Christopher Chong (Class of 2022) - Blue Science Portfolio #2 (2)

Blue Science Portfolio

TOC

Scientific Discoveries Presentation: Pg 3 QUIZ: Solubility and Naming Pg 51
Atomic Structure Project Pg 53
Scientific Method Quiz: Pg 4 Pg 67
Density Practice Pg 68
Cassini Spacecraft article Pg 8
Scientific Method Quiz Pg 80
Metric Measurement Scavenger Hunt Pg 9 Pg 85
Phase Changes of Water
Density Lab Pg 11 Pg 88
Heat Energy
Density Quiz Practice Pg 17 Pg 94
Pg 101
Scientific Method Test Pg 19 Phase Changes Quiz Pg 103
Phase Changes of Water Pg 30 Mixture Project Pg 104
Pg 92
Calculating Heat Energy Pg 35 Classifying Matter
Quiz Phase Changes Pg 38 Naming Compounds
Mixture Project Pg 42 Quiz Inclined Plane
Quiz Classifying Matter Pg 45 Thermal Energy Project

1.Scientific Discoveries Presentation

2.QUIZ: Scientific Method

Scientific Method

Directions: ​Read the following description of an experiment and complete the
components of the scientific method.

Experiment:
Option #1: ​Patrick believed that fish would become smarter and complete a maze
faster if they ate food that was placed in a microwave first. He had 100 fish that he
could use for the experiment. He evaluated their intelligence based on their time to
complete the maze.

Option #2:​ Mr. Smithers believed that Caffeine may make people more alert. Mr.
Smithers tested 100 people by using their scores in the same video game. Devin had 3
different brands of drinks with 10 g, 20 g, and 30 g of caffeine respectively. He
measured their scores on a video game that had a range of 0-1000 points. Some of the
players were not given caffeine drinks. on the game

*Help Mr. Smithers design an effective experiment and write a conclusion that analyzes
your results.

Problem Statement
Does drinking caffeine make people more alert?

Hypothesis
If players are given caffeine, then they will be more alert than the players that are not
given caffeine

Independent Variable
How much caffeine the players are given

Dependent Variable
How high they scored on the video game

Constants​ (Pick 2)
Amount of time started playing the game after Amount of time given to play the game
caffeine was consumed.

Control
There were some players that were not given caffeine.

Basic Procedures​:
(List 5-8 steps)

1. Give 25 people drinks with 10g of caffeine, 25 people drinks with 20g of caffeine,25
people drinks with 30g of caffeine and give 25 people no caffeine.

2. Be sure to have the players play the game directly after they are given the caffeine
since the effects of the caffeine may wear off after a while resulting in inaccurate
results

3. Make sure that they are all given the same amount of time to play the game.
Example:​ The average score of the players given 10g of caffeine was 570. This was
found by adding up all the scores that the players got on the game and divided by 25.

4. Test every single person and record their score
5. Find the average score of their group.​Example​: The average score of the players

given 10g of caffeine was 570. This was found by adding up all the scores that the
players(Only the players that were given 10 grams) got on the game and divided by
25.

Data Table:​ (Place data table here)
All data for the scores of the players were found by finding the average score of the 25 people in
the groups.

Amount of 10g 20g 30g None

Caffeine Given

Score 570 650 730 450

Graph:​ (Place graph here)

This is the graph I created shows the scores of the players and the caffeine they were given,

Conclusion:
Purpose, Hypothesis, Description, Data or evidence, Improvements, Conclusion
Mr Smithers is doing this experiment to see if caffeine affects how alert people are. His
hypothesis is, if I give the person more caffeine, then they will score higher in the game. There
is 3 drinks that each contain a different amount of caffeine. One of them has 10 Grams, another
has 20 grams, and the last one has 30 grams. There is 100 people in total that he is testing. 25
will be given the drink with 10 grams of caffeine, another 25 will be given the drink with 20
grams of caffeine, 25 will be given the drink with 30 grams of caffeine, and the last 25 people
will be given no caffeine.The control will be the 25 people that are not given caffeine. The
independant variable is the amount of caffeine the players are given. The dependant variable is
how high they score on the video game. The first constant is the amount of time after the
caffeine is consumed that the player starts the game since the effects of the caffeine may start
to wear off after a while. The other constant is the amount of time they are given to play the
game because if a player is given more time to play the game, they will have more time to earn
points. After testing the groups, the people that were given no caffeine had an average score of
400, the 25 people that were given 10 grams of caffeine scored an average of 570 on the
game,the people that were given 20 grams scored an average of 650, and the people that were
given 30 grams had an average score of 730. This shows that the more caffeine a person is
given, the more alert they will be.

