DCA50242 AR SITE PRACTICE

Topic 3

SITE
PREPARATION

3.1.1 JUSTIFY THE STAGES OF SITE PREPARATION

●Site preparation involves various activities like
demolition of old existing construction, clearing
of building sites, underground service, and wire
mapping, site surveying, and layout and anti-
termite treatment before starting construction
work. Sometimes, construction site preparation
requires blasting, test drilling, landfill, leveling,
earth-moving, excavating, land drainage, and
other land preparation.

3.1.1 IDENTIFY THE SITE BOUNDARIES AND SITE
PAGING, (OGL) ORIGINAL GROUND LEVEL, SITE

CLEARING, EARTHWORKS, LEVELLING,
CUT AND FILL

•Site boundaries:You need to physically, where necessary, by
suitable fencing. The type of fencing should reflect the nature of
the site and its surroundings. Determining the boundary is
an important aspect of managing public risk.
•
•Site paging: A paging system is hard-wired into the building's
infrastructure, allowing reliable mass communication. A network
of speakers ensure that a message is communicated to
every area of a building simultaneously. It's also possible to send
pages to specific building "zones" if needed.

•Original Ground means those soils that have been deposited
or developed by natural processes, excluding storm deposited
sand in the backdune environment.
•
•Site clearing is the process of removing all elements of a land
area that obstructs the process of construction. It is the first step
in any construction project.

• Earthworks are engineering works created through the moving
and/or processing of massive quantities of soil or unformed rock.
Earthwork is done to reconfigure the topography of a site to achieve
the design levels. Earthwork involves cutting and filling to achieve
the required topography.

• Levelling or leveling is a branch of surveying, the object of which is
to establish or verify or measure the height of specified points
relative to a datum. It is widely used in geodesy and cartography to
measure geodetic height, and in construction to measure height
differences of construction artifacts.

• Cut and fill is the process of constructing a railway, road or canal
whereby the amount of material from cuts roughly matches the
amount of fill needed to make nearby embankments, so minimizing
the amount of construction labor.

3.1.2 DISCUSS THE SITE CLEARING,
EARTHWORKS, LEVELLING, CUT AND

FILL

• Site Clearing

♦ Construction site clearing is the process by which a
construction site or portion of site is cleared. Clearing
prepares the land for new sub divisions, building sites or
industrial earthworks.

♦ The clearing process is pretty comprehensive, and
involves a number of stages, each with their
own challenges and requirements.

♦ The 'things' which must be cleared from site include (but
are not limited to) vegetation, trees, soil, unwanted
structures and debris.

♦ Clearing vegetation is typically the first stage of the clearing
process, beginning with the undergrowth. The
undergrowth is more easily cleared and typically frees up
space and room for equipment and labour to clear larger
vegetation such as trees.

♦ Clearing trees can be a comprehensive task by itself - often
requiring multiple steps:

• Cutting the trees down to their stumps

• Removing the stumps

• Removing the roots, which is critically important to prevent
future cracking in buildings and concrete

♦ After the flora has been cleared (and any buildings or
structures if required), large rocks and other heavy
materials are cleared, before any underlying weak points or
burrows are filled, often with clay, to create a safe space for
beginning works.

EARTHWORKS

• Earthworks are engineering projects made with soil
and loose rock. Using earth in engineering is one of
the oldest applications of engineering. Numerous
human societies all over the world have
manipulated the soil around them for the purpose
of everything from establishing
defensive fortifications to creating space to garden
on land which might appear unarable at first
glance. Today, engineers work with high tech
software and equipment to build earthworks.

• In construction, earthworks can be used to make
foundations, retaining walls, and sometimes entire
structures. In this case, they may be backed with
rock and other materials. Earthworks are also used
in engineering tasks such as making canals,
changing the course of rivers, or altering the grade
of a road. In this case, the earth displaced to
accomplish a goal can be used to create berms
which will serve a protective function.

CUT AND FILL

• In earthmoving, cut and fill is the process
of constructing a railway, road
or canal whereby the amount of material
from cuts roughly matches the amount of
fill needed to make nearby embankments,
so minimizing the amount of
construction labor.

