Nancy L. Segal, Glenn E. Weisfeld, Carol C. Weisfeld - Uniting Psychology and Biology_ Integrative Perspectives on Human Development (1997, American Psychological Association (APA)) - libgen.lc

DANIEL G. FREEDMAN regard” for the creatures one is studying, asserting that one sees them more clearly that way. As noted elsewhere, this encouragement has greatly affected my own work. (As a playful aside, I can here try to even things with Schleidt, for the previous incident, by noting that his longtime creature of study has been the pea-brained turkey, a species that rarely summons up our deepest affection. . . . However, to be fair, he was using them to analyze specific hypotheses, and the work was more like that of von Holst and Saint-Paul ( 1960) who had implanted electrodes in the hypothalamus of chickens and were thereby able to stimulate normal appearing innate releasing mechanisms. I must also note that in Lorenz’s The Foundations of Ethology (1981)) there are no fewer than six references to the work of Wolfgang Schleidt, who was clearly one of Lorenz’s favorite pupils.) With regard to the mechanistic side of Lorenz’s theorizing, Schleidt deals nicely with the new view of stereotyped behavior and fixed action patterns, noting how population genetics has served to modify the previous reliance on such discrete behaviors as proof of innateness. Certainly, the increase in ethological studies of mammals, in contrast to the original tendency to study only fish and birds, has also encouraged the shift away from Lorenz’s view that innate and acquired elements are intercalated as links in a chain. Mammals simply mess up the picture by seamlessly uniting the innate and acquired and rendering such analyses moot (discussed further in chapter 3). Finally, in expanding on his theme of complexity in human behavior, Schleidt brings up, all too briefly, the issue of human celibacy. I am personally interested because in Advaitist Hinduism, and in some forms of Buddhism, the achievement of enlightenment and celibacy are a singular process. Is it possible that nonduality, which is akin to or possibly the same as enlightenment, can be more readily experienced by the celibate? In psychoanalytic terms, does a diffused libido, as opposed to libidinal attachment to a specific “object,” facilitate the experience of nonduality? If, as I propose at the end of chapter 3, scientists steeped in nonduality will indeed tend to be more centered and creative, perhaps institutes of higher learning will again become places in which celibacy is encouraged. After 518

SECTION VII CONCLUSION all, there is a certain cyclicity in history, and we are perhaps leaving a severely secular period for one of greater spirituality. LEVESQUE In chapter 22, Roger Levesque, some might say, suffers from “oughtism.” Why can he not stop pricking our collective consciences, insisting we reconsider our roles as citizens, that we arise out of our habitual comforts and act on the compassion we feel for the “lesser” among us? I could intellectualize, as is my wont, and point out that voices like his have been heard throughout history, and that indeed most of us have such a voice in our own heads-our consciences. Despite this, suffering has always been part of life, and probably will always be, and our only choice is to become habituated to it: In one way or another, we have all learned to live with beggars, the homeless, bagwomen, alcoholics, thieves, dishonesty, drugs, suicide, insanity, and so forth. But consider that the Buddha enjoined his followers to know no rest until the least among them no longer suffered- that is, he enjoined them to have infinite compassion. To my mind, one such fully compassionate soul in our midst ripples into all hearts round him or her, and thereby energizes the loving parts of others. What Levesque is asking for, putting evolutionary psychology to the task of easing human suffering, will depend on compassionate individuals who also happen to be scientists, and all our lives would benefit enormously from just a few such persons. This, of course, can get very complex, as when Arthur Jensen (1969) sincerely thought he was doing African Americans a good turn by pointing out that, on average, they required schooling with concrete rather than abstract subject matter, because, he claimed, that is where their strengths lie. We all know the results of that exercise in do-goodism. However, I have experienced at least one scientist whose compassion seemed total: my mentor, Kurt Goldstein. Maslow, who loved Goldstein as much as I, gave me to understand that, as a relatively young scientist in Berlin, Goldstein had been highly competitive and a taskmaster with 519

DANIEL G. FREEDMAN those in his laboratory. He was, in fact, a grand illustration of Erik Erikson’s schema of life’s stages. Thus, in his later generative years, when I knew him, he was able to let his natural compassion flourish, and everyone around him was affected by his grace and love. Further, the sort of work he did (working with the brain-injured) as well as the theory he advanced (self-actualization and holism) are clearly reflective of an optimistic and loving soul. Although Roger Levesque has addressed the field of evolutionary psychology in general, and implored it, as a field, to make meaningful recommendations for curing our communities, my take is clearly at the level of individual scientists and on the paths that their own self-actualization takes them. I can only agree with Levesque’s idealism and his call, and I end with the hope that appropriately compassionate souls are, even now, emerging among us. REFERENCES Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. Volume2: Separation. New York Basic Books. Freedman, D. G. (1974). Human infancy: An evolutionary perspective. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Freedman, D. G. (1979). Human sociobiology: A holistic approach. New York: Free Press. Goldberg, S, Muir, R., & Kerr, J. (Eds.). (1995). Attachment theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Hebb, D. 0. (1953). Heredity and environment in mammalian behaviour. British Analytic Press. journal of Animal Behaviour, 1, 43-47. Jensen, A. R. (1969). How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement? Harvard Educational Review, 39, 1-123. Lorenz, K. Z. (1959/1971). Gestalt perception as a source of scientific knowledge. In Studies in animal behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 281-322). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Lorenz, K. Z. (1981). The foundations of ethology. New York Springer. Neel, J. V., &Ward, J. H. (1970). Village and tribal genetic distances among American Indians and the possible implications for human evolution. Proceedings of the American Academy of Sciences, 65, 323-330. 520

SECTION VII CONCLUSION Nichols, R. C. (1966). The resemblance of twins in personality and interests. Research Pascal, B. (1670/1941). Pensees. New York Random House. Vandenberg, S. G. (Ed.). (1965). Methods and goals in human behavior genetics. New Reports [National Merit Scholarship Corporations) 2, 1-23. York: Academic Press. Vandenberg, S. G. (Ed.). (1968). Progress in human behavior genetics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. von Holst, E., & Saint-Paul, U. (1960). Vom Wirkungsgefiige der Triebe. Natuwissenschapen, 28, 273-280. Cited in I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1989), Human ethology. New York Aldine de Gruyter. 521

SECTION VIII Final Overview: Uniting Psychology and Biology

SECTION \'I11 Final Overview: Uniting Psychology and Biology Glenn E. Weisfeld, Carol C. Weisfeld, and Nancy L. Segal glance at the chapters in this book provides more than a hint of A Daniel G. Freedman's remarkable intellectual versatility. He conducted classic behavioral genetic research on dogs and extended this to humans. Additional work in this tradition is represented in the chapters by Bailey, Gottesman, Scott, and Segal. Dr. Freedman was a pioneer in recognizing and examining the many biological and experiential factors that affect development, an approach exemplified in the chapters by Marvin, Savin-Williams, and Wolff. Dr. Freedman also conducted, and continues to conduct, cross-cultural research, and he arranged for many of his students to continue this work. His biocultural perspective is still unusual in the behavioral sciences. This viewpoint is represented in the chapters by Blurton Jones, Ekman, LeVine, and C. C. Weisfeld. Dr. Freedman's findings from studies of infant behavior, many of which are summarized in his book Human Infancy (1974), are preserved in his films, commented on in this volume. He produced some of the earliest publications on evolved aspects of human behavior, including Human Sociobiology ( 1979), and in 1972 he helped found what became the International Society for 525

WEISFELD ET AL. Human Ethology. This evolutionary perspective is the basis for the chapters by Trivers, Barkow, and G. Weisfeld. Despite his wide range of interests-or perhaps because of it-Dr. Freedman’s research constitutes variations on a single theme: an interactionist, holistic view of human behavior. This means that genetic, as well as environmental, influences must be considered. Beyond this, as Tinbergen ( 1963) stressed, complete understanding of a basic, species-wide human behavior requires describing it on four levels: not just its proximate, or immediate, causation, but also its developmental course, phylogenesis, and adaptive value. Studying all four facets of various behaviors, as Dr. Freedman has done, requires command of several distinct but related disciplines, including developmental psychology, behavioral genetics, biopsychology, anthropology, ethology, and sociobiology. But mere recognition of Dr. Freedman’s scholarship and originality alone misses the main point: His sort of research and that of the other contributors to this volume are important because they point the way toward integration of the various subdisciplines of psychology with each other, with biology, and with the other natural sciences. Psychology is far from being a mature, internally coherent discipline. Unlike the natural sciences, it is an array of largely unrelated and even contradictory minitheories of various aspects of behavior. There is no unifying theory as exists for physics, chemistry, and biology, no theory that describes global human behavior. Lacking a unifying theory, psychology is cast adrift from the natural sciences that are conceptually integrated with each other and whose terms are often more precise than those of psychology. What advantages would be gained by integrating psychology with biology? Interdisciplinary integration allows for cross-fertilization-the application of models and data from one field to another. Powerful, parsimonious, overarching models that embrace multiple disciplines are then sometimes possible. For example, principles of genetics, ethology, developmental psychobiology, cross-cultural psychology, and sociobiology are fruitfully applied to human behavior in the chapters of this book. More 526

FINAL OVERVIEW: UNITING PSYCHOLOGY AND BIOLOGY specifically, animal models, such as dominance hierarchization, play, and parent-infant bonding, have emerged from ethology to illuminate human social behavior. Many psychological explanations of behavior, by contrast, have never been tested in non-Western cultures. Biology also provides a critical test for psychological explanations; those that contradict accepted principles of biology must be reconsidered, such as the catharsis theory of aggression. Darwinism can also explain the adaptive value and hence normality of putatively pathological phenomena such as family conflict, sexual jealousy, anger, and guilt. A comprehensive model of normal human behavior would provide a framework for identifying and understanding pathological phenomena. In addition, research methods developed in one discipline can be adopted by another. For example, behavioral genetic methods and naturalistic observation, pioneered by biologists, could be used more extensively by psychologists. Naturalistic observation anchors the study of behavior to observable actions that can be readily compared across species and cultures. What is the proper place of psychology in the hierarchy of the natural sciences? To evolutionists, psychology belongs atop biology, which in turn surmounts chemistry, which is based on physics. Behavior is a property of biological organisms, so the study of behavior logically connects it to the biological domain. Behavioral phenomena are products of the nervous system and, as such, follow the same principles as do other bodily systems. Psychology has often been so defined (e.g., Drever, 1952; Michel & Moore, 1995)) but its potential link to biology has seldom been pursued in practice. In order to unite psychology with biology, a good start might be made by acknowledging the connection between human social behavior and the social behavior of other species. We freely draw comparisons between human and animal sensory phenomena and perception and learning. But universal social behaviors are seldom considered to be homologous to the same phenomena in other primates. Psychology cannot be integrated with biology unless we overcome that dualism, the last bastion of the mindbody dichotomy. Integration will require acceptance not just of physiological parallels between human and animal brains but also of functional 527

WEISFELD ET AL. parallels, of the adaptive significance of various human social behaviors. The central theory of biology is Darwinism, not physiology. It is necessary, but not sufficient, to integrate psychological theories with biopsychological data. If the application of evolutionary theory to our own species’ behavior-to social behavior as well as other types-were to occur, what would it look like? First, there would be emphasis on species-wide behaviors, not on variability. No natural science dwells on diversity; all try to generalize, to establish laws that describe the main phenomena of interest. Psychology skipped over this descriptive stage in its history (Archer, 1992); the deficiency needs to be corrected. One may object that there are few human universals, but this is not true even of social behaviors. Numerous social motives exist everywhere, such as sexual behavior; general sociality; specific social affinities including nepotism, pair bonding, parent-offspring bonding, and friendship; prestige striving (pride and shame); and angry aggression. Furthermore, within each of these broad categories there exist some universals, including criteria of mate choice and of physical attractiveness, particular emotional expressions, antecedents of sexual jealousy, and factors affecting the intensity of parental feelings. These universals are central to any systematic description of human behavior, but they are remarked on by psychology, if at all, as peripheral and isolated findings. Instead, variation in human behavior as a function of learning and culture is constantly stressed, albeit with emphasis on research on contemporary Western society. Once these universals, these building blocks of human behavior, were recognized, the causes of their variability could be addressed. Much interindividual variation is a result of genetic differences (see chapters by Bailey, Gottesman, Scott, and Segal in this volume). Individual differences in behavioral traits, in fact, are as much a result of genes as are individual differences in morphological traits (Plomin, 1990). Moreover, the influence of genes on most behaviors does not subside as children get older; rather, genes have as much influence in adolescence and adulthood as they had in infancy and childhood-and sometimes more, depending on the behavior of interest. These basic facts need to be conveyed to students, 528

