11. Organic Farming
Can you recall? Can you tell?
In earlier studies we have understood Fertilizers are expensive and their
the importance of organic carbon in soil indiscriminate use causes problems to soil
properties. Most of the soil properties are health and hazards to human life.
benefited by soil carbon. Hence, organic
farming is most suited for soil health. upon nature, instead, they avail the complete
knowledge, methods, and material to work with
11.1 ORGANIC FARMING nature. By doing like this, the farmers maintain
11.1.1 Meaning : Organic farming is the crop a balance to grow animals and crops together.
production system which avoids or largely Organic farmers do not see every insect as a
excludes the use of chemical fertilizers, pest and they don’t solve every problem of the
pesticides (chemicals) and growth regulators. It farm with the chemical inputs. Many insects
also depends on crop rotation with leguminous are considered as foes and friends of farmers
crops, addition of crop residues, animal and helps the farming.
manures, green manuring, biofertilizers and Aims of organic farming
biopesticides.
The organic farming furnish long-term
Organic farming works in peace and benefits to the environment because organic
friendship with nature rather than going against farming has the following aims:
nature and thus, organic farming involves the
use of distinct methods to achieve the best and • Enhance the long term soil fertility
sustainable yields of a crop. In this, the good • Control the diseases and pests without
yield of the crop is achieved without harming
the health of the people who live and work in harming the environment
those farms and also it does not harm the natural • Make sure that the water is clean and safe
environment. (Eco-system) • Avail the resources which the farmers
Do you know ? already have, becomes affordable to the
farmer to buy the necessary inputs of the
Plants require nutrients for their growth. These farm. Sustainability is must.
essential nutrients are absorbed from soil. • Generate nutritious, chemical free food to
human beings and feed for animals and
11.1.2 The practices of organic farming also also sell the high-quality produce at the
involve the following : good price.
11.2 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC
• Good Animal Husbandry Practices FARMING
• Careful use of Natural Water Resources 11.2.1 Principle of health :
• Good Agricultural Practices. Organic agriculture should sustain and
11.1.3 A Modern Approach to Farming : enhance the health of soil, plant, animal,
Practicing organic farming does not mean human beings and planet as a whole.
that we are going back and using the old and The role of organic agriculture is to sustain
traditional methods, because there are many and enhance the health of total ecosystem.
old techniques of farming which are still used 11.2.2 Principle of ecology :
today. Organic farming picks up the best Organic agriculture should be based on
techniques and combines those with the new living ecological systems and cycles, work with
scientific techniques. Farmers who practice them, emulate them and help to sustain them.
organic farming do not leave their farms totally
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use of organic manures and biological
pest control methods only.
2. Integrated green revolution organic
farming techniques are developed and are
combined with the high input technology
in order to create integrated system such
as INM, IPM and IWM, etc.
Fig. 11.1 Principles of organic farming 3. Integrated farming system (IFS), is the low
input organic farming in which dependence
Organic management must be adapted to is on local resources and ecological
local conditions, ecology, culture and scale. processes, recycling of agricultural waste
and crop residues.
Organic agriculture should attain
ecological balance through the establishment Observe and Discuss
of habitats and maintenance of genetic and
agricultural diversity. Observe and discuss :
11.2.3 Principle of fairness : 1. Management of farm resources in such
This principle emphasizes that those a way that hormonises rather than
struggle with natural systems. (insects,
involved in organic agriculture should conduct microbes, all habitats, etc.)
human relationships in a manner that ensures
fairness at all levels and to all parties : farmers, 2. Use of appropriate technologies based
workers, processors, distributors, traders and on biological system.
consumers of the locality.
3. Achieve and maintain soil fertility for
It aims to produce a sufficient supply of optimum production.
good quality food and other products.
Natural and environmental resources that are 4. Use diversification to achieve optimum
used for production and consumption should production.
be managed in such a way that is socially and
ecologically justified and should be held in 5. Aims for optimum nutritional value of
trust for future generations. chemical free staple food.
11.2.4 Principle of care : 6. Decentralize structures for processing,
distribution and marketing of organic
Organic agriculture should be managed products.
in a precautionary and responsible manner to
protect the health and well-being of current and 7. Strive for suitable relationship between
future generations along with environment and those who work and live on the field.
ecosystem.
8. Maintain and preserve wild life and
This principle states that precaution their habitat.
and responsibility are the key concerns in
management, development and technology Remember this
choices in organic agriculture.
