Ebook

935-020




PRESENT

ACADEMIC ENGLISH

PREPARED BY:
MARVIN C.ROTULA,MMEM



UNIT 1
A PERFECT

MATCH

A. READING TEXT

Have you seen the TV show, “The Bachelor?”
Do you have any idea what is this show all about?
For those who don’t know, The Bachelor provides one man — the eponymous
bachelor — a group of twenty-five to thirty gorgeous women from whom he
must choose a wife—for all intents and purposes his life partner. Not a girlfriend,
a wife. The goal of the show is to turn the bachelor into a married man.




The Bachelor is absolutely brilliant…just not at making marriages. According to
Wikipedia, as of March 2015 only five lasting ideal partnerships have come out of the
twenty-nine seasons of The Bachelor and its gender-reverse counterpart, The
Bachelorette, combined. But the show is genius at a particular aspect of relationships:
making people think they’re falling in love. How does the show do this? It’s easy to
chalk it up to everyone being ridiculously good-looking, plus the impossibly romantic,
expense-free dates. Rappelling down the highest cliff in Bali and then attending a
private concert by the biggest local pop star, anyone? Swimming in a cove of
endangered dolphins and then dining in a thousand-year-old castle?
A little adrenaline, a little romance, and everyone’s in love!

How about you? Are you going to DO YOU THINK
Are you willing wait for someone THERE IS SUCH
even though it will THING AS PERFECT
to marry
someone that take time? MATCH?

you’ve just
met? Or

HERE ARE SOME OF THE FAMOUS COUPLES IN HISTORY THAT WERE
CONSIDERED AS A PERFECT MATCH

ANTHONY & CLEOPATRA
(41 BCE – 30 BCE)

They are arguably the most famous lovers in history. Marcus
Antonius of Rome stood at the pinnacle of power, fighting to be the
most powerful man in the known world; and Cleopatra VII Philopator
was the queen of one ancient civilization, Egypt, and heir to the
unmatched cultural achievements of another, Greece. The pair, in
fact, did marry in 36 B.C.E. In 31 B.C.E., while fighting a battle in
Actium, Anthony heard a false news about Cleopatra’s death. Not
wanting to live without her, he stabbed himself with his own sword.
When Cleopatra learned about Anthony’s death, she let herself be
bitten by a poisonous snake and was later found dead. Their love
affair, their war together, their defeat and, finally, their suicides have
been told and retold for centuries.

SHAH JAHAN & MUMTAZ MAHAL
(1607 - 1631)

In 1612, a teenage girl, Arjumand Banu, married 15-year-old Shah
Jahan, ruler of the Mughal Empire. Renamed Mumtaz Mahal, she bore
Shah Jahan 14 children and became his favorite wife. After Mumtaz
died in 1629, the grieving emperor resolved to create a fitting
monument. It took 20,000 workers and 1,000 elephants nearly 20
years to complete this monument-the Taj Mahal. Built of white
marble, the Taj sits on a sandstone platform. A 137-foot high dome
tops the mausoleum. The interior is lavishly decorated in lapis lazuli,
turquoise, agate, jasper, and colored marble. The exterior is paved
with semiprecious stones that sparkle in the sun. The surrounding
garden contains four water channels representing the four rivers of
Islamic paradise.

MARIE & PIERRE CURIE
(1894 - 1906)

Because women were not able to attend university in Poland in the
19th Century, Mary Sklodowska left Poland to study at a French
University in 1891. Now known by her French name Marie, she worked
hard in a laboratory, catching the attention of Pierre Curie, the
laboratory director. Mary and Pierre got married in 1895. Although
they are poor, they were both devoted to their research and to each
other. In 1898, the couple discovered the elements polonium and
radium. They eventually won Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903 for the
discovery of radioactivity. When Pierre died in 1906, Marie honored
his memory by continuing their work. In 1911, Marie Curie won
another Nobel Prize, this time for Chemistry. She was the first person
to win the Nobel prize twice.

DAVID & VICTORIA BECKHAM
(1999)

David and Victoria met in 1997 after the Spice Girl attended a Manchester
United match at David's request. It was clear for all to see that they were a
great couple from the start, and the media began referring to them as Posh
and Becks. The wedding ceremony on July 4th 1999 saw them sitting on
golden thrones and set Posh and Becks back an alleged £500,000. Soon after,
they bought the famous Beckingham Palace in Hertfordshire, worth an
estimated £7.5 million. Both have excelled in their careers. David is one of the
most capped England players of all time, having represented his country 115
times, as well as captaining the nation. Over an illustrious career, he has
played for some of the best football clubs in the world, including Manchester
United, Real Madrid and AC Milan. Victoria on the other hand was in one of the
most successful groups of all time with the Spice Girls, and in 2011 was named
Designer of the Year at the annual British Fashion Awards. 'I think people saw
the real me...,' she told Harper's Bazaar, 'and the truth is, I would have felt
much more comfortable in my pajamas with the kids and David in a hotel
watching it on TV.'

B. VOCABULARY

1.GORGEOUS(งดงาม) -VERATTRACTIVE, BEAUTIFUL

2 . G O A L ( เ ป้ า ห ม า ย ) -AN AIM OR DESIRED RESULT

3 . R I D I C U L O U S ( ไ ร้ ส า ร ะ ) -SO AS TO CAUSE SURPRISE
OR DISBELIEF

4 . E N D A N G E R E D ( ใ ก ล้ สู ญ พั น ธ์ ) -SERIOUSLY AT RISK OF
EXTINCTIO

5 . P I N N A C L E ( สิ ข ร ) -THE MOST SUCCESSFUL POINT

6 . U N M A T C H E D ( ไ ม่ มี ที เ ป รีย บ ) -NOTEQUALED

7 . E M P I R E ( อ า ณ า จั ก ร ) -COUNTRIES RULED OVER
8 . M A U S O L E U M ( สุ ส า น ) BY A SINGLE MONARCH
9 . D I S C O V E R ( เ ปิ ด )
-IMPRESSIVE BUILDING HOUSING
A TOMB OR GROUP OF TOMBS

-FOUND UNEXPECTEDLY

1 0 . I L L U S T R I O U S ( เ ลื อ ง ลื อ ) - W E L L K N O W N , R E S P E C T E D , A N D
ADMIRED FOR PAST ACHIEVEMENT

C. GRAMMAR

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE IS USED TO TALK ABOUT FINISHED
ACTIONS THAT HAPPENED AT A SPECIFIC TIME IN THE PAST. YOU
STATE WHEN IT HAPPENED USING A TIME ADVERB.

YOU FORM THE SIMPLE PAST OF A VERB BY ADDING -ED ONTO
THE END OF A REGULAR VERB BUT, IRREGULAR VERB FORMS HAVE
TO BE LEARNT.

REGULAR VERB
THE VERBS "LIVED, STARTED, DIED" ARE REGULAR PAST
FORMS. THE RULE IS THE FOLLOWING:

VERB + ED

THE INFINITIVE THE SIMPLE PAST

LIVE LIVED
START STARTED

DIE DIED
VISIT VISITED
PLAY PLAYED
WATCH WATCHED
PHONE PHONED
MARRY MARRIED

THE SPELLING OF THE SIMPLE PAST FORM (-ED FORMS)

YOU WILL LEARN THE SPELLING OF THE SIMPLE PAST
FORM (-ED FORM.) BUT BEFORE YOU CONTINUE THE
LESSON STUDY THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES AND TRY TO
SEE HOW THE VERBS ARE SPELLED.

VERBS ENDING IN A...

SILENT E OTHER FORMS
CLOSE = CLOSED VISIT = VISITED

DIE = DIED MISS = MISSED
PHONE = PHONED WATCH = WATCHED
FINISH = FINISHED

FIX = FIXED
BUZZ = BUZZED

CONSONANT + Y VOWEL + Y
MARRY = MARRIED PLAY = PLAYED
CARRY = CARRIED DESTROY =DESTROYED
STUDY = STUDIED SHOW = SHOWED

THE RULES OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE FORMS:
HERE ARE THE RULES:

1.REGULAR VERBS ENDING IN A SILENT E TAKE /-D/ IN THE
SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PARTICIPLE: EXAMPLE:



CLOSE=CLOSED

2.REGULAR VERBS ENDING IN A VOWEL + Y TAKE /-ED/ IN THE
SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PARTICIPLE: EXAMPLE:



PLAY=PLAYED
3.REGULAR VERBS ENDING IN A CONSONANT + Y TAKE /-IED/
IN THE SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PARTICIPLE (THE ' Y'
BECOMES AN'I'FOLLOWED BY /-ED/)EXAMPLE:



MARRY=MARRIED

4.ALL THE OTHER REGULAR VERBS TAKE /-ED/ IN THE SIMPLE
PAST AND PAST PARTICIPLE. EXAMPLE:



VISIT=VISITED

SPECIAL CASES OF THE -ED FORMS:
FOLLOW THESE RULES WHEN THERE IS A CONSONANT
AFTER A VOWEL (STOP, BAN, OPEN, OFFER...)