• Cut slopes are rarely created greater than a
slope of two to one (horizontal to vertical
dimensions). Cut sections of roadway or rail
are characterized by the roadway being
lower in elevation than the surrounding
terrain. From an operational standpoint
there are unique environmental effects
associated with cut sections of roadway.
For example, air pollutants can concentrate
in the ‘'valleys'‘ created by the cut section.
Conversely, noise pollution is mitigated by
cut sections since an effective blockage of
line of sight sound propagation is created
by the depressed roadway design.

3.1.3 EXPLAIN THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE
LOCATION OF THE FACILITIES AND

INFRASTRUCTURES ON SITE LAYOUT (BUILDING
SETTING OUT)

♦ Setting out a building is the process of transferring architectural
proposals from drawings into the ground. It establishes the location
points for site boundaries, foundations, columns, centre-lines of
walls and other necessary structural parts. Also, it establishes
the buiding's correct extent, angle and level. The whole structure
will be located and erected according to the initial setting out.

♦ Accurate setting out is therefore a fundamental part of the
construction works, and errors can be very expensive and time
consuming to correct. It should only be undertaken by competent
persons, and all work should be thoroughly checked, preferably by
different personnel.

♦ Setting out is usually undertaken once the site has been subject to a
condition survey and desk study, and has been cleared of any
debris, unwanted vegetation or obstructions. Works necessary to
create required levels may also have been completed before the
layout process begins.

♦ The position and orientation of the structure is generally described
in architect's or engineer’s drawings and defining precisely how the
layout should be arranged.

♦ Controlling dimensions and references on the plans will determine
the positioning of the building, and in particular its foundations.
These include; overall length and width, distances to road centre-
lines and to other structures, internal structural measurements,
approaches and rights-of-way and so on.

♦ The controlling points of the structure can then be marked so that
the construction team is able to easily identify them. This usually
consists of marking the building’s corners, horizontal and vertical
positions, using stakes, batter boards with string lines, drill holes,
cut-and-fill notations, and other methods.

TEMPORARY BENCH MARK (TBM)

♦ A temporary bench mark is a fixed point with a known
elevation, usually ground floor level. Establishing it
should be undertaken at an early stage. It is the fixed
point which kicks-off the setting out and to which all
levels are related. Where possible the TBM should
relate to an ordnance bench mark. On the site, it could
relate to any permanent fixture, such as a manhole
cover or firmly-driven post. Typically, it is signified by a
peg or steel angle that is coveniently located (eg near
the site office) and concreted in or fenced off with low-
level timberwork. As minus signs are easily misread, the
TBM position should enable all other levels to be
positive. The TBM should be clearly indicated on all
drawings, with all levels and vertical dimensions
expressed in metres to three decimal places in relation
to it.

♦ Baseline
♦ Typically the first layout task is establishing a baseline

to which all the setting out can be related. The baseline
is a straight reference line in respect to which the
building’s corners are located on the ground. It often
coincides with the ‘building line’, which is the boundary
of the area, or the outer boundary of a road or curb,
often demarcated by the local authority.

BUILDING SETTING OUT

Setting out a building is the process of transferring
architectural proposals from drawings into the ground. It
establishes the location points for site boundaries,
foundations, columns, centre-lines of walls and other
necessary structural parts. Also, it establishes the
buiding's correct extent, angle and level. The whole
structure will be located and erected according to the
initial setting out. Accurate setting out is therefore a
fundamental part of the construction works, and errors
can be very expensive and time consuming to correct. It
should only be undertaken by competent persons, and all
work should be thoroughly checked, preferably by
different personnel. Setting out is usually undertaken once
the site has been subject to a condition survey and desk
study, and has been cleared of any debris, unwanted
vegetation or obstructions. Works necessary to create
required levels may also have been completed before the
layout process begins.

TEMPORARY BENCH MARK (TBM)

A temporary bench mark is a fixed point with a known
elevation, usually ground floor level. Establishing it
should be undertaken at an early stage. It is the fixed
point which kicks-off the setting out and to which all

levels are related. Where possible the TBM should relate
to an ordnance bench mark. On the site, it could relate to

any permanent fixture, such as a manhole cover or
firmly-driven post. Typically, it is signified by a peg or
steel angle that is coveniently located (eg near the site
office) and concreted in or fenced off with low-level
timberwork. As minus signs are easily misread, the TBM
position should enable all other levels to be positive. The
TBM should be clearly indicated on all drawings, with all
levels and vertical dimensions expressed in metres to

three decimal places in relation to it.

