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- View of Human Nature
- Counseling Process
- Counseling Techniques & Application

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Published by SING YEE, 2019-12-13 02:23:44

Chapter 7 Behavior Theory

- View of Human Nature
- Counseling Process
- Counseling Techniques & Application

BEHAVIOR
THERAPY

Note taken from Key Reference Text :
Theory & Practice of Counseling & Psychotherapy,
Gerald Corey 9th Ed.
Note taking by ONG SING YEE (KB, PA)

CHAPTER OVERVIEW

Key Concepts
The Therapeutic Process
Application: Therapeutic
Techniques and Procedures

SEMINAR OBJECTIVE – Key
Concepts

VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS & ASSUMPTIONS
✓Understand and able to apply the key concepts on:
❖3 assumptions on human nature from Behavior
Theory perspective
❖7 characteristics & assumptions of Behavior Theory

VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

The person is the producer and the product of his or her environment.

Aims to increase people’s skills so that they more options for
responding.

People have the capacity to choose how they will respond to external
events in their environment.

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS AND
ASSUMPTIONS

1. Based on the principles and procedures of the scientific method.
There are systematically applied. Treatment goals is concrete
objective terms. Behavioral concepts and procedures are stated
explicitly, tested empirically within a conceptual framework and
revised continually.

2. Behavior is not limited to overt actions a person engages in that
we can observe; behavior also includes internal processes such as
cognitions, images, beliefs and emotions. Key characteristic:
operationally defined.

3. Deals with the clients current problems and the factors influencing
them. Emphasis is on specific factors that influence present
functioning and what factors can be used to modify performance.

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS AND
ASSUMPTIONS

4. Clients plays an active role by engaging in specific actions to deal
with their problems. It is an action oriented and an educational
approach and learning is viewed as being the core of therapy.

5. This approach assumes that change can take place without insight
into underlying dynamics and without understanding the origins
of a psychological problem

6. Assessment is an ongoing process of observation and self
monitoring that focuses on the current determinants of behavior,
including identifying the problem and evaluating the change;
assessment informs the treatment process.

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS AND
ASSUMPTIONS

7. Behavioral treatment interventions are individually tailored to
specific problems experienced by the client.

SEMINAR OBJECTIVE – The
Therapeutic Process

THERAPEUTIC GOALS
THERAPIST’S FUNCTION AND ROLE
CLIENT’S EXPERIENCE IN THERAPY
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THERAPIST AND CLIENT
✓Understand and able to apply the key concepts on:
❖3 main therapeutic goals
❖ABC model
❖4 main therapist’s functions

THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS

Therapeutic Goals

General goals: to increase personal choice and to create new
conditions for learning.

Goals must be clear, concrete, understood, and agreed on by the client
and the counselor.

THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS

Therapist’s Function and Role
Functional assessment (behavioral analysis) – to identify the maintaining
conditions by systematically gathering information about situational
antecedents (A), the dimensions of the problem behavior (B) and the
consequences ( C ) of the problem. --- ABC MODEL
Goal of functional assessment of a client’s behavior is to understand the
ABC sequence.
Antecedent events cue / elicit a certain behavior.
Consequences = events that maintain a behavior in some way, either by
increasing / decreasing it.
Behavioral assessment interview = therapist’s task is to identify particular
antecedent and consequent events that influence, / are functionally
related to individual behavior.

THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS

Therapist’s Function and Role
Therapist must possess intuitive skills and clinical judgment in selecting
appropriate treatment methods and determining when to implement
specific techniques.
Some functions:
-The therapist strives to understand the function of client behaviors
-The therapist uses strategies that have research support for use with a
particular kind of problem
-The therapist evaluates the success of the change plan by measuring
progress toward the goals throughout the duration of treatment.
-A key task of therapist is to conduct follow up assessments

THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS

Relationship between therapist and client

Value of establishing a collaborative working relationship with their
clients.

THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS

Client’s Experience in Therapy

It is important for clients to be motivated to change, and they are
expected to cooperate in carrying out therapeutic activities, both
during therapy sessions and in everyday life.

Clients are encouraged to experiment for the purpose of enlarging their
repertoire of adaptive behaviors.