1.IF THERE IS A CONSONANT AFTER A STRESSED VOWEL AT
THE END OF THE WORD, DOUBLE THE CONSONANT

STOP – STOPPED
BAN - BANNED

SWAP – SWAPPED
2.IF THE VOWEL IS NOT STRESSED, WE DO NOT DOUBLE IT:
OPEN - OPENED (HERE THE STRESS IS ON 'O', NOT THE 'E'.)
OFFER - OFFERED ( HERE THE STRESS IS ON 'O', NOT THE 'E'.)

IN BRITISH ENGLISH WE DOUBLE THE LAST 'L' OF WORDS
LIKE TRAVEL, CANCEL AND LEVEL EVEN THOUGH THE LAST
VOWEL IS NOT STRESSED. HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES:

TRAVEL - TRAVELLED
LEVEL - LEVELLED

CANCEL – CANCELLED
MARVEL - MARVELLED

IRREGULAR VERB

D. SPEAKING ACTIVITY

IN ENGLISH, THE PAST TENSE ENDING –ED HAS THREE
DIFFERENT PRONUNCIATIONS.
FOR VERBS THAT END IN THE SOUNDS P,K,F,S,CH, OR SH,
PRONOUNCE THE ENDING IN /T/ AS IN WORKED.
FOR VERBS THAT END IN VOWEL SOUNDS OR
B,G,V,Z,ZH,TH,J,M,N,NG,L,R PRONOUNCE THE ENDING/D/
AS IN OPENED
FOR VERBS THAT END IN THE SOUNDS D OR T,
PRONOUNCE THE ENDING /ID/ AS IN WANTED.

1.THEY TRADED SOMETHING OF VALUE THAT THEY
POSSESSED FOR SOMETHING THEY NEEDED.

2.WHAT IF NO ONE WANTED OR NEEDED IT?

3.THE FIRST COINS WERE PRODUCED IN CHINA, AND THE
FIRST PAPER MONEY APPEARED IN CHINA.

4.MONEY CALLED DIGITAL CASH IS ALREADY BEING
EXCHANGED OVER THE INTERNET.



UNIT 2
RAGS TO RICHES

A. READING TEXT

ACCORDING TO WIKIPEDIA, RAGS TO RICHES REFERS TO
ANY SITUATION IN WHICH A PERSON RISES FROM POVERTY
TO WEALTH, AND IN SOME CASES FROM ABSOLUTE
OBSCURITY TO HEIGHTS OF FAME, FORTUNE AND
CELEBRITY—SOMETIMES INSTANTLY.

MOST OF THE RAGS TO RICHES STORY ARE THOSE WHO
BECAME INSTANT MILLIONAIRE BY WINNING THE LOTTERY,
OR AN HEIR WHO RECEIVED HIS WEALTH FROM THE DEMISE
OF HIS PARENTS.

HOWEVER, THERE ARE ALSO THOSE, WHO WORKED REALLY
HARD TO ACHIEVED WHAT THEY HAVE RIGHT NOW. THEY
STARTED FROM NOTHING AND AFTER COUNTLESS
DISAPPOINTMENTS, HEARTACHES, REJECTIONS, SACRIFICES
AND HARD WORK THEY WERE ABLE TO SUCCEED.

HERE ARE SOME OF THE RAGS TO RICHES STORIES THAT
WE CAN GET INSPIRATION.

AMANCIO ORTEGA
(66.5 BILLION USD)
RETAIL CLOTHING, SPAIN

ARMANCIO ORTEGA IS THE FOUNDER AND CHAIRMAN OF
A COMPANY THAT OWNS MANY STORES INCLUDING THE
ENORMOUSLY POPULAR INTERNATIONAL CLOTHING STORE,
ZARA. HE IS SPAIN’S RICHES MAN, ORTEGA IS THE SON OF
THE RAILROAD WORKER AND A MAID, AND HAD NO FORMAL
HIGHER EDUCATION. WHEN ORTEGA WAS 13, HE WORKED AS
A DELIVERY BY FOR A SHIRT MAKER AND LATER BECAME
THE MANAGER OF THE CLOTHING SHOP. HE BEGAN MAKING
CLOTHING IN HIS LIVING ROOM AND SELLING IT TO LOCAL
STORES. ORTEGA HAD AN ABILITY TO PREDICT WHAT
STYLES WERE GOING TO BE POPULAR AND CREATE THESE
STYLES WITH INEXPENSIVE MATERIALS. IN 1975, ORTEGA
OPENED HIS FIRST ZARA STORE. ZARA GAINED A
REPUTATION FOR SELLING DESIGNER FASHIONS AT
REASONABLE PRICES. TODAY ORTEGA’S COMPANY HAS
MORE THEN 4,0000 STORES IN 71 COUNTRIES.

J.K. ROWLING

(1.0 BILLION USD)
PUBLISHING, UNITED KINGDOM

J.K. ROWLING IS THE BRITISH AUTHOR OF THE WILDLY
SUCCESSFUL HARRY POTTER SERIES. ROWLING, ONCE A
SINGLE MOTHER LIVING ON WELFARE, IS NOW A
BILLIONAIRE WHOSE BOOKS HAVE BEEN TRANSLATED INTO
60 LANGUAGES AND HAVE SOLD OVER 400 MILLION COPIES
WORLDWIDE. THE BOOKS ALSO INSPIRED A SERIES OF
BILLION-DOLLAR MOVIES. HER JOURNEY FROM WELFARE
MOM TO BILLIONAIRE AUTHOR HAPPENED IN LESS THAN
FIVE YEARS.

ROWLING CONCEIVED THE IDEA FOR THE HARRY POTTER
SERIES WHILE ON A LONG TRAIN RIDE IN 1990. SHE WAS
POOR THAT SHE USED TO DO HERWRITING ON STAINED
NAPKINS AT LOCAL CAFÉS WHILE HER INFANT DAUGHTER
NAPPED. ROWLING REFLECTS THAT THAT WAS THE DARK
PERIOD OF HER LIFE AND THAT SHE HAD NO IDEA THAT
THERE WAS GOING TO BE A FAIRY TALE RESOLUTION.

LI KA-SHING
(29.4 BILLION USD)
BUSINESS, HONG KONG

LI WAS BORN INTO AN IMPOVERISHED FAMILY IN CHINA
IN 1928. WHEN HE WAS 15, HIS FATHER DIED, FORCING LI
TO LEAVE HIGH SCHOOL SO THAT HE COULD WORK TO
SUPPORT HIS FAMILY. HE TOOK A JOB IN A PLASTIC
COMPANY, WHERE HE WOULD WORK 16 HOURS A DAY. AT
THIS COMPANY, LI USED TO ASSEMBLE PLASTIC FLOWERS.
BY 1950, LI HAD STARTED HIS OWN PLASTICS
MANUFACTURING COMPANY. HIS COMPANY PROSPERED
WHICH LED TO LI TO EXPAND HIS BUSINESS INTO MANY
DIFFERENT FIELDS.

HOWEVER, HIS SUCCESSES ARE NOT ALL MONETARY. LI
KA-SHING HAS A REPUTATION FOR BEING HONEST AND
GENEROUS. IN FACT, HE IS ONE OF ASIA’S MOST
PROMINENT PHILANTHROPISTS, AND HAS ANNOUNCED
PLANS TO DONATE ONE-THIRD OF HIS WEALTH TO CHARITY.

OPRAH WINFREY
(2.6 BILLION USD)
ENTERTAINMENT, U.S.A.

OPRAH WINFREY WAS BORN IN MISSISSIPPI INTO
EXTREMELY POOR FAMILY. HER MOTHER WAS A MAID, AND
HER FATHER WAS A BARBER. WINFREY LIVED IN SUCH
POVERTY THAT SHE WORE DRESSES MADE OF POTATO
SACKS. WINFREY WAS A TALKATIVE GIRL WHO WOULD
OFTEN PRETEND TO INTERVIEW HER DOLLS. SHE EXCELLED
IN SCHOOL AND WON A COLLEGE SCHOLARSHIP. WHEN SHE
GRADUATED, WINFREY GOT A JOB REPORTING THE NEWS
WHICH WAS POPULAR THAT IT WAS BROADCAST
NATIONALLY. THE OPRAH WINFREY SHOW NOW AIR IN 135
COUNTRIES, AND IS VIEWED BY ABOUT 46 MILLION PEOPLE.
WINFREY ALSO HAS A MAGAZINE, A PRODUCTION COMPANY
AND CO-FOUNDED A CABLE TELEVISION NETWORK.