FINAL OVERVIEW: UNITING PSYCHOLOGY AND BIOLOGY but they are often ignored in the current Zeitgeist of environmental determinism. Along with this, the complex nature of behavioral development needs to be explained in terms of various types of gene-environment interaction (Marvin, Savin-Williams & Diamond, and Wolff chapters, this volume; Michel & Moore, 1995). To paraphrase Plomin, it is time for work that “explores the hyphen in the phrase nature-nurture” (Plomin, 1994, p. xiii). Simplistic or vague developmental theories that are not grounded in biology need to be reevaluated. Perhaps most important, functional analyses of universal human behaviors and developmental events are needed. The great, unique contribution of biology to psychology is the Darwinian perspective, Tinbergen’s “why” question of function (Weisfeld, 1982). Why do particular bodily and behavioral changes occur at puberty, why are men generally larger than women, why does weaning occur when it does, why do various behavioral sex differences exist everywhere, why is the family universal, why are identical twins so cooperative? Applying a functional perspective requires knowledge of not just animal behavior but also prehistoric hominid society, because natural selection occurs so slowly that modern humans are still adapted to the forager life of the Pleistocene. Psychology needs to broaden its focus from the supposed utility of various actual or idealized behaviors for “adjusting to” modern Western society, to the true adaptive value of universal or widespread behaviors that are more representative of our hominid heritage. See, for example, transcultural descriptions of the human family (Stephens, 1963; van den Berghe, 1980). Even more fundamentally, psychology needs to admit that most of its explanations of social behavioral phenomena are limited to modern U.S. culture. In order to discover truly universal principles of social behavior and their respective functions, psychology needs to undertake a serious program of systematic cross-cultural research. Functional analyses can shed light on complicated questions at both micro and macro levels of analysis. Examples of functional responses to mechanistic questions are provided in the chapters by Trivers, Barkow, and G. Weisfeld in this volume. As another illustration of functional analysis, incest avoidance is found not just in humans but in many other species, 529

WEISFELD ET AL for the same adaptive reason: prevention of inbreeding depression effects. It turns out that physical closeness early in life, such as occurs between nuclear family members, fosters sexual aversion in children as well as in juvenile simians. On a more macro level, functional explanations can make sense of cultural phenomena. Cultural influences, like other factors in development, generally cooperate with genetic factors, as Dr. Freedman’s research on infant behavior illustrated. Specifically, he has suggested that culture may reflect the unique, genetically influenced temperament of a relatively homogeneous population. Culture is not the rival of biology but rather its close partner in serving the interests of the organism. The chapters by Blurton Jones, Ekman, and C. C. Weisfeld in this book offer additional examples of this perspective. Many psychologists, particularly those committed to a behaviorist and cognitive view of human behavior, may disagree with us about the usefulness of a closer working relationship between biology and psychology. Ethologists and their allies have often pondered the question of why the social sciences resist Darwinism (e.g., Charlesworth, 1986; Crawford, 1989). Trivers ( 1996) has suggested that widespread ignorance of biology is a factor. Nonetheless, it is already clear that several subspecialties within psychology, particularly clinical psychology, forensic psychology, and the psychology of women, have benefited from incorporating a more holistic and functional view of human behavior. These specific areas can provide many examples of concepts that have been clarified by combining biological and psychological knowledge and methods, such as the following. Various clinical fields are beginning to accept biological analyses of pathological conditions. Clinical psychologists, over the course of time, have offered many causal explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorders such as excessive handwashing-for example, inadequate ego development as a cause had come out of a psychoanalytic view. Animal behavior specialists pointed out the functional nature of normal handwashing and compared it to species-specific behaviors regulated by the basal ganglia and associated structures in the brains of other mammalian species. Sero530

FINAL OVERVIEW: UNITING PSYCHOLOGY AND BIOLOGY tonin is one key neurotransmitter in this area of the brain; normal serotonin levels inhibit excessive species-specific self-cleaning and guarding behaviors, and abnormally low amounts of serotonin will allow abnormally high behavior frequencies to surface (Rapoport, 1989). Nowadays patients diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder are most effectively treated with a combination of serotonin-related drugs and psychotherapy. Addressing the abnormality on multiple levels appears to offer the best hope for providing relief to patients (Wise & Rapoport, 1988). Similar functional insights may have important treatment implications for eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (Surbey, 1987). The journal Ethology and Sociobiology devoted a special issue to “Mental Disorders in an Evolutionary Context” in 1994, and it is replete with articles describing many such connections to functional behaviors. The Across-Species Comparison and Psychiatry Newsletter is exclusively devoted to this perspective. In addition, the new field of Darwinian medicine (Nesse & Williams, 1994), with its adaptationist analysis of normal phenomena such as fever (Kluger, 1986) and morning sickness (Profet, 1992), offers important clinical implications for medicine. In a similar way, Daly and Wilson (1988) provided crucial insights into the causes of murder in their volume Homicide. Their carefully compiled descriptive data filled a void for forensic psychologists, pointing to the power of male sexual jealousy and the dangers experienced by some children who are not cared for by their natural parents. The best use of their insights, which derived from sociobiological principles, may well be in prevention efforts targeted at families at risk. Another specialty that is by necessity interdisciplinary, the study of the psychology of women, benefits enormously from a serious integration with knowledge of biology. As Watts (1984) pointed out, science is an essential foundation for formulating ideas about societal change. We have already seen some very thoughtful and powerful applications in articles on parenthood by Alice Rossi (1977) and by Draper and Harpending (1988). As additional examples, new insights into the complex patterns of male-female communication are coming out of work by J. M. Gottman 53 1

WEISFELD ET A1 (1994); and a better understanding of female responses to stress is the product of Frankenhaeuser’s work on hormones and competition (Frankenhaeuser et al., 1978). Hoyenga and Hoyenga’s book on sex differences (1993) is a fine example of integrating information from biology and social psychology in describing male and female behaviors. In reviewing literature on gender stereotypes themselves, Lueptow, Garovich, and Lueptow concluded that “valid social psychological explanations for gendered personality traits cannot rest upon sociocultural models alone but must include interaction of this unchanging genetic underlay with changeable social structures and processes” (1995, p. 509). These, in brief, are some of the potential advantages to psychology of an integration with biology and the other natural sciences. Unfortunately, mainstream social science often actively resists biological modeling of human behavior. A prominent developmental psychologist recently wrote, “I do not believe there is any evidence for a gene or any combination of genes affecting intellectual ability” (Horowitz, 1996, p. 227). This statement is irreconcilable with established findings in behavioral genetics. As we approach the completion of the Human Genome Project, expected by the year 2003, according to Francis Collins (quoted in Beardsley, 1996), it becomes crucial that we psychologists prepare ourselves to speak the gene-inclusive language that will be spoken by scientists. Just as we had no choice but to become computer-literate, we will soon need to be gene-literate. Many of us have been laboring for many years in lonely isolation in the Darwinian fields-save for conspicuous champions such as Dr. Freedman. We have been heartened by the new spate of popular yet scholarly accounts of recent developments in sociobiology and ethology. Books by Sulloway (1996), Wright (1994), Buss (1994), and Eibl-Eibesfeldt ( 1989) have brought these concepts to widespread popular attention, as have feature articles in major newspapers and magazines. Psychology students are coming to us more frequently with a specific interest in the evolutionary perspective. Our hope is that their enthusiasm and natural curiosity about adaptationist questions will inspire our academic col532

FINAL OVERVIEW: UNITING PSYCHOLOGY AND BIOLOGY leagues to inform themselves of these ideas too. Only then can we proceed to unify the study of behavior and reconcile it with the great ideas in biology that are revolutionizing science. REFERENCES Archer, J. (1992). Ethology and hurnan development. Savage, MD: Barnes & Noble Books. Beardsley, T. (1996). Vital data. Scientific American, 274, 100-105. Buss, D. M. (1994). The evolution of desire. New York: Basic Books. Charlesworth, W. R. (1986). Darwin and developmental psychology: 100 years later. Human Development, 29, 1-35. Crawford, C. (1989). Sociobiology: Of what value to psychology? In C. Crawford, M. Smith, & D. Krebs (Eds.), Sociobiology and psychology: Ideas, issues and applications. (pp. 3-30). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1988). Homicide. New York Aldine de Gruyter. Draper, P., & Harpending, H. (1988). A sociobiological perspective on the development of human reproductive strategies. In K. B. MacDonald (Ed.), Sociobiological perspectives on human development (pp. 340-372). New York SpringerVerlag. Drever, J. ( 1952). Dictionary ofpsychology. Baltimore: Penguin. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1989). Human ethology. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. Frankenhaeuser, M., Von Wright, M., Collins, A., Von Wright, J., Sedvall, G., & Swahn, C. ( 1978). Sex differences in psychoneuroendocrine reactions to examination stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 40, 334-343. Freedman, D. G. (1974). Human infancy: An evolutionary perspective. New York: Freedman, D. G. (1979). Human sociobiology: A holistic approach. New York: Free Wiley. Press. Gottman, J. M. (1994). What predicts divorce? Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Horowitz, F. D. (1996). Letter to Science News, 150, 227. Hoyenga, K. B., & Hoyenga, K. T. (1993). Gender-related differences. Boston: Allyn Kluger, M. J. (1986). Is fever beneficial? YdeJournal ofBiology andMedicine, 59,89- and Bacon. 95. 533

WEISFELD ET AL. Lueptow, L. B., Garovich, L., & Lueptow, M. B. (1995). The persistence of gender stereotypes in the face of changing sex roles: Evidence contrary to the sociocultural model. Ethology and Sociobiology, 16, 509-530. Michel, G. F., & Moore, C. L. (1995). Developmentalpsychobiology: An interdisciplinary science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Nesse, R. M., &Williams, G. C. (1994). Why weget sick: The new science ofDarwinian Plomin, R. (1990). Nature and nurture: An introduction to human behavioral genetics. Plomin, R. (1994). Genetics and experience. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Profet, M. (1992). Pregnancy sickness as adaptation: A deterrent to maternal ingestion of teratogens. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind (pp. 327-365). New York: Oxford University Press. Rapoport, J. L. (1989). The biology of obsessions and compulsions. Scientijc Amerimedicine. New York Times Books. Pacific Grove, CA.: Brooks-Cole. can, 260, 82-89. Rossi, A. S. (1977, Spring). A biosocial perspective on parenting. Daedalus, 106, 1-31. Stephens, W. N. (1963). The family in cross-cultural perspective. New York Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Sulloway, F. (1996). Born to rebel. New York: Pantheon Books. Surbey, M. K. (1987). Anorexia nervosa, amenorrhea and adaptation. Ethology and Sociobiology, 8, 47s-61s. chdogie, 20, 410-433. Tinbergen, N. (1963). On the aims and methods of ethology. Zeitschrifrfiir TierpsyTrivers, R. (1996). Interviewed by F. Roes. Human Ethology Bulletin, 1 I, 1-3. van den Berghe, P. L. (1980). The human family: A sociobiological look. In J. S. Lockard (Ed.), The evolution of human social behavior (pp. 67-85). New York: Elsevier. Watts, M. ( 1984). Biopolitics and gender. New York Haworth. Weisfeld, G. E. (1982). The nature-nurture issue and the integrating concept of function. In G. B. Wolman (Ed.), Handbook of developmental psychology (pp. 208-229). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Wise, S. P., & Rapoport, J. L. (1988). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Is it a basal ganglia dysfunction? Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24, 380-384. Wright, R. (1994). The moral animal. New York Pantheon Books. 534

APPENDIX Publications and Films by Daniel G. Freedman BOOKS AND EDITED VOLUMES Freedman, D. G. (1974). Human infancy: An evolutionaryperspective. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Freedman, D. G. (1979). Human sociobiology: A holistic approach. New York: Free Press. Omark, D. G., Strayer, F. F., & Freedman, D. G. (Eds.). (1980). Dominance relations: An ethological view of human conflict and social interaction. New York: Garland Press. ARTICLES AND CHAPTERS Freedman, D. G. ( 1958). Constitutional and environmental interactions in rearing of four breeds of dogs. Science, 127, 585-586. Reprinted in: . Dennenberg, V. H. (Ed.). (1971). Biobehavioral basis of developments. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. Appendix compiled in part by Nancy L. Segal. 535

APPENDIX . Rosenblith, J., & Allensmith, W. (Eds.). (1962, 1966, 1972). The causes . Russell, R. W. (Ed.). (1963). Frontiers in psychology. Chicago: Scott of behavior. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Foresman. Freedman, D. G. (1960). The flight response and critical periods in social development. In Memoires du XIX C0ngrt.s Internationale de Sociologie Freedman, D. G., King, J. A., & Elliot, 0. (1961). Critical period in the social development of dogs. Science, 133, 1016-1017. Freedman, D. G. (1961). The infant’s fear of strangers and flight response. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 4, 242-248. Freedman, D. G., Mallardi, A., & Mallardi, A. C. (1961). Studio sul primo manifestarsi della plaura delltestraneo nel bambino: Osservazioni comparative tra soggetti allevati in famiglia e soggetti allevati in comunita chiusa. Atti de VI Congress0 Nazionale della S.I.A.M.E. (pp. 254- 256). Freedman, D. G., Ostwald, P., 8 Kurtz, J. (1962). The cries of infant twins. Folia Phonetrica, 14, 37-50. (VOl 11, pp. 39-53). Reprinted in: . Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Human Genetics 1963: Vol. I (pp. 322-329). Rome: Instituto Gregor Mendel. Freedman, D. G. (1963). The differentiation of identical and fraternal twins on the basis of filmed behavior. Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Human Genetics (Vol. I, pp. 259-262). Rome: Instituto G. Mendel. Freedman, D. G., & Keller, B. (1963). Inheritance of behavior in infants. Science, 140, 196- 198. Reprinted in: . Brackbill, Y., & Thompson, G. G. (Eds.). (1967). Behavior in infancy and early childhood (pp. 392-397). New York: Free Press. 536