BUILDING LAYOUT

For a simple building layout, such as a rectangle, the
outline of the building is marked by a line tied to corner
posts - a nail in the top of the post can be used to attach
the line to. A theodolite, site square or builder’s square is
used to turn off 90-degree angles for the remaining
corners. Ranging rods may be required to establish a
straight line between corner posts.
Corner posts are usually 50 x 50mm timber posts driven
firmly into the ground, with a nail in the post’s centre.
The outline may be marked on the ground with dry lime
or similar powder. Timber profile boards can be used at
the corners. Profile boards are typically between 0.6-1m in
height and comprise two 50 x 50mm posts driven at least
600mm into the ground, with a 150 x 38mm crossboard.
Reduced level excavations
The overall outline of a reduced level area can be set out
working from a baseline. Corner posts are fixed to the
outline of the excavation area and the outline marked
with dry sand or similar material. To control the depth of
the excavation, sight rails are set up at a convenient height
and at positions which will enable a traveller to be used.

TRENCHES

The layout of trenches establishes the excavation size,
shape and direction, as well as the width and position of
walls. Trenches are excavated once the building outline
has been set out. The width is often marked with a line of
dots of dry lime powder for accurate excavation by hand,
whereas the centre line is marked for accurate machine
excavation. Outline profile boards are often used to
control trench positioning, width and depth. In order that
they do not obstruct the excavation work, profile boards
should be set up at least 2m clear of the trench positions.

FRAMED BUILDING

Framed buildings are usually related to a grid, often set
out from a baseline. The intersections of the grid lines
mark the centre points for isolated or pad foundations.

The layout of the grid is established using a theodolite
and the grid intersections marked using pegs. Once the
grid has been set out, offset pegs or profiles can be fixed
clear of any subsequent excavation work. Control of
excavation depth can be by means of a traveller sighted
between sight rails or by level and staff related to a site
datum.

ACCESS ROAD

DEFINITION
An access road is an aggregate armored and stabilized roadway
which acts as a
defined point of ingress and egress from a site with disturbed soils.

DESCRIPTION AND PURPOSE
Access road is a sediment control BMP consisting of a stabilized
aggregate driving
surface which is used to prevent off-site migration of sediment from
construction
traffic. This practice allows ingress and egress of construction traffic
from a project
site, while protecting vegetative cover, preventing erosion and
sediment tracking,
reducing areas of soil compaction, and protecting water quality.
Access roads define
and limit the number of access points at a project site. They may be
used
throughout a site for similar purposes.
The practice may also be called an ingress road or egress road,
aggregate access
road, driveway, haul road, or stabilized construction entrance or
roadway

MAIN ENTRACE GATE

An entrance gate is a fence that provides a practical,
safe, and secure entryway. An entrance gate is
sometimes called an entry gate and is often used for
searches at concerts, festivals, and (sports) events.
Some entrance gates have a wheel so that it can be
quickly swung open. We also have entrance gates
without a wheel in assortment. Entrance gates are
made of robust aluminium and/or galvanised steel.

GUARD HOUSE

A guardhouse (also known as a watch house, guard
building, guard booth, guard shack, security booth,
security building, or sentry building) is a building used

to house personnel and security equipment.
Guardhouses have historically been dormitories for
sentries or guards, and places where sentries not
posted to sentry posts wait "on call", but are more
recently staffed by a contracted security company.

Some guardhouses also function as jails.

SITE OFFICE

Construction sites will generally require office facilities to provide
accommodation for site managers, provide space for meetings and
to provide storage for site documentation. Site offices are often
described as ‘site huts’ even if they are large and well fitted out.

It is important that site offices are comfortable, attractive and
versatile, as well as being suitably robust and secure. Regulation 17
of the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015
(the CDM Regulations) states:

‘A construction site must, so far as is reasonably practicable, have
sufficient working space and be arranged so that it is suitable for
any person who is working or who is likely to work there, taking
account of any necessary work equipment likely to be used there.’

