5 Chemicals for Consumers-converted

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

CHAPTER 5: CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS

A : SOAP AND DETERGENT

Learning Outcome:

You should be able to:

• state what soap is
• state what detergent is
• describe soap preparation process
• describe the cleansing action of soap
• describe the cleansing action of detergent
• compare and contrast the effectiveness of the cleansing action of soap and detergent.
• identify the additives in detergent and their respective functions.

Activity 1
Complete the sentences using the following words:

Surface tension, saponification, calcium, sodium, magnesium,potassium,
sodium palmitate, sodium hydroxide, fat/oil ,potassium stearate, RCOO-Na+

1. Soap are……………….. or …………………… salts of long-chain fatty acids.

2. General formula of a soap is………………….. or …………………..

3. Examples of soap are ………………………. and …………………..

4. Soap cannot be used in hard water which contains the salt of………………….. and

…………………

5. The process of the production soap is known as ………………………….

6. The two materials used to prepare soap are ………………….. and …………………..

7. When soap dissolved in water, it reduces the ……………………… of water.

Activity 2 : Preparation of soap

A. 50 cm3 of distilled water and two spatulas of table salts (sodium chloride) are
added.

B. 25 cm3 of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is added in the same beaker

C. The mixture is boiled and stirred for a few minutes

D. The mixture is boiled slowly while being stirred with a glass rod for 15 minutes

E. The observations are recorded in the table provided
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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

F. The mixture in the beaker is left to cool down and the resulting white solid is
filtered

G. The following tests are carried out on the white solid:
a) Touched using a finger
b) Some of the white solid is shaken together with water in a test tube.
c) Tested with a red litmus paper.

H. 5 cm3 of palm oil is poured into a beaker

I. The white solid that is produced is washed with a little water and dried with the
filter paper

1 Rearrange the methods for preparation of soap in the correct sequence. Then write your
answers in the spaces provided.

(i) 5 cm 3 of palm oil is poured into a beaker.
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv) …………………………………………………………………………………………..
(v) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(vi) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(vii) ……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Name another substance that can be used to replace sodium hydroxide,NaOH solution in the
preparation of soap.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Why was sodium choride, NaCl used in this activity?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Write a word equation for the reaction between palm oil and sodium hydroxide.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Name two other substances that can be used to replace the palm oil in this activity.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

Activity 3
Match the questions with the correct answers.

1 State an example of White precipitate
detergent. Biological enzyme

2 What is hard water?

3 Name the additive that Sodium perborate
removes organic stain.
Sodium alkylbenzene
4 What is the advantage of using sulphonate
detergent as a cleaning agent? Alkylbenzene,sulphuric
acid and sodium hydroxide
5 Name the three materials used Calcium of magnesium
to prepare detergent. salts of detergent are
soluble.
6 State the observations when a Works effectively in hard
little soap is added to hard water.
water. Alkyl monoethanolamide

7 An additive that prevents the Water that contains
fading of color. calcium ion or magnesium
ions
8 An additive that reduces the
formation of foam.

9 Explain why detergent can be
used in hard water.

Activity 4: Cleansing Action of Soap and Detergent

Complete the sentences by using the words in the box below

hydrophobic , emulsion, hydrophilic,
surface tension, scrubbing small droplets ,

Soap /detergent reduces the ………………

of water. Hence water can wet the cloth
thoroughly.

The …………………… part of the
soap/detergent anion dissolves in grease.

The ……………….. part of the

soap/detergent is attracted to the

water molecules.
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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

The ………………… action helps to
lift off the grease from the cloth.

The grease is broken into ……………… during
scrubbing. These droplets remain suspended
and separated as an

……………….. due to the repulsion between
the negative charges on the
surface

Activity 5

Complete tables with the correct answers.
(Refer to page 182 – 186 from your text book)

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOAP AND DETERGENT

SOAP DETERGENT

DEFINITION ………… or potassium salts of long- Sodium salt of..……… acid
EXAMPLES ▪ Sodium alkyl sulphate
chain fatty acids.
▪ Sodium laurate

,CH3(CH2)10COONa,

PREPARATION ▪ …………. palmitate, ▪ Sodium alkyl benzene
▪ NAME OF CH3(CH2)14COONa+ sulphonate.

METHOD ▪ ……………….,CH3(CH2)16COOK ▪ Sulphonation
………………..
+

▪ Potassium oleate,
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COO
K+

▪ Saponification

▪ MATERIALS ▪ Palm oil, ……………………. ▪ Concentrated sulphuric acid
, long chain alcohol, sodium
▪ CHEMICAL ▪ Chemical Equation : hydroxide.
EQUATION
▪ (RCO)3(C3H5O3) (s) + 3NaOH) ▪ Chemical Equation :
(aq)
▪ CH3(CH2)10 CH2-O-SO3H +
→ 3RCOONA (aq) + NaOH
→ CH3(CH2)10CH2-0-S-
C3H5(OH)3 (aq) O3Na+ + H2O

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

SOURCES OF RAW ▪ From…………….. resources. ▪ Synthetic resources such as
MATERIAL petroleum.
▪ Animal fats examples cows
and goats, vegetable oils –
palm oil, olive oil and coconut
oil.