B.VOCALBULARY

1 . H E I R ( ผ้ สื บ ส า ย โ ล หิ ต ) ู -A PERSON WHO INHERITS OR
HAS A RIGHT OF INHERITANCE IN THE PROPERTY OF
ANOTHER FOLLOWING THE LATTER'S DEATH.

2 . D E M I S E ( อ นิ จ ก ร ร ม ) - D E A T H

3 . P R E D I C T ( ทํ า น า ย ) - F O R E T E L L T H E F U T U R E .

4 . R E P U T A T I O N ( ชื่ อ เ สี ย ง ) -GOOD NAME

5 . W E L F A R E ( ส วั ส ดิ ก า ร ) -A GOVERNMENT AGENCY
THAT PROVIDE FUNDS TO THOSE PEOPLE IN NEED.

6 . J O U R N E Y ( เ ที่ ย ว ) -PROGRESS FROM ONE STAGE
TO ANOTHER

7 . I M P O V E R I S H E D ( ข้ น แ ค้ น ) -POOR

8 . P H I L A N T H R O P I S T ( ค น ใ จ บุ ญ ) -A PERSON WHO
GIVES SOMETHING FOR THOSE IN NEED.

9 . E X C E L ( เ ป็ น ห นึ่ ง ) -TO BE BETTER, TO BE THE
BEST

1 0 . S C H O L A R S H I P ( ทุ น ก า ร ศึ ก ษ า ) -A SUM OF MONEY OR
OTHER AID GRANTED TO A STUDENT FOR EDUCATION.

C. GRAMMAR

SIMPLE PRESENT VS PRESENTCONTINOUS

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PRESENT
SIMPLE / PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND HOW TO USE THEM?

WE USE THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE WHEN WE WANT
TO TALK ABOUT FIXED HABITS OR ROUTINES – THINGS
THAT DON'T CHANGE.

STRUCTURE: SUBJECT + VERB (VI) + ES/ES
WE USE THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TO TALK ABOUT
ACTIONS WHICH ARE HAPPENING AT THE PRESENT
MOMENT, BUT WILL SOON FINISH.
STRUCTURE: SUBJECT + IS/AM/ARE + VERB(+ING)

HERE ARE THE DIFFERENCES

D.SPEAKING ACTIVITY

LISTEN AND PRACTICE THE ENGLISH /R/ SOUND IN
THESE SENTENCES

1.AFTER BREAKING UP THE FIGHT, THE PRINCE OF
VERONA GIVES A WARNING.

2.ROMEO REVEALS HIMSELF AND PROCLAIMS HIS LOVE.
3.ROMEO AND JULIET ARE MARRIED IN SECRET BY

FRIAR LAWRENCE.
4.A FURIOUS AND GRIEVING ROMEO THEN KILLS

TYBALT.
5.FRIAR LAWRENCE’S LETTER NEVER REACHED ROMEO.



UNIT 3
THE STORY OF

GEORGE
WASHINGTON

CARVER

A. READING TEXT

CONSIDERED TO BE ONE OF AMERICA’S GREATEST
SCIENTIST IN THE FIELD OF AGRICULTURE. CARVER'S
REPUTATION IS BASED ON HIS RESEARCH INTO AND
PROMOTION OF ALTERNATIVE CROPS TO COTTON, SUCH AS
PEANUTS, SOYBEANS, AND SWEET POTATOES, WHICH ALSO
AIDED NUTRITION FOR FARM FAMILIES. HE WANTED POOR
FARMERS TO GROW ALTERNATIVE CROPS BOTH AS A SOURCE
OF THEIR OWN FOOD AND AS A SOURCE OF OTHER PRODUCTS
TO IMPROVE THEIR QUALITY OF LIFE. HE WAS RECOGNIZED
FOR HIS MANY ACHIEVEMENTS AND TALENTS. IN 1941, TIME
MAGAZINE DUBBED CARVER A "BLACK LEONARDO."

CARVER WAS BORN INTO SLAVERY IN DIAMOND GROVE,
NEWTON COUNTY, NEAR CRYSTAL PLACE, NOW KNOWN AS
DIAMOND, MISSOURI, POSSIBLY IN 1864 OR 1865, THOUGH THE
EXACT DATE IS NOT KNOWN. HIS MASTER, MOSES CARVER,
WAS A GERMAN AMERICAN IMMIGRANT WHO HAD PURCHASED
GEORGE'S PARENTS, MARY AND GILES, FROM WILLIAM P.
MCGINNIS ON OCTOBER 9, 1855, FOR $700. CARVER HAD 10
SISTERS AND A BROTHER, ALL OF WHOM DIED PREMATURELY.

WHEN GEORGE WAS ONLY A WEEK OLD, HE, A SISTER,
AND HIS MOTHER WERE KIDNAPPED BY NIGHT RAIDERS FROM
ARKANSAS. GEORGE'S BROTHER, JAMES, WAS RUSHED TO
SAFETY FROM THE KIDNAPPERS. THE KIDNAPPERS SOLD THE
SLAVES IN KENTUCKY. MOSES CARVER HIRED JOHN BENTLEY
TO FIND THEM, BUT HE LOCATED ONLY THE INFANT GEORGE.
MOSES NEGOTIATED WITH THE RAIDERS TO GAIN THE BOY'S
RETURN, AND REWARDED BENTLEY. IN 1865, THERE WERE NO
LONGER SLAVES IN THE UNITED STATES, BUT GEORGE AND HIS
BROTHER CONTINUED TO LIVE WITH THE CARVERS. THE
CARVERS GAVE HIM AS MUCH EDUCATION AS THEY COULD. AT
THE AGE OF 12, GEORGE LEFT THE CARVERS TO START LIFE
ON HIS OWN.

FOR THE NEXT 12 YEARS, HE WORKED WHENEVER HE
COULD AND WENT TO SCHOOL WHENEVER HE COULD. HE
MANAGED TO FINISH HIGH SCHOOL AND WON A SCHOLARSHIP
TO GO TO HIGHLAND UNIVERSITY.
HOWEVER, WHEN HE APPEARED IN THE UNIVERSITY, THEY
REFUSED TO ADMIT HIM BECAUSE HE WAS BLACK. THIS DID
NOT STOP CARVER, HE CONTINUED TO WORK AND SAVE
MONEY. IN EARLY 1888, CARVER OBTAINED A $300 LOAN AT
THE BANK OF NESS CITY FOR EDUCATION. BY JUNE HE LEFT
THE AREA.

IN 1890, CARVER STARTED STUDYING ART AND PIANO
AT SIMPSON COLLEGE IN INDIANOLA, IOWA. HIS ART
TEACHER, ETTA BUDD, RECOGNIZED CARVER'S TALENT FOR
PAINTING FLOWERS AND PLANTS; SHE ENCOURAGED HIM TO
STUDY BOTANY AT IOWA STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE IN
AMES. WHEN HE BEGAN THERE IN 1891, HE WAS THE FIRST
BLACK STUDENT. CARVER'S BACHELOR'S THESIS WAS "PLANTS
AS MODIFIED BY MAN", DATED 1894. IOWA STATE
PROFESSORS JOSEPH BUDD AND LOUIS PAMMEL CONVINCED
CARVER TO CONTINUE THERE FOR HIS MASTER'S DEGREE.
CARVER TAUGHT AS THE FIRST BLACK FACULTY MEMBER AT
IOWA STATE.

IN 1896, BOOKER T. WASHINGTON, THE FIRST PRINCIPAL
AND PRESIDENT OF THE TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE, INVITED
CARVER TO HEAD ITS AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT. CARVER
TAUGHT THERE FOR 47 YEARS, DEVELOPING THE DEPARTMENT
INTO A STRONG RESEARCH CENTER AND WORKING WITH TWO
ADDITIONAL COLLEGE PRESIDENTS DURING HIS TENURE. HE
TAUGHT METHODS OF CROP ROTATION, INTRODUCED SEVERAL
ALTERNATIVE CASH CROPS FOR FARMERS THAT WOULD ALSO
IMPROVE THE SOIL OF AREAS HEAVILY CULTIVATED IN
COTTON, INITIATED RESEARCH INTO CROP PRODUCTS
(CHEMURGY), AND TAUGHT GENERATIONS OF BLACK STUDENTS
FARMING TECHNIQUES FOR SELF-SUFFICIENCY.