Each individual project will have different requirements for site
office provision. On large projects separate offices may be provided
for site foremen, engineers and the commercial and project
management team.

As site offices are generally temporary in nature, only there for the
duration of the construction works, they are often prefabricated, or
constructed from portable, or modular, buildings, frequently
referred to as ‘portacabins’ (although 'Portkabin®' with a 'k' is a
trade marked brand name of Portakabin Limited). These are
standard sizes and can be fitted together or stacked to form almost
any configuration of accommodation required. They can include
reception spaces, offices, meeting rooms, kitchens, toilets,
showers, changing facilities, lockers, storage, and so on.

STORAGE OF MATERIAL

Proper material storage and housekeeping are essential in maintaining
a functional office operation. Improper storage and housekeeping can
lead to injuries and contribute to the fuel load in a building fire.

♦ Storage of office materials should be kept to a minimum so as not to
increase the combustible fire fuel load.

♦ Keep storage organized and neatly arranged so that items can be
easily retrieved when needed.

♦ Storage racks and shelves should be firmly secured to prevent them
from falling over or collapsing. Do not overload the intended design
of the rack or shelf; be sure it is capable of handling the material
placed on it.

♦ Keep heavier items and material on lower to middle shelves for easy
retrieval. Items located above the shoulders while standing on the
floor increase physical risk to the upper body when loading and
unloading material from shelves.

♦ Keep step ladders and stools in the immediate area and always use
them to reach upper shelves. Never stand on furniture that is not
designed and stable for such use. Use a ladder or appropriate step
stool when reaching for materials.

WORKERS QUATERS

Temporary quarters for workers – temporary
accommodation place for person with common
activities or interests. Included in this category are
houses for workers in the construction,
agriculture, public works, logging and other
sectors.

SEPARATE
A structure is considered separate if it is
surrounded by walls, fence, etc. and is covered by
roof.

INDEPENDENT
A structure is said to be independent if it has
direct access via public staircase, communal
passageway or landing (that is, occupants can
come in or go out of their living quarters without
passing through others’ premises).

TOILET AND EATERY

TOILET

A toilet is a small room used for privately accessing the
sanitation fixture (toilet) for urination and defecation.
Toilet rooms often include a sink (basin) with soap for
handwashing, as this is important for personal hygiene.
These rooms are typically referred to as "half-
bathrooms" (half-baths; half of a whole or full-
bathroom).

EATERY

A restaurant or other commercial establishment
serving food.

HOARDING AND SIGNBOARD

Signboard is (us) a board carrying a sign, or on
which signs may be posted while hoarding is (uk) a
temporary fence-like structure built around
building work to add security and prevent
accidents to the public.
health and safety is the main reason for having a
building site hoarding. Separating the general
public from the construction site to prevent
unauthorised access improves site security. In
addition, having secure fencing along your site
perimeter allows controlled access to the site for
your contractors. However, as well as separating
the public from the potentially hazardous building
works, they can also be used to communicate
health and safety information. These panels
provide the perfect backdrop for warnings about
hazards or threats which are essential to safety
and compliance regulations.

BASIC FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURES ON
SITE PREPERATION

*Infrastructure is the set of fundamental facilities and
systems that support the sustainable functionality of
households and firms. Serving a country, city, or other area,
including the services and facilities necessary for its economy
to function. Infrastructure is composed of public and private
physical structures such as roads, railways, bridges, tunnels,
water supply, sewers, electrical grids, and
telecommunications (including Internet connectivity and
broadband access). In general, infrastructure has been
defined as "the physical components of interrelated systems
providing commodities and services essential to enable,
sustain, or enhance societal living conditions" and maintain
the surrounding environment.

*Especially in light of the massive societal transformations
needed to mitigate and adapt to climate change,
contemporary infrastructure conversations frequently focus
on sustainable development and green infrastructure.
Acknowledging this importance, the international community
has created policy focused on sustainable infrastructure
through the Sustainable Development Goals, especially
Sustainable Development Goal 9 "Industry, Innovation and
Infrastructure".

