Navigating Diversity in Decision-Making Balancing Cultural Ethics and Effective Administration: Government: 1. AHMAD LUQMAN BIN IBRAHIM (P-SM0154/22) 2. AHMED FAUZAN BIN AHMED KAMAL (S-SM0109/22) 3. AZAMILLIA BINTI MOHAMMAD (S-SM0115/22) 4. MOHAMAD AFFEZZUDIN BIN MAT SANI (S-SM0118/22) 5. NOR AFIDA BINTI POLI (S-SM0161/22) 6. MAHAVITHIA A/P ARUMUGAM (P-SM 0069/21) Opposition: 1. NUR AMIRAH HIKMAH BINTI RAZALI (P-SM0219/22) 2. NUR ATIKA BINTI AZMAN (P-SM0063/22) 3. NURI HAFIZHIN AFIF BINTI ROSLE (P-SM0164/22) 4. NUR AIMAN AMANI NG BINTI ABDULLAH (P-SM0201/22) 5. NUR KHAIRUNNISA BINTI ISMAIL (P-SM0196/22) SPA-515 UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA SPA515 - ETHICS AND ADMINISTRATION
About Topic Today's diverse organizational landscape, decision-makers face the challenge of balancing cultural ethics with effective administration. The question of how to navigate diversity in decision-making processes without compromising ethical values or administrative effectiveness has become increasingly important. This topic explores the complexities and strategies involved in successfully incorporating cultural diversity into decision-making, aiming to create fair and inclusive outcomes for all individuals involved. The title "Balancing Cultural Ethics and Effective Administration: Navigating Diversity in Decision-Making" underscores the proposal's focus on the importance of maintaining a delicate equilibrium between cultural ethics and effective administrative practices, particularly in the context of navigating diverse perspectives during the decision-making process. By emphasizing "cultural ethics," this title suggests an intention to explore the moral values, principles, and norms that underpin different cultures and how they influence decision-making. It recognizes the significance of cultural diversity in shaping one's understanding of right and wrong, and aims to address the challenges that arise when these diverse perspectives intersect in administrative settings. SPA-515 UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA page 1
Table Of Content Cultural Competency Enhances Administration Inclusive Policies Foster Social Harmony Effective Communication with Diverse Communities Customized Public Services Enhanced Trust and Civic Engagement Strengthening Innovation and Problem-Solving SPA-515 UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA Interplay Between Cultural Ethics In Decision-Making Can Lead To Complexities And Delay Progress. Favoritism And Inequality Can Arise When Decisions Are Influenced By Personal Connections Or Biases Rather Than Merit. The incorporation of cultural ethics not necessarily requires hyper-inclusion of different cultural background in public administration: Imbalance in resource allocations and diversion of budget. Cultural Ethics Can Sometimes Conflict With Legal And Moral Frameworks, Potentially Undermining The Rule Of Law. Too Much Involving Cultural Ethics in Decision-Making Can Affect the Organization Which Is Loss of Administrative Efficiency. Government: Opposition: page 2
Government Team AHMAD LUQMAN BIN IBRAHIM (P-SM0154/22) PANEL 1 As a First Year Full-Time Student at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), I am excited to begin my journey in higher education. With a strong commitment to my studies, I look forward to engaging in diverse academic offerings and expanding my knowledge in various fields. As a full-time student, I am dedicated to attending classes, engaging in discussions, and actively participating in the vibrant USM community. During my time at USM, I hope to develop valuable skills, cultivate meaningful relationships, and embrace the learning opportunities that come my way. I am excited about the possibilities ahead and look forward to a transformative educational experience. AHMED FAUZAN BIN AHMED KAMAL (S-SM0109/22) PANEL 2 As a First Year Part-time Student at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), I am excited to embark on this academic journey while balancing my work commitments. Dedicating my time to both my studies and my job, I aim to make the most of my educational experience at USM. Despite the challenges of juggling work and school, I am determined to excel academically and gain valuable knowledge in my chosen field. I appreciate the flexibility that part-time studies offer, allowing me to pursue personal and professional growth simultaneously. By integrating my real-world experiences with classroom learning, I hope to make meaningful contributions to both my workplace and the USM community. AZAMILLIA BINTI MOHAMMAD (S-SM0115/22) PANEL 3 I'm delighted to start this academic adventure at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) as a first-year parttime student while juggling my professional obligations. I want to get the most out of my time at USM by giving my academics and employment equal attention. Despite the difficulties of balancing employment and school, I am committed to achieve academic success and learn useful information in my profession of choice. I like the flexibility part-time study offers, since it enables me to pursue both personal and professional progress. I want to contribute significantly to my career and the USM community by fusing my real-world knowledge with what I gain in the classroom. MOHAMAD AFFEZZUDIN BIN MAT SANI (S-SM0118/22) PANEL 4 I am eager to start my academic adventure while juggling my professional obligations as a first-year part-time student at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). I want to get the most out of my time at USM by putting equal effort into my academics and my employment. Despite the difficulties of balancing job and education, I am committed to doing well in school and learning useful information in the profession I have chosen. I like the flexibility part-time study offers since it enables me to concurrently work on my career and personal improvement. I intend to have a significant impact on the USM community and my workplace by fusing my real-world knowledge with what I gain in the classroom. NOR AFIDA BINTI POLI (S-SM0161/22) PANEL 5 I am eager to start my academic career at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) while juggling my professional obligations as a first-year part-time student. I want to make the most of my educational experience at USM by devoting my time to both my academics and my employment. I am driven to succeed academically and learn useful information in my subject of choice despite the difficulties of