FROM 1915 TO 1923, CARVER CONCENTRATED ON
RESEARCHING AND EXPERIMENTING WITH NEW USES FOR
PEANUTS, SWEET POTATOES, SOYBEANS, PECANS, AND OTHER
CROPS, AS WELL AS HAVING HIS ASSISTANTS RESEARCH AND
COMPILE EXISTING USES. THIS WORK, AND ESPECIALLY HIS
SPEAKING TO A NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE PEANUT
GROWERS ASSOCIATION IN 1920 AND IN TESTIMONY BEFORE
CONGRESS IN 1921 TO SUPPORT PASSAGE OF A TARIFF ON
IMPORTED PEANUTS, BROUGHT HIM WIDE PUBLICITY AND
INCREASING RENOWN. IN THESE YEARS, HE BECAME ONE OF
THE MOST WELL-KNOWN AFRICAN AMERICANS OF HIS TIME.
THE MOST POPULAR OF HIS 44 PRACTICAL BULLETINS FOR
FARMERS CONTAINED 105 FOOD RECIPES USING PEANUTS. HE
ALSO DEVELOPED AND PROMOTED ABOUT 100 PRODUCTS MADE
FROM PEANUTS THAT WERE USEFUL FOR THE HOUSE AND
FARM, INCLUDING COSMETICS, DYES, PAINTS, PLASTICS,
GASOLINE, AND NITROGLYCERIN. HE RECEIVED NUMEROUS
HONORS FOR HIS WORK, INCLUDING THE SPINGARN MEDAL OF
THE NAAC.

UPON RETURNING HOME ONE DAY, CARVER TOOK A BAD
FALL DOWN A FLIGHT OF STAIRS; HE WAS FOUND
UNCONSCIOUS BY A MAID WHO TOOK HIM TO A HOSPITAL.
CARVER DIED JANUARY 5, 1943, AT THE AGE OF 78 FROM
COMPLICATIONS (ANEMIA) RESULTING FROM THIS FALL. HE
WAS BURIED NEXT TO BOOKER T. WASHINGTON AT TUSKEGEE
UNIVERSITY. DUE TO HIS FRUGALITY, CARVER'S LIFE
SAVINGS TOTALED $60,000, ALL OF WHICH HE DONATED IN
HIS LAST YEARS AND AT HIS DEATH TO THE CARVER MUSEUM
AND TO THE GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER FOUNDATION

B. VOCABULARY

1 . F I E L D ( ด้ า น ) -AREA OF INTEREST OF STUDY.

2AGRICULTURE(การเกษตร) -GROWING FOOD.

3 . A D M I T ( ย อ ม รั บ ) - A L L O W T O E N T E R .

4 . S U P P O R T Y O U R S E L F ( ส นั บ ส นุ น ตั ว เ อ ง ) -EARN ENOUGH
MONEY TO LIVE.

5 . O U T S T A N D I N G ( เ ฉี ย บ ) -BETTER THAN MOST.

6 . S T R U G G L E ( ฝ่ า ฟั น ) -TRYING TO SURVIVE.

7 . S O I L ( ดิ น ) -DIRT IN WHICH PLANTS GROW.

8 . W O R E O U T ( เ สื * อ ม ส ภ า พ ) -USED UP.

9 . M A D E A N O F F E R ( ทํ า ข้ อ เ ส น อ ) - P R O P O S E D S O M E T H I N G .

10.PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES -GIVE A CHANCE.

C. GRAMMAR

JOB SUFFIXES

THIS SUFFIX IS COMMONLY USED TO INDICATE A PERSON
WHO DOES A JOB RELATED TO THE BASE FORM OF THE WORD
TO WHICH –ER IS ADDED. THERE ARE NO RULES, ON WHAT
SUFFIX TO ATTACHED ON CERTAIN JOBS, ALTHOUGH A
NUMBER OF PATTERNS EMERGE. UNSKILLED OR SEMI-SKILLED
JOB-HOLDERS ARE OFTEN DENOTED WITH …ER, WHILST THOSE
IN SCIENTIFIC OR MEDICAL PROFESSIONS ARE OFTEN
DESIGNATED WITH …IST.

BUT THERE ARE MANY EXCEPTIONS.

THE …ER SUFFIX IS VERY COMMON, BUT SO IS …OR. THE
…IST ENDING IS ALSO QUITE COMMON, BUT SO IS …AN. WE
ALSO HAVE …ANT (ACCOUNTANT, SHOP ASSISTANT, CIVIL
SERVANT, FLIGHT ATTENDANT), …MAN (POSTMAN, FIREMAN,
DUSTMAN, BARMAN, DRAUGHTSMAN, FISHERMAN), …ESS
(WAITRESS, HOSTESS, HEADMISTRESS) …EE (TRAINEE,
EMPLOYEE) AND …IVE (REPRESENTATIVE, MACHINE
OPERATIVE), ETC.

IT IS REALLY A MATTER OF LEARNING THEM AND
KNOWING THEM. LEARN THEM IN WORD FAMILIES, FOR
EXAMPLE, TEACH + ER = TEACHER AND BAKE + ER = BAKER.

D. SPEAKING ACTIVITY

(CONSONANT CLUSTER)

A CONSONANT CLUSTER, CONSONANT SEQUENCE OR
CONSONANT COMPOUND, IS A GROUP OF CONSONANTS
WHICH HAVE NO INTERVENING VOWEL. IT IS ALSO CALLED
CONSONANT BLEND WHICH ARE GROUPS OF TWO OR THREE
CONSONANTS IN WORDS THAT MAKES A DISTINCT
CONSONANT SOUND.

DIGRAPHS: THESE ARE SOME WORDS THAT BEGIN WITH
COMMON DIGRAPHS OR BLENDS.

1.BL - BLAB, BLACK, BLUE
2.BR - BRACE, BRACELET, BROOM
3.CH - CHAIN, CHAIR, CHIN
4.CL - CLAD, CLAIM, CLEAR
5.CR - CRAB, CRACK, CRACKER
6.DR - DRAB, DRAFT, DRAG
7.FL - FLAB, FLUSH, FLAG
8. FR - FRACTION, FRY, FRUGAL
9.GL - GLAD, GLEAM GLUE
10.GR - GRACE GROAN, GREET
11.PL - PRAY, PRONOUN, PRY
12.SC - SCALE, SCREW, SCORPION
13.SH - SHOWER, SHADE, SHUT
14.SK - SKATE, SKINNY, SKYDIVE
15.SL - SLAB, SLOT, SLOW
16.SM - SMACK, SMASH, SMOG
17.SN - SNACK, SNOW, SNEEZE
18.SP - SPA, SPONSOR, SPY
19.ST - STREET, STUDENTS, STORM
20.SW - SWAB, SWIM, SWEATER
21.TH - THANK, THIS, THORN
22.TR - TRACE, TROLLEY, TRAFFIC
23.TW - TWEAK, TWITTER, TWIN
24.WH - WHALE, WHITE, WHY

UNIT 4
TEA, ANYONE?