PUBLICATIONS AND FILMS BY DANIEL G. FREEDMAN . Hutt, S. J., & Hutt, C. (Eds.). (1973). Early human development (pp. 8-12). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Supplement, Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japonica. (December, 1963). Freedman, D. G. (1964). Smiling in blind infants and the issue of innate versus acquired. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 5,171-184. Freedman, D. G. (1964). Family and mental health problems in a deaf population. Eugenics Ouarterly, 2, 177- 179. Freedman, D. G. (1965). Some effects of early rearing on later obedience in dogs. Nordisk Verterinaermedicin, 17, 11 1-1 17. Freedman, D. G. (1965). Hereditary control of early social behavior. In B. M. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behavior: Vol. 111 (pp. 149-159). London: Methuen. Freedman, D. G. (1965). An ethological approach to the genetical study of human behavior. In S. G. Vandenberg (Ed.), Methods and goals in human behavior genetics (pp. 141-161). New York: Academic Press. Freedman, D. G. (1967). Personality development in infancy: A biological approach. In Y. Brackbill (Ed.), Infancy and childhood (pp. 469-502). New York: Free Press. Reprinted in: . Washburn, S. L., & Jay, P. (Eds.). (1968). Perspectives on human evolution: Vol. I (pp. 258-287). New York Holt, Reinhart & Winston. Freedman, D. G. (1967). A biological view of man’s social behavior. In W. Etkin, Social behavior from fish to man (pp. 152-188). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Freedman, D. G. (1967). The origins of social behavior. Science Journal, 3. 69-73. Reprinted in: . Bronfenbrenner, U., & Mahoney, M. (Eds.). (1972). Influences on human development (pp. 43-47). Hinsdale, NJ: Dryden Press. 537

APPENDIX Freedman, D. G. (1968). An evolutionary framework for behavioral research. In S. G. Vandenberg (Ed.). Progress in human behavior genetics (pp. 1-6). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Freedman, D. G. (1968). The ethological study of man. In A. S. Parkes (Ed.), Genetic and environmental influences on behavior (pp. 37-62). London: Oliver & Boyd. Freedman, D. G. (1969). The survival value of beards. Psychology Today, 3, 36-39. Reprinted in: . Readings in Psychology Today. (1972). (2nd ed.). Del Mar, CA: CRM Books. Freedman, D. G., & Freedman, N. C. (1969). Behavioral differences between Chinese-American and European-American newborns. Nature, 224, 1227. Reprinted in: 8 Bresler, J. B. (Ed.). (1973). Genetics and society. Reading, MA: Addi- . Stone, L. J. (Ed.). (1972). The competent infant: A handbook of readings. son-Wesley. New York: Basic Books. Freedman, D. G. (1971). The impact of behavior genetics and ethology. In H. Rie (Ed.), Perspectives in child psychopathology (pp. 219-266). Chicago: Aldine. Freedman, D. G. (1971). Behavioral assessment in infancy. In G. B. A. Stoelinga & J. J. Van der Werfften Bosch (Eds.), Normal and abnormal development of brain and behavior (pp. 92-99). Leiden: Leiden University Press. Freedman, D. G. (1971). Genetic influences on development of behavior. In G. B. A. Stoelinga h J. J. Van der Werfften Bosch (Eds.), Normal 538

PUBLICATIONS AND FILMS BY DANIEL G. FREEDMAN and abnormal development of brain and behavior (pp. 208-229). Leiden: Leiden University Press. Brazelton, T. B., & Freedman, D. G. (1971). The Cambridge neonatal scales. In G. B. A. Stoelinga & J. J. Van der Werfften Bosch (Eds.), Normal and abnormal development of brain and behavior (pp. 104- 132). Leiden: Leiden University Press. Freedman, D. G. (1971). An evolutionary approach to research on the life cycle. Human Development, 14, 87-99. Freedman, D. G. (1972). Genetic variations on the hominid theme: Individual, sex and ethnic differences. In F. J. Monks, W. W. Hartup, & J. De Wit (Eds.), Determinants of behavioral development (pp. 121-157). New York: Academic Press. Freedman, D. G., & Omark, D. (1973). Ethology, genetics and education. In F. A. J. Ianni & E. Storey (Eds.), Cultural relevance and educational issues: Readings in anthropology and education (pp. 250-283). Boston: Little, Brown. Freedman, D. G. (1975). The development of social hierarchies. In L. Levi (Ed.), Society, stress and disease: Vol. II: Childhood and adolescence (pp. 36-42). New York Oxford University Press. Freedman, D. G. (1975). Comment [Comment on the paper Prestige and' culture: A biosocial interpretation]. Current Anthropology, 16, 564-565. Freedman, D. G. (1976). Infancy, culture and biology. In L. P. Lipsitt (Ed.), Developmental psychobiology: The significance of infancy (pp. 35-54). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Savin-Williams, R. C., & Freedman, D. G. (1977). Bio-social approach to human development. In S. Chevalier Skolnikoff & F. Poirier (Eds.), Primate biosocial development: Biological, social and ecological determinants (pp. 563-601). New York: Garland. Freedman, D. G. (1979). Ethnic differences in babies. Human Nature, 2, 36-43. Reprinted in: Fitzgerald, H. E. (Ed.). (1980 and 1981). Human Development (1980- 539

APPENDIX 1981) and Human Development (1981-1982). Guilford, CT: Dushkin Press. Goldstein, E. C. (Ed.). (1980). Ethnic groups. Boca Raton, FL: Social Gardner, J. K. (Ed.). (1982). Readings in developmental psychology (2nd Issues Resources Series. ed.). Boston: Little, Brown. Freedman, D. G., & DeBoer, M. (1979). Biological and cultural differences in child development. Annual Review of Anthropology, 8, 579-600. Freedman, D. G. (1979). Riduzionismo e olismo in sociobiologia. In M. Cesa-Bianchi & M. Poli Franco Angelo (Eds.), Atti del IV Congress0 Biennale della ISSBD (pp. 32-36). Milan: International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development. Freedman, D. G. ( 1980). Sexual dimorphism and the status hierarchy. In D. R. Omark, F. F. Strayer, & D. G. Freedman (Eds.), Dominance relations: An ethological view of human conjlict and social interaction (pp. 261-271). New York: Garland Press. Freedman, D. G. (1980). Cross-cultural notes on status hierarchies. In D. R. Omark, F. F. Strayer, & D. G. Freedman (Eds.), Dominance relations: An ethological view of human conflict and social interaction (pp. 333- 3393. New York: Garland Press. Freedman, D. G. (1 980). The social and the biological: A necessary unity. Zygon, 15, 117-132. Fajardo, B., & Freedman, D. G. (1981). Maternal rhythmicity in three American cultures. In T. M. Field, A. M. Sostek, P. Vietze, & P. H. Leiderman (Eds.), Culture and early interactions (pp. 133-148). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Freedman, D. G. (1983). Ethology and development. In J. McV. Hunt & N. Endler (Eds.), Personality and Behavior Disorders: Vol. 1 (2nd ed., pp. 651-672). New York: Wiley. Weisfeld, C. C., Weisfeld, G. E., Warren, R. A., & Freedman, D. G. (1983). The spelling bee: A naturalistic study of female inhibition in mixedsex competition. Adolescence, 18, 695-708. 540

PUBLICATIONS AND FILMS BY DANIEL G. FREEDMAN Freedman, D. G. (1984). Asking the right questions. Behavioral and Bruin Sciences, 7, 153. Freedman, D. G. ( 1984). Village fissioning, human diversity and ethnocentrism. Political Psychology, 5, 629-634. Freedman, D. G. (1986). The biology of behavior, with inquiries into the inheritance of temperament, stone age art, and the peopling of Australia. Variability and Behavioral Evolution, 259, 237-261. (Academia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome) Freedman, D. G. (1989). The theory of logical typing: Context and paradox. Continuing the Conversation, 19, 3-4. Reprinted in: . Plooij, F. X. (Ed.). (1989). Human Ethology Newsletter, 5, 4-6. Freedman, D. G. (1992). The many levels of attachment. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, 515. Freedman, D. G., & Gorman, J. (1993). Attachment and the transmission of culture-An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems, 16, 297-329. Messinger, D., & Freedman, D. G. (1992). Autonomy and interdependence in Japanese and American mother-toddler dyads. Early Development and Parenting, I, 33-66. Freedman, D. G. (1995). Ethological studies of subjectivity: The internal working model. ASCAP (Across Species Comparison of Psychopathology) Newsletter, 8, 3-1 1. REVIEWS Freedman, D. G. (1980). An essay review of three books. Book review. [Review of the books The sociobiology debate; Beast and man; and Sociobiology and human nature]. Social Biology, 27, 81-83. Freedman, D. G. (1982). Book review. [Review of the book Human nature and history: A response to sociobiology]. Human Ecology, 10, 163- 166. 54 1

APPENDIX Freedman, D. G. (1982). Book review. [Review of the book Foundations of ethology]. Ethology and Sociobiology, 3, 15 1. Freedman, D. G. (1983). Culture versus pre-culture? [Review of the book Inbreeding avoidance]. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 6, 105. Freedman, D. G. (1985). Temperament and mother’s blood pressure. [Review of the book Navajo infancy]. Contemporary Psychology, 30, 7-8. Freedman, D. G. (1987). Book review. [Review of the book Sociobiology and the human dimension]. Ethology and Sociobiology, 6, 121-122. Freedman, D. G. (1994). Book review. [Review of the book Gender play: Girls and boys in school]. American Journal of Education, 102,259-260. FILMS Freedman, D. G. ( 1962). Constitutional and environmental interactions in rearing four breeds of dogs [Film]. (Available from Pennsylvania State University Audio-visual Services, University Park, PA, PCR-2269 1: black 81 white; No. 22692: color) Freedman, D. G. (1963). Development of the smile and fear of strangers, with an inquiry into inheritance of behavior [Film]. (Available from Pennsylvania State University Audio-visual Services, University Park, PA, No. 22696) Freedman, D. G., & R. Parker (1971). Sex differences in children’s play [Film]. (Available from Pennsylvania State University Audio-Visual Services, University Park, PA, No. 33032) Freedman, D. G. (1974). Cross-cultural differences in newborn behavior [Film]. (Available from Pennsylvania State University Audio-visual Services, University Park, PA, No. 22605) Freedman, D. G. (1982). Navajo childhood [Film]. (Available from Daniel G. Freedman & John W. Callaghan, Las Vegas, NM, as an electroprint) Freedman, D. G. ( 1984). The children of Edward River [Film]. (Available from the Australian Institute for Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, New South Wales, Australia; also Daniel G. Freedman, Las Vegas, NM, on videocassette) 542

Name Index Numbers in italics refer to listings in the reference sections; numbers followed by an “n” indicate listings in a note. Abbey, H., 254, 265 Abel, A., 241, 268 Abrarnovitch, L. I., 206-209, 215 Achenbach, T. M., 111, 126, 166, Adolfsson, R., 113, 126 Afzelius, L. E., 250, 267 Agarwal, D. P., 247-248, 265 Agyei, Y., 85, 89, 97, 98, 222, 236 Ahnert, L., 349, 352 Ainsworth, M. D. S., 190-191, 204, 210, 212, 213, 340, 343, 352 167 192, 196, 198-199, 200-202, Aist, J. R., 224, 236 Ali, Sarnir, 51 Alikija, W., 251, 267 Allardt, E., 402, 414 Allee, W. C., 71, 75, 138, 143 Allen, J. I., 266 Altrnann, J., 195, 212 Anand, M. M., 268 Anderson, J. L., 91, 98 Anderson, J. W., 198-199, 212 Anderson-Huntington, R. B., 478, Anderson, P. O., 250, 267 Annas, J., 403, 412n, 414 Araki, L., 154, 163, 172 Archer, J., 8, 15, 187-188, 188, 528, Archibald, Y., 255, 267 4 79 533 Arcus, S., 8, 16 Arnhart, L., 405, 414 Asch, Tim, 453 Aschoff, Jiirgen, 37571, 377 Ashby, W. Ross, 191, 192, 205, 206, Atkinson, J. W., 422, 438 Axelrod, R., 71, 75, 176, 182 212, 212 Bachman, R., 508, 513 Bacon, S., 121, 129 Baerends, G. P., 496 Bailey, J. Michael, 7, 12, 85, 88, 89, 93, 97, 98, 106, 222, 225, 236, 525, 528 Bailey, K., 69, 75 Baker, L. A., 125, 126, 127 Baker, R. Robin, 179, 182 Ball, H. L., 180, 182 Balogh, R. D., 163, 170 Barash, D. P., 61, 75, 139, 143, 149, 162, 167 Barkow, Jerome H., 6-7, 14, 15, 56, 75, 340, 382, 382, 383, 403, 404, 40571, 413, 414, 415, 421, 467, 526, 529 Barlow, D. P., 387, 395 Baron, M., 253, 264 Barrett, K. C., 422, 434, 438 Bartlett, F. C., 23, 43 Bateson, Catherine, 37-38 430, 436, 438, 445, 447-449, 543