3. Reflection

We have just completed the Scientific Method Unit. I have gathered lots of new skills in
knowledge after this unit. Some of these skills include, how to make a graph in Google
Spreadsheet and how to make a proper graph for data I gather. I also relearned the parts of the
scientific method. The parts include, the problem statement, the hypothesis, the independent
and dependant variables, the constant and the control group. The problem statement is what
you are trying to achieve or figure out by doing the experiment. The hypothesis is an educated
guess based on your prior knowledge to what will happen in the experiment. The independent
variable is the part of the experiment that the scientist changes. The dependant variable is the
data that

Cassini Spacecraft Article

Back to Saturn? Five missions proposed to follow Cassini | Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
http://www.post-gazette.com/news/science/2017/09/17/Back-to-Saturn-Five-missions-proposed-
to-follow-Cassini/stories/201709170162

This article talked about the evergoing future colonization of other planets. In

Metric Measurement Scavenger Hunt

Metric Measurement

1. Research the history of the Metric System
The first practical realization of the metric system was made in 1799 during the french
revolution.
The metric system was created in 1668 by John Wilkins.

2. What are the Base Units for Length, Mass, Volume and Temperature?
The Base unit of length is meter
The base unit of temperature is celsius
The base unit of mass is kilos
The base unit of volume is liters

3. Why is the Metric System easier to use?
The metric system is a decimal system of weights and measures, it is easy to convert between
units.

4. Measure the Length and Width of your desk in m, cm, and mm. Construct a Data Table
to record the information. 136.5 cm length 60 cm width

Area=16714 centimeters squared
All units are squared

Units Meters Centimeters Millimeters

Length 1.365 136.5 1365

Width 0.60 60 600

Area 0.819 8190 819000

5. What is the area of your desk in square cm? Include in the data table.
6. Measure the height of 3 classmates in meters. Record on a data table.

Unit Meters
Jack 1.73736
Andre 1.6764
Chris 1.6764

7. What is the area of a cabinet door in square cm?

3285 centimeters squared
8. How many km is it from NY to LA? How many meters?

4492.9 kilometers 44929 meters
9. How many km from the Earth to the Sun? How many meters?

149.6 million Kilometers 1496 million meters
10. What is the length of 3 objects of your choice in the classroom?

Water vase with stained glass inside=23 centimeters. Paper towel roll, 28 centimeters Baseball
bat= 80 centimeters

11. How many meters long was the Titanic? How many kilometers?
269 meters long .269 kilometers long

Density Lab

Name:Chris Chong
Class: Science 2
Teacher: Lopez
Date9/26/17

Investigation Title: Density of objects based on their mass and volume

I. Investigation Design
A. Problem Statement:
Can metal be identified by density

B. Hypothesis:
If the density is known then you will be able to identify the material

C. Independent Variable: x Object D Object E Object F Object G Object H
Levels of IV

Object A Object B Object C

D. Dependent Variable:y
The density of the object

E. Constants: Amount of water inside The way the material was put
The Graduated Cylinder graduated cylinder inside the graduated cylinder.

F. Control:
Water:The density of the water _____

G. Materials: (List with numbers)

1=copper
2=Tin
3=Bronze
4=Brass(Alloy)

5=Zink
6=Aluminum
7=Copper
8=Aluminum

H. Procedures: (List with numbers and details)
1. Weigh the material with a triple beam balance
2. Fill the graduated cylinder to 60 mL
3. Tilt the graduated cylinder slightly and place the object inside
4. Record how high the water’s level increased
5. Subtract the volume that the water increased after the item was put in from 60 to get the
volume of the object
6. To find the density, take the mass and divide it by the volume.

II. Data Collection
A. Qualitative Observations:
1. The kind of material is copper. The color of it is very similar to a penny. Most likely
because pennies are made of copper.
2. The kind of material is tin. It has a very lightweight feel to it and looks a lot like silver.
3. The kind of material is bronze. It is 1.3 inches wide, 1.3 inches long, and 1.3 inches high.
It is a dull gold color with a little bit of shine. It is in a perfect cube shape with a very
heavy feel to it
4. The kind of material is brass.This object is a very light gold color but with much less
weight than the bronze.
5. The kind of object is zinc.This object is a darker color gold than the brass and has a
slightly lighter feel than the brass.
6. The material is aluminum. It is in a cylinder shape and has a much lighter feel than the
zinc
7. The kind of material is copper. It is in a rectangular prism shape and it feels about the
same weight as the brass.
8. The material is aluminum. It is also in a rectangular prism shape and just like material 7,
it has a very light feel to it.