A. READING TEXT

THERE IS A SAYING THAT THE BRITISH LIKE A NICE CUP
OF TEA IN THE MORNING AND A NICE CUP OF TEA AT NIGHT.
THEY LIKE A NICE CUP OF TEA WITH THEIR DINNER AND A
NICE CUP OF TEA WITH THEIR TEA, AND BEFORE THEY GO TO
BED, THERE’S A LOT TO BE SAID FOR A NICE CUP OF TEA!
SOMETIMES IT SEEMS THAT NO ONE LIKES TEA QUITE AS MUCH
AS THE BRITISH DO.
BUT, IN FACT IT IS POPULAR AROUND THE WORLD
ESPECIALLY IN ASIA. TEA IS AN AROMATIC BEVERAGE
COMMONLY PREPARED BY POURING HOT OR BOILING WATER
OVER CURED LEAVES OF THE CAMELLIA SINENSIS, AN
EVERGREEN SHRUB NATIVE TO ASIA. AFTER WATER, IT IS THE
MOST WIDELY CONSUMED DRINK IN THE WORLD.
TEA ORIGINATED IN THE SOUTHWEST OF CHINA, THE
POPULAR LEGEND SAYS TEA WAS DISCOVERED BY EMPEROR
SHENNONG. IT WAS USED AS A MEDICAL DRINK. IT BECAME A
POPULAR DRINK THROUGHOUT CHINA DURING THE TANG
DYNASTY, AND TEA DRINKING SPREAD TO OTHER EAST ASIAN
COUNTRIES. PORTUGUESE PRIESTS AND MERCHANTS
INTRODUCED IT TO THE WEST DURING THE 16TH CENTURY.
DURING THE 17TH CENTURY, DRINKING TEA BECAME
FASHIONABLE AMONG BRITISH PEOPLE. THERE ARE MANY
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEA; SOME TEAS, LIKE DARJEELING AND
CHINESE GREENS, HAVE A COOLING, SLIGHTLY BITTER, AND
ASTRINGENT FLAVOR, WHILE OTHERS HAVE VASTLY DIFFERENT
PROFILES THAT INCLUDE SWEET, NUTTY, FLORAL, OR GRASSY
NOTES.
IN CHINA AND JAPAN, TEA WAS FIRST USED AS A
MEDICINE, IT WASN’T UNTIL MANY YEARS LATER THAT PEOPLE
THERE DRANK TEA AS A BEVERAGE. BECAUSE TEA HAD BEEN
CONSIDERED A SCARED REMEDY, IT WAS ALWAYS SERVED WITH
MUCH CEREMONY. WHEN CHINESE FIRST STARTED DRINKING
TEA, THEY DIDN’T USE TEAPOTS. INSTEAD, THEY PUT LEAVES
AND HOT WATER INTO A SMALL BOWL WITH A COVER.
DRINKERS WOULD BRING THE BOWL TO THEIR LIPS AND LIFT
THE COVER VERY SLIGHTLY WITH THEIR FOREFINGERS JUST
ENOUGH TO DRINK THE LIQUID BUT NOT THE LEAVES

IN JAPAN, TEA DRINKING FOLLOWS A VERY STRICT RITUAL
THAT WAS SET DOWN IN THE 15TH CENTURY BY THE FIRST
GREAT MASTER, SHUKO. THIS TEA CEREMONY IS STILL
PERFORMED TODAY. GUEST MUST WASH THEIR HANDS AND
FACES AND REMOVE THEIR SHOWS BEFORE ENTERING THE
TEAROOM THROUGH A LOW DOORWAY THAT FORCES THEM TO
STOOP AND APPEAR HUMBLE. AS THE GUEST KNEEL OR SIT
CROSSED LEGGED ON MATS, THE HOST PLACES A SPOONFUL OF
POWDERED GREEN TEA INTO A SPECIAL BOWL, ADDS BOILING
WATER AND THEN STIRS IT WITH A BAMBOO WHISK. IN EARLY
CEREMONIES GUEST DRINK IN THE SAME BOWL BUT LATER THE
HOST SERVED IT IN INDIVIDUAL BOWLS. THE GUEST SIPS THE
TEA SLOWLY, THEY ARE EXPECTED TO THROW BACK THEIR
HEADS AND TAKE A FINAL SIP WITH A LOUD SOUND TO SHOW
HOW GOOD THE TEA IS.

IN THE UK, THE BRITISH LIKE TO BE FORMAL AND
DIGNIFIED WHEN THEY SERVE TEA. THEY SERVED BLACK TEA
IN CHINA CUPS WITH HANDLES AND MATCHING SAUCERS. IN
BRITAIN, TEA IS MADE IN A POT, USING ONE TEASPOONFUL OF
TEA LEAVES FOR EACH CUP PLUS ONE EXTRA TEASPOONFUL
FOR THE POT. BOILING WATER IS POURED INTO A POT, AND
THE TEA IS LEFT FOR ABOUT 5 MINUTES BEFORE THE HOST
POURS FOR THE GUEST.

MANY INTERESTING TEA CUSTOMS HAVE DEVELOPED OVER
THE CENTURIES. IN INDIA, FOR EXAMPLE, YOU MIGHT DRINK
TEA WITH A LOT OF MILK, SUGAR, CINNAMON AND CARDAMOM.
THE BURMESE SOAK TEA LEAVES IN OIL AND GARLIC AND EAT
THIS MIXTURE WITH DRIED FISH. IN THAILAND, PEOPLE CHEW
TEA LEAVES SEASONED WITH SALT AND OTHER SPICES. IN
IRAN, PERFUMED TEA IS A FAVORITE. IT IS MADE BY LEAVING
FLOWERS OR HERBS IN THE TEA CONTAINER FOR SEVERAL
DAYS. IN MOROCCO, TEA IS PREPARED IN BRAS OR SILVER
TEAPOT TO WHICH SUGAR AND MINT ARE ADDED. THEN THE
TEA IS SERVED IN SMALL GLASSES WITH MINT LEAVES. IF
GUESTS ACCEPT AN OFFER OF TEA, THEY ARE EXPECTED TO
DRINK AT LEAST THREE GLASSES.

REGARDLESS OF WHERE AND HOW TEA IS PREPARED AND
SERVED, MANY PEOPLE CONSIDER IT TO BE AN IMPORTANT
PART OF THEIR SOCIAL LIFE. HAVING A CUP OF TEA PROVIDES
REASON OF GETTING TOGETHER AND SHARING A MOMENT OF
CONVERSATION. TEA MAY NO LONGER BE CONSIDERED A
SACRED CURE FOR ALL ILLNESS, BUT IT IS A REMEDY FOR
BOTH THE BODY AND THE SPIRIT IN OUR SOMETIMES FRANTIC
LIVES.

B. VOCABULARY

1 . P O P U L A R ( ฮิ ต ) - LIKED, ADMIRED, OR ENJOYED BY
MANY PEOPLE OR BY A PARTICULAR PERSON OR GROUP.

2.AROMATIC(หอมหวน) - HAVING A PLEASANT AND
DISTINCTIVE SMELL.

3 . M E D I C A L ( ท า ง ก า ร แ พ ท ย์ ) - R E L A T I N G T O T H E S C I E N C E O F
MEDICINE.

4 . M E R C H A N T ( พ่ อ ค้ า ) - A RETAIL TRADER; A STORE
OWNER.

5 . B E V E R A G E ( เ ค รื่ อ ง ดื่ ม ) -A DRINK, ESPECIALLY ONE
OTHER THAN WATER.

6 . H U M B L E ( อ่ อ น น้ อ ม ถ่ อ ม ต น ) -LOW ESTIMATE OF ONE'S
OWN IMPORTANCE.

7 . W H I S K ( ปั ด ) -BEAT OR STIR WITH A LIGHT RAPID
MOVEMENT.

8.MIXTURE(สารผสม) -A SUBSTANCE MADE BY MIXING
OTHER SUBSTANCES TOGETHER.

9.CONTAINER(ผอก) -AN OBJECT THAT CAN BE USED TO
HOLD OR TRANSPORT SOMETHING.

1 0 . F R A N T I C ( บ้ า ) -WILD OR DISTRAUGHT WITH FEAR,
ANXIETY, OR OTHER EMOTION.

C. GRAMMAR

ADVERB OF FREQUENCY

THESE ADVERBS ARE USED TO SHOW THE DURATION
OR TIMING OF THE ACTION THAT IS HAPPENING/HAD
HAPPENED/WILL HAPPEN. THEY ALSO TELL US HOW
OFTEN AND HOW LONG THESE ACTIONS
WOULD BE.

THERE ARE TWO TYPES: AN ADVERB THAT DESCRIBES
DEFINITE FREQUENCY IS ONE SUCH AS WEEKLY/EVERY
WEEK, DAILY/EVERY DAY, OR YEARLY/EVERY YEAR, ETC.
AN ADVERB DESCRIBING INDEFINITE FREQUENCY DOESN’T
SPECIFY AN EXACT TIME FRAME; EXAMPLES ARE
ALWAYS, USUALLY, SOMETIMES, OFTEN, ETC.

1.DEFINITE FREQUENCY - ADVERBS OF DEFINITE
FREQUENCY OCCUR AT THE BEGINNING OR THE END OF A
SENTENCE.
•THE LIBRARY IS OPEN EVERY DAY.
•EVERY DAY, SOME EMPLOYEES GO OUT FOR LUNCH.
•HE VISITS HIS GRANDPAPA EVERY TWO WEEKS.
•THE MOON WAXES AND WANES EVERY MONTH.
•THIS MEDICINE IS TO BE TAKEN HOURLY.

2.INDEFINITE FREQUENCY
-ADVERBS OF INDEFINITE FREQUENCY OCCUR IN THE
MIDDLE OF THE SENTENCE. WHERE EXACTLY IT IS PLACED
DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF VERBS IN THE SENTENCE.