Topic 4

SITE
SUPERVISION

APPLY THE SCOPE OF WORK OF AN
ARCHITECTURAL SITE SUPERVISOR

• Site supervisor
• The role of a site supervisor generally involves the management and

supervision of a construction site in accordance with health and safety

guidelines. It is the responsibility of the site supervisor to assess

hazards, determine risks, conduct regular inspections, and maintain a

safety programme.
• The site supervisor will typically work closely with the site foreman,

who is responsible for organising construction works on site, and

report to the project manager.
• Site supervisors should have relevant experience in construction or

civil engineering, as well as appropriate health and safety training.

EXPLAIN THE SCOPES OF WORK OF ARCHITECTURAL
SITE SUPERVISOR

• Attending site management meetings.
• Carrying out regular inspections to

ensure compliance with relevant legal requirements,
processes and procedures.
• Raising safety concerns at the appropriate level.
• Resolving problems and implementing improvements.
• Organising and overseeing external inspections, such as
with a health and safety inspector.
• Providing emergency first aid if required.

APPLY THE SCOPES OF WORK OF
ARCHITECTURAL

SITE MERMO

Frequent Communication: If you are dubious about any assignment
and needs further assistance, just communicate with your team
lead before implementing a task wrong.

Accurate Performance: Accuracy in maintaining a database and
carrying its tasks holds great value. We want the information
about each employee and the company to be fully accurate and
complete.

Observe Time Management: Time is important for all members of
the company, from manager to our guard; everybody follows the
timetable set by our organization. Therefore, you are requested

to do the same. SITE SUPERVISOR

• Supervising workers, subcontractors and work activities.
• Preparing and presenting site inductions, safety

briefings and toolbox talks.
• Assessing and managing safety hazards.

APPLY THE SCOPES OF WORK OF
ARCHITECTURAL

(NCR) NON-COMPLIANCE REPORT

1.Implement the corrective action.
2.Perform inspection to find out whether the problem has been solved.
3.Develop a formal letter or document that outlines the reason behind receiving

the NCR report and the steps to resolve the issue.
4.Explain the actions taken to avoid the problem from recurring.
5.The report must be accepted and signed off by the counterpart.

MATERIAL APPROVAL

1. Project management of all promotional and educational materials submitted by
Marketing and Training departments for review through the MAP review process to
ensure all projects are completed accurately, timely and in compliance with all related
requirements.

2. Manage and track projects through review process using electronic submission platform.
3. Schedule and facilitate meeting/routing with cross functional teams to conduct

negotiation meetings.
4. Candidate must be able to manage multiple project components between several cross-

functional areas.
5. Act as neutral facilitator in project negotiations, summarize team agreements and

facilitate progress of projects.

APPLY THE SCOPES OF WORK OF
ARCHITECTURAL

METHOD OF STATEMENT

• Think you are writing the method of statement for a person who is
going to the shop floor to perform the work, so include everything
which can help him.

• Always include the references to applicable standard or specification
related to the subject.

• Include tools and equipment required to perform the work.
• Arrange the order of activity in the natural flow of activity i.e.what is

to be done first must come first and the order is very important.

APPLY THE SCOPES OF WORK OF
ARCHITECTURAL

(RFI) REQUEST FOR INFORMATION

• Limit the information request to only what information is needed.
• Be specific with what information is being requested but avoid in-depth detail.
• Follow any previously established formats in order to enable more direct comparisons.
• Limit information requests to resource and capability information. Pricing, for example, is

not information required at this stage.
• Give fair response times. Responding to an RFI will typically take less time than

responding to other forms, so a one- to two-week turnaround should be expected.

WORKS PROGRAM CHART (CRITICAL PATH METHOD

• Identifying every task necessary to complete the project and the dependencies between
them

• Estimating the duration of the project tasks
• Calculating the critical path based on the tasks’ duration and dependencies to identify the

critical activities
• Focusing on planning, scheduling and controlling critical activities
• Setting project milestones and deliverables
• Setting stakeholder expectations related to deadlines

IDENTIFY THE DOCUMENTATIONS INVOLVED IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION

Construction documents guide all phases of a construction project, from
the design process to permitting to the actual building process. Architects,
builders, and clients should all make themselves familiar with the architectural,
structural, and schematic design documents that accompany every big building
project.

A set of construction documents is a set of drawings that an architect
produces during the design development phase of a construction project. They
serve as a project manual during the construction phase, and they assist
permitting agencies and inspectors from local governments, who have to clear
the project.