B. Quantitative Observations: (Key data)
1. Data Table

Metal Day 1 Day2
Copper 72.5 9.567
Tin 5.8 5.8
Bronze 121.5 121.5
Brass 8.5625 8.5625
Zink 7.25 7.25
Aluminum 2.68 2.68
Copper 9.0625 9.0625
Aluminum 2.75 2.75

2. Graph

3. Calculations

1. Brass=68.5g/ 8= 8.5625
2. Copper=28.7g/3cm3=9.567g/cm3
3. Aluminum= 29.5g/11 cm 3=2.68g/cm3

Show 3 Math Examples

Copper

D = m/v

D= 27 g
3 cm3

D = 9 g/cm​3

III. Data Analysis/Conclusion

In our experiment, we had to find the density of the materials we were given. The first
day, the materials were labeled with letters. The second day, the materials were the same only
they were labeled with numbers. To find out which lettered material matched with which
numbered material, we had to, find the objects densities. To do this. We weighed the objects
and found their volume. To find the density of the objects, we divided the object’s weights by the
volume. Object A has a mass of 68.5g. it‘s volume is 8 mL. When we divided its mass by its
volume, object A’s density was 8.5625 CM3. The second day, object 4 had the same exact
mass as object A. When we found its volume, it also had a density of 8.5625 CM3. This means
that object A is the same material as object 4. Another Example of using this same logic is with
objects B and 3. Object B has a mass of 267G. When we found that it had a volume of
2.197cm3 we found it’s density which came out to be 4.3g/cm3. Object 3 also had a mass of
267 grams and it had the same volume as object be which got us the same answer,
2.197g/cm3.

Our experiment involved finding out the density of objects based on their mass and
volume. The problem statement was can the kind of metal be identified based on its density.
Our hypothesis was, when you know the density of the metal, you will be able to identify what
metal it is. The independent variables were the kind of metal we tested. The dependant variable
was the density of the material. The constants were the graduated cylinder used to find the
object’s volume, the amount of water inside the graduated cylinder, and the way the material
was put inside of it. The control was the water’s density. On the first day the materials were
labeled with letters. Since we had to find the density, we found the mass for all the objects by
placing them on a triple beam balance. Next we had to find the volume.We found the volume by
filling up a graduated cylinder with 60mL of water. We then tilted the graduated cylinder to the
side and slid the object in. Next we placed the graduated cylinder on a flat surface and saw how
much the water was displaced. To find the displacement, we subtracted the volume of water
after we put it in, from the amount of water that was in the cylinder before the object was placed
inside. This gave us the object’s volume so we could then find the density by doing, M/V. The
second day the objects were the same only they were mixed up and labeled with numbers
instead of letters. We had to find which number was the same material as the materials that
were matched with letters the day before. To do this we had to repeat the process of finding the

material’s mass and then finding it’s volume in order to find its density. When we found the
densities of all the objects, we could match up which numbered object was the same as which
lettered object. In conclusion, our hypothesis was correct and you can identify the material by
finding their density

IV. Research and Applications
5 6-8 sentences about your topic
1. How does density relate to Plate Tectonics?

Plate tectonics is the moving of the Earth’s plates over the mantle. The earth’s plates only move
about 2.5 cm per year but after a long time, it will start to make drastic changes to the way the
continents are placed around each other. Density plays a key role in plate tectonics. In
convection which is the process when a less dense material rises and a more dense material
lowers. Convection is the key element that makes the plates move so without density, plate
tectonics wouldn’t be possible.

2. How does density relate to Land/Sea Breezes?
Density relates to land/sea breezes since in colder air the density is low while in warmer air, the
density is higher. Due to this, the air pressure will be lower at the surface in a warm region due
to the less dense air rising

3. How does Bone Density affect the health of a person?
Bone density heavily affects a person’s health. A person with less dense bones will break them
easier than a person that has bones with a higher density.

*How does Density relate to Plate Tectonics?

V. References and Citations
● 2 or 3 web links

https://www.livescience.com/37706-what-is-plate-tectonics.html

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.cornel
l.edu%2Fgeology%2Fclasses%2FGeo101%2F101week9_f05.html&safe=active

https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/amnh/earthquakes-and-volcanoes/plate-tectonic
s/a/plates-on-the-move

1=copper
2=Tin
3=Bronze
4=Brass(Alloy)
5=Zink
6=Aluminum
7=Copper
8=Aluminum

Density Quiz Practice

If the density of water is 1 gram/cm3, this means that the mass of 100 cm3 of water should be
Wood floats in water. If you measured the mass of the same volume of wood and water
The density of hot an cold water are different mainly because
Calculate the density of sulfuric acid if 35.4 mL of the acid is 65.14 g.

The density of silver is 10.49 g/cm3. If a sample of pure silver has a volume of 27 cm3, what
would be its mass?

A student finds a rock on the way to school. In the laboratory he determines that the volume of
the rock is 34.5 cm3, and the mass is 48.3 g. What is the density of the rock?

A scientist conducted an experiment to determine how the amount of salt in a body of water
affects the number of plants that can live in the water. In this experiment the dependent variable
is _____________.

In an experiment, the one variable that is changed by the experimenter is called the
_____________.

A scientist who wants to study the effects of fertilizer on plants sets up an experiment. Plant A
gets no fertilizer, Plant B gets 5 mg. of fertilizer each day, and Plant C gets 10mg. of fertilizer
each day. Which plant is the control group.