NAME INDEX Bateson, Gregory, 19-20, 33-43, 43, 44, 53, 63, 66-67, 68, 69-70, 73, 75, 517 Bateson, Lois (Cammack), 34 Bateson, Nora, 38 Bateson, P. P. G., 191, 212 Baumann, O., 284, 310 Baumrind, D., 10, 15, 509, 512 Bawer, B., 219, 236 Baxter, L. R., 432~1, 438 Beard, J. D., 258, 269 Beardsley, T., 533 Beckmann, G., 265 Bedi, G., 269 Bedrosian, M., 257, 270 Beecher, M. D., 163, 167 Bell, A. P., 225, 236 Bell, S. M. V., 200, 213 Bellis, Mark A., 179, 182 Belsky, J., 92, 98, 213, 412n Bem, D. J., 222, 236 Bender, B. G., 254, 265 Benedict, Ruth, 23, 44 Beres, David, 26 Bergeman, C. S., 121, 126 Berkman, L. F., 241, 411, 415 Bernard, E., 227, 238 Berner, M., 503 Bernieri, F., 128 Bernstein, I. S., 432, 442 Bertelsen, A,, 109, 116, 128, 155- Bertram, J., 395 Betzig, L. L., 299, 313 Bhatra, K., 265 Bhatt, M., 395 Biddle, K., 254, 270 Bieber, I., 221, 236 Bieber, T. B., 236 Bigger, H. R., 146, 169 Bischoff, N. A,, 201, 213 Bish, A,, 139, 143 156, 167, 168 Biver, F., 432n, 438 Bider, R. H., 415 Black, K. N., 227, 237 Blehar, M. C., 191, 212, 343, 352 Block, N. J., 86, 98 Blozis, S. A., 151, 154, 171 Blurton Jones, Nicholas G., 6, 13, 198, 213, 278, 279, 281, 285, 286, 291, 293, 295, 300, 301, 310, 31 I, 343, 352, 372, 525, 530 Boardway, R. H., 435, 438, 439 Boas, Franz, 459 Bock, J. A., 283-284, 310 Bohlen, J., 96, 98 Bohm, D., 44 Bookchin, M., 400n, 415 Borgerhoff-Mulder, M., 279, 310, Bosron, W. F., 248, 264 Bouchard, Thomas J., Jr., 5, 15, 60, 61n, 75, 78, 84, 87, 96, 98, 100, 126, 130, 151, 166, 170, 171, 172, 490, 490 313 Bowers, P. G., 254, 264 Bowlby, John, 190-191, 192, 200, 213, 280, 310, 342-343, 352, 456, 457, 463, 516, 520 Bowler, A. E., 175, 183 Boyd, R., 69, 75 Braniuk, J. W., 248, 250, 264 Brazelton, T. Berry, 52, 75, 340, 353, Breen, S., 395 Bretherton, I., 64, 75, 350-351, 352 Britt, T. W., 250, 267 Brock, D., 398-399, 401-402, 415 Bronfenbrenner, U., 60, 75 Brooks, Lonna K., 54, 75 Brosen, K., 252, 266 Brown, B. B., 306, 313 Brown, J. K., 508, 512 459-460, 474-475, 479 544

NAME INDEX Brown, J. L., 281-282, 311 Brown, K. W., 154, 163, 172 Brownworth, V. A., 220, 236 Brunner, H. G., 114, 126 Bryden, M. P., 160, 170 Bucholz, K. K., 129 Buck, R., 426, 427, 438 Bugos, P. E., Jr., 150, 167 Bulmer, M. G., 149, 167, 180, 182 Burgess, R. L., 10, 16, 507, 512 Burns, B., 475, 479 Burnstein, E., 153, 167 Buss, A. H., 433, 438 Buss, David M., 82, 98, 108, 126, 403, 405n, 412n, 415, 436, 438, 532, 533 Byma, G., 269 Callaghan, 7. W., 53, 54, 140, 144, 355, 367, 460-461, 463, 463, 467 Caly, M., 512 Campbell, A., 415 Campbell, D. M., 180n, 182 Campbell, D. T., 69, 78 Campbell, J. C., 508, 512 Campos, J. J., 116, 127 Camras, L. A., 424, 438 Caravolas, M., 254, 264 Cardon, L. R., 146-147, 170, 254, Carey, Gregory, 7, 12, 98, 107n, 109, 264 110, 120, 121, 123-124, 125, 126, 128, 490, 490 Carlson, 1. G., 422, 438 Caro, T., 279, 310 Caron, C., 111, 126 Carpenter, C. R., 195, 213 Cassidy, I., 191, 200, 210, 213, 214, Castelfranchi, C., 433-434, 439 Caudill, W., 340, 353 215 Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., 61, 75, 240, Ceci, S., 60, 75 Cernoch, J. M., 163, 170 Chafetz, M. E., 249, 264, 268 Chagnon, Napoleon A., 61-62, 72- 244, 245, 264, 370, 377 73, 75, 76, 150, 159, 167, 299, 311, 453 Chance, M. R. A,, 355, 366 Chao, H. M., 249, 264 Charlesworth, W. R., 420, 439, 530, Charnov, E. L., 280, 31 I Chen, K. K., 252, 264 Chen, L. Z., 265 Chen, S. H., 248, 269 Cheney, D., 158-159, 168 Cheung, G. W., 249, 264 Childs, A. L., 254, 265 Childs, B., 254, 265 Chisholm, J. S., 194, 213, 437, 439 Christensen, B., 128 Christian, D. L., 161-162, 169 Christiansen, K. O., 124 Cicchetti, D., 427, 442 Clancy, P., 349, 353 Clark, A. B., 149, 168 Clark, M., 182 Cloninger, C. R., 113, 124, 126 Clutton-Brock, T. H., 308, 31 1 Coccaro, E. F., 121, 126 Cohen, A,, 255, 267 Cohen, D. J., 160, 168 Cohen, Kenneth M., 217n Cohen, S., 497, 503 Collins, Francis, 532 Comrie, B., 245, 264 Connelly, S. L., 156, 171 Cook, R., 139, 143 Coolidge, Calvin, 499 Copeland, P., 222, 237 Corley, R., 83, 99, 485, 491 533 545

NAME INDEX Cornelius, R. R., 335, 336 Corter, C., 159, 168 Cosmides, L., 56-57, 75, 76, 89-90, 91, 100, 130, 162, 168, 382, 383, 403, 405, 415 Counts, D. A,, 508, 512 Couzin, Sharon, 462-463 Crabb, D. W., 243, 247-249, 264 Crandall, C., 153, 167 Crawford, C. B., 91, 98, 154, 168, Crawley, J. N., 495-496, 505 Crick, F., 48, 76 Cronin, Carol (Weisfeld), 437, 443, 457 Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, 461, 464 Cutlip, W. D., 250, 267 Czeizel, A., 265 421, 439, 530, 533 DaIy, Martin, 5, 16, 108, 130, 140, 143, 179, 182, 183, 358, 366, 415, 508, 531, 533 439 Damascio, A. R., 426, 431-432, 433, Daniels, D., 10, 17 Darlington, C. D., 141, 143 Darwin, Charles, 68-69, 70-71, 76, 249-250, 265, 319, 322, 323336, 336, 428, 430, 435, 439 Davies, N. B., 279-280, 312 Dawkins, R., 47-48, 57, 69, 70, 76, 148, 168 DeBoer, Marilyn, 50-51, 76, 457 Decker, S. N., 254, 265 DeFries, J. C., 69n, 79, 84, 86, 87, 99, 166, 254, 264, 267, 485, 491 Degelman, D., 227, 238 Deitrich, R. A., 248, 265 Deka, R., 114, 130 Delvenne, V., 438 DeMaertelaer, V., 438 DeMaster, E. G., 266 D’Emilio, J., 218, 236 Denckla, M. B., 253, 258, 265 Dennis, D., 413, 416 Denton, K., 413, 416 Derom, C., 172 Derom, R., 172 Derrida, Jacques, 73 Descartes, Rent?, 40, 516 Deutsch, G., 160, 172 DeVore, hen, 6, 195, 214, 404, 417 DeWaal, F. B. M., 138, 143, 176, 182 Dhawan, P., 180n, 183 Diamond, A., 271, 274 Diamond, L. D., 225, 238 Diamond, Lisa M., 7, 13, 188, 237, 272 Dian, H. J., 236 Dickemann, M., 358, 366 Dietz, W. H., 408, 417 DiLalla, D. L., 126, 490, 490 Dince, P. R., 236 Dinwiddie, S. H., 129 Dipple, K. M., 243, 264 Dixon, S., 353 Dobash, R. E., 179, 182 Dobash, R. P., 179, 182 Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 10, 116, 240, 265 Dodge, K. A., 431, 439 Donaldson, Rodney, 38 Dong, Qi, 7, 357-358, 435, 439 Dornbusch, S. M., 306, 313 Dougherty, L., 428, 440 Dozier, E. P., 249, 265 Drake, C., 255, 270 Draper, P., 92, 98, 281, 310, 412~1, Drellich, M. G., 236 Drent, R. H., 496, 503 Drever, J., 526, 533 507, 512, 531, 533 546

NAME INDEX Dreyer, V., 128 Dube, E. M., 225, 237 Dugatkin, L. A,, 149, 168 Dunbar, R. I. M., 411, 415 Dungy, C., 251, 267 Dunne, M. P., 129 Durham, W. H., 69, 76 Durst, R., 497, 503 Dworkin, G., 86, 98 Eaves, L. J., 83, 84, 98, 99, 128 Ebers, G., 172 Eccles, Sir John, 19 Eckert, E. D., 96, 98 Edelman, Murray S., 7, 52, 79, 299, 312, 355, 367, 427, 430, 439, 44 1 Edelman, R., 251, 265 Edelmann, R. J., 422, 439 Edenberg, H. J., 248, 264 Edwards, C. P., 344, 354 Ehri, L. C., 254, 265 Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I., 8, 14, 16, 272, 274, 420, 439, 494, 502, 503, 532, 533 Einstein, Albert, 22, 30-31 Eisen, S., 128 Ekman, Paul, 5-6, 8, 13, 272, 274, 278, 319-320, 321, 322, 324, 326, 327-329, 330, 331-332, 333-334, 336, 337, 373-374, 376, 377, 423, 424, 428, 439, 525, 530 Elliot, O., 132, 134, 143 Ellis, A. W., 253, 254, 265 Ellis, B. J., 412~1, 415 Ellis, L., 221, 222, 226, 237, 415, 432, 439 Ellsworth, P., 337 Elston, R. C., 254, 267 Emde, R. N., 159, 173 Emlen, S. T., 281-282, 311 Endicott, J., 253, 264 Erickson, Erik, 37, 370, 377, 501, 503, 520 Erickson, R., 402, 415 Ernulf, K. E., 227, 237 Ervin, F. R., 426, 430, 431, 439 Etkin, W., 419 Eysenck, H. J., 84, 98, 99, 160, 170 Fang, B., 265 Faraone, s. v., 84, 100, 128 Farrington, D., 120, 127 Faulkner-Jones, B., 395 Feingold, L. M., 99 Feldman, Mark, 60 Figlio, R. M., 120, 130 Finkel, D., 159, 168 Finley, J., 495-496, 503 Finucci, J. M., 254, 265 Fischer, K. W., 422, 430, 441, 443 Fisher, H. E., 416 Flanery, R. C., 430, 440 Fleeson, J., 64-65, 80 Fleming, Julie Singer, 53 Fodor, Jerry, 56-57, 76 Foley, R. A,, 404, 416 Folker, D. W., 264 Fonagy, P., 200, 213 Fonberg, E., 423, 440 Foss, B. M., 457, 464 Fowler, C., 268 Fox, R. H., 250, 265 Frank, Lawrence K., 37-38 Frank, R. A,, 160, 168 Frankenhauser, M., 532, 533 Freedman, Daniel G., 3, 4, 5-8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19-43, 44, 48, 49, 52-53, 54-55, 55-56, 61- 63, 64, 75, 76, 77, 79, 97, 98, 105, 106, 107-108, 127, 134, 139-141, 143, 145, 147, 148, 149, 168, 190, 194, 202-203, 547