2.1. AN ADVERB OF FREQUENCY GOES BEFORE A MAIN
VERB (EXCEPT WITH TO BE).

SUBJECT + ADVERB + MAIN VERB
• I ALWAYS REMEMBER TO DO MY HOMEWORK
• HE NORMALLY GETS GOOD MARKS IN EXAMS

2.2. AN ADVERB OF FREQUENCY GOES AFTER THE VERB
TO BE.

SUBJECT + TO BE + ADVERB
•THEY ARE NEVER PLEASED TO SEE ME.
•SHE ISN’T USUALLY BAD TEMPERED.
2.3. WHEN WE USE AN AUXILIARY VERB (HAVE, WILL,
MUST, MIGHT, COULD, WOULD, CAN, ETC.), THE ADVERB IS
PLACED BETWEEN THE AUXILIARY AND THE MAIN VERB.
THIS IS ALSO TRUE FOR TO BE.

SUBJECT + AUXILIARY + ADVERB + MAIN VERB
•HE CAN SOMETIMES BEAT ME IN A RACE
•I WOULD HARDLY EVER BE UNKIND TO SOMEONE
•THEY MIGHT NEVER SEE EACH OTHER AGAIN
•THEY COULD OCCASIONALLY BE HEARD LAUGHING.
2.4. WE CAN ALSO USE THE FOLLOWING ADVERBS AT THE
START OF A SENTENCE:

USUALLY, NORMALLY, OFTEN, FREQUENTLY, SOMETIMES,
OCCASIONALLY

•OCCASIONALLY, I LIKE TO EAT THAI FOOD.
2.5. BUT WE CANNOT USE THE FOLLOWING AT THE
BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE:

ALWAYS, SELDOM, RARELY, HARDLY, EVER, NEVER.
2.6. WE USE HARDLY EVER AND NEVER WITH POSITIVE,
NOT NEGATIVE VERBS:
•SHE HARDLY EVER COMES TO MY PARTIES.
•THEY NEVER SAY 'THANK YOU’.
2.7. WE USE EVER IN QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVE
STATEMENTS:
•HAVE YOU EVER BEEN TO NEW ZEALAND?
•I HAVEN'T EVER BEEN TO SWITZERLAND.
(THE SAME AS 'I HAVE NEVER BEEN SWITZERLAND').

D. SPEAKING ACTIVITY

(CONSONANT CLUSTER)

A CONSONANT CLUSTER, CONSONANT SEQUENCE OR
CONSONANT COMPOUND, IS A GROUP OF CONSONANTS WHICH
HAVE NO INTERVENING VOWEL. IT IS ALSO CALLED
CONSONANT BLEND WHICH ARE GROUPS OF TWO OR THREE
CONSONANTS IN WORDS THAT MAKES A DISTINCT
CONSONANT SOUND.

TRIGRAPHS: IS A GROUP OF THREE CHARACTERS USED
TO REPRESENT A SINGLE SOUND OR A COMBINATION OF
SOUNDS THAT DOES NOT CORRESPOND TO THE WRITTEN
LETTERS COMBINED.

1.SCH - SCHEDULE, SCHOLAR, SCHOOL
2.SCR – SCRAM, SCROLL, SCREW
3.SHR – SHRANK, SHRUB, SHRIMP
4.SPH – SPHERE, SPHINX, SPHERICAL
5.SPL – SPLASHM SPLIT, SPLENDOR
6.SPR – SPRAIN, SPRING, SPRITE
7.SQU – SQUAT, SQUIRREL, SQUID
8.STR – STRAIGHT, STRONG, STRIPE
9.THR – THRASH, THREW, THRONE



UNIT 5
FOOD CUSTOMS

IN IRAN

A.READING TEXT

FOOD CUSTOMS AROUND THE WORLD ARE STRONGLY
CONNECTED TO CULTURE, TRADITION, AND GEOGRAPHY. WE CAN
SEE THIS IN MY COUNTRY, IRAN. IT HAS A VARIABLE CLIMATE,
WHICH GIVES US THE ADVANTAGE OF HAVING A LARGE
VARIETY OF FOODS TO EAT. HOWEVER, WHAT WE EAT IS STILL
INFLUENCED BY OUR TRADITIONS AND GEOGRAPHY, AS WE CAN
SEE IN THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE
NORTH AND SOUTH IRAN.

MANY OF THE FOOD CUSTOMS ARE SIMILAR EVERYWHERE
IN THE COUNTRY. FOR EXAMPLE, IN BOTH NORTHERN AND
SOUTHERN IRAN, FOOD IS EATEN WITH ONE’S HAND AND A
PIECE OF BREAD INSTEAD OF USING UTENSILS. RICE IS
ANIMPORTANT STAPLE FOOD IN IRAN, AND IT IS A PART OF
ALMOST EVERY MEAL IN BOTH THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
ANOTHER SIMILARITY BETWEEN THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH IS
EATING FISH, SINCE BOTH AREAS ARE NEAR SEAS: THE
CASPIAN SEA IN THE NORTH AND THE PERSIAN GULF IN THE
SOUTH.

BECAUSE THE NORTH OF IRAN IS QUITE DIFFERENT FROM
THE SOUTH, THERE ARE SEVERAL DIFFERENCES IN EATING
HABITS BETWEEN THE TWO AREAS, NORTHERN IRAN FACES
CASPIAN SEA WHERE WE FIND SPECIAL FISH FROM WHICH THE
FAMOUS CAVIAR IS MADE, WHICH NORTHERNERS LOVE TO EAT.
BECAUSE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE IN THE NORTH,
RICE IS ONE OF THE MAJOR CROPS, AND IT PLAYS AN
IMPORTANT ROLE AT THE TABLE ON NORTHERN IRAN. IT IS
SERVED AT ALL CEREMONIES. AS A TRADITION, NORTHERNERS
CONDUCT A RICE CEREMONY EVERY YEAR BY PUTTING RICE
TWIGS IN THE PADDY AND SINGING SONGS. IN SOUTHERN IRAN,
WHICH FACES THE PERSIAN GULF, A VARIETY OF SEAFOOD,
ESPECIALLY THE WHITE FISH, MAKE UP THE FAVORITE DISHES.
ALTHOUGH RICE IS IMPORTANT AD A PART OF MOST MEALS,
THE SOUTH IS BETTER KNOWN FOR ITS VEGETABLES AND
FRUITS. DATES, IN PARTICULAR, ARE IMPORTANT AND ARE A
MAJOR EXPORT TO WESTERN COUNTRIES.

IN CONCLUSION, IRAN IS A LARGE COUNTRY WITH A
DIVERSE GEOGRAPHY AND PEOPLE. AS IN ALL LARGE
COUNTRIES, A VARIETY OF CUSTOMS CAN BE FOUND ON ALL
POINTS OF THE COMPASS. FOOD CUSTOMS IN PARTICULAR ARE
INFLUENCED BY CLIMATE AND LOCATION, MAKING IRAN A VERY
INTERESTING COUNTRY IN WHICH TO LIVE AND EAT.

B. VOCABULARY

1 . C L I M A T E ( ภุ มิ ป ร ะ เ ท ศ ) - T H E P R E V A I L I N G T R E N D O F P U B L I C
OPINION OR OF ANOTHER ASPECT OF PUBLIC LIFE.

2 . A D V A N T A G E ( ค ว า ม ไ ด้ เ ป รีย บ ) - T H E O P P O R T U N I T Y T O G A I N
SOMETHING; BENEFIT OR PROFIT.

3 . G E O G R A P H Y ( ภุ มิ ศ า ส ต ร์ ) -IS A FIELD OF SCIENCE
DEVOTED TO THE STUDY OF THE LANDS,FEATURES,
INHABITANTS,AND PHENOMENA OF THE EARTH AND
PLANETS.

4 . U T E N S I L ( เ ค รื๋ อ ง มื อ ) -AN IMPLEMENT, CONTAINER, OR
OTHER ARTICLE, ESPECIALLY FOR HOUSEHOLD USE.

5.STAPLE(แกน) -A MAIN OR IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF
SOMETHING

6 . M A J O R ( สํ า คั ญ ) -IMPORTANT, SERIOUS, OR SIGNIFICANT.

7 . T R A D I T I O N ( ป ร ะ เ พ ณี ) -THE TRANSMISSION OF CUSTOMS
OR BELIEFS FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION, OR THE
FACT OF BEING PASSED ON IN THIS WAY.

8.VARIETY(ความหลากหลาย) -A THING WHICH DIFFERS IN
SOME WAY FROM OTHERS OF THE SAME GENERAL CLASS OR
SORT; A TYPE.
9.DIVERSE(หลากหลาย) -SHOWING A GREAT DEAL OF
VARIETY; VERY DIFFERENT.