Homer notices that his shower is covered in a strange green slime. Homer decides to spray half
of the shower with coconut juice thinking this will kill the slime. He sprays the other half of the
shower with water. After 3 days of "treatment" the green slime on the coconut juice side of the
shower dies. The dependent variable in his experiment is _____________.

A scientist plants two rows of corn for experimentation. She puts fertilizer on row 1 but does not
put fertilizer on row 2. Both rows receive the same amount of water and light intensity. She
checks the growth of the corn over the course of 5 months. What is a constant in this
experiment.

A student hypothesized that the amount of sunlight a sunflower plant receives determines the
number of sunflower seeds the plant produces. In her experiment, the number of seeds
produces is the _____.

Sarah wanted to find out if temperature has an effect on the growth of bread mold. She grew the
mold in nine Petri dishes containing the same amount and type of nutrients. Three were kept at
0 C, three were kept at 90 C, and three were kept at room temperature, 27 C. The containers
were examined and the growth of the bread mold was recorded each Friday for five weeks.
Which of the following is her hypothesis?

5.9 km = _____________ m

756.0 cg = _____________ g

23,000 mm = _____________ m

Scientific Method Quiz

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

1. A scientist conducted an experiment to determine how the amount
of salt in a body of water affects the number of plants that can live in
the water. In this experiment the dependent variable is
_____________.

Your Answer: t​ he number of plants in the water

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

2. A scientist hypothesizes that the temperature at which an
alligator's egg is incubated will determine whether the alligator will
be male or female. The independent variable is ____________.

Your Answer: ​the temperature

Correct

0 / 1 point(s)

3. In an experiment, the factor that we measure and is on the Y-axis
is called the ____________.

Your Answer: d​ ependent variable

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

4. In an experiment, the one variable that is changed by the
experimenter is called the _____________.

Your Answer: ​independent variable

Correct

0 / 1 point(s)

5. If you were measuring the mass of a fly, you should use
____________.

Your Answer: ​milagrams

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

6. If you wanted to know the volume of water in a small can of soda,
you would use ______________.

Your Answer: m​ illiliters

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

7. A scientist who wants to study the affects of fertilizer on plants
sets up an experiment. Plant A gets no fertilizer, Plant B gets 5 mg.
of fertilizer each day, and Plant C gets 10mg. of fertilizer each day.
Which plant is the control?

Your Answer: ​Plant A

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

8. Victoria grows the same bacteria in 20 petri dishes. She places 10
of the dishes in a container with a normal atmosphere. The
remaining dishes she places in a container in which the oxygen level
is double the normal level. She labels the first group "A" and the
second group "B". Which of the following best describes the
groups?

Your Answer: G​ roup A is the control group; Group B is the experimental group

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

9. Homer notices that his shower is covered in a strange green
slime. Homer decides to spray half of the shower with coconut juice
thinking this will kill the slime. He sprays the other half of the shower
with water. After 3 days of "treatment" the green slime on the
coconut juice side of the shower dies. The dependent variable in his
experiment is _____________.

Your Answer: ​Whether or not the treatment worked

Correct

0 / 1 point(s)

10. For an experiment, a scientist put lime at the base of tomato
plant A and baking soda at the base of tomato plant B. She then
sealed the plants in plastic bags. Tomato plant A eventually died,
and tomato plant B stayed healthy. What is the Independent Variable
in this experiment?

Your Answer: ​What was put at the base of the plant

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

11. I am trying to clean my bathroom because it has mold on the
bottom. I was told to use oxy clean to get it up. I use oxy clean on
half of the bathroom and water on the other half. The control is:

Your Answer: ​water

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

12. A scientist plants two rows of corn for experimentation. She puts
fertilizer on row 1 but does not put fertilizer on row 2. Both rows
receive the same amount of water and light intensity. She checks the
growth of the corn over the course of 5 months. What is a constant
in this experiment.

Your Answer: ​Amount of water

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

13. A student wants to conduct an experiment to find out how pulse
rates changes as the length of time spent exercising increases. The
dependent variable will be _____.

Your Answer: ​pulse rate

Correct

0 / 1 point(s)

14. A student hypothesized that the amount of sunlight a sunflower
plant receives determines the number of sunflower seeds the plant
produces. In her experiment, the number of seeds produced is the
_____.

Your Answer: d​ ependent variable

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

15. In a controlled experiment, the independent variable is ____.

Your Answer: c​ hanged to test the hypothesis - it goes on the x-axis

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

16. Sarah wanted to find out if temperature has an effect on the
growth of bread mold. She grew the mold in nine Petri dishes
containing the same amount and type of nutrients. Three were kept
at 0 C, three were kept at 90 C, and three were kept at room
temperature, 27 C. The containers were examined and the growth of
the bread mold was recorded each Friday for five weeks. Which of
the following is her hypothesis?

Your Answer: ​If the temperature changes then the amount of bread mold will change.