SEMINAR OBJECTIVE –
Application : Therapeutic
Techniques and Procedures

APPLIED BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS: OPERANT CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION
SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION
IN VIVO EXPOSURE & FLOODING
EYE MOVEMENT DESENSITIZATION & REPROCESSING
SOCIAL SKILLS TRAINING
SELF MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS & SELF DIRECTED BEHAVIOR
MULTIMODAL THERAPY: CLINICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY
MINDFULNESS & ACCEPTED BASED COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY
✓Understand and able to apply the key concepts on:
❖9 techniques

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

The therapeutic techniques are empirically supported and evidence
based practice is highly valued.

The therapeutic procedures used by behavior therapists are specifically
designed for a particular client.

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

Applied Behavioral Analysis: Operant Conditioning Techniques

Positive reinforcements involves the addition of something of value to
the individual (such as praise, attention, money or food) as a
consequence of certain behavior.

The stimulus that follow the behavior is the positive reinforcer.

Positive reinforcement is often used to increase the frequency of more
desirable behaviors.

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

Applied Behavioral Analysis: Operant Conditioning Techniques

Negative reinforcement involves the escape from or the avoidance of
aversive (unpleasant) stimuli.

The individual is motivated to exhibit a desired behavior to avoid the
unpleasant condition.

Extinction, refers to withholding reinforcement from a previously
reinforced response.

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

Applied Behavioral Analysis: Operant Conditioning Techniques

Punishment, sometimes referred to as aversive control, in which the
consequences of a certain behavior result in a decrease of that
behavior.

The goal of reinforcement is to increase target behavior, but the goal of
punishment is to decrease target behavior.

Positive punishment an aversive stimulus is added after the behavior to
decrease the frequency of a behavior

In negative punishment a reinforcing stimulus is removed following the
behavior to decrease the frequency of a target behavior.

Positive reinforcement is known to be the most powerful change agent.

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

Progressive Muscle Relaxation

A method of teaching people to cope with stresses produced by daily
living.

Aimed at achieving muscle and mental relaxation and is easily learned.

Combination of other techniques.

Clients are given a set of instructions that teaches them to relax.

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

Systematic Desensitization

Principle of classical conditioning.

Time consuming.

Clearly effective and efficient in reducing maladaptive anxiety and
treating anxiety related disorders.

Therapist conducts an initial interview to identify specific information

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

Systematic Desensitization

A three step process unfolds:

Relaxation training

Development of a graduated anxiety hierarchy

Systematic desensitization proper that involves the presentation of
hierarchy items while the client is in a deeply relaxed state.

Progressive muscle relaxation, the therapist uses a very quiet, soft and
pleasant voice to teach it.

The therapist constructs a ranked list of situations that elicit increasing
degrees of anxiety or avoidance.

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

Desensitization

A neutral scene is presented and the client is asked to imagine it.

If the client remains relaxed, he or she is asked to imagine the least
anxiety arousing scene on the hierarchy of situations that has been
developed.

Homework and follow up are essential components of successful
desensitization.

Deals with conditions including anger, asthmatic attacks, insomnia,
motion sickness, nightmares, and sleepwalking.

It is often acceptable to clients because they are gradually and
symbolically exposed to anxiety evoking situations.

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

In Vivo Exposure and Flooding

Exposure therapies are designed to treat fears and other negative
emotional responses by introducing clients, under carefully controlled
conditions, to the situations that contributed to such problems.

It involves systematic confrontation with a feared stimulus.

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

In Vivo Exposure and Flooding

In Vivo Exposure

Client exposure to the actual anxiety evoking events.

Typically, treatment begins with a functional analysis of objects or
situations a person avoids or fears.

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

Flooding

Refers to either in vivo or imaginal exposure to anxiety evoking stimuli
for a prolonged period of time.

In Vivo Flooding, consists of intense and prolonged exposure to the
actual anxiety producing stimuli.

Imaginal flooding can recreate the circumstances of the trauma in a way
that does not bring about adverse consequences to the client.

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing

EMDR is a form of exposure therapy that entails assessment and
preparation, imaginal flooding, and cognitive restructuring in the
treatment of individuals with traumatic memories.

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

Social Skills Training

A broad category that deals with an individual’s ability to interact
effectively with others in various social situations; it is used to help
clients develop and achieve skills in interpersonal competence.

It involves being able to communicate with others in a way that is both
appropriate and effective.

It involves various behavioral techniques such as psycho education,
modeling, behavior rehearsal and feedback.

The key elements of social skills training, which entail a collection of
techniques: assessment, direct instruction and coaching, modeling, role
playing, and homework assignments.