balancing employment and school. I like the convenience part-time study offers since it enables me to work on both my personal and professional progress at the same time. I aspire to contribute significantly to my job and the USM community by fusing my outside-the-classroom experiences with what I learn in the classroom. MAHAVITHIA A/P ARUMUGAM (P-SM 0069/21) PANEL 6 First-year full-time student at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), I'm eager to start my adventure through higher education. I'm committed to my studies, and I'm excited to take use of the many academic opportunities available to me and broaden my knowledge in a variety of subjects. As a fulltime student, I am committed to showing up to classes, participating in debates, and being an active member of the lively USM community. I intend to gain useful skills, foster lasting relationships, and seize the learning opportunities that present themselves to me while I'm a student at USM. I am anticipating a life-changing educational experience and am enthused about the opportunities that lie ahead. SPA-515 UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA page 3
Opposition Team NUR AMIRAH HIKMAH BINTI RAZALI (P-SM0219/22) PANEL 1 I am eager to start my adventure through higher education as a First Year Full-Time Student at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). I have a strong commitment to my education and am looking forward to participating in a variety of academic opportunities and gaining more information in a range of subjects. I am committed to attending classes, participating in debates, and actively contributing to the lively USM community as a full-time student. I want to gain useful skills, foster lasting relationships, and take advantage of all the learning opportunities I can while I'm at USM. I am enthusiastic about the opportunities that lie ahead and am looking forward to a life-changing educational experience. NUR ATIKA BINTI AZMAN (P-SM0063/22) PANEL 2 I'm thrilled to start my adventure through higher education as a first-year full-time student at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). I am devoted to my studies and am looking forward to participating in a variety of academic opportunities and gaining more information in a range of subjects. I am committed to going to class, participating in debates, and becoming an active member of the lively USM community as a full-time student. I want to grow professionally, build lasting friendships, and take advantage of all the learning opportunities that come my way while I'm at USM. I am anticipating an educational experience that will change me and am enthused about the opportunities that lie ahead. NURI HAFIZHIN AFIF BINTI ROSLE (P-SM0164/22) PANEL 3 I'm thrilled to start my adventure through higher education as a first-year full-time student at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). I have a strong dedication to my education and am looking forward to participating in a variety of academic opportunities and gaining more information in a range of subjects. I am committed to attending classes, participating in debates, and actively contributing to the lively USM community as a full-time student. I want to gain useful skills, foster lasting relationships, and take advantage of all the learning opportunities I can while I'm at USM. I am enthusiastic about the opportunities that lie ahead and am looking forward to a life-changing educational experience. NUR AIMAN AMANI NG BINTI ABDULLAH (P-SM0201/22) PANEL 4 I am eager to start my adventure through higher education as a First Year Full-Time Student at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). I'm committed to my studies, and I'm excited to take use of the many academic opportunities available to me and broaden my knowledge in a variety of subjects. As a fulltime student, I am committed to showing up to courses, participating in debates, and being an active member of the lively USM community. I intend to gain useful skills, foster lasting relationships, and seize the learning opportunities that present themselves to me while I'm a student at USM. I am anticipating a life-changing educational experience and am enthused about the opportunities that lie ahead. NUR KHAIRUNNISA BINTI ISMAIL (P-SM0196/22) PANEL 5 First-year full-time student at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), I'm eager to start my adventure through higher education. I am devoted to my studies and am looking forward to participating in a variety of academic opportunities and gaining more information in a range of subjects. I am committed to going to class, participating in debates, and becoming an active member of the lively USM community as a full-time student. I want to grow professionally, build lasting friendships, and take advantage of all the learning opportunities that come my way while I'm at USM. I am anticipating an educational experience that will change me and am enthused about the opportunities that lie ahead. SPA-515 UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA page 4
Government Team Points SPA-515 UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA page 5
Government Point 1: AHMAD LUQMAN BIN IBRAHIM (P-SM0154/22) PANEL 1 Improved communication - Cultural competency facilitates the establishment of relationships grounded in comprehension and awareness of how an individual's cultural beliefs and values impact the structuring of information. This phenomenon has the potential to enhance communication and foster collaboration among members of a team. Increased productivity - The acquisition of cultural competency abilities has the potential to enhance the productivity and efficiency of enterprises. Enhanced cross-cultural understanding and mutual respect among team members can lead to increased collaboration and improved outcomes. Better patient outcomes - Cultural competency in the healthcare sector has the potential to yield substantial advantages for both healthcare institutions and those seeking medical care. The outcome of this phenomenon is a higher level of patient participation and engagement, which in turn promotes respect and enhances comprehension. Consequently, these factors have the potential to contribute to improved patient safety, fewer inefficiencies, reduced inequities in care, lowered costs, and ultimately, enhanced patient outcomes. Broader range of skills and perspectives – The establishment of a culturally competent workplace confers numerous advantages onto