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

17. Sarah wanted to find out if temperature has an effect on the
growth of bread mold. She grew the mold in nine Petri dishes
containing the same amount and type of nutrients. Three were kept
at 0 C, three were kept at 90 C, and three were kept at room

temperature, 27 C. The containers were examined and the growth of
the bread mold was recorded each Friday for five weeks. The
independent variable is:

Your Answer: t​ emperature of the containers

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

18. What is the independent variable in the experiment found in the
link below?

Your Answer: c​ olor of the light

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

19. In the experiment found on the link, all of the following variables
must be held constant EXCEPT

Your Answer: ​color of the light

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

20. An unknown substance from planet X has a density of 10 g/mL. It
occupies a volume of 80 mL. What is the mass of this unknown
substance?

Your Answer: ​800 g

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

21. A graduated cylinder has 22 mL of water placed in it. An
irregularly shaped rock is then placed in the graduated cylinder and
the volume of the rock and water in the graduated cylinder now

reads 30 mL . The mass of the rock is 24 g. What is the density of the
rock?

Your Answer: 3​ g/cm3

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

22. A rectangular solid of unknown density is 5 cm long, 2 cm high,
and 4 cm wide. The mass of this solid is 300 grams. Given this
information for this homogeneous material, calculate the density.

Your Answer: 7​ .5 g/cm3

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

23. Silver has a density of 10.5 g/cm3 and gold has a density of 19.3
g/cm3 . Which would have a greater mass, 5 cm3 of silver or 5 cm3
of gold?

Your Answer: ​Gold

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

24. A 28.5 g of iron is added to a graduated cylinder containing 45.5
mL of water. The water level rises to the 49.1 mark. Calculate the
density.

Your Answer: ​7.92 g/cm3

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

25. 43.2 m = __________ mm

Your Answer: 4​ 3200

26. 8700 mL = ________ L Correct

Your Answer: ​8.7 +1 / 1 point(s)

27. 5.9 km = _____________ m Correct

Your Answer: ​5900 +1 / 1 point(s)

28. 756.0 cg = _____________ g Correct

Your Answer: 7​ .56 +1 / 1 point(s)

29. 23,000 mm = _____________ m Correct

Your Answer: ​23 +1 / 1 point(s)

30. Metric Unit for Mass Correct

Your Answer: G​ RAMS +1 / 1 point(s)

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

31. Metric Unit for Density of a Solid

Your Answer: ​g/cm3

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

32. Metric Unit for Density of a Liquid

Your Answer: ​g/mL

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

33. Which appliance is used twice as many hours on the weekends
as it is on weekdays?

Your Answer: ​TV

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

34.On average, how many hours is the computer used on a
weekday?

Your Answer: ​2

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

35. Which 2 objects are the same substance?

Your Answer: ​1 and 4

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

36. What would the mass of the gold in B if the volume is 50% of A?

Your Answer: 5​ 00 g

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

37. Why does the Oceanic Plate sink below the Continental Plate in
the picture?

Your Answer: T​ he Oceanic Plate made of Basalt is MORE DENSE than the
Continental Plate made of Granite.

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

38. Why are mountains such as the Himalayans formed? Study the
picture.

Your Answer: C​ ontinental plates collide with equal density Continental Plates and are
forced upwards.

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

39. What volume of silver metal will have a mass of exactly 300.0 g.
The density of silver is 10.5 g/cm3.

Your Answer: ​28.6 cm3

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

40. The density of lead is 11.342 g/cm3. What would be the volume of
a 400.0 g sample of this metal?

Your Answer: ​35.3 cm3

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

41. If two objects have the same volume but one has a greater mass,
the one with greater mass

Your Answer: h​ as a higher density

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

42. If the density of water is 1 gram/cm3, this means that the mass of
100 cm3 of water should be

Your Answer: ​100 grams

Correct

+1 / 1 point(s)

43. The density of hot an cold water are different mainly because

Your Answer: t​ he molecules in hot water move faster and are slightly further apart

Phase Changes of Water

3. Activity: Phase Change of Water

Directions:
● Melt the ice water and record the temperatures every 30 seconds until you reach the
boiling point of water.
● Record the temperatures on the following data table:
​ C​ onstruct a graph of your results. *​Use Link on Classroom
● Respond to the Critical Thinking Questions

Graph:

Critical Thinking Questions:

1. When did the temperatures stay the same on the graph? Why did the
temperatures stay the same at 2 points during the lab?

The temperatures stayed the same because a phase change was occurring.
2. How would the graph be different if we tried this experiment with Gold?

Explain:T​ he graph would have had much higher temperatures and much
higher times since gold has a much higher heat of fusion and heat of
vaporization than water does. It takes much more energy to melt gold, get it to
it’s boiling point and turn it into vapor than it does with water.
3. What is the role of energy during the phase changes?
For every solid object, a certain amount of energy is required to get that solid
object to its melting point or it’s heat of fusion. Next it will have a physical
change and turn into a liquid. It’s temperature will continue to rise until it gets
to it’s heat of vaporization which will turn it into a gas form. Each time the
object changed physically and gained temperature, it required more and more
energy.