An architect must produce two sets of construction drawings that specify
every detail of their final design. One set of plans is called the construction set,
and it remains on-site throughout the construction process. They guide the
actual construction administration, usually under the direction of a general
contractor. The other set of drawings is called the permit set, and it goes to the
local permitting authority, which is usually part of a city or county government.
The permitting authority checks the drawings for safe adherence to building
codes and zoning laws.

To ensure a safe, legal, and successful process, the builder closely follows
the construction documents—from architectural plans to technical drawings to
window schedules—all the way through final project delivery. In order to
receive a certificate of occupancy from a permitting authority, the final building
must match the submittals provided at the beginning of the project.

DISCUSS THE DOCUMENTATIONS INVOLVED IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION

What Are Construction Documents?

• A set of construction documents is a set of drawings that an architect
produces during the design development phase of a construction project.
They serve as a project manual during the construction phase, and they assist
permitting agencies and inspectors from local governments, who have to clear
the project.

• An architect must produce two sets of construction drawings that specify
every detail of their final design. One set of plans is called the construction set,
and it remains on-site throughout the construction process. They guide the
actual construction administration, usually under the direction of a general
contractor. The other set of drawings is called the permit set, and it goes to
the local permitting authority, which is usually part of a city or county
government. The permitting authority checks the drawings for safe adherence
to building codes and zoning laws.

• To ensure a safe, legal, and successful process, the builder closely follows the
construction documents from architectural plans to technical drawings to
window schedules all the way through final project delivery. In order to receive
a certificate of occupancy from a permitting authority, the final building must
match the submittals provided at the beginning of the project.

EXPLAIN THE DOCUMENTATIONS INVOLVED IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION

1.The Construction Agreement

• The agreement is the most fundamental document in a construction contract
bundle. This is basically “the contract,” a foundation that the rest of the project
details are built upon. This document will set out the general purpose of the
contract and the contract price.

2. General Conditions

• General conditions are essentially the framework of the construction contract documents.
They provide the “hows” of the project.Most importantly, general conditions establish all
the rights and obligations of the contracting parties. Additionally, it will lay out the roles of
every party and the responsibilities of each.The general conditions provides the game plan
to proceed in the event of any issues on the project, often within a group of detailed
clauses. This includes the process for submitting change orders, approval of payment
applications, and any notice requirements.The general conditions will also include all the
suspension, termination and alternative dispute resolution procedures.

3. Special Conditions

• Special conditions are typically an
addition or amendment to the
general conditions section. This
document will detail the specific
clauses and conditions for each task
or project. For example, special
conditions will include specific
instructions that only apply to one
job or portion of the build.

4. Scope of Work

• A clearly defined scope of work, also known
as a statement of work, is a crucial element
of a construction contract. This document
will describe, in detail, the precise tasks and
objectives of each contractor.The scope of
work determines the amount of work the
contractor needs to complete to fulfill their
contractual obligations. The scope is a critical
reference point when preparing change
orders and punch lists.

JUSTIFY THE DOCUMENTATIONS INVOLVED IN
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

INTERIM CERTIFICATE AND PROGRESS PAYMENT

What is an interim payment?

• Construction projects can be worth millions of pounds, and
the programme periods can stretch over months and years.
Very few contractors would be able to complete such an
undertaking if they had to wait until the works were
completed before receiving any payment.

Interim payments in construction contracts

• This Practice Note provides an overview of what interim
payments are, how the right to be paid (usually by monthly
or stage/milestone payments) arises and the contractual
mechanisms for interim payment. It also considers the
need to ensure that interim payment mechanisms meet the
requirements of the Housing Grants, Construction and
Regeneration Act 1996 (HGCRA 1996), and examines how
the payment regime is dealt with in standard forms such as
the JCT and NEC contracts.

• See also Practice Notes: Payment in construction contracts
under the HGCRA 1996 and Summary of payment
provisions in the HGCRA 1996. For a list of key cases
considering the payment provisions of the HGCRA 1996,
see Practice Note: HGCRA 1996 payment provisions—key
cases.

• In relation to the JCT and NEC contracts, see also Practice
Notes: JCT contracts—price and payment and NEC
contracts—price and payment.