EFFECTIVENESS Soaps are effective cleaners in soft Effective cleaners in both soft and
water. …………….. water.

FORMATION OF ▪ Hard water contains calcium ▪ Detergents do not form
SCUM IN HARD or magnesium ions. scum with hard water.
WATER
▪ These ions react with soap to ▪ They form soluble
EFFECT TO form an insoluble precipitate substances
ENVIRONMENT known as with calcium or
……………………….. …………………… ions.

Soaps are ………………….. and do Detergents are ………………...
not cause any pollution. Detergents give thick foam that kill
aquatic lives

ACTIVITY 6 : Additives in Detergent And Their Functions
Complete the table below with the correct answer.

Type of additive Example Function.

Biological enzyme Amylase, protease, cellulases and
lipase

Sodium perborate To convert stains into colorless
substances.

Optical whitener Fluorescent dyes

Builder To enhance the cleaning efficiency of
detergent by softening the water

Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) To prevent the dirt particles removed
from redepositing onto cleaned fabrics.

Filler Sodium sulphate, sodium silicate.

Foam control agent -

To add fragrance to both the detergent
and fabrics.

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

Activity 7 : Cleansing Action Of Soap And Detergent
(Refer to page 184 and 185 from your text book to answer the following questions)

1 The statement below is about soap and detergent.

The cleaning action of a detergent is more effective than
soap in hard water.

You have two socks stained with oil. Describe briefly the experimental procedure, observations
and conclusions to prove the above statement, by using substances such as soap, detergent
and hard water.

Procedure of the experiment:
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
Observations:
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
Conclusions:
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….

2 The following equation shows a reaction in the preparation of soap in a laboratory.

Palm oil + Concentrated sodium hydroxide → sodium palmitate(soap) + glycerol

boil

a) What is the name of this reaction?

………………………………………………………………………………

b) What is the homologous series of palm oil?
……………………………………………………………………………..

c) Complete the anion part of the soap particle in the space provided

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

3 A pupil wants to prepare potassium palmitate soap.

What alkali should he use?
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

4 Figure 2.1 shows part of the washing action of detergent particle on grease stained cloth.

i) State the part of a detergent particle that is soluble in grease.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

ii) Based on figure 2.1 explain the washing action of detergent particles on greasy stains.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

B .FOOD ADDITIVES

:Learning Outcomes:
You should be able to

• State the types if food additives and their examples.
• State the functions of each type of food additives.
• Justify the use of food additives.
• Describe the effects of food additives on health and the environment.

ACTIVITY 8
1. A food additive is a natural or synthetic substance which is added to food to_________________

or ____________________its appearance, ________________ or ____________________

2. Complete the chart.

Types of additives

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers
3. Complete the following table.

Type of food State the function Give two examples
additive. Salt, vinegar, benzoic acid.
To slow down the growth of
microorganisms so that food can be kept Vitamins C and E
for longer periods of time.
To prevent oxidation that causes rancid
fats and brown fruits

To improve the taste of food and restore
taste loss due to processing.

To prevent emulsion from separating out

To thicken food

To add or restore the color in food to
enhance
Its visual appeal.

4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using food additives?

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

5. Figure 5.6 shows a part of the label of a tin of baked beans.

a) State the food additives present in the food.

Baked beans in tomato sauce
Ingredients:
Beans, sugar, tomato puree, salt
and spice, permitted modified
starch.

b) To which type of food additives does each of the ingredients mentioned in (a) belong

Food additives present in baked beans in Type of food additives
tomato sauce

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

6. Sugar is used as food preservative as well as for sweetening. Patients with medical

conditions such as diabetes mellitus or obesity must be wary of their intake of sugar.

a) i) Name one artificial sweetener that can replace sugar.
………………………………………………………………………………………

ii) Name one natural sweetener that can replace sugar.
………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Artificial food colorings are used in some processed foods. Suggest two reasons for using
food coloring.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

C: MEDICINE

Learning Outcome
You should be able to:

• State examples of traditional medicines
• State the types of modern medicines and their examples.
• State the functions of each type of modern medicines
• Describe the possible side effects of using modern and traditional medicines
• Describe the correct usage of modern and traditional medicines.

ACTIVITY 9
Traditional medicines

Complete the table below using the words in the box.

Lemon grass, lemon, garlic, aloe vera , ginseng , tongkat ali, ginger , quinine,
Centella asiatica(pegaga), misai kucing, hempedu bumi,selasih,

Plant Uses/function
For preventing flu attack or asthma attack.
For reducing high blood pressure.