4. Describe the motion of the molecules throughout the experiment. Find
diagrams that show the motion.

In the beginning, the molecules in the water will barely be moving. The molecules
with partial negative charges will be attracted to the molecules with partial
positive charges and vice versa. As heat is added, the molecules will start to
move around more and become a lot more spread out than when the object was
in a solid form. In a liquid form, the molecules are less lined up than in a solid and
moving around more. Finally in a gas, the molecules are moving around
everywhere and are all over the place.
5. How does the Average Kinetic Energy change throughout the experiment?

(Be specific)
6. Suppose you had 200 mL of ice in one beaker and 400 mL of ice in another

beaker. Compare and explain the following in the beakers after they have
reached the boiling point:
A. Heat Energy
B. Temperature
C. Average Kinetic Energy
D. Specific Heat
E. Latent Heat (Define it)

Latent heat is the amount of heat that is required to turn a solid into a liquid or
vapor without changing its temperature
The higher the amount of water the more amount of energy is required to get it to
its melting point and its point of vaporization. With 200 mL of water,it would take
it 66720 joules of energy to get it to it’s melting point. With 400 mL of water it
would take exactly double the amount of joules it takes to melt 200 mL of water.
So it would take 133440 joules of energy to melt 400 mL of ice since it has double
the mass of 200 mL of ice. The exact temperature of when the ice starts melting
for both 200mL and 400mL would be 0 degrees celsius. The boiling point of both
the amounts of water is 100 degrees celsius. In the graph, when the temperature
is going up so is the kinetic energy of the water since the molecules inside the
water will start to shake more the more amount of energy that is added.

7. Why do we put water in a car’s engine? Explain:
We add a mixture of coolant and water in order to keep the engine from

overheating. This excessive heat it made by the energy that is being put into
the engine in order to power the car. Since the cylinders in the car’s engine
are moving so fast, they create a lot of kinetic energy which means that they
will also create a high amount of heat.

This is a graph showing the phase changes of slowly melting Moth Crystals. The temperature
started at 62​o​ Celsius and gradually started to go down until it hit its melting point at 53o​ ..​ We
recorded the temperature of the crystals once every half a minute.We recorded 53​o​ 21 times in
10 minutes since the crystals were undergoing a phase change at that temperature. After that,
the temperature of the crystals decreased rapidly until we ended the experiment at 21.5
minutes.

Gases have the most kinetic energy

Evaporation occurs at the surface of liquid that is not boiling

Average kinetic energy of particles

Calculate Heat Energy: * SH

Apply the following Equations: Boiling Heat of
Heat = Mass * Heat of Fusion Pt. (​ C) Vaporization
Heat = Mass * Change in Temperature
Heat = Mass * Heat of Vaporization (cal/g)
Data Table:

Metal Mass Heat of Melting Specific Heat
Fusion Pt.​ (C) Heat Energy
(cal/g) (cal/gC) (cal)

Water 65 g 80 0 100 540 1

Aluminum 65 g 95 660 2467 2500 0.21

Gold 65 g 15 1063 2800 377 0.03

Copper 65 g 49 1085 2562 4730 .385

*SHOW ALL MATH STEPS
Math Steps (____ out of 4)
A. Aluminum
Heat=m*hf​ usion

Heat = 65g*95 cal/g

Heat= 6175 joules
Melted the aluminum and made it liquid
Heat=m*change in temperature*SH
Heat=65*18070​ ​*0.21cal/gC
Heat=24665.5 calories
I got the liquid aluminum to its boiling point
Heat=m*hv​ aporization
Heat =65g*2500cal/g
Heat= 162500 Cal
213340.5 calories

B. Gold
Heat = m*H​fusion
Heat=65g*15cal/g
heat = 975calories
Heat= 65*17370​ *​ 0.03cal/gC
3387.15Calories

Heat=M*H​Vaporization
Heat=65g*377 cal/g
Heat=24505 calories

Heat=28867.615 calories

C. Water
Heat=M*H​fusion
Heat=65*80c
5200 calories
Heat=M*change in temperature*1
Heat=65g*100c*1
Heat=6500 Calories
Heat=M*Hv​ aporization
Heat=65g*540cal/g
Heat=35100 calories
Heat=46800

Graph your Results:
Questions:

1. How are the substances different?
The substances all require different amounts of energy for their heat of vaporization, their heat
of fusion, and their melting point. A substance with a higher heat of fusion will also have a
higher heat of vaporization.

2. What is the difference between Heat and Temperature?
Heat is the amount of energy put into an object to raise itś temperature. Temperature is

3. Place your Heat Energy results in Scientific Notation.
4. Why do metals have such low specific heats? How does this relate to Conductors?