firms, such as the acquisition of a more diverse skill set and a wider array of perspectives. When individuals hailing from varied backgrounds see a sense of worth and inclusion, they are more inclined to actively offer their distinct skills and ideas to the firm. Cultural Competency Enhances Administration: Cultural competence refers to a collection of aptitudes that empower individuals and entities to proficiently engage with persons from diverse cultural backgrounds. The process entails comprehending and valuing cultural disparities, while also acknowledging the impact of one's own cultural views and values on communication and conduct. The acquisition of cultural competence abilities is vital in the contemporary global society, as businesses and organizations are required to collaborate with individuals hailing from varied cultural backgrounds. Cultural competence can enhance administration in several ways: Conclusion To achieve cultural competence, individuals and organizations must review their own cultural behaviors and measure their own proficiency. This requires understanding one's culture and beliefs. Organizations should prioritize diversity and build cultural competence with leadership's sincere and persistent support. Finally, hospital administrators and workplace leaders can promote cultural competency by conducting surveys, providing training and education, and promoting cross-cultural understanding and communication. Reference: A New Kind of Public Service Professional: Possessing Cultural Competency Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills. Cultural Competency for Public Administrators (pp. 19 – 31). ME. Shame. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280133523 SPA-515 UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA page 6
Government Point 2: AHMED FAUZAN BIN AHMED KAMAL (S-SM0109/22) PANEL 2 Religious Diversity: Malaysia is home to various religious groups, including Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, and others. Recognizing this diversity, public administration institutions have prayer rooms or multi-religious spaces where employees can perform their daily religious rituals, including prayer, meditation or other religious worship. Respecting Cultural Ethics: by providing prayer rooms, the government shows respect for the cultural and religious ethics of its employees. This sends a clear message that the government values and recognizes the diversity of its workforce. Inclusivity: this prayer room is an inclusive space where individuals from all religious backgrounds can comfortably practice their faith. It creates an environment where employees from different religious backgrounds feel included and respected, contributing to a sense of belonging. Reducing Tension In The Workplace: having a designated prayer space helps avoid potential conflicts or misunderstandings related to religious practices in the workplace. Employees do not have to compromise their religious obligations, reducing tensions and promoting a more harmonious work environment. Legal And Ethical Compliance: providing such facilities is in line with Malaysia's legal and ethical obligations regarding freedom of religion and equal treatment of all citizens. It ensures that public administration institutions comply with these principles. Improved Employee Well-Being: when employees can comfortably practice their religion during work hours, it can improve their overall well-being and job satisfaction. This in turn can increase their productivity and morale at work. Symbol Of Unity: this prayer room also symbolizes the unity in diversity that Malaysia often celebrates. They demonstrate the country's commitment to harmonious coexistence among its diverse population. Inclusive Policies Foster Social Harmony: Integrating cultural ethics into policy promotes inclusion. A related issue is how the Malaysian government recognizes and accommodates cultural diversity and religious practices in the public service, which plays an important role in public administration. How The Practice Fosters Social Harmony And Inclusion: Conclusion: The provision of surau in public administration institutions in Malaysia is a practical example of how the integration of cultural ethics into policy promotes inclusion and social harmony. It recognizes and respects the diversity of religious practices of employees, contributing to a more inclusive and harmonious work environment in the public sector. Reference: SUHAKAM (Director). (2022, January 13). Pendirian Suruhanjaya Hak Asasi Manusia Malaysia Berkaitan Isu Kebebasan Beragama. SUHAKAM. Retrieved August 23, 2023, from https://suhakam.org.my/wpcontent/uploads/2021/10/Kenyataan-SUHAKAM-BM-version-NEW.pdf SPA-515 UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA page 7
Government Point 3: AZAMILLIA BINTI MOHAMMAD (S-SM0115/22) PANEL 3 Use clear language - For example people in the city speak Malay, they make sure to give safety information in Malay. When communicating with a culturally diverse audience, keep clear language, concise and straightforward. Understand differences in body language - For instance, in most countries, people don’t greet each other by shaking hands, and some cultures find it disrespectful to engage in direct eye contact. Some cultural have different comfort levels when it comes to personal space and touching. Practice reflective listening or paraphrasing - When in conversation, paraphrasing or repeating the message back is a good habit to get into. This will help clarify meaning and eliminate issues that may surface as a result of a misunderstanding. Be open and inclusive of other cultures – Although it’s natural to gravitate towards others who share our preferences and traditions, getting to know our fellow colleagues from culturally diverse backgrounds can help build relations and open world to new experiences. Effective Communication with Diverse Communities: Administrations That Incorporate Cultural Ethics Can Communicate Better with Different Cultural Groups Cultural ethics and insights in administration can improve communication and interaction with varied cultural groups. This approach builds trust and ensures that important messages are understood and respected by different communities, especially during critical situations like emergency preparedness campaigns, which makes critical information more relatable and accessible to specific communities, increasing safety and cooperation. Communicators must be ethical and professional, especially when working with varied audiences and cultures. We must clearly and respectfully communicate with students, staff, teachers, administrators, stakeholders, and the public. Government and city officials can better communicate with diverse cultures when they understand and appreciate them. A city can talk to a group in a meaningful way if they know what they care about. This is great for sharing vital information in situations. It keeps everyone happy and safe. How to make effective communication with diverse communities in an easy way: Conclusion Communication is most effective when the communicator is trustworthy. If you don’t have ethics, and people know if ethics don’t have then you are untrustworthy. Without trust you might as well not communicate. Reference: Shrivastava, S., Pazzaglia, F., Sonpar, K. and McLoughlin, D. (2022), "Effective communication during organizational change: a cross-cultural perspective", Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 675-697. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-08-2021-0144 SPA-515 UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA page 8
Government Point 4: MOHAMAD AFFEZZUDIN BIN MAT SANI (S-SM0118/22) PANEL 4 Customized Public Services: Administrations' role in providing public services has changed in today's diverse and interconnected world. The premise is that cultural ethics allow organizations to tailor services to varied ethnic groups. The concept of "customized public services" highlights the importance of identifying cultural groups with distinct values, beliefs, and habits. By considering these factors, administrations can better create services that reflect these diverse perspectives. Thus, services become more relevant, accessible, and effective for everyone. Cultural Responsiveness: A Pathway to Inclusivity: The concept of factoring in "cultural ethics" pertains to the intentional integration of cultural values and beliefs into the process of making administrative decisions. This allows administrations to exhibit cultural sensitivity and reverence when attending to the distinct needs of various communities. This strategy promotes inclusion by actively integrating marginalized or underrepresented communities into service provision, therefore preventing their exclusion. Examples of The Implementation: An exemplification of the proposition's assertion can be observed within the realm of education. Consider a hypothetical scenario in which a school administration is situated among a culturally diverse neighborhood. Through the incorporation of cultural ethics, the educational administration has the capacity to develop a curriculum that effectively embodies the many histories and contributions of other cultural groups. This approach serves to cultivate a sense of inclusivity and belonging among students, while simultaneously supporting the development of cross-cultural comprehension. For example, let us suppose a healthcare administration operating inside a region characterized by cultural diversity. By acknowledging and accommodating dietary restrictions that are influenced by cultural beliefs, establishments can provide menus that are in accordance with these particular preferences. Muslim patients may have dietary requirements that necessitate the provision of halal alternatives, whereas Jewish patients may have specific dietary needs that call for kosher meals. By comprehending and adapting to these dietary necessities, the healthcare administration guarantees that patients not only obtain medical treatment but also culturally considerate assistance that upholds their values. Conclusion it can be argued that the proposition that tailored public services, considering cultural ethics, result in focused and efficient service delivery is well-supported. Through the adoption of cultural responsiveness, educational and healthcare institutions establish an environment that fosters the appreciation of variety, addresses individual needs, and contributes to the overall advancement of society. This approach not only demonstrates ethical governance but also represents a crucial measure towards constructing a future that is more inclusive and characterized by harmony. Reference: Fuertes, V. (2021). The rationale for embedding ethics and public value in public administration programmes. Teaching Public Administration, 39(3), 252–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/01447394211028275 SPA-515 UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA page 9
Government Point 5: NOR AFIDA BINTI POLI (SSM0161/22) PANEL 5 When an administration demonstrates an awareness of and respect for the cultural ethics of different communities, it sends a clear message that it acknowledges the diversity within the society. By incorporating cultural ethics into administrative practices, the administration ensures that policies and programs are sensitive to the needs, beliefs, and practices of various cultural groups. Eg: Malaysia is multiracial country hence we must have a policy that can unite people of multiple races. So, a National Education Policy introduced. In accordance with this policy, the national language is Bahasa Malaysia and English must be taught in schools, while students are also given ample opportunities to learn languages such as Chinese and Tamil. Transparency: Engaging cultural organizations openly and transparently demonstrates the administration's willingness to work in partnership with the community. When the administration involves cultural organizations in decision-making and project planning, it gives the community a sense of ownership and involvement in the outcomes. This approach can lead to a positive perception of the administration's intentions, which in turn builds trust among community members. Eg: In Malaysia the principle of public participation is provided for in various planning and development instruments, such as the Malaysian Town and Country Planning Act 1129 (Sections 9 and 13). Create a Community Empowerment: Collaborative projects driven by cultural organizations empower communities to actively contribute to their own development and preservation of cultural heritage. These initiatives can strengthen social cohesion by fostering a sense of unity and shared purpose within the community. Enhanced Trust and Civic Engagement: Valuing cultural ethics and engaging with cultural organizations to collaborate on community projects can significantly enhance trust between the administration and various communities. This approach demonstrates a