Remember the different components
11.2.5 Types of organic farming : of organic farming
1. Pure organic farming where the inorganics, 11.3 REQUIRMENTS AND COMPONENTS
both fertilizers and chemical pesticides OF ORGANIC FARMING
are completly excluded. It advocates the 11.3.1 Requirements of organic farming :
1. Crop production plan :
The producer seeking certification under
the National Standards for Organic Production
NSOP, here in after, referred to as ‘standards’
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shall be required to develop an organic crop on the past status/use of the land and
production plan. This plan shall include environmental conditions.
description of the crops in the production cycle
(main crop and intercrop) as per the agro iv. Organic products in conversion period shall
climatic situations. be sold as “produce of organic agriculture
in conversion” or of a similar description.
i. Description of practices and procedures to
be performed and maintained. 4. Landscape :
ii. List of inputs used in production along with i. Organic farming shall contribute
their composition, frequency of usage, beneficially to the ecosystem. The
application rate and source of commercial certification programme shall set
availability. standards/procedures for a minimum
percentage of the farm area to facilitate
iii. Source of organic planting material (seeds biodiversity and nature conservation.
and seedlings).
ii. Areas which are managed organically
iv. Description of the record keeping shall facilitate biodiversity.
system implemented to comply with the
requirements. 5. Choice of crops and varieties :
2. Conversion requirements : i. All seed and plant materials shall be
certified organic. Species and varieties
i. The establishment of an organic cultivated shall be adapted to the soil and
management system and building of soil climatic conditions and be resistant to
fertility. pests and diseases.
ii. A farm may be converted through a clear ii. When organic seed and plant materials are
plan of how to proceed with the conversion. available, they shall be used.
iii. The requirements prescribed under these iii. When certified organic seed and plant
standards shall met during the conversion material are not available conventional
period. seed and plant material which is not
treated with chemical shall be used.
iv. The start of the conversion period may be
calculated from the date of first inspection iv. The use of genetically engineered seed,
of the operator by the Certification Body. transgenic plants or plant material is
prohibited.
3. Duration of conversion period :
6. Diversity in crop production and
i. In case of annual and biennial crops, plant management plan :
products produced can be certified organic
when the requirements prescribed under i. The basis for crop production in organic
these standards have been met during the farming shall take into consideration the
conversion period of at least two years structure and fertility of the soil and the
(organic management) before sowing (the surrounding ecosystem, with a view to
start of the production cycle). minimizing nutrient losses.
ii. In case of perennial plants other than ii. Where appropriate, the organic farms shall
grassland (excluding pastures and be required to maintain sufficient diversity
meadows), the first harvest may be in a manner that takes into account pressure
certified as organic after at least thirty six from insects, weeds, diseases and other
months of organic management according pests, while maintaining or increasing soil
to the requirements prescribed under these condition as regards to, organic matter,
standards. fertility, microbial activity and general
soil health.
iii. The Accredited Certification Bodies shall
decide in certain cases, for extension or iii. Soil fertility shall be maintained through
reduction of conversion period depending the cultivation of legumes or deep rooted
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plants and the use of green manures, ii. Weeds, pests and diseases shall be
along with a suitable programme of crop controlled through a number of preventive
rotation. techniques, mulching, mechanical control
and the disturbance of pest development
7. Nutrient management cycles, etc.
i. Sufficient quantities of biodegradable iii. Pest management should be regulated
material of microbial, plant or animal by understanding and disrupting the
origin produced on the organic farms shall ecological needs of the pests. The natural
form the basis of the nutrient management enemies of pests and diseases should be
programme. protected and encouraged through proper
habitat management by hedges, nesting
ii. Nutrient management should minimize sites, etc. An ecological equilibrium must
nutrient losses. Accumulation of heavy be created.
metals (salts) and other pollutants shall be
prevented. iv. Products used for pest, disease and weed
management, prepared at the farm from
iii. The certification programme shall set local plants, animals and microorganisms,
procedures which prevent animal runs may be allowed
from becoming over manuring where
there is a risk of pollution. v. Thermic weed control and physical
methods for pest, diseases and weed
iv. Mineral fertilizers shall only be used in management should be permitted.
a supplementary role to carbon based
materials. Only those organic or mineral vi. All equipments from conventional farming
fertilizers that are brought in to the farm systems should be properly cleaned and
(including potting, compost) shall be used free from residue before being used on
when, the circumstances demand organically managed areas.
vi. Permission for use shall only be given vii. The use of synthetic herbicides,
when other fertility management practices fungicides, growth regulators, synthetic
have been optimized dyes, insecticides and other pesticides are
prohibited.
vii. Manures containing human excreta
(faeces and urine) shall not be permitted viii. Commercial products used as inputs shall
to prevent transmission of pests, parasites always be evaluated.
and infectious agents.
ix. The use of genetically engineered
viii. The certification programme shall lay organisms or products is prohibited.
down restrictions for the use of inputs
such as minerals potassium, magnesium, 9. Contamination control
fertilizers, trace elements, manures and
fertilizers with a relatively high heavy i. All relevant measures may be taken to
metal content. minimize contamination from outside and
within the farm.