5. How are Heat and Temperature different for the following pictures of​ ​boiling

water? Explain:​ (Hint: Use the Heat equation)

QUIZ: Phase Changes

Calculate Heat Energy: * SH

Apply the following Equations: Boiling Heat of
Heat = Mass * Heat of Fusion Pt. (​ C) Vaporization
Heat = Mass * Change in Temperature
Heat = Mass * Heat of Vaporization (cal/g)
Data Table:

Metal Mass Heat of Melting Specific Heat
Fusion Pt.​ (C) Heat Energy
(cal/g) (cal/gC) (cal)

Water 37 g 80 0 100 540 1 26640

Silver 37 g 26 961 2212 2356 0.057 90772.4

Directions: D​ etermine the Heat Energy required to completely evaporate the substances in the
data table.

*SHOW ALL MATH STEPS
Math Steps (____ out of 4)
A. Water

Heat=M*H/F​ usion
Heat=37g*80cal/g
Heat=2960 calories

Heat=M*Change In temperature*SH
Heat=37g*100o​ C​ *1 cal/gC
Heat=3700 Calories

Heat= M*H/V​ aporization
Heat=37g*540 cal/g

19980 Calories

Heat energy= 19980 calories+2960 calories+3700 Calories
Heat energy= 26640 Calories

Scientific Notation:
2.664*104​
B. Silver
Heat=M*H/​Fusion
Heat=37g*26 cal/g
Heat=962 Calories

Heat=M*Change In temperature*SH
Heat=37g*1251​oC​ *0.057 Cal/gC
Heat=2638.4 Calories

Heat= M*H/​Vaporization
Heat=37g*2356o​ ​C
Heat=87172 calories

Heat Energy= 2638 cal*962 cal*87172 cal

Heat energy
Scientific Notation:
9.07724 × 104​

Graph your Results:

Writing (_____ out of 4)
Questions:

1. How are Heat and Temperature different for the following pictures of​ ​boiling​ ​water?

Explain:​ (Hint: Use the Heat equation)
The heat and temperature are different because the picture on the left has much more

mass than the picture on the right. To get the picture of water on the left to its boiling point
would take an enormous amount of heat energy due to the amount of mass it has. To get the
picture of water on the right to its boiling point would take much less heat energy since it has so
much less mass than the water on the left. Both of the water in the picture are required to get to
100o​ ​ in order to boil but since the picture on the left has more mass, it will take much more
energy to get all of its water to boil.

2. How can you use the unit (cal/gC) to explain the difference between Water and Silver?
Cal/gC represents is the unit used for the specific heat of an object with water and

silver, water has a much higher specific heat at 1 cal/gC than silver at 0.057 cal/gC. This
means that water​ will melt much faster than silver since it has a higher specific h​eat. It
also means that silver is a better conductor of heat than water is since it takes more heat
to get it to its melting point.

3. Would it be possible for there to be solid oxygen on another planet? Explain:
It would be possible for there to be solid oxygen on another planet. This is

because our planet's temperature will never go or even get close to -218​oC​ . On other

planets though, the temperature may go down to 218o​ C​ and cause the oxygen, if there is
any, to reach it´s freezing point and become solid.
Oxygen Melting Point: -218 C
Oxygen Boiling Point: -183 C

In this experiment

Mixture Project

Textbook: Chapter 15 (448-473)

Due:
Vocabulary
Directions: W​ rite the definition and master the words on Vocab.com.
Include a screenshot on google drive showing your mastery of the words.
Include a picture that represents each word.

Substance Heterogeneous Solubility Solvent
Mixture
Element Atom Saturated
Homogeneous
Compound Mixture Solute Unsaturated
Mixture Suspension Supersaturated
Solution

Concentration

2. Classification of Matter
*Provide Examples of each form of matter. Include a picture.

Heterogeneous Homogeneous Element Compound
Mixture can see Mixture Cant see

Sand Mayonaise Oxygen Water

Hamburger Vinegar Hydrogen Salt

Soil Laundry Mercury Oxide

detergent

Fruit Loops Soda Calcium Alcohol

Citric Acid Coffee Carbon Sulfide

Critical Thinking:
● How are the examples for Heterogeneous and Homogeneous
MIxtures different?
● How are Elements and Compounds similar and different?

Elements and compounds are different based on the atoms they are made

up of. Elements are made of the same kind of atoms while compounds are

made up of different kind of atoms such as H2O.

In heterogeneous mixtures, the parts that make up the mixture are visible
while in homogeneous mixtures, the parts are not visible.