CERTIFICATE OF PRACTICAL COMPLETION (CPC)

• Once the certificate of practical completion has been issued,
the client takes possession of the works for occupation.
There is no absolute definition of practical completion and case law is
very complex. There is some debate about when practical
completion can be certified and whether it can be certified where
there are very minor (de minimis) items 'not affecting beneficial
occupancy' that remain incomplete.It is important to note however,
that the defects liability period, which follows certification of practical
completion, is not a chance to correct problems apparent at practical
completion, it is the period during which the contractor may be
recalled to rectify defects which appear following practical
completion.
If there are defects apparent before practical completion, then these
should be rectified before a certificate of practical completion is
issued.

CERTIFICATE OF NON-COMPLETION(CNC)

• The date for completion of construction works (or dates for
completion of sections of the works) is generally set out in
the contract particulars. However, it is not uncommon
for delays to cause the completion date to be missed, that is,
the works are not complete, and so a certificate of practical
completion cannot be issued by the date for completion.
Where the client is responsible for the delay, an extension of
time may be granted, the completion date adjusted, and
the contractor may be entitled to claim loss and expense.
Where the contractor is responsible for the delay, the client may
be entitled to claim liquidated and ascertained damages (at
a rate set out in the contract particulars).
Some contracts (such as the JCT Standard Form of Building
Contract), require that the contract
administrator issues the contractor with a certificate of non-
completion (sometimes referred to as a ‘non-completion certificate’
or ‘non-completion notice') as a prerequisite to claiming liquidated
and ascertained damages.
The certificate of non-completion gives formal written notice to
the contractor that they have failed
to complete the works described in the contract by the completion
date that was last agreed (the original completion date may have
been adjusted during the course of the works).

EXTENSION OF TIME AND LIQUIDATED ASCERTAINED
DAMAGES (LAD)

The Extension of Time clause is a mechanism whereby
the developer can apply to have the completion date
extended, if good reason is given. There are some obvious
cases where that might happen:

1. Government restrictions (recent COVID-19/MCOs for
example)

2. Delays on project elements due to unforeseen
circumstances

3. Workforce problems through illness/injury

However, this Extension of Time is only designed to avoid
additional financial penalties. It is unlikely to exempt the
developer from payments as agreed under LAD.

A court ruling in the case of Cubic Electronics made in 2019
confirmed that contractors could not sidestep paying agreed
compensation simply through applying for an Extension of
Time.

DEFECT LIABILITY PERIOD (DLP)

What Is The Defect Liability Period?

• The Defect Liability Period is defined as the period of time from the date
you receive delivery of vacant possession and keys to your property,
where the developer is responsible to fix any defects.

• It's important to note that not all new developments come with a DLP, as
the Housing Development Act (HDA) only protects properties and
developments under a Residential title.

• Under HDA Malaysia, the DLP is 24 months, starting from the date you
receive your keys. Within this period, the homeowner will need to check
for any damage, defects, as well as poor or faulty workmanship.

• Any issues need to be reported back to the developer to get them repaired
for free.

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE AND COMPLETION (CCC)

Well, long story short: the CCC is a certificate which provides
final sign-off on construction of a building.

It's an assessment undertaken by industry professionals to
ensure that the building has been made true to its original
plans, that it's safely constructed, AND that it's fit for
habitation.All key questions when you’re developing a
property!

Each section of the CCC process addresses different
elements of a project, in order to ensure a
comprehensive review of construction. Some of the factors
which are taken into consideration:
• Foundations
• Earthworks
• Plumbing
• Drainage
• Street lighting
• Landscaping
• Fire safety

The CCC is completed by an industry
professional with an overview of the
construction, known as the Principal
Submitting Person (PSP).

This professional must be a registered
industry professional operating as an
engineer, architect, or building draughtsman.
After all, it wouldn’t feel as safe if you got
the local postman to sign off on it.

As well as being countersigned by the PSP,
the CCC is also signed by individual
contractors responsible for different elements
of the work.

It's often submitted with supporting
documents from relevant bodies such as utility
companies or public safety organisations.

THANK YOU

NURUL SYAHDATUL AINI | [email protected] |

ARCHITECTURE
SITE PRACTICE

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