1 0 . I N F L U E N C E ( มี อิ ท ธิ พ ล ) -THE CAPACITY TO HAVE AN
EFFECT ON THE CHARACTER,DEVELOPMENT, OR BEHAVIOR
OF SOMEONE OR SOMETHING, OR THE EFFECT ITSELF.

C. GRAMMAR

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE IS USED TO IDENTIFY THE
CONNECTION BETWEEN THE PRESENT AND THE PAST. THE
TIME THAT SOMETHING HAPPENED WAS BEFORE OR IN
THE PAST, BUT IS NOT CLEARLY STATED. AND PAY MORE
ATTENTION TO THE OUTCOME THAN THE ACTION ITSELF.

P R E S E N T P E R F E C T T E N S E ใ ช้ เ พื๋ อ ร ะ บุ ค ว า ม เ ชื๋ อ ม โ ย ง ร ะ ห ว๋ า ง
ปั จ จุ บั น แ ล ะ อ ดี ต เ ว ล า ที่ สิ่ ง ๆ เ กิ ด ขึ้ น คื อ ก่ อ น ห น้ า นี้ ห รือ ใ น อ ดี ต แ ต่ ไ ม่ ไ ด้ ร ะ บุ
ไ ว้ อ ย า ง ชั ด เ จ น แ ล ะ ใ ห้ ค ว า ม ส น ใ จ กั บ ผ ล ลั พ ธ์ ม า ก ก ว่ า ตั ว ก า ร ก ร ะ ทํ า เ อ ง

PRESENT PERFECT IS USED TO DESCRIBED:

1.WHAT STARTED IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES TO DO
T O D A Y ( สิ่ ง ที่ เ ริ่ ม ต้ น ทํ า ใ น อ ดี ต แ ล ะ ยั ง ค ง ทํ า ต่ อ เ นื่ อ ง ม า จ น ถึ ง ปั จ จุ บั น )

-THEY HAVEN'T LIVED HERE FOR YEARS. A
-SHE HAS WORKED IN THE BANK FOR FIVE YEARS.
-WE HAVE HAD THE SAME CAR FOR TEN YEARS.33
-HAVE YOU PLAYED THE PIANO SINCE YOU WERE
CHILD?

2.WHEN THE PERIOD REFERRED TO HAS NOT YET BEEN
C O M P L E T E D ( เ มื่ อ ช่ ว ง ร ะ ย ะ เ ว ล า ที่ อ้ า ง ถึ ง ยั ง ไ ม่ เ ส ร็ จ สิ้ น )

-I HAVE WORKED HARD THIS WEEK.
-IT HAS RAINED A LOT THIS YEAR.
-WE HAVEN'T SEEN HER TODAY.

3.A REPETITIVE OCCURRENCE IN A SPECIFIC TIME
B E T W E E N T H E P A S T A N D T H E P R E S E N T . ( สิ ง ที่ เ กิ ด ขึ้ น ซ้ำ ๆ ใ น
ช่ ว ง เ ว ล า ใ ด เ ว ล า ห นึ่ ง ที่ ไ ม่ ไ ด้ ร ะ บุ ไ ว้ อ ย า ง เ จ า ะ จ ง ร ะ ห ว่ า ง อ ดี ต แ ล ะ
ปั จ จุ บั น )
-THEY HAVE SEEN THAT FILM SIX TIMES
-IT HAS HAPPENED SEVERAL TIMES ALREADY.
-SHE HAS VISITED THEM FREQUENTLY.
-WE HAVE EATEN AT THAT RESTAURANT MANY TIMES.
4.SOMETHING THAT WAS JUST DONE A MOMENT AGO (+
J U S T ) . ( สิ ง ที่ พึ่ ง ทํ า เ ส ร็ จ ไ ป ที่ ผ่ า น ม า เ มื่ อ สั ก ค รู่ ( + J U S T )
-HAVE YOU JUST FINISHED WORK?
-I HAVE JUST EATEN.
-WE HAVE JUST SEEN HER.
-HAS HE JUST LEFT?
5.CERTAIN ACTIONS FOR WHICH TIME ARE NOT
IMPORTANT OR CLEARLY IDENTIFIED INDICATORS.
( ก า ร ก ร ะ ทํ า บ า ง อ ย า ง ที่ เ ว ล า ไ ม่ ใ ช่ ตั ว บ่ ง ชี้ ที่ สํ า คั ญ ห รือ ไ ม่ ไ ด้ ร ะ บุ ไ ว้ อ ย่ า ง
ชั ด เ จ น )
-SOMEONE HAS EATEN MY SOUP!
-HAVE YOU SEEN 'GONE WITH THE WIND'?
-SHE'S STUDIED JAPANESE, RUSSIAN, AND ENGLISH.



UNIT 6
ENGLISH AROUND

THE WORLD

A. READING TEXT

DO YOU SPEAK ENGLISH? THAT
QUESTION IS FREQUENTLY ASKED IN
COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD.
ALTHOUGH THERE ARE ALMOST
3,000 LANGUAGES, ENGLISH IS THE
MOST UNIVERSAL. IT IS THE
OFFICIAL LANGUAGE IN OVER 40
COUNTRIES AND THE MOST USED
LANGUAGE IN INTERNATIONAL
BUSINESS, SCIENCE AND MEDICINE.

EVEN IN COUNTRIES WHERE ENGLISH IS NOT THE FIRST
LANGUAGE, A NUMBER OF ENGLISH WORDS ARE USED. NO
OTHER LANGUAGE IS BORROWED FROM MORE OFTEN THAN
ENGLISH. FOR EXAMPLE, A FRENCH WORKER LOOKS
FORWARD TO LE WEEKEND. A ROMANIAN SHOPPER CATCHES
A RIDE ON THE TROLLEYBUS. A CHINESE BUSINESSPERSON
TALKS TO ON THE TE LE FUNG (TELEPHONE). SOME SWEDISH
SCHOOL GIRLS HAVE STARTED MAKING PLURAL FORMS OF
WORDS BY ADDING –S, AS IN ENGLISH, INSTEAD OF THE
SWEDISH WAS OF ADDING –AR,
-OR, OR –ER.

HUNDREDS OF WORDS BORROWED FROM ENGLISH CAN
NOW BE FOUND IN OTHER LANGUAGES, WORDS SUCH AS
SODA, HOTEL, GOLD, TENNIS, JEANS, O.K., BASEBALL AND
AIRPORT. ALTHOUGH MANY WORDS ARE USED AS THEY ARE,
OTHERS ARE CHANGED TO MAKE THEM MORE LIKE THE
NATIVE LANGUAGE AND THEREFORE EASIER TO SAY AND
REMEMBER. THUS, A JAPANESE WORKER GETS STUCK IN
RUSHAWA (RUSH-HOUR) TRAFFIC. A SPANISH MOTHER
TELLS HER CHILD TO PUT ON HER SUITER (SWEATER), AND
A UKRAINIAN MAN GOES TO THE BARBER FOR A HERKOT
(HAIRCUT).

ENGLISH IS EVERYWHERE. IT IS ON SIGNS, CLOTHING,
SOFT DRINKS AND HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS AROUND THE
WORLD. IN SPITE OF THE POPULARITY OF ENGLISH WORDS
AND PHRASES, HOWEVER, THEY ARE NOT ALWAYS
WELCOME. SOME PEOPLE THINK THAT THE USE OF ENGLISH
WORDS IS THREATENING THE PURITY OF THEIR NATIVE
LANGUAGE, IN 1975, THE FRENCH STARTED A COMMISSION
TO TRY TO TOP AND EVEN GIVE FINES FOR, THE USE OF
ENGLISH WORDS. SOME COUNTRIES HAVE TRIED TO
ELIMINATE ENGLISH AS THEIR OFFICIAL LANGUAGE IN
ORDER TO SAVE THEIR NATIVE TONGUE.

ON THE OTHER HAND, SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE THAT
ENGLISH SHOULD BE THE INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE.
THEY GIVE A NUMBER OF REASONS FOR THIS, SUCH AS,
THE COST OF TRANSLATION AND MISUNDERSTANDINGS
THAT RESULT FROM LANGUAGE DIFFERENCES. THEY
BELIEVE THAT THINGS WOULD RUN MORE SMOOTHLY IF
EVERYONE SPOKE THE SAME LANGUAGE.