Tray=​ 2 grams
Whole=​ 51 grams-2g=49 grams
M&Ms=​ 11 grams
Crunchy M&Ms​=9 grams
Marshmallows​=13 grams
Skittles​=16 grams

M&Ms P=11g/49g*100
P=22%

Crunchy M&Ms P=9g/49g*100
P=18%

Marshmallows P=13g/49g*100
P=27%

Skittles P=16g/49g*100
P=33%

PIE CHART BELOW

QUIZ: Classifying Matter

I. Directions: I​ dentify the following as either a Heterogeneous Mixture, Homogeneous Mixture,

Element or Compound. Write the following letters in Column B for your choices:

A. Heterogeneous

B. Homogeneous

C. Element

D. Compound

Column A Column B

Salad A

Copper C

Lemonade B

Rocks, sand, gravel A

Salt Water B

Gold C

Sodium Chloride (​ NaCl) D

Air (Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide…) B

K2​ ​SO​4 D
Twix, snickers, pretzels, popcorn in a bag A

II. Directions:​ Determine the Mass % of each mixture and construct the appropriate graphs.

Mixture A Mass (g) %
Large Rocks 125 52%
Small Rocks 75 31%
Coarse Sand 32 13%
Iron 9 4%

Mixture B Mass (g) %
Large Rocks 205 53%
Small Rocks 58 15%
Coarse Sand 97 25%
Iron 29 7%

Calculation Examples (​ Provide 2 Examples showing how you determined the Mass %)
Large Rocks= 205g/241g*100=85%
Small Rocks=75g/241g*100g=31%

Graphs:
Mixture A

Mixture B

Part III.​ Determine the Mass % of Elements in each Compound:

K​2​SO​4​ - Potassium Sulfate
(Show Math Here)
K=(2)*39=78/174*100=45%
S=(1)32=32/174*100=18%
O(4)16=64/174*100=37%
32=78=64=174

Na​3P​ O4​ ​ - Sodium Phosphate
(Show Math Here)
Na(3)23=69/164*100=42%
P=(1)31=31/164*100=19%
O=(4)16=64/164*100=39%
69=31=64=164

Graphs:



IV. Conclusion:
1. Explain the difference between Mixtures and Compounds using data. Compare the pie

charts.
The difference between mixtures and compounds is compounds contain one or more element
that are combined chemically while mixtures are made up of 2 or more different substances that
are mixed but not combined chemically. Based on the information from the pie charts, it shows
that mixtures can have the same materials, however, the quantities are completely random.
With compounds like salt, the things they consist of,(elements) will always be the same with the
same quantities. For example, you will never have 2 bags of mixed candy with the same
amounts of candy and the same kinds of candy. However, to get the compound of salt, you
must always have the same elements and quantities. This shows with mixture A and mixture B.
Mixture A was made up of, 4% iron, 31% small rocks, 52% big rocks and 13% coarse sand. In
Mixture B, the materials it consisted of were the same, however their quantities were completely
different. In mixture B, instead of 4% iron there was 7%. Instead of 31% small rocks it had 15%
small rocks. Comparing these two mixtures to the compounds sodium phosphate and potassium
sulfate, we can see that the mixture quantities are completely random while compound
quantities are always one certain number. For example, in sodium phosphate, it is made up of
39% oxygen, 19% phosphorus and 42% sodium. Sodium phosphate will always consist of the
same elements as well have the same quantities of the elements. Also, in potassium sulfate, it
consisted of 37% oxygen, 18% sulfur and 45% potassium. Just like with the compound sodium
phosphate, it will always consist of these same elements as well as the same quantities of these
elements.

2. E​ xplain how you separated the Salt from the Sand. Use as much new vocabulary as you
can.
First, we got a ring stand, coffee filters, 2 beakers, 1 small 1 large, a funnel, a hot plate and a
tray of fine sand. Next, we stuck the funnel inside the ring on the ring stand and put the coffee
filter inside of it. After this, we poured the fine sand inside of the coffee filter and added the
solvent onto it which was water.After we did this, we put the other beaker underneath the funnel
to catch the homogenous mixture we created. We then put it on the hot plate and heated it up
until it was boiling. After we let it boil for a few minutes, eventually all the water evaporated and
left us with just sodium chloride also known as salt at the bottom of the beaker..

Name: ____________________________ Class: _________
QUIZ:​ Solubility and Naming Compounds

Part I. Charge
Directions:​ Write the symbol of the element with the charge.

Formula

1. Sodium Na +2

2. Neon Ne +0

3. Nitrate No3 -1

4. Chlorine Cl -1

5. Magnesium Mg +2

6. Silver Ag +1

7. Sulfur S -2

8. Phosphorus P -3

9. Aluminum Al +3

10. Calcium Ca +2

Part II.
Directions:​ Write the name for the compounds:

11. Na3​ ​PO4​ Sodium Phosphate
12. Li​2​(SO​4​) Lithium Sulfate
13. (NH​4​)2​ C​ O3​ Ammonium Carbonate
14. MgCl​2 Magnesium Chlorate
15. Ca(NO3​ )​ 2​ Calcium Nitrate
16. BeF​2 Beryllium Fluoride

Part III.
Directions:​ Write the chemical formula for the following compounds (Use your ions):