NAME INDEX (D. Freedman, cont.) 212, 213, 217-218, 239-240, 279-280, 31 1, 315, 339, 341- 342, 353, 355, 356, 360, 366, 385, 397, 429, 440, 442, 446, 454-458, 459-463, 464, 467, 469-471, 473-479, 479, 501, 503, 507n, 515-516, 520, 525- 526, 533 Freedman, Gregory, 38-39, 51 Freedman, Nina C., 16, 52-53, 77, Freedman, Tony, 50 Freeman, Derek, 461 Freeman, F. N., 90, 99 Fretwell, S. D., 312 Freud, Sigmund, 70-71, 456 Fridlund, A. J., 333, 337 Friesen, W. V., 272, 274, 319-320, 202-203, 213, 459, 464 322, 326, 327-329, 330, 331, 337 Fritze, G., 265 Fromm-Reichmann, Frieda, 68, 77 Frost, L., 340, 353 Fukui, M., 248, 269 Fulker, D. W., 84, 160, 170, 485, 491 Fuller, J. L., 133, 143, 144, 156-157, Fundele, R. H., 393, 395 Fiirer-Haimendorf, C. von, 435, 440 Fuster, J. M., 431, 440 168 Gabrielli, W. F., 268 Gage, Phineas, 431 Galef, B., 182 Gallup, G. G., Jr., 221, 237 Galton, Sir Francis, 104, 106 Galvin, K. A., 286, 31 1 Gandelman, R., 181, 182 Gangestad, S. W., 89, 98 Gans, Natalie, 51 Garn, S. M., 240, 265 Garnets, L. D., 225, 237 Garovich, L., 532, 533 Gartmann, D., 428, 440 Gattiker, U. E., 417 Gaulin, S., 89, 97 Geelhoed, G. W., 497-498, 503 Gehlen, A., 369n, 377 Gelles, R. J., 416 George, C., 55, 77, 191, 200, 214 Geppert, U., 428, 440 Gerhard, H. B., 162, 169 Gerner, R. J., 438 Gershon, H., 181, 182 Ghodsian-Carpey, J., 127 Gibson, R., 159, 170 Gilbert, Paul, 8, 17 Gill, K., 248, 265 Gilman, A., 245, 248, 266 Gitlin, D. G., 151, 172 Gladue, B. A,, 89, 97 Gleeson, S. K., 149, 168 Go, V. L. W., 266 Goedde, H. W., 243, 247-249, 265 Goldberg, J., 128 Goldberg, S., 159, 168, 208, 209-211, Golden, C., 227, 237 Goldfarb, L., 268 Goldfarb, W., 210, 214 Goldman, D., 113-114, 127, 130, 268 Goldman, S., 438 Goldsmith, H. H., 7, 10, 12, 18, 60, 77, 107n, 109, 115, 116, 117- 118, 121, 127, 128, 130 214, 516, 520 Goldsmith, R., 250, 265 Goldstein, Kurt, 19, 20, 25-26, 28, 29-33, 44, 57, 66;77, 456, 457, 464, 519-520 Golombok, S., 139, 143 Goodall, J., 195-196, 214 Goode, W. J., 365, 366, 511, 512 Goodman, L. S., 246, 248, 266 548

NAME INDEX Goodwin, D. W., 268 Gordon, T. P., 432, 442 Goren, Carolyn G., 51-52, 77 Gorman, Jane, 44, SO, 52, 56, 57, 64, 67, 72, 77, 190, 194, 202-203, 212, 213, 341-342, 353, 356, 360, 366, 501, 503 Gottesman, Irving I., 6, 10, 12, 15, 18, 35n, 44, 84, 98, 105-106, 107n, 109, 110, 117-118, 121, 124, 126, 127, 130, 146, 155- 156, 168, 170, 175, 177, 182, 183, 483, 486-487, 489-490, 490, 491, 515, 525, 528 Gottfried, N. W., 159, 168 Gottlieb, G., 10, 16, 259, 260, 266 Gottman, 7. M., 335, 531-532, 533 Gould, J. L., 494, 503 Gould, S. J., 260, 266 Gowaty, P. A., 416 Graham, F. K., 479 Gram, L. F., 252, 266 Grand, H. G., 236 Greenberg, M. S., 433, 440 Greenberg, M. T., 198-199, 206, 210, 214, 215 Gregersen, P. K., 172 Grimes-Hillman, M., 163-164, 172 Gronemeyer, R., 245, 266 Grossmann, K. E., 348-349, 353 Guglielmino, C. R., 370, 377 Gundlach, R. H., 236 Guoan, Yue, 8 Guthrie, J. T., 254, 265 Hager, 1. C., 326, 337 Hahn, M. E., 133, 143, 156-157, 168 Haig, D., 389, 391, 395, 510, 512 Haley, J., 67, 77 Hall, K. R. L., 195, 214 Hall, T. B., 268 Hallgren, B., 254, 266 Halpern, Florence, 26, 27 Hamer, D., 222, 237 Hames, R., 159, 168 Hamilton, W. D., 71, 75, 108, 128, 311, 383, 386, 389, 395, 494, 501, 503 147-148, 163, 169, 176, 182, Hammersmith, S. K., 225, 236 Hammond, G. R., 255, 266 Hans, S., 65 Hanson, D. R., 123-124, 128 Harada, S., 247-248, 265 Harkness, S., 348, 353 Harlow, Harry, 7, 24 Harpending, H., 531, 533 Harris, M. J., 128 Hatfield, E., 422, 438 Hawkes, Kristen, 7, 278, 281, 285, 286, 289, 292-293, 295, 300- 301, 302-303, 310, 31 1 Heath, A. C., 83, 99, 129 Heath, R. G., 426, 440 Hebb, D. O., 515, 520 Hecken, J., 237 Heckhausen, H., 427, 428, 440 Heiberg, M., 245, 266 Heider, Karl, 319-320 Heinroth, Oscar, 453, 464 Hellsfranel, P., 250, 267 Hencken, J., 227 Henderson, V. K., 137, 144, 159, 173 Henman, Bruce, 365-366, 366 Henry, 1. P., 432, 440 Hepburn, M., 254, 268 Herrnstein, R. J., 84, 91, 95, 98, 176 Hershberger, S. L., 162-163, 172 Hertzman, A. B., 250, 266 Heston, L. L., 96, 98 Higgins, N. C., 413, 416 Hilbert, David, 495 Hill, B. E., 241, 268 Hill, C. A., 221, 238 54 9

NAME INDEX Hill, C. M., 180, 182 Hill, K., 281, 301, 312 Hill, W. F., 422, 440 Hinde, Robert A., 319, 322, 324, 337, 494, 503 Hinds, L., 241, 268 Hirsch, Helmuth, 51 Hirschhorn, K., 250, 269 Ho, S. B., 248, 250, 266 Hofer, M. A., 154, 169 Hoffman, E., 19, 44 Holzinger, K. J., 90, 99 Horowitz, F. D., 532, 533 House, J. S., 411, 416 Howard, E., 140, 143 Hoyenga, K. B., 532, 533 Hoyenga, K. T., 532, 533 Hrdy, S. B., 412n, 416 Hubain, P., 438 Hubbard, R., 253, 266 Hudson, W. W., 229, 237 Hughes, A. L., 133, 143 Hull, Clark L., 22-23, 44 Hull, David L., 48, 77 Hund, F., 495, 504 Hur, Y. M., 146, 169 Hurtado, A. M., 281, 301, 312 Hurwitz, R., 251, 267 Hyde, J. S., 89, 99 Iacono, W. G., 61n, 78, 146, 166, 169, 170 Imamoglu, OlGay, 357, 362-363, 366 Indulgence, Seth, 397n Inglis, 1. R., 308, 312 Innala, D. M., 227, 237 Ireton, D., 495-496, 503 Irons, W., 299, 312 Isabella, R. A,, 92, 98, 213 Israel, Y., 248-249, 269 Ivry, R. I., 255, 267 Iwanaga, M., 196, 198-199, 215 Izard, C. E., 428, 435, 440 Jackson, Don, 34, 35, 67 Jackson, J. F., 10, 16 Jackson-Paris, Bob, 220 Jackson-Paris, Rod, 220 Jang, K. L., 154, 168 Janus, M., 208, 214 Jardine, R., 99 Jay, Phyllis, 195, 197, 214 Jenkins, W. M., 269 Jensen, A. R., 61, 77, 94, 99, 519, Jersell, T. M., 431, 441 Jockin, V., 486-487, 491 Johnson, M. H., 52, 77 Johnson, R. C., 485, 491 Johnson-Laird, P. N., 334, 337 Johnston, R. E., 333, 337 Jolly, C. J., 355, 366 Jones, E. E., 162, 169 Jones, F. C., 268 Jorgensen, A. L., 128 Jung, Carl G., 41, 44, 73, 77 520 Kagan, J., 8, 16, 221, 237, 353 Kalow, W., 252, 266 Kamin, L. J., 78 Kamuzora, C. L., 285, 310 Kandel, E. R., 431, 441 Kaplan, H. B., 411, 416 Kaplan, N., 55, 77, 191, 200, 214, 215 Karpink, P., 182 Kauffman, Stuart, 48, 57, 58, 70, 78, Kayser, Sharon, 51 Keefer, C. H., 348, 353 260, 262, 266 550

NAME INDEX Keele, S. W., 255, 267 Keller, Barbara, 4, 16, 50, 105, 106, 456, 464 Kelly, R., 413~1, 416 Kelly, V., 349, 353 Kelso, J. A. S., 255, 267 Kendler, K. S., 83, 99 Kenrick, D. T., 11, 16 Kerr, J., 516, 520 Kessler, R. C., 83, 99 Kidd, D. J., 250, 265 Kim, L., 55, 78 Kimberling, W. J., 254, 264, 269 Kimmel, D. C., 225, 237 Kimura, D., 255, 267, 416 King, B. R., 227, 237 King, J. A., 132, 134, 143 King, R. A,, 109, 128 Kirk, M., 219, 238 Kitayama, S., 153, 167 Kitcher, Phillip, 87, 93, 99, 253, 267 Kitzinger, C., 220, 238 Klein, Jean, 47, 68, 78 Kline, J., 412n, 418 Klinghammer, Erich, 59 Kluger, M. J., 531, 533 Knipe, H., 429, 441 Koch, H., 159, 169 Koella, J., 280, 313 Koford, Charles, 453, 464 Kijhler, Wolfgang, 32, 48 Kojetin, B. A., 84, 100 Kolb, S., 474, 480 Komarovsky, M., 432, 441 Konner, M. J., 196, 198-199, 214, Korbin, 1. E., 508, 512 Kramer, P. D., 400, 416 Krause, Rainer, 332 Kraut, R. E., 333, 337 Krebs, D., 413, 416 271-272, 274 Krebs, J. R., 279-280, 286, 295, 312, Kremer, M. W., 236 Kretchmer, N., 251, 267 Kris, Ernst, 26 Kropotkin, P., 71, 78 Kuchner, Joan, 52, 78 Kuhn, T. S., 190, 214 Kummer, H., 158-160, 169, 355, 366 Kupperbusch, C., 328, 337 Kurland, J. A., 158-159, 169 313 Ladefoged, P., 284, 312 Lamb, M. E., 10, 16 Lambers, S. M., 221, 238 Lan, M., 395 Landel, J., 434, 441 Landis, K. R., 411, 416 Lappalainen, J., 114, 127 Lashley, K. S., 255, 267 Lawick-Goodall, Jane van, 195-196, 198, 214 Laxness, H. K., 55, 78 Lay, C. M., 161-162, 169 Lazarus, J., 308, 312 Leake, E., 159, 168 Leary, M. R., 250, 251, 267, 423, 434, 441 Lee, P. C., 404, 416 Leiderman, G. F., 196, 214 Leiderman, P. H., 214, 353 Lerner, R. M., 412n, 416 Leurgans, S., 146, 169 LeVay, S., 85, 99 Lever, J., 227, 229, 238 Levesque, Roger J. R., 6-7, 15, 16, 483-484, 509-511, 512, 513, 5 17, 5 19-520 Levine, A. S., 266 LeVine, B. B., 354 55 1