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

Social Skill Training
Assertion Training
It is useful for those
Who have difficulty expressing anger or irritation
Who have difficulty saying no
Who are overly polite and allow others to take advantage of them
Who find it difficult to express affection and other positive responses
Who feel they do not have a right to express their thoughts, beliefs, and feelings
Who have social phobias.

The basic assumption : people have the right (but not the obligation) to express
themselves.

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

Self Management Programs and Self Directed Behavior

Self management strategies include self monitoring, self reward, self
contracting, and stimulus control.

Some basic steps:

1. Selecting goals

2. Translating goals into target behaviors

3. Self monitoring

4. Working out a plan for change

5. Evaluating an action plan

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

Mindfulness and Acceptance Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy
5 interrelated core themes:
1. An expanded view of psychological health
2. A broad view of acceptable outcomes in therapy
3. Acceptance
4. Mindfulness
5. Creating a life worth living

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

Mindfulness : being aware of our experiencing in a receptive way and engaging
in activity based on this nonjudgmental awareness.

Client train themselves to intentionally focus on their present experience while
at the same time achieving a distance from it.

It involves developing an attitude of curiosity and compassion to present
experience.

Client learn to focus on 1 thing at a time and to bring their attention back to
the present moment when distractions arise.

It promises a broad range of clinical problems, including for depression,
generalized anxiety disorder, relationship problems and borderline personality
disorder.

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

Acceptance – process involving receiving one’s present experience
without judgment or preference, but with curiosity and kindness, and
striving for full awareness of the present moment.

It is not resigning oneself to life’s problems; rather, it is an active
process of self affirmation.

It is an alternative way of responding to our internal experience.

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

4 major approaches in the recent development of the behavioral
tradition include

1. Dialectical behavior therapy, a recognized treatment for borderline
personality disorder

2. Mindfulness based stress reduction, involves 8 to 10 week group
program applying mindfulness techniques to coping with stress and
promoting physical and psychological health

3. Mindfulness based cognitive therapy, aimed primarily at treating
depression

4. Acceptance and commitment therapy, encouraging clients to
accept.

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
Is a promising blend of behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques for
treating borderline personality disorders.
It emphasizes the importance of the psychotherapeutic relationship,
validation of the client, the etiologic importance of the client having
experienced an “invalidating environment: as a child and confrontation of
resistance.
Include both acceptance and change oriented strategies.
It teaches clients to recognize and accept the existence of simultaneous
opposing forces.
A form of exposure therapy in which the client learns to tolerate painful
emotions without enacting self destructive behaviors.
It is highly structured, but goals are tailored to each individual.

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

DBT
4 modules:
1. Mindfulness is a fundamental skill in DBT. It helps clients to embrace

and tolerate the intense emotions they experience when facing
distressing situations.
2. Interpersonal effectiveness, learning to ask for what one needs and
learning to cope with interpersonal conflict.
3. Emotion regulation, identifying emotions, identifying obstacles to
changing emotions, reducing vulnerability and increasing positive
emotion.
4. Distress tolerance, aimed at helping individuals to calmly recognizing
emotions associated with negative situations without becoming
overwhelmed by these situations.

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)

Much of our distress and suffering results from continually wanting
things to be different from how they actually are.

Aims to assist people in learning how to live more fully in the present
rather than ruminating about the past or being overly concerned about
the future.

Sitting meditation and mindful yoga, body scan meditation.

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
It is a comprehensive integration of the principles and skills of mindfulness applied to the
treatment of depression.
Primary aims is to change clients’ awareness of and relation to their negative thoughts.
7 sessions
Therapy begins by identifying negative automatic thinking of people experiencing depression and
by introducing some mindfulness practices.
2nd session, participants learn about the reactions they have to life experiences and learn more
about mindfulness practices.
3rd session, devoted to teaching breathing techniques and focused attention on their present
experiencing.
4th session, the emphasis is on learning to experience the moment without holding on
5th session, teaches participants how to accept their experiencing without holding on.
6th session, to describe thoughts as merely thoughts, clients learn that they do not have to act on
their thought.

APPLICATION : THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

Fully accepting present experience and mindfully letting go of obstacles.

The goal is for individuals to become aware of and examine their
thoughts.

Commitment involves making mindful decision about what is important
in life and what the person is willing to do to live a valued and
meaningful life.

Include a variety of disorders, including for substance abuse,
depression, anxiety, phobias, posttraumatic stress disorder, and panic
disorder.

Thank You


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