36–40, 42 irregular verbs, 328–335 Who, what, why, when, where, and how
Sentence modifier, 114 than/then, 407
Sentences, 360–367 that, clauses beginning with, 393 asking in developing narrative para-
capitalizing first word in, 375 the, 370–374 graphs, 180, 184–188
combining to improve style, Thesis sentence, 288–292
asking in developing paragraph topic,
121–124, 366 essay map in, 291 139, 156
complex, 95–102, 361 writer’s attitude toward the topic, 290
compound. See Compound sentences they’re/their/there, 403 defining with introductory phrases,
compound–complex, 361 thorough/though, 407 104–106
interrupters, 114–120 through/threw, 407
introductory phrases, 103–109 Time using as development focus for
introductory words, 109–114 chronological order, 142 topics, 298
numbers beginning, 377 colon in figures denoting, 89
run–on and comma splice, 55–58, 361 numbers expressing, 376 whole/hole, 401
simple. See Simple sentences showing sequence with transitional who’s/whose, 404
variety in, 149 Words
Series, 82. See also Lists expressions, 181–184
set/setting/set, 409 Titles of works commonly misspelled, 397
Sight (descriptive images), 162 contractions and similar–sounding
sight/site/cite, 400 colon in, 89
Similes, 164 essays, 288 words, 403–405
Simple past tense, 327 quotation marks with, 380 pronounced alike, spelled differently,
Simple present tense, 326 underlining and italics in, 390–392
Simple sentences, 11–43, 360. See also to/too/two, 400 398–403
Topic, 131, 297 sounding or looking almost alike,
independent clauses Topic sentence, 134–139
compound subjects, 32 in body paragraphs, 297 405–407
sentence fragments, correcting, in cause/effect paragraphs, 279 used as words, 381
in classification paragraphs, 207 Working outlines for paragraphs, 145–148
36–40, 42 in comparison/contrast paragraphs, write/right/rite, 401
subject, 11–18 Writing
verbs, 19–27 235–237 good versus poor writing, understand-
Single quotation marks, 381 dominant impression in, 160–162
sit/sitting/sat, 409 in example paragraphs, 193 ing, 4–7
Slang, 6 in extended definition paragraphs, 252 importance of, 1–3
Smell (descriptive images), 162 missing a controlling idea, focus lack- poor writing, major problems of, 3
using computers for, 7
ing in, 135
yet, 45
you’re/your, 404

EDITING AND REVISING SYMBOLS

abbr abbreviation mistake
agr agreement problem
cap capitalization error
cs comma splice
dm dangling modifier
frag sentence fragment
mm misplaced modifier
¶ new paragraph
no ¶ no new paragraph
pro ref pronoun reference mistake
ro run on (fused) sentence
sp spelling problem
s-v agr subject-verb agreement
vag vague, non-specific idea
vt verb tense mistake
wc word choice problem
wdy wordy
, insert comma
; insert semicolon
’ insert apostrophe
“” insert quotation marks
?? unclear meaning
X remove
transpose letters, words, phrases