NAME INDEX LeVine, Robert A,, 6, 13, 64, 65, 69, 78, 196, 198-199, 205, 214, 215, 278, 307-308, 344-349, 353, 354, 372, 373~1, 376, 525 341, 344, 353 LeVine, Sarah, 196, 198-199, 215, Levine, Seymour, 470 Levy, David M., 49, 78, 454, 464 Lewis, M., 422-423, 425, 430, 441 Lewitter, F. I., 254, 267 Lewontin, R. C., 42, 59, 61, 78, 494 Li, T.-K., 248, 258, 264, 269 Liederman, P. H., 196 Lilienfeld, S. O., 11 1, 128 Lilly, John, 35 Lin, K.-M., 243, 252, 267, 269 Lin, Z., 395 Lindzey, G., 94, 95, 99 Linkey, H. E., 429, 431, 443 Linnoila, M., 113, 130 Linsky, A. S., 508, 513 Lipset, David, 38, 44, 78 Lipsitt, Lewis P., 6, 15, 475, 478, 479 Lisker, R., 265 Little, Clarence Cook, 131 Littlefield, C. H., 151, 169 Liu, Y., 248, 265 Llinas, R., 255, 267 Lockard, J. S., 413, 416 Loeber, R., 120, 127 Loehlin, J. C., 84, 94, 95, 99 Long, J. C., 268 Lorenz, Konrad Z., 6, 32, 49, 58-59, 62, 69, 78, 283, 374-376, 453, 464, 493-494, 496, 501, 504, 517-518, 520 Lotstra, F., 438 Lotz, R., 254, 270 Lovegrove, W., 257-258, 267 Lovett, G., 486-487, 491 Lovett, M., 254, 267 Low, B. S., 416 Lowentine, R., 44 Loy, D., 47, 73, 78 Lubs, H. A., 254, 268, 269 Lueptow, L. B., 532, 533 Lueptow, M. B., 532, 533 Luke, B., 146, 169 Luke, S., 180n, 183 Luther, Martin, 499 Luxen, A., 438 Lykken, D. T., 5, 9-10, 15, 17, 59, 60, 61n, 75, 78, 84, 87, 98, 99, 100, 121, 129, 130, 166, 170, 485, 486-487, 491 Lyons, M. J., 121, 128 Lytton, H., 159, 169 Mabbee, W. G., 248, 264 MacDonald, K., 412n, 416 Mack, W., 125, 126 Maclay, G., 429, 441 MacNeilage, P. F., 255, 267 Madanes, C., 67, 78 Madden, P. A. F., 129 Maddieson, I., 284, 312 Madsen, H., 219, 238 Maga, J. A., 286, 311 Main, M., 20, 55, 77, 191, 214, 215 Malatesta, C., 428, 440 Maling, T. J. B., 250, 267 Mallory, M. E., 250, 268 Malmstrom, P. M., 159, 169 Malone, T., 68, 80 Malpas, C. P., 250, 267 Mann, J., 159, 169 Manstead, A. S. R.,.434, 442 Martin, A,, 146, 170 Martin, J., 426, 430, 431, 439 Martin, N. G., 83, 84, 89, 97, 98, 99, Marvin, C. N., 206-209, 215 Marvin, Robert S., 6-7, 13, 17, 187, 129 196, 198-199, 200, 201, 203- 552

NAME INDEX 21 1, 210, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 271-272, 340, 525, 529 Marx, Karl, 499 Mascolo, M. F., 422, 441 Maslow, Abraham H., 7, 19-29, 44, 66, 131, 429, 441, 519 Maslow, Ann, 26-27 Maslow, Ellen, 26-27 Massimini, Antonella, 55 Massimini, Fausto, 55 Masters, R. D., 416 Matheny, A. P., 114, 129, 168 Matsushita, M., 128 Mauger, P. A,, 151, 171 Mazur, A,, 430, 432, 441 Mazziotta, J. C., 438 McArdle, I. J., 485, 491 McCartney, K., 60, 79, 128 McClearn, G. E., 69n, 79, 86, 87, 99, McClelland, D. C., 422, 441 McDougall, W., 421, 430, 441 McDowell, W., 284, 312 McFadden, D., 146, 170 McFarland, D. J., 496, 504 McGraw, Myrtle B., 474, 475, 480 McGrew, W. C., 198-199, 215 McGue, M., 5, 15, 59, 60, 61n, 75, 78, 84, 87, 98, 99, 121, 124, 129, 146, 166, 169, 170, 485, 121, 126 486-487, 491 McGuffin, P., 113, 129 McGuire, M. T., 431, 435, 440, 441 McLean, Dickson, 457 McManus, I. C., 160, 170 Mead, Margaret, 21, 33, 37-38, 44, 322, 337, 459 Meadows, S., 423, 441 Mealey, L., 417 Mednick, S. A., 125, 126 Megarry, T., 404, 417 Mehlman, M., 284, 312 Meier-Tackmann, D., 265 Meischner, T., 349, 352 Meldman, Jeffrey, 420 Mellander, S., 250, 267 Mellits, D., 258, 269 Melngailis, I., 256-257, 270 Mendlewicz, J., 438 Mendoza, R., 243, 252, 267, 269 Menozzi, P., 61, 75, 240, 264, 370, Merzenich, M. M., 269 Messinger, D., 55, 78 Meyer, J., 128 Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., 225, 238 Michel, G. F., 187, 188, 255, 270, Miller, E. M., 146, 170 Miller, N. S., 248, 268 Miller, P. M., 64, 78 Miller, S. L., 58, 79, 269 Miller, T., 409, 417 Minde, K., 159, 168 Minsky, M., 496, 504 Mintz, Norbett, 49 Mitra, P., 55, 79 Moen, P., 141, 143 Moffitt, T. E., 125, 126 Molenaar, P. C. M., 10, 16 Monod, J., 260, 268 Moore, C. L., 187, 188, 527, 529, 534 Morin, Alex, 37 Moritz, R. F. A., 494, 504 Morray, R. B., 248, 264 Morton, J., 52, 77 Mosley, G. O., 266 Moss, H. H., 114, 130 Mossier, D. G., 198-199, 206, 208, Motulsky, A. G., 109, 128 Mourant, A. E., 245, 268 Muczenski, D., 355, 367 Muir, R., 516, 520 377 527, 529, 534 215 553

NAME INDEX Munroe, Ruth, 26 Munsterburg, Werner, 25 Murphy, Gardner, 26, 27, 34 Murphy, Lois Barclay, 26-27, 34 Murray, C., 84, 91, 95, 98, 139, 143 Nagarajan, S. s., 269 Ndagala, D., 284, 312 Neale, M. C., 83, 99, 146-147, 160, Neel, James V., 71-72, 79, 520 Nesse, Randolph M., 398, 405, 417, Newman, H. H., 90, 99 Nias, D. K. B., 160, 170 Nichols, R. C., 515, 521 Nielsen, K. K., 252, 266 Noller, P., 360, 367 Norman, K., 348, 354 Novoradovsky, A,, 247, 258, 268 Nussbaum, M. C., 401, 417 170, 222, 236 531, 534 Obergon, M., 257, 270 O’Brien, R., 249, 268 Obst, E., 284, 312 O’Connell, James F., 7, 278, 281, Ojemann, G., 255, 268 Olafsdottir, Vala, 55, 79 Oliver, M. B., 89, 99 Oilier, W., 172 Omark, D. R., 52, 79, 139-141, 143, 285, 286, 295, 300, 310, 311 159, 170, 299, 312, 355, 367, 427, 429, 430, 434, 437, 439, 441, 442, 443, 457, 458 Omark, M., 355, 367, 430, 441 Orgel, L. E., 58, 78 O’Sullivan, M., 322, 326, 331, 337 Ott, J., 253, 264 Ovrut, M., 255, 270 Owen, M. J., 113, 129 Owen, M. T., 137, 144, 159, 173 Oyama, S., 10, 17 Ozaki, N., 113-1 14, 127 Paik, G. K., 265 Paluszny, M., 159, 170 Pancer, Z., 181, 182 Panksepp, J., 423-425, 426, 434, 442 Papousek, H., 342-343, 354 Papousek, M., 342-343, 354 Pardo, M. P., 268 Park, L., 55, 79 Park, Y. K., 265 Parker, Richard, 355, 367, 457-458 Pascal, Blake, 68, 79, 516, 521 Passingham, R., 431, 442 Paulhus, D. S., 413, 416 Pennington, B. F., 254, 264, 268, 269 Perrota, M., 159, 168 Perry, D., 238 Peterson, R., 268 Pfeil, C., 254, 270 Phelps, M. E., 438 Philip, J., 128 Piaget, Jean, 456, 464 Piazza, A., 61, 75, 240, 264, 370, 377 Piers, G., 447, 449 Pillard, R. C., 85, 98, 222, 236 Piskur, J., 227, 238 Plant, C., 400, 417 Plant, J., 400, 417 Plomin, R., 8, 10, 17, 61n, 69n, 79, 84, 86, 87, 99, 113, 129, 159, 166, 170, 485, 486, 491, 528, 529, 534 Poggi, I., 433-434, 439 Poland, R. E., 243, 252, 267, 269 Poonjaji, H. W. L., 47 Porter, R. H., 163, 164, 170 Poth, E. J., 252, 264 Prescott, C. A., 485, 491 Price, John S., 432n, 443 Price-Evans, D. E., 252, 268 554

NAME INDEX Proctor, R. N., 109, 129 Profet, M., 531, 534 Pryor, Karen, 36 Przybeck, T., 11 1, 129 Pugh, G. E., 406n, 417, 420, 421, 429, 430, 435, 442 Rabin, M., 254, 268 Rack, J., 254, 269 Radwan, J., 41 7 Raine, A,, 119, 129 Rajecki, D. W., 430, 440 Rakelmann, G. A., 245, 266 Raleigh, M. J., 431, 440 Rand, Ayn, 21-22 Ranganath, V., 269 Ransome-Kuti, O., 251, 267 Rapoport, J. L., 531, 534 Raskind, W. H., 128 Redisch, W., 250, 269 Reese, B., 395 Regier, D. A., 111, 129 Redly, P. R., 110, 129 Reise, L. M., 129 Reiss, A. J., 109, 119, 120, 123, 129 Resnick, S. M., 146, 170 Rheingold, Harriet, 457 Ricciuti, A. E., 146, 159, 170 Rich, S., 130 Richardson, D., 225, 238 Richerson, P. J., 69, 75 Richman, A., 353 Ricketts, W. A., 229, 237 Riese, M. L., 114 Ritkin, A. H., 236 Rinkevich, B., 181, 182 Risch, N., 253, 268 Rivers, Mickey, 462 Robbins, M. L., 249, 268 Robinette, C. D., 486-487, 491 Robins, L. N., 111, 129 Robinson, B. J., 250, 267 Robinson, J. L., 159, 173 Roff, D. A., 280, 312 Rogers, Carl, 28 Rohner, R. P., 413, 414, 417 Rolls, E. T., 427, 431, 433, 440 Roper, G., 326, 337 Rose, R. J., 83, 99, 129 Rose, R. M., 432, 442 Rose, S., 77 Rosenberg, E. L., 320, 337 Rosenberg, K. R., 500n, 504 Rosenblith, J. F., 475, 478, 479, 480 Rossi, Alice S., 531, 534 Roth, J. A., 109, 119, 120, 123, 129 Rothbart, M. K., 115, 129 Rothhamrner, F., 265 Rotter, J. I., 109, 128 Rotwein, P., 395 Rowe, D. C., 8, 10, 17, 92, 99, 123- Roy, A., 151, 172 Rudel, R. G., 258, 265 Ruse, M., 69 Rushton, J. Philippe, 61, 79, 95, 99, 160, 169, 170 Russell, Bertrand, 41, 45, 412, 417 Russell, J., 157, 172 Russell, J. A., 335, 338 Russell, J. M., 157, 172 Russell, Robin J. H., 356-357, 359- 124, 129, 159, 170 360, 363-364, 365, 367, 432, 443 Rutter, M., 111, 126 Saarni, C., 328, 338 Saha, N., 265 Sahlins, M., 69, 79 Saint-Paul, U., 518, 521 Salter, B. E., 154, 168 Sanders, C. M., 151, 153, 171 Sands, B., 284, 312 Sargent, M. J., 249, 268 555

NAME INDEX Sarty, M., 52 Satir, Virginia, 34 Savin-Williams, R. C., 6-7, 13, 17, 140, 143, 188, 218, 219, 225, 237, 238, 272, 355, 367, 430, 442, 457, 525, 529 Scarr, S., 3, 10, 17, 60, 79, 95, 100, 117, 129 Schaller, G., 195, 216 Scheerer, M., 44 Schell, Norma J., 360-361, 367 Scherer, K. R., 326, 337 Schiller, C. H., 45 Schjelderup-Ebbe, T., 140, 143 Schleidt, M., 163, 171 Schleidt, Wolfgang M., 6, 15, 278, 483, 495-496, 497, 501, 503, 504, 505, 517-519 Schmidt, A,, 349, 352 Schneider-Rosen, K., 427, 442 Schneirla, T. C., 456, 464 Schore, A. N., 430, 442 Schreiner, C., 269 Schultz, J., 284, 312 Schwartz, J. H., 431, 441 Schwartz, J. M., 438 Scott, John Paul, 5, 12-13, 15, 28, 139, 143, 144, 157, 171, 178, 179, 183, 525, 528 50, 105, 106, 131-133, 136, Scrimshaw, N. S., 408, 417 Seay, B. M., 159168 Segal, B., 265 Segal, Nancy L., 5, 6-7, 13, 15, 50- 51, 60, 71, 75, 79, 82, 87, 96, 98, 100, 106, 108, 129, 130, 147, 148, 149, 151, 154, 156, 157, 160, 161-164, 165-166, 169, 171, 179-180, 181-182, 183, 397n, 445n, 507n, 525, 528 SegerstrPlle, U., 494, 505 Selin, C. E., 438 Semin, G. R., 434, 442 Sen, A., 401, 417 Seyfarth, R., 158-159, 168 Shaffer, R. B., 266 Shapiro, S. P., 433, 440 Shaver, P. R., 84, 100 Shearn, D., 241, 250, 268 Shen, Jiliang, 357-358, 435, 439 Sherrington, C. S., 45 Shields, J., 487, 491 Shields, S. A., 250, 251, 268 Shweder, Richard, 41, 340, 443 Sibly, R. M., 291, 310 Siegel, J. M., 412, 417 Siemon, M., 149, 158, 160, 172 Sietsema, D., 146, 169 Silman, A., 172 Silva, M. N., 159, 169 Silverman, I., 8, 17 Simmons, L. W., 463, 464 Simon, A., 250, 268 Simpson, George Gaylord, 335, 338 Simpson, J. A,, 89, 98 Sindrup, S., 252, 266 Sing, S., 265 Singer, Julie, 53, 461-462 Singer, M. B., 447, 449 Singh, S., 265 Singhal, D. P., 245, 269 Skjelbo, E., 252, 266 Slater, P. J. B., 137, 144 Sloman, Leon, 8, 17, 432~1, 443 Slutske, W. S., 121, 129 Small, M. F., 417 Smith, C. C., 312 Smith, E. A,, 280n, 313 Smith, John Maynard, 47-48, 58, 79 Smith, L. C., 285, 310 Smith, M. S., 3, 11, 17 Smith, M. W., 243, 252, 267, 269 Smith, S. D., 254, 264, 269 556