commitment to understanding and respecting the values that are important to those groups. Here's a more in-depth look at the significance of these actions: 1) Valuing Cultural Ethics: According to Herbert Alexander Simon in his books Administrative Behavior, 1947 mentioned that decisionmaking is the art of getting things done. He was among the founding fathers of several of today’s important scientific domains, including artificial intelligence, information processing, decision-making, problemsolving, organization theory, complex systems, and computer simulation of scientific discovery. With almost a thousand highly cited publications, he was one of the most influential social scientists of the 20th century. “(If) there were no limits to human rationality administrative theory would be barren. It would consist of the single precept: Always select that alternative, among those available, which will lead to the most complete achievement of your goals”, – Herbert A. Simon, Administrative Behavior, 1947. Meaning that, We must choose the course of action that will result in the fullest realization of your objectives." in this context the administration’s objectives. 2) Trust Building: Conclusion: In the end, valuing cultural ethics and getting involved with cultural groups is more than just making small talk. It's about actively including and listening to the voices of different groups, which leads to better governance, more civic participation, and more trust in the administration's goals. Reference: i) Simon, H. A. (2013). Administrative Behavior, 4th Edition. Simon and Schuster. ii)MohideenRaoVijayendra, A. K. F. B. (n.d.). Improving Governance through Enhanced Citizen Engagement : The Case of Malaysia. World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/983511561452171513/Improving-Governance-throughEnhanced-Citizen-Engagement-The-Case-of-Malaysia SPA-515 UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA page 10
Government Point 6: MAHAVITHIA A/P ARUMUGAM (P-SM 0069/21) PANEL 6 Strengthening Innovation and Problem-Solving: When decision-making processes involve diverse perspectives and cultural ethics, it can lead to more innovative and effective solutions. Different cultural backgrounds bring unique ways of thinking, problem-solving, and approaching challenges. By including diverse voices in decision-making, an organization or administration can tap into a wider range of ideas and perspectives, promoting creativity and enhancing problemsolving capabilities. Example to illustrate how strengthening innovation and problem-solving by involving diverse perspectives and cultural ethics can lead to more effective solutions: Let's say a technology company is working on developing a new product. The management team consists of individuals from different cultural backgrounds, each bringing their unique perspectives and problem-solving approaches. They recognize the importance of diversity and decide to involve employees from various departments and cultural backgrounds in the decision-making process. During a team meeting, employees from different backgrounds share their ideas and insights. For example, someone from a collectivist culture suggests focusing on developing a product that fosters collaboration and group communication. Another individual, who has experience in a different market, proposes adapting the product to better suit the preferences and needs of international customers. As the team deliberates and considers these diverse viewpoints, they realize the value of incorporating these ideas into their decision-making process. By considering the collective cultural ethics and diverse ways of thinking, the team develops a more innovative solution that caters to a wider audience and addresses unique challenges faced by different cultures. Through this inclusive decision-making process, the team creates a product that not only appeals to a broader range of customers but also provides them with features and functionalities that meet their specific needs. The company gains a competitive advantage by leveraging the creative problem-solving capabilities derived from diverse perspectives, leading to improved innovation and customer satisfaction. Conclusion: In summary, promoting diversity in decision-making allows organizations to tap into a wider range of ideas and perspectives. This fosters creativity, enhances problem-solving capabilities, and ultimately leads to more effective and innovative solutions. Reference : Ely, R. J., & Thomas, D. A. Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(2), 229-273. https://web.mit.edu/cortiz/www/Diversity/Ely%20and%20Thomas,%202001.pdf SPA-515 UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA page 11
Opposition Team Points SPA-515 UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA page 12
Opposition Point 1: NUR AMIRAH HIKMAH BINTI RAZALI (P-SM0219/22) PANEL 1 SPA-515 UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA Cultural Sensitivities: Malaysia is a nation that is characterized by its diverse cultural and religious landscape, which stands at a crossroads of values and beliefs. The interplay of various religion, various ethnic groups, and diverse beliefs contributes to a wide range of perspectives on sex education. Therefore, addressing these sensitivities requires intensive dialogue and community engagement, inevitably extending the process. Conservative Perspective vs Western Influence: As globalization surges, so does the influx of Western thought and its vantage on sex education. This influx, however, encounters resistance from traditional cultural norms that place a premium on discretion and modesty when addressing matters of sexuality. These factors create a challenging environment where finding a balanced approach that respects cultural sensibilities while meeting educational needs becomes a time-consuming endeavor. Curricular Conundrum: The creation of a comprehensive sex education curriculum that respects our cultural norms while conveying accurate information demands a delicate balance. Thus, harmonizing this curriculum with an array of viewpoints inevitably protracts the curricular development phase. Parental Concerns: The strong influence that parents hold within the education system means that their perspectives and beliefs play a significant role in shaping educational policies. Some may advocate for a more conservative approach, emphasizing abstinence and modesty, while others might support a comprehensive approach that provides detailed information about