For treating stomach pain due to wind in stomach
For supplying heat energy to keep the body warm.

For treating itchy skin
For treating burns on the skin.

For treating boils or abscesses on the skin
For preventing flu attack
For treating skin diseases

For treating malaria
For preventing muscle cramps
As tonic to improve the overall health of human beings
For increasing energy, endurance and reducing fatigue

Has antibacterial and antifungal properties
For treating coughs

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

As a tonic for after birth and general health

To increase male libido

To treat gout, diabetes and rheumatism

To treat diarrhoe,fever and diabetes

To treat coughs colds and bronchitis.
To treat depression and for longevity

Activity 10 : Modern Medicines

Complete the table below for classification of modern medicines and its function.
(Please refer to page 198 – 201 from your text book)

Type of modern drugs Examples Uses
To relieve pain
• Aspirin
.………………………………
a) Analgesic • Paracetamol

• Codeine To treat headache and cough
• Penicillin To cure bacterial diseases such as
b) …………………….. •Streptomycin tuberculosis (TB) and pneumonia.
…………………………………
Psychotherapeutic • Stimulants : examples To reduce fatigue and elevate mood.
drugs amphetamine,
dextroamphetamine To calm down a person and reduce
methylphenidate tension and anxiety
………………………………..
• Antidepressant :examples ………………………………..
tranquilizers,

• barbiturates

• Antipsychotic

Activity 11 : Modern Medicines and Its Side Effects

State one side effect for the following drugs

Type of modern drug Side effect

Aspirin

Paracetamol

Codeine

Penicillin

Streptomycin

Amphetamine

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers
Activity 12

Answer the following questions.

1. Codeine, insulin, streptomycin and tranquilizer are examples of modern medicine. Which of
the examples is used to

a) Treat diabetes mellitus?

………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Treat pneumonia

………………………………………………………………………………….
c) Calm down the patient.

………………………………………………………………………………….
d) Relieve headache.

………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Antibiotic is a group of medicine used to kill and prevent the growth of bacteria.

a) Name a disease that can be treated by antibiotic.
…………………………………………………………………………………..

b) State two examples of antibiotic
…………………………………………………………………………………..

c) Describe a good practice of taking antibiotic.
………………………………………………………………………………….

d) Explain your answer in ( c )
…………………………………………………………………………………..

3. Aspirin is an example of analgesic.

a) What is an analgesic?

……………………………………………………………………………………
b) Normally aspirin is not prescribed to two groups of patient. Name the groups.

……………………………………………………………………………………
c) Explain your answer in (b)

……………………………………………………………………………………

d) Give another example of analgesic.
……………………………………………………………………………………

4. What is the use of insulin?
…………………………………………………………………………………..

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

5. State two differences between traditional medicines and modern medicines.

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

6. Penicillin and streptomycin are the examples of antibiotics.

a) What is the function of an antibiotic?
……………………………………………………………………………………

b) Why are penicillin and streptomycin given by injection and not taken orally?
…………………………………………………………………………………….

Activity 13
1. Psychotherapeutic medicines can be classified into stimulant, antidepressant and

antipsychotic. For each group in the classification,

a) State its function
b) Give one example
c) Give one side effect.

Psychotherapeutic Function Example Side effect
medicines

Stimulant

Antidepressant
antipsychotic

2. Suggest one proper way to manage each of the following chemicals.

Chemicals Proper management
Detergent

Food additives

Medicines

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

3. Figure 3.1 shows a part of the label of a tin of sardines.

Taiping sardines
Ingredients: Fish, tomato sauce, salt, xanthan gum.

Figure 3.1
List all the food additives used in the sardines.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. To which type of food additives does each of the ingredients mentioned in (a) belong?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

Activity 14
1 a) Diagram 1.1 shows a ginger plant. Ginger can be used as a traditional medicine.

i) Which of the parts P, Q, R or S is used as the main source of medicine?
Mark ( ✓ ) for your answer in the box provided in Diagram 1.1

ii) What illness can be cured by using ginger?
………………………………………………………………………………………

iii) How is ginger used to treat the illness in 1 (a) (ii)?
………………………………………………………………………………………

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

b) Table 1.1 shows the functions of three types of medicine.

Functions Type of medicine
X: ……………………………….
Prevents pain Y…………………………………
Z: ……………………………….
Kills or prevents the reproduction of
bacteria.

Changes the emotions and behavior
of the patient.

Table 1.1
i) Complete Table 1.1 to show which medicines have the functions given in the table.

ii) What is the side effect of medicine of type X if it is used by a child of less than 2 years?
………………………………………………………………………………………………..

iii) A patient treated by medicine of type Y must complete all the supply given by the doctor
in order to make sure all the bacteria are killed.

What will happen if not all the bacteria is killed?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

iv) Tranquilizer is an example of medicine of type Z. Give one change that might happen to a
patient’s emotions when treated using this medicine.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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