NAME INDEX Smith, Sheila, 54, 80 Smith, W. J., 319, 338 Smuts, B., 158-159, 168, 508, 513 Snidman, N., 8, 16 Snowling, M., 254, 269 Sober, E., 30, 45, 48, 57, 80 Solomon, J., 215 Spangler, G., 348, 353 Spencer, Herbert, 70-71 Sperry, R. W., 255, 269 Spitz, Rene A., 26, 50, 80, 455-456, 464, 465 Spoors, M., 411, 415 Springer, S. P., 160, 172 Spuhler, J. N., 94, 95, 99 Srivasta, L. M., 265 Sroufe, L. A., 64-65, 80 Stackhouse, J., 254, 269 Stamatoyannopoulos, G., 248, 269 Stanger, C., 422, 441 Stapel, K., 265 Stark, R., 258, 269 Statham, D. J., 129 Stearns, S. C., 280, 313 Steele, H., 20, 213 Steele, J. M., 250, 269 Steele, M., 202, 213 Steinberg, L., 92, 98, 306, 313 Stephens, D. W., 286, 295, 313 Stephens, W. N., 140, 141, 144, 529 Stephenson, W., 54-55, 80 Stern, D., 350-351, 354 Stewart, C. E., 395 Stewart, C. L., 395 Stewart, R. B., 198-199, 208, 216 Stipek, D., 427, 428, 443 Stivers, M. L., 221, 238 Storms, M. D., 221, 238 Straw, M. A,, 508, 513 Strayer, F. F., 139-141, 143, 429, 442 Strickland, T. L., 243, 252, 267, 269 Strong, P. N., Jr., 151, 171 Studd, M. V., 417 Suarez, S. D., 221, 237 Sueda, K., 422, 443 Suess, G., 348, 353 Sullivan, A,, 219, 238 Sullivan, M., 422, 441 Sulloway, F., 532, 534 Suniida, R. M., 438 Suniner, W. G., 62, 69, 80 Suomi, S. J., 194, 216 Super, C., 348, 353 Surani, M. A., 393, 395 Surbey, M. K., 531, 534 Suzuki, D. T., 34, 69 Svrakic, N. M., 113, 126 Symons, D., 80, 403, 41211, 415, 417 Szathmary, E., 244, 269 TaIayesva, Don, 463 Tallal, P., 258, 269 Tan, S.-S., 395 Tangney, J. P., 430, 443 Taylor, B., 159, 172 Taylor, E. H., 175, 183 Teitelbaum, A,, 497, 503 Tellegen, A,, 5, 9-10, 15, 17, 59, 60, 75, 78, 84, 87, 98, 100, 130, 490, 491 Teltser, P., 404, 417 Templeton, J. L., 250, 267 Tennenbaum, S. Y., 497, 503 Tesser, A., 83, 100 Thomasson, H. R., 243, 258, 264, Thompson, T. A,, 495-496, 503 Thorndike, Edward L., 21, 28 Thorne, B., 465 Thornhill, N. W., 417, 499, 505 Thornhill, R., 417, 499, 505 Thrasher, F. M., 140, 144 Tift, L. L., 513 269 557

NAME INDEX Tinbergen, N., 72, 158, 172, 273, 274, 278, 279, 283, 313, 494, 496, 505, 526, 529 Tindale, N. B., 80 Tipp, J., 111, 129 Tomkins, A. J., 511, 513 Tomkins, S., 428, 443 Tonry, Michael, 177-178, 183 Tooby, J., 56-57, 75, 76, 89-90, 91, 100, 130, 162, 168, 382, 383, 403, 404, 405, 415, 417 Topolski, T. D., 154, 156, 163-1 64, 171, 172 Torrey, E. F., 175, 183 Townsend, J. M., 412n, 418 Tracy, P. E., 120, 130 Trejo, V., 146, 172 Trevarthen, C., 342, 354 Trivers, Robert L., 6, 14, 70, 80, 106, 108, 130, 148, 162, 173, 176, 179, 183, 193, 216, 281, 313, 391, 395, 405, 418, 433, 443, 529, 530, 534 381-382, 383, 385, 389, 390, 445-446, 449, 509, 513, 526, True, W., 128 Trumbetta, Susan L., 7, 15, 483, Tsai, J. L., 328, 338 Tsai, S. J., 268 Tsuang, M. T., 84, 100, 128 Turke, P. W., 281-282, 299, 313 Turkheimer, E., 10, 18, 117-118, 489-490, 491, 515 Tu, C. C., 248-249, 269 130, 486-487, 489, 491 Uexkiill, Jacob von, 31, 32 Umberson, D., 411, 416 Unzner, L., 348, 353 Vandell, D. L., 137, 144, 159, 173 Vandenberg, Steven G., 6, 515, 521 Van den Berghe, P. L., 529, 534 Van der Dennen, J. M. G., 412n, 418 VanDevender, T. L., 196, 198-199, Van Kammen, W. B., 120, 127 Van Velzen, H. U. E. T., 508-509, Van Wetering, W., 508-509, 513 Vanyukov, M. M., 114, 130 Vellutino, F. R., 254, 269 Verma, R. S., 180n, 183 Virkkunen, M., 113, 130 Vlietinck, R., 172 Von Bertalanffy, L., 66, 75 Von Holst, E., 518, 521 Voyene, A,, 412n, 416 215 513 Waddington, C. H., 191, 216 Wade, Michael J., 57, 80 Wald, E., 253, 266 Waldman, I. D., 111, 128 Waldrop, M. M., 47-48, 80 Wall, S., 191, 212, 343, 352 Waller, N. G., 84, 100 Walsh, M., 395 Walters, G. D., 123, 130 Wang, X., 269 Ward, J. H., 71-72, 79, 520 Washington, J., 208, 214 Wasserman, T. H., 412~1, 418 Waters, Everett, 55, 64, 75, 191, 212, 343, 352 Watts, M., 531, 534 Watzlawick, Paul, 34 Weakland, Virginia, 34 Weinberg, M. S., 225, 236 Weinstein, H., 353 Weisfeld, Carol C., 6-7, 13, 18, 140, 367, 374, 376, 397n, 432, 443, 465, 525, 530 144, 355, 359-361, 363-364, 558

NAME INDEX Weisfeld, Glenn E., 6-7, 14, 18, 140, 363-364, 367, 397n, 422, 429, 437, 438, 439, 443, 445, 445% 446-447, 449, 457, 507n, 526, 529, 534 144, 355, 356, 357, 359-360, 430-1’1, 432-433, 434, 435, Weiss, M., 422, 441 Weiss, Paul, 32, 45 Weiss, R., 153, 173 Wells, Pamela A,, 356-357, 359-360, Wen, X. L., 254, 268 Wertheimer, L., 250, 269 Whelan, R. F., 250, 269 Whitaker, Carl, 67-68, 80 Whitam, F. L., 227, 237 White, T. W., 123, 130 Whitehead, A. N., 41, 45 Whiting, B. B., 344, 354 363-364, 365, 367, 432, 443 140, 143, 179, 182, 183, 358, 366, 415, 508, 512, 531, 533 Wilson, S. M., 151, 154, 172 Wimmer, H., 254, 269 Winterhalder, B., 280n, 313 Wise, S. P., 531, 534 Wiseman, R. L., 422, 443 Wolf, Katherine M., 26, 50, 80, 445, 465 Wolf, M., 254, 264, 270 Wolfe, Dan, 39 Wolff, Peter H., 6, 13, 53, 188, 241, 255, 256-257, 258, 270, 272- 273, 525, 529 Wolfgang, M. E., 120, 130 Woodburn, James C., 284, 300, 313 Wright, R., 532, 534 Wright, Sewell, 132 wu, P., 52 Whiting, John W. M., 344, 354, 455 Whitley, J., 227, 238 Whittaker, J. O., 265 Wiener, N., 66, 80 Wilbur, C. B., 236 Wilcox, K. J., 130 Willard, D. E., 381 Yates, E. F., 260, 270 Yazzie, David, 461 Yazzie, Irene, 460-46 1 Yoshida, A., 247-249, 270 Yu, L. M., 114, 130 Yue, G., 55, 79 Wille, D., 168 Williams, George C., 47-48, 58, 80, Wilson, D. S., 30, 45, 48, 57, 80 Wilson, E. O., 6, 18, 56, 80, 108, 130, 385, 395, 494, 505 Wilson, James Q., 176, 183, 510, 513 Wilson, K. S., 137, 144, 159, 163, Wilson, Margo I., 5, 16, 108, 130, 531, 534 1 73 Zahn-Waxler, C., 159, 173 Zajonc, R. B., 423, 443 Zazzo, R., 147, 173 Zegura, S., 244, 270 Zeibe, M., 349, 352 Zelazo, N., 474, 480 Zelazo, P. R., 474, 480 Zimring, Paul, 24 Zivin, G., 324, 338 559

Subject Index Acetaldehyde, 247, 248 Achievement motivation, 422 Adaptations, 405 Adoption studies, 104, 125, 164-166, Advaitism, 42, 73, 518-519 Adult Attachment Interview, 55 Aggression and antisocial behavior, and epidemiology, 110-1 12 and gender, 178-179 genetic risk of versus family hismale sexual jealousy as cause of, multiple routes to, 112-1 14 and race, 177-178 reaction surfaces and ranges, 209-2 1 1 107-1 25 tory of, 125 508 116-1 19 Agonistic behavior destructive, 140-141 and social organization, of dogs, 134-136 139-140 Alcohol flushing, 240-253, 272-273 and blushing, 249-251 genetics of, 247-249 Alcoholism, 83, 248-249 Altruism, 70-91, 148-149, 162-163 and degree of kinship, 158-159, 386 reciprocal, 70, 162, 176, 405-407, toward children of MZ twin, 156 433-434 Anger, 115, 407, 432-433, 435 Animal aggregations, 138 Anorexia nervosa, 531 Antisocial behavior. See Aggression and antisocial behavior Antisocial personality (ASP), 11 1- 112, 121 Arranged marriage, 362 Assortative mating, 256, 360 Attachment behavior across lifespan, 501 Ainsworth’s stages of, 191, 349 biological function of, 192 in dogs, 134, 136-137 in humans, xvi, 8, 92, 136-137, in twins, 137, 146 primate models of, 194-200 site attachment, 134 Attachment theory, 63-65, 516 Attractiveness, 93, 360, 435-437 Australian Aborigines, 72 Autism, 10 Autonomic nervous system, 328 63-65, 189-212, 272, 343 Babinski reflex, 473-474, 477-478 Baboons, 195 Bachelorhood, 487-490 561

SUBJECT INDEX Bailey’s Law, 84 Basal ganglia, 530 Behavior genetics, 3, 9, 10, 81-97, 103-106, 212 defined, 103 integration with evolutionary bioland prejudice, 62 significant contributors to, Behavioral ecology, 279, 280, 283, 305 Behaviorism, 323 Bereavement, 1 50-1 55 Biology, 176, 187, 494, 527-533. See Blushing 00, 87-88 105- 106 also Evolutionary Theory. and alcohol flushing, 249-251 with embarrassment or shame, 422-423, 428, 433-434, 250, 25 1 Bonobos, 138 British, 357-360, 365 Catastrophic reaction, 30 Celibacy, 487-490, 502, 5 18-5 19 Chaos theory, 260-262, 516 Child abuse, 413 The Children of Edward River (FreedChimpanzees, 32, 176, 195, 196, 198, China and Chinese, 8, 26, 241-248, 328, 35011, 361-362, 435-437 Cognition, 426-427 Complexity, theory of, 261 Conduct Disorder, 11 1 Conflict man,), 53, 461-463 199, 206 genetic sources of, 386 physiological and psychological, 39 1-394 Constitutional and Environmental Interactions in Rearing Four Breeds of Dogs (Freedman), 454-455, 469-471 Conversational signals, 330-331 Coy expressions, 206-209 Cretinism, 497-498 Criminality, 109-1 25, 140-14 1, 177- Cross-breeding, 132 Cross-Cultural Diflerences in New179, 507-512 born Behavior (Freedman), 53, Cross-cultural research, 3, 4, 8, 277- 459-460, 473, 477-479 310, 315-336, 339-352, 355- 366, 369-377 Cross-Cultural Video Study of Mothers and Their Two-Year-Olds (Freedman), 463 Cultural pseudo-speciation, 370 Culture, 369-377, 459-463, 530 and attachment, 63-65 and child care, 339-352 and emotion, 421-422 and sociality, 448-449 and marriage, 355-366 and newborn differences, 459- 460, 477-479 Cybernetics, 66-67 Darwinism. See Evolutionary theory Decision-making in marriage, Depression, 8 Determinism, 84-85, 529 Deutero learning, 36, 63 Development of the Smile and Fear of Strangers, With an Inquiry Into the Inheritance of Behavior (Freedman), 455-457, 473-477 358-361 562