sexual health and relationships. Because of this divergence in viewpoints, it can lead to debates about the appropriate content and approach, contributing to delays in curriculum development and implementation. Interplay Between Cultural Ethics In Decision-Making Can Lead To Complexities And Delay Progress. While the government team promoted cultural competency as a way to enhance administration, it is critical to recognize that the interaction between cultural ethics and decision-making can introduce complexities. The integration of cultural ethics into decision-making requires careful consideration of multiple viewpoints, potential conflicts between values, and the need for consensus building. These factors can lead to prolonged discussions, debates, and negotiations, which might slow down administrative progress. For example, concerns surrounding comprehensive sex education in Malaysia’s schools have created complex situations and potential delays in the advancement of educational reforms. Despite the incorporation of sexuality education into the Malaysian mainstream education framework by the Malaysian Ministry of Education (MOE) since 1989, the ongoing debate and challenges regarding sexuality education still continue to this day. The reasons that lead to complexities and delays in comprehensive sex education in Malaysia’s school. Conclusion To conclude, recognizing the significance of cultural values while aiming for well-informed and ethically sound education underscores the crucial role of comprehensive and inclusive decision-making. The issue of comprehensive sex education within Malaysian schools serves as a prime example the intricate dynamics that arise when cultural values intersect with policy formation. While cultural ethics add depth and richness to the decision-making process, they also introduce complexities that can lead to potential progress delays. Reference: Sham, F. et al. (2020). Sexuality means “sex”: Opinions of parents on sexuality education in Malaysia. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 13(3), 1818-1825. page 13
Opposition Point 2: NUR ATIKA BINTI AZMAN (P-SM0063/22) PANEL 2 SPA-515 UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA Decision-makers may favor certain individuals or groups, even if they are not the most qualified for the job or position. This can happen when decision-makers are friends or relatives of the favored individual or group, or when they have a personal connection to them. It can also happen when decision-makers are biased against certain individuals or groups, such as those from a different race, ethnicity, or gender. Decision-makers may make decisions that favor their own or their friends' and family's interests, even if it means discriminating against others. This might occur when decisionmakers have a vested financial interest in a particular outcome or when they are attempting to court favor with someone who can assist them improve their own career. Decision-makers may be unaware of their own prejudices, which can lead to unjust or discriminating conclusions. This is known as unconscious bias. Although overcoming unconscious prejudice is challenging, it is vital for decision-makers to acknowledge it and take steps to limit its impact. Favoritism And Inequality Can Arise When Decisions Are Influenced By Personal Connections Or Biases Rather Than Merit. In a world of varied cultures, treating all individuals with equality is not only an ethical goal, but also a requirement for establishing a just and equitable society. This idea, however, is frequently questioned when various cultural groups are treated differently, although having the same rights and obligations. When cultural groups are treated differently, even though they have the same legal rights, an insidious type of discrimination results. Discrimination can take various forms, including unequal access to opportunities based on preconceptions and biases about different cultures. Individuals are stereotyped based on their cultural background, which undermines the foundation of justice and fosters favoritism. In a variety of instances, how favoritism and inequality in public administration can contribute to bias and unfairness in organizational decision-making. Conclusion In the end, favoritism and inequality in public administration can undermine the fairness and equity of decision-making processes. To solve this issue, several steps can be taken, including establishing anti-discrimination legislation and policies, encouraging transparency and accountability in decision-making processes, educating decision-makers about unconscious prejudice, and promoting diversity and inclusion. A multi-pronged approach can help to build a more just and equitable public administration in which everyone has a chance to success. By taking these steps, Malaysia can create a society with greater equity and justice for all its citizens. References: Im, H. and Chen, C. (2020), "Cultural dimensions as correlates of favoritism and the mediating role of trust", Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, Vol. 27 No. 3, pp. 417-445. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-09- 2019-0165 page 14
Opposition Point 3: NURI HAFIZHIN AFIF BINTI ROSLE (P-SM0164/22) PANEL 3 SPA-515 UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA The incorporation of cultural ethics not necessarily requires hyper-inclusion of different cultural background in public administration: Imbalance in resource allocations and diversion of budget. Balancing cultural ethics and effective administration presents a complex challenge in resource allocation. This issue arises from the need to cater to the diverse cultural backgrounds and values of a population while ensuring efficient and equitable distribution of resources. While it is essential to respect cultural diversity and uphold ethical considerations, the allocation of resources to meet these cultural needs can lead to a strain on limited resources and potentially hinder the provision of other critical services. One of the fundamental reasons for the resource allocation challenge is the necessity to accommodate the linguistic and cultural preferences of various communities within a region. In multicultural societies, there is a demand for services and information to be available in multiple languages to ensure accessibility and inclusivity. The challenge of resource allocation becomes more pronounced when considering the varying sizes and demographics of cultural groups. Some communities might be larger and more established, while others could be smaller but equally deserving of cultural accommodations. Example of how inclusiveness of all diverse cultural background will constraint budget and divert funding from other important aspect in public administration: 1. Trade-off between cultural inclusivity and the availability of vital resources A municipal administration might need to provide public documents, such as legal notices, health advisories, and educational materials, in different languages to serve the needs of various language-speaking groups. While this approach is ethically sound and fosters cultural sensitivity, it also requires additional funds for translation, printing, and dissemination. Allocating resources to translation services can divert funds from other essential services such as healthcare, infrastructure, and public safety. 