“WHAT WOULD BECOME OF OUR MANY DIFFERENT
CULTURE?” OTHERS ARGUE. “CERTAINLY THE WORLD
WOULD BE A MUCH LESS INTERESTING PLACE,” THEY ADD.
INDEED, THERE ARE SERIOUS CONCERN ON THE PART OF
LANGUAGE EXPERTS THAT MANY LANGUAGES ARE
DISAPPEARING. IN SOME PARTS OF THE WORLD, ONLY A
FEW PEOPLE ARE LEFT WHO CAN SPEAK THE NATIVE
TONGUE, IN IRELAND, FOR EXAMPLE, THERE ARE ONLY A
FEW SMALL AREAS WHERE PEOPLE SPEAK GAELIC, THE
NATIVE IRISH LANGUAGE. ONE EXPERT SAYS THAT HALF
OF THE WORLD’S LANGUAGES ARE DYING BECAUSE
CHILDREN ARE NO LONGER LEARNING THEM.

LANGUAGES HAVE CHANGED AND DISAPPEARED
THROUGHOUT HISTORY. WITH PROGRESS, CHANGE IS
INEVITABLE. SOME THINGS ARE WORTH PRESERVING.
OTHERS ARE NOT. THE DIFFICULTY IS IN DECIDING WHAT
IS WORTH KEEPING. BECAUSE PEOPLE HAVE A VERY
STRONG FEELING ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF THEIR
NATIVE LANGUAGE, WE PROBABLY WILL NOT HAVE A
UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE IN THE NEAR FUTURE. WHAT IS
CERTAIN, HOWEVER, IS THAT ENGLISH WORLDS WILL
CONTINUE TO POP-UP EVERYWHERE, FROM TAIWAN TO
TIMBUKTU, WHETHER SOME PEOPLE LIKE IT OR NOT.

B. VOCABULARY

1 . F R E Q U E N T L Y ( บ่ อ ย ๆ ) -REGULARLY OR HABITUALLY;
OFTEN.

2 . B O R R O W ( ยื ม ) -TAKE AND USE (SOMETHING THAT
BELONGS TO SOMEONE ELSE) WITH THE INTENTION OF
RETURNING IT.

3 . T H R E A T E N E D ( คุ ก ค า ม ) - I N D A N G E R

4 . F I N E S ( ป รั บ โ ท ษ ) -PUNISHMENT IN THE FORM OF
TAKING MONEY.

5 . E L I M I N A T E ( กํ า จั ด ) - R E M O V E / G E T R I D O F

6 . C O N C E R N ( กั ง ว ล ) -WORRY

7 . D Y I N G ( เ ฮื อ ก สุ ด ท้ า ย ) -IN DECLINE AND ABOUT TO
DISAPPEAR.

8 . I N E V I T A B L E ( แ น่ น อ น ) -IMPOSSIBLE TO STOP

9 . P R E S E R V E ( อ นุ รั ก ษ์ ) -TAKE CARE OF/ KEEP

10.POP UP(ปรากฏ) -APPEAR

C.SPEAKING ACTIVITY

TAG QUESTIONS

TAG QUESTIONS ARE SOMETHING LIKE NEGATIVE
QUESTIONS. THEY ARE USED WHEN SOMEONE THINKS HE
OR SHE KNOWS AN ANSWER AND WANTS CONFIRMATION.
THERE ARE TWO VERY COMMONLY USED TYPES OF TAG
QUESTIONS--ONE MADE FROM AFFIRMATIVE ( + )
SENTENCES, THE OTHER MADE FROM NEGATIVE ( - )
SENTENCES:

•HE'S FROM ITALY, ISN'T HE? /HE ISN'T FROM ITALY, IS
HE?
•SHE SPEAKS ESTONIAN, DOESN'T SHE? /SHE DOESN'T
SPEAK ESTONIAN, DOES SHE?
•THEY'D LEFT WHEN YOU ARRIVED, HADN'T THEY? /THEY
HADN'T LEFT WHEN YOU ARRIVED, HAD THEY?

TAG QUESTIONS (INTONATION)

1. FALLING INTONATION
WHEN SOMEONE ASKS A TAG QUESTION AND THE

QUESTION TAG HAS FALLING INTONATION, THE PERSON WHO
ASKS THE QUESTIONS IS FAIRLY SURE THAT THE STATEMENT
BEFORE THE TAG ENDING IS CORRECT. BECAUSE THE PERSON
ASKING THE QUESTION IS NOT 100% SURE, HOWEVER, HE OR
SHE STILL WANTS CONFIRMATION.

•I HAVE TOLD YOU NOT TO RUN, HAVEN'T I? (MOTHER
TELLING HER SON AFTER HER SON FALLS.)

•IT IS A BEAUTIFUL VIEW, ISN'T IT? (...WE ARE ALL
ENJOYING IT.)

•YOU KNOW I HATE THIS MOVIE, DON'T YOU? (...AND YET
WE ARE WATCHING IT.)

2.RISING INTONATION
WHEN SOMEONE ASKS A TAG QUESTION AND THE TAG HAS

RISING INTONATION, IN A RISING INTONATION THE SPEAKER
IS NOT AS CONFIDENT OF HIS/HER STATEMENT AND HE/SHE
IS ASKING THE OTHER PERSON TO FIND OUT ABOUT IT.

•HE DIDN'T GO TO SCHOOL YESTERDAY, DID HE? (DID HE
REALLY GO TO SCHOOL YESTERDAY?)

•JACK PAID FOR THE DINNER, DIDN'T HE? (I HOPE HE PAID
FOR THE DINNER... DID HE?)

•YOU TOLD HER I WASN'T GOING TO THE PARTY, DIDN'T
YOU? (DID YOU FORGET TO TELL HER?)

REFERENCES:

16 TENSES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR (FORMULA AND
EXAMPLES). (2020, JUNE 4).

EXAMPLANNING. HTTPS://EXAMPLANNING.COM/16-TENSES-
IN-ENGLISH-GRAMMAR-FORMULA-AND-EXAMPLES/

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY. (2020, APRIL 3). ENGLISH
GRAMMAR GAMES AND NOTES - WOODWARD ENGLISH.
HTTPS://WWW.GRAMMAR.CL/BASIC/ADVERBS_FREQUENCY.HT
M

BLENDS, DIGRAPHS, TRIGRAPHS, AND OTHER LETTER
COMBINATIONS. (N.D.). ENCHANTED LEARNING.
HTTPS://WWW.ENCHANTEDLEARNING.COM/CONSONANTBLENDS
/

BROUKAL, M. (2015). WEAVING IT TOGETHER 3. HEINLE &
HEINLE PUB.

ENGLISH TUTOR. (2019, JULY 17). ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY |
2 TYPES OF ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY WITH USEFUL
EXAMPLES. ESL GRAMMAR.
HTTPS://ESLGRAMMAR.ORG/ADVERBS-OF-FREQUENCY/

LINKING VOWEL TO VOWEL. (N.D.). ENGLISHCLUB - LEARN OR
TEACH ENGLISH TODAY.
HTTPS://WWW.ENGLISHCLUB.COM/PRONUNCIATION/LINKING-
3.HTM

M E G A G O A L 6 S T U D E N T B O O K ชั น มั ธ ย ม ศึ ก ษ า ปี ที 6 : ห นั ง สื อ เ รีย น
ร า ย วิช า พื น ฐ า น ภ า ษ า อั ง ก ฤ ษ า ร เ รีย น รู้ ก ลุ่ ม ส า ร ะ ก ภ า ษ า ต่ า ง ป ร ะ เ ท ศ ต า ม
ห ลั ก สู ต ร แ ก น ก ล า ง ก า ร ศึ ก ษ า ขั น พื น ฐ า นุ ท ธ ศั ก ร า ช 2 5 5 1 . พ ( 2 0 1 2 ) .

SHRIVES, C. (N.D.). REGULAR VERBS | WHAT ARE REGULAR
VERBS? FREE ENGLISH GRAMMAR LESSONS AND TESTS.
HTTPS://WWW.GRAMMAR-
MONSTER.COM/GLOSSARY/REGULAR_VERBS.HTM

THERE IS THERE ARE - ENGLISH GRAMMAR RULES. (2020,
FEBRUARY 8). ENGLISH GRAMMAR GAMES AND NOTES -
WOODWARD ENGLISH.
HTTPS://WWW.GRAMMAR.CL/PRESENT/THEREISTHEREARE.HTM

UNDERSTANDING AND USING TAG QUESTIONS (#3). (N.D.).
HOME PAGE -

ESL. HTTPS://WWW.ESLCAFE.COM/RESOURCES/GRAMMAR-
LESSONS/TAG-QUESTIONS/UNDERSTANDING-AND-USING-TAG-
QUESTIONS-3