SUBJECT INDEX Diatheses, 108 Display rules, 327-329 Diversity of normal behavior, Divorce 495-498 effect on prepubescent girls, 92 heritability of, 92, 485, 490 rise in rate of, 511 DNA, 113, 175, 222, 356, 386-388, 394-395 Dogs, 6, 34, 50, 131-136, 157, 454- 455, 469-471 Dolphins, 35-36 Domestic violence, 178-1 79, Dominance, 5, 7, 8, 24-25, 134, 135, 507-5 12 140, 355, 359, 360, 419-420, 427-437 Down’s syndrome, 51 Drosophila, 132 Drugs and crime, 178 and varying pharmacologic response, 251-252 Dyxlexia, 253-260, 273 Emblems, 330 Emotional role-playing, 332 Emotions, 315-336, 373-374, 406- England, 356 Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness (EEA), 404-414 Epigenesis, 108, 259 Equal environments assumption, Ethnocentrism, 413 Ethogram, 420, 437 Ethological studies, 158-162, Ethology, xvi, 32, 56, 190, 211, 212, 408, 420-429 86-87 375-376 277, 278, 366, 419-420, 493- 496, 499, 502-503, 517-518, 527, 532. See also Human ethology Evolution, rate of, 72 Evolutionary perspective, 3, 9, 11, 56-57, 88, 89, 96, 369, 403, 409, 41 1-413, 528, 532 Evolutionary psychology, xvi, 3, 56, 81-82, 87-92, 97, 105, 108, 397, 403, 405-414, 507-512 Evolutionary theory, 31, 212, 381- Exploration, 193, 200-205 382, 448, 457, 531 Facial expressions, 8, 316-336, 424, False expressions, 33 1 Family, 92, 141, 142, 179, 507-510, Family therapy, 35, 41, 66-68 Fear, 201, 202 Fever, 531 Film, in studies of behavior, 14-15, 427-428 529 35, 50-55, 360-361, 453-463, 459-479 Fixed action patterns, 495, 496 Function, biological, 4, 277, 278, 529 Gender differences. See Sex differGenetic epidemiology, 113 Genetics, 59-60, 133-136 Genomic imprinting, 387-395 Genotype-phenotype pathway, Genotype, 116, 239-263, 386-389 and alcohol flushing, 240-253 and dyslexia, 2.53-258 Gestalt psychology, 23, 29 Goiter, 497-498 ences 85-86 563

SUBJECT INDEX Goldstein-Scheerer Test, 30 Gorillas, 195 Grief, 151-154 Group selection, 46, 48, 57 Gusii of Kenya, 344-347, 351, 373 Hadza of Tanzania, 279-310, 372 Happiness, 9-10, 397-412, 447 Hausa of Nigeria, 203-206, 341 Heritability, 83-88, 115 defined, 12 of alcholism, 83 of divorce, 84, 92, 485-487 of fearfulness, 116 of interest in casual sex, 89 of IQ, 84, 87, 91, 60-63, 532 of juvenile delinquency, 123 of love styles, 84 of manic depression, 84 of personality, 84 of schizophrenia, 84 of singlehood, 487-490 of sexual orientation, 85 of television watching, 485-486 Holism, 5, 11, 26, 29-30, 32, 47-G5, 66, 73-74, 273, 277, 275, 356, 366, 526 Homicide, 413, 531 Homogamy. See Assortative mating Human ethology, xvi, 3, 340, 360. Human Genome Project, 175-176, Huntington disease, 108-109 Hypergyny, 358, 360 See also Ethology 532 Immanent mind, 73 Inbreeding, 96, 392-393, 529-530 Inclusive fitness, xv, 148, 281, 282, Individualism, 142 Infants, 51-53, 339-352, 473-479 297, 305, 308 Instincts, 137 Intelligence, 360 Intelligence Quotient (IQ), 87, 60- Interaction between mothers and inInternal Working Model (IWM), International Society for Human 63. 91, 94-95, 165-166, 177 fants, 339-352 63-64, 193, 200, 351, 516 Ethology, 525 Japanese, 241-249, 327, 328, 340, 347, 349, 351 Kalahari Desert, 196 Kinship theory, 389-391 Koro (genital retraction disorder), !Kung of Botswana, 281, 293, 307, kin recognition mechanisms, 148 497 308 Langurs, 195 Life history theory, 280 Limbic system, 119, 425, 426 Lineal fissioning, 72-73 Linkage, genetic, 86, 90, 91, 175 Logical typing, 41 Lobotomy, 30 Love. 365 Marriage, 355-366, 486 Mice, 133, 139, 140, 390-394 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 121, 490 Mitochondria1 DNA, 386-387 Morning sickness, 531 Mother-infant interaction, 339-352 Natal coat, 198 Native Americans, 43, 241, 243, 244, 249, 250, 366 564

SUBJECT INDEX Naturalistic fallacy, 11 Naturalistic observation, 23, 131,272, Nature versus nurture debate, 5, 60, Navajo Childhood (Freedman and Neuroticism, 487 Never-married status. See Celibacy New Guinea. See Papua New Guinea Nigeria, 196, 203-206, 341, 382 Nonduality, 47-74, 516 Nonshared environmental factors, 10 Norm of reaction. 116 279,340,355,369,375,527 68-7 1 Callaghan), 53, 460-461 Obesity, 408 Object permanence, 200, 271-272 Observational research. See NaturalisObsessive-compulsive disorder, Olfactory recognition, 163-164 Ontogenesis and ontogeny, 108, 191 Orbitofrontal cortex, 430-431 Orthography, 254 tic observation 530-53 1 Papua New Guinea, 316-318, 373 Parental investment, 179, 508-509 Parenthood, 531 Parent-offspring conflict, 308 Pennsylvania State University AudioVisual Services, 460 Phenotype, 386-389 Phenylketonuria (PKU), 104, 108 Play, 93 Pleiotropy, 90, 91, 112, 410 Pleroma, 73 Polyandry, 179 Prejudice, 62-63 Prenatal hormones, 222, 225 Prestige striving, 382 Pride and shame, 407, 421-438 Primate model of development, 194- 200, 206 Prisoner’s Dilemma, 162-163 Pseudo-speciation, 69 Psychoanalysis, 23, 37, 221 Psychobiology, 108 Psychology, evolutionary. See Evolutionary psychology Psychoneuroimmunology, 41 1 Psychophysical isomorphism, 48 Pubertal timing, 92 Puberty, 199 Race and alcohol flushing, 240-253,263 and antisocial personality (ASP), and crime, 120, 177-178 and genetic differences, 61, 94- and IQ, 60-63, 94-95 and marital happiness, 363-365 and pharmacologic response, 111 95, 240-263 251-252 Racism, 62-63 Reaction range, 117 Reaction surfaces, 116-1 19 Reciprocal altruism. See Altruism, reReferential expressions, 33 1-332 Relatedness, 159, 389-391 Reproduction, 138-139 Reproductive success, 299-302, 304, 305, 308, 309 Reputation, 299-310 Responsiveness, parental, 204, 205, r-K theory, 95 ciprocal 343 Schizophrenia, 34, 35, 109, 155-156, Self-actualization, 24-26, 29, 32, 33 175 565

SUBJECT INDEX Self-esteem, 407, 41 3 Self-organizing systems, 58-59 Sensuality, 65-66 Serotonin, 112, 431-432, 435, Sex differences, 5, 61, 88-96, 135, 530-53 1 156-158, 294-310, 370-371, 386, 392-393, 41211, 457-458, 477, 515, 532 Sex Difierences in Children’s Play (Freedman), 457-458 Sexual behavior, 30, 89, 138, 179, 361, 404, 407 Sexual dimorphism, 499-502 Sexual harassment, 41 3 Sexual jealousy, 407, 435, 508 Sexual orientation, 85, 93, 217-236 Shame. See Pride and shame Smile, 8, 51, 205, 207, 455-457, Social attachment. See Attachment Social class, 363-365 Social organization, 137-142 Sociobiology, xvi, 40, 41, 48, 56, 70, 475-477 73-74, 87, 357, 358, 381-382, 494, 499, 532 Stress, 532 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Suffering, evolutionary view of, Systems theory, 66-67, 260-262 (SIDS), 478 7 1-74 Tastes, 405-406 Territoriality, 140 Testosterone, 112, 432 Turkey, 357, 362-363, 365 Twins, 4, 9, 50-51, 145-167, 515 as couples, 147-155 attachment behavior of, 137, 146 bereavement in, 150-155 classic studies of, 86-87, 145 cooperative behavior of, 149-150, criminality, 12 1, 125 differences in identical, 116, 146 effect of sex hormones in utero equal environments assumption ethological analysis of social befrequency of, 146, 149 germinal cells of, 181 happiness, 9-10 IQ and personality, 87 olfactory recognition, 163-164 schizophrenia, 109 superfecundated, 180n temperament, 114-1 16 twin types, 145 156- 158 on, 146, 180-181 and, 86-87 havior of, 158-162, 476 Universals, 3 15, 343 Unrelated siblings of the same age, 164- 166 Warfare, 136, 370, 4 13 Weaning, 135 Wolves, 138 x chromosome, 388, 394 X inactivation, 116, 146, 394 Y chromosome, 386-387 Yanomamo Indians of Venezuela, 61, 72, 159 Ye’kwana of Venezuela, 159 Yoruba, 342 566

About the Editors Nancy L. Segal is a professor of psychology and director of the Twin Studies Center at California State University, Fullerton. She received a BA in psychology and English literature from Boston University in 1973, an MA in social sciences from the University of Chicago in 1974, and a PhD in behavioral sciences from the University of Chicago in 1982. She was a participant in the National Institute of Mental Health Summer Training Institute for Behavioral Genetics at the University of Colorado, Boulder, in 1975, and a recipient of a Lady Davis Fellowship at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, in 1976. From 1982 to 1985 she was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Minnesota, Department of Psychology, before becoming assistant director of the Minnesota Center for Twin Adoption Research, where she held a National Science Foundation Career Advancement Award (1988 to 1991). Dr. Segal is a fellow in both the American Psychological Association and the American Psychological Society and has been inducted into the Collegium of Distinguished Alumni at Boston University. She is the author of numerous scientific papers on twins and twin relationships and the contributing research editor for Twins Magazine. She is completing a book on twin studies, Friendship Extraordinaire, to be published in 1998 by Dutton. Glenn E. Weisfeld is an associate professor of psychology at Wayne State University and edits the Human Ethology Bulletin, published by the International Society for Human Ethology. He majored in zoology at the University of Wisconsin, and received his doctorate in Human Development at the University of Chicago under Daniel G. Freedman. His dissertation research concerned the stability, nonverbal displays, and criteria of 567

ABOUT THE EDITORS dominance rank in U.S. boys. Subsequent research on dominance was conducted on children and adolescents using Chinese, English, Hopi, and African American research participants. Dr. Weisfeld has conducted observational research on erectness of posture as a dominance display and on patterns of social evaluation between volleyball teammates. He has published several theoretical papers on human adolescence, and his Evolutionary Principles of Human Adolescence will be published by Westview Press in 1998. He has also written on the adaptive value of humor, the sociobiological basis of the traditional Arab family, puberty rites, the nature-nurture issue, street gang violence, adolescent pregnancy, drug abuse, child abuse, marital satisfaction, and the emotion of pride/shame. Carol C. Weisfeld is a professor of psychology at the University of Detroit Mercy. She received a BA in English from St. Xavier College, and then taught elementary school for 5 years in Chicago, an experience that generated her interest in the interplay of biological and cultural influences on human development. The opportunity to study with Daniel G. Freedman at the University of Chicago led to her earning the MA and PhD degrees in the Committee on Human Development, with a dissertation that focused on boy-girl relations in competitive games in two cultures. For the past 18 years she has taught undergraduate and graduate courses on life-span development, sex differences and sex roles, and crosscultural socialization. She also teaches a class on parenting at a center for Detroit families at risk. Her current research interests include determinants of marital satisfaction in different cultural settings and ethological analyses of male-female interactions. 568