2. Prioritization can be a contentious issue Deciding which languages to prioritize and how much funding to allocate for each translation can be a contentious issue, potentially leading to feelings of inequality or neglect among certain cultural groups. The challenge also extends to the realm of cultural events and celebrations. Municipalities often allocate resources to organize and support cultural festivals, which play a crucial role in preserving and celebrating cultural heritage. While these events contribute to community cohesion and identity, they can strain financial resources that might otherwise be used for infrastructure development or social services. 3. Political agenda Resource allocation decisions are often driven by political and public opinion factors. Elected officials may feel pressured to allocate funds to projects that are highly visible or politically advantageous, which might not always align with the cultural needs of all communities. This can lead to unequal distribution of resources and exacerbate tensions between cultural groups. 4. Allocations to festivities Allocations to festivities Municipalities often allocate resources to organize and support cultural festivals, which play a crucial role in preserving and celebrating cultural heritage. While these events contribute to community cohesion and identity, they can strain financial resources that might otherwise be used for infrastructure development or social services. Conclusion: As the conclusion, to address this challenge, municipalities and governing bodies must engage in transparent dialogue with cultural groups, prioritize needs based on objective criteria, and seek innovative solutions to maximize the impact of allocated resources. Ultimately, the goal should be to achieve a harmonious equilibrium between cultural sensitivity and efficient resource allocation for the overall betterment of the community. References: Bartocci, L., Grossi, G., Mauro, S. G., & Ebdon, C. (2023). The journey of participatory budgeting: a systematic literature review and future research directions. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 89(3), 757–774. https://doi.org/10.1177/00208523221078938 page 15
Opposition Point 4: NUR AIMAN AMANI NG BINTI ABDULLAH (P-SM0201/22) PANEL 4 SPA-515 UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA Historical Trauma: Communities that have experienced past medical injustices, such as forced medical experimentation or unethical practices, might carry a deep-rooted mistrust of vaccines and healthcare systems. The trauma experienced by 1 person in the family may influence and give the same perception to the other family members to not receive the vaccination. Hence, this historical trauma can lead to vaccine hesitancy. Mistrust of Authorities: Some cultural groups may distrust government agencies or healthcare providers due to historical or contemporary factors. This mistrust can extend to vaccines, making it difficult to promote immunization efforts effectively. Thus, a herd community would be hard to established, putting the whole community at the higher risk of being infected. Religious Beliefs: Certain religious beliefs might conflict with vaccination. For example, some religious groups might interpret vaccine ingredients as non-compliant with their dietary restrictions, or they might rely solely on spiritual healing practices for health. Therefore, being far righteous, these religious groups rather did not get the vaccination needed than committing sins according to their religious beliefs. Even though there maybe some exception mentioned by the experts in their religious groups, these anti-vaccine groups still choose to ignore the advices given by these religious experts. Therefore, it is very hard to change the decisions made by these anti-vaccine groups. Misinformation and Myths: Misinformation spreads easily, and cultural factors can influence the uptake of false information about vaccines. These myths can range from concerns about vaccine ingredients to unsubstantiated claims about vaccine-related risks. Whilst in this globalization era, in which everyone can get access to any information regardless of whether the information is true or false, also contributes to the dissemination of misinformation and myths regarding vaccines. Therefore, this information may encourage the rise of the anti-vaccine groups to get vaccinated. Cultural Ethics Can Sometimes Conflict With Legal And Moral Frameworks, Potentially Undermining The Rule Of Law. Conflicting cultural ethics in decision-making within public administration occur when the values, beliefs, and norms of different cultural groups clash, making it challenging to determine the most appropriate course of action. This can arise in areas such as policy formulation, resource allocation, and service delivery. For example, in the Healthcare and Traditional Practices. In healthcare, conflicts can arise between modern medical practices and traditional cultural beliefs. Deciding whether to prioritize medical interventions over traditional remedies can be complex. For instance, a government health agency might grapple with promoting vaccination while respecting communities that have reservations based on cultural beliefs. The reasons that may lead to the rise of conflicts in the Healthcare and Traditional Practices in terms of Vaccination Resistance: Vaccination resistance occurs when individuals or communities hesitate or refuse to receive vaccines due to a variety of factors, including cultural beliefs, misinformation, religious reasons, or concerns about vaccine safety. Cultural beliefs can significantly influence people's attitudes towards vaccines. The factors that stem from cultural beliefs are as below: Conclusion In conclusion, public administrators and healthcare providers must find a balance between respecting cultural beliefs and ensuring the health and safety of individuals and communities. Otherwise, this diverse cultural perspective may have a high potential to create conflicts that may lead to the difficulties to implement those health policies. Hence, the policy makers need to think for the best approach and alternatives to overcome the challenges of the diverse cultural ethics in the community. Reference: Benecke, O., & DeYoung, S. E. (2019). Anti-Vaccine Decision-Making and Measles resurgence in the United States. Global Pediatric Health, 6, 2333794X1986294. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794x19862949 page 16
Opposition Point 5: NUR KHAIRUNNISA BINTI ISMAIL (P-SM0196/22) PANEL 5 SPA-515 UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA Lack of transparency and accountability. It can be difficult to ensure transparency and accountability. It can be subjective and open to interpretation, which can make it difficult to explain decisions made based on these considerations transparently. The rationale for these decisions may not be clear or universally understood, as it may be based on cultural norms and values that are not shared by everyone. Decision-making becomes more time-consuming and complex: By emphasizing cultural ethics taken into account, decision-makers need to consider a wider range of factors, which can make the decision-making process more time-consuming and complex. This can lead to delays in decision-making, which can impact the organization's efficiency. There is a risk of discrimination. Cultural ethics are involved in decision-making, and there is a risk of discrimination against people from different cultures. The decision-makers may make decisions based on their cultural norms and values leading to bias against those from different cultures. This bias can result in unequal treatment or opportunities. Conflict and Division: Different cultural perspectives might clash, leading to internal conflicts that hinder collaboration and teamwork.Cultural differences can lead to misunderstandings and communication breakdowns, potentially escalating into conflicts. If not managed effectively, these conflicts can intensify, creating a hostile atmosphere that harms morale and productivity. Too Much Involving Cultural Ethics in Decision-Making Can Affect the Organization Which Is Loss of Administrative Efficiency. In the context of administrative decision-making, cultural ethics refers to the ethical principles that are derived from a particular culture. It shows that, if it too much emphasis on cultural ethics in the decisionmaking process it can lead to a loss of administrative efficiency. Administrative efficiency is essential for the well-functioning of society and organizations that ensure that streamlined processes, optimal resource utilization, and outcomes are achieved promptly. If overemphasizing cultural ethics can overshadow other essential administrative functions and create an imbalance. In the scenario when cultural ethics are overemphasized, it can lead to several problems. For example, it can lead to inefficiency, as people may be reluctant to change or adopt new practices that conflict with their cultural values. It can also lead to discrimination, as people may be treated differently based on their cultural background. It will be a challenge to balance between respecting cultural values and maintaining administrative efficiency. For instance, the immigration department in the scenario of immigration officials managing their roles in the border control procedures. If their administrative function is too focused on respecting the cultural elements they may be less likely to enforce border control procedures effectively. This could lead to security risks, such as terrorists or criminals entering the country undetected. This means respecting cultural values while also ensuring that administrative processes are efficient. It is not always easy to find this balance, but it is essential for the wellfunctioning of society. The reasons for too much involvement of cultural ethics in decision-making can lead to a loss of administrative efficiency in an organization. Conclusion To conclude, it is important to consider cultural ethics in decision-making. But it is also important to consider other factors, such as the law, the best interests of the people involved, and the need for administrative efficiency. Administrative efficiency is also important, and we need to find a way to balance these two. It is to prevent from confusion, delays, and issues that could hinder the overall efficiency of our administrative processes. Reference: Boswell, C. (2022). Understanding the role of ideas in public administration: the cases of Canadian and UK immigration policy-making. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 46(3), 545–555. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2022.2133571 page 17
Government Opposition In conclusion, the proposition has demonstrated that integrating cultural ethics into administration can lead to a more inclusive and harmonious society. By acknowledging diverse cultural values, administrators can make well-informed decisions, foster social harmony through inclusive policies, and communicate effectively with different communities. Tailored public services and enhanced trust result from aligning administration with cultural ethics. This approach paves the way for a more connected and respectful society, where various groups feel valued and understood. In conclusion, the opposition has highlighted valid concerns about the potential challenges of integrating cultural ethics into administration. Complex decision-making, the risk of favoritism, resource allocation issues, conflicting cultural ethics, and the potential loss of administrative efficiency are factors that need careful consideration. Striking a balance between cultural sensitivity and efficient governance is essential to address these challenges. While acknowledging the importance of cultural diversity, administrations must find practical ways to navigate these complexities and ensure that their actions continue to be effective, unbiased, and beneficial for all citizens. CONCLUSION SPA-515 UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA page 18
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