8. Pest, disease and weed management
ii. Buffer zones should be maintained to
i. Organic farming systems ensures that prevent contamination from conventional
losses from pests, diseases and weeds farms.
are minimised. Emphasis is placed on the
use of a balanced fertilizer management, iii. In case of reasonable suspicion of
use of crops and varieties well-adapted contamination, the certification
to the environment, fertile soils of high programme shall take place to determine
biological activity, adapted rotations, the level of contamination.
intercropping, green manuring, etc.
Growth and development shall take place
in a natural manner.
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iv. Polyethylene and polypropylene or 11.3.2 Components of organic farming :
other polycarbonates coverings shall be
removed from the soil after use and shall Vermicompost Green Manure Croprotation
not be burnt in situ. Organic
10. Soil and water conservation : Farming
i. Soil and water resources shall be handled Manures Biological
in a sustainable manner. Measures to be Management
taken to prevent erosion, salination and
improper use of water and the pollution of Biofertilizers Animal Husbandry
water.
Fig. 11.2 Components of organic farming
ii. Cleaning of land through the means
of burning organic matter, should be A. Organic manures : which include FYM,
restricted to the minimum. The cleaning of biogas slurry, compost, straw or other crop
primary forest is prohibited. residues, biofertilizers, etc.
iii. The certification programme shall require B. Non chemical weed control measures : All
to check the land degradation and pollution physical, mechanical and biological methods
of ground and surface water. are followed to reduce the weed without the use
of herbicides/weedicides.
11. Collection of non cultivated material of
plant origin / forest produce : Biological insects/ pest and disease
management. This includes the conservation of
i. The collection of wild plants and parts natural enemies of pest and pathogens and use
grown naturally shall be certified as of botanical and microbial pesticides.
organic provided the collection areas have
not received any treatment with products Non chemical weed control
other than those authorized for use in the
organic production. Weeds are causing great economic loss
to the main crop yield. Weeds are having fast
ii. In case of cultivation when it is carried reproduction capacity and massive recycling
out in the forest area, the operators shall potential. As there are many kind of weeds
follow similar procedures. with varying germination periods and high
differing life cycles, weed management
iii. Organic collection management should requires an integrated approach based on
ensure that in case of minor forest produce biology and ecology of the species. The major
collection, the State Government Act components of integrated weed management
shall be applicable and should not exceed (IWM) include:
sustainable yield of the collected species
or otherwise threaten the local ecosystem. 1. Monitoring weeds.
iv. Products can only be certified organic 2. Emphasis on ecological, biological and
if derived from a designated area for bio-technological methods.
collection.
3. Low cost agronomic strategy.
V. The collection area shall be at an
appropriate distance from conventional • Balanced nutrition use.
farming, pollution and contamination.
• Higher plant population (high seed
vi. The producer managing the harvesting or rate for dense population)
gathering of the products shall be clearly
identified. • Inter-cropping, relay cropping, mixed
cropping, etc.
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• Use of competitive cultivars. Plants : Cow pea sown in between sorghum
rows effectively reduces the growth of weeds.
• Use of dense vegetative crop
E. Physical/ mechanical methods
C. Ecological Management :
Physical force either manual, animal or
Ecological management (cultural mechanical power is used to pull out or kill
practices) aims by attacking ecological weak weeds. The different methods used are:
points of weeds during field operations such as
ploughing, water management, crop season, a. Hand weeding
crop rotation, intercropping, soil solarization,
etc. ploughing operation helps in reducing the b. Hand hoeing
emerging weed seedlings which are buried
or exposed to hot sun for drying. Intensive c. Digging
puddling is very effective for weed control
in low land rice crop. Water management d. Mowing (cutting weeds to the ground
practices are very effective for weed control level)
especially in low land rice.
e. Cutting
Crop rotations which are effective against
weeds in pulse crop (soybean) rotation with f. Dredging and chaining
cereal crops (sorghum, maize).
g. Burning and flaming
D. Biological control :
h. Mulches
Biological weed control involve the use
of insects, pathogens, fish and snails (bio- i. Intercultivation
agents) which appears to be ideal for reducing
the inputs of herbicides. In biological control 11.4 MERITS OF ORGANIC FARMING
method, it is not possible to eradicate weeds,
but weed population can be reduced. 1. Organic farming create optimal conditions
in soil for high yields and good quality
Insects - In Australia, Lantana camara crops. (improve health of soil)
was controlled by two beetles viz. Octotoma
scabripennis and Uroplata giraldi. 2. Organic manures supply all the nutrients
both macro and micronutrients required by
Prickly-pear weed (Opuntia) was the plants.
controlled in India by Dactylopius tomentosus-a
scale insect. Alligator weed (Alternanthera 3. Soil physical properties like bulk density,
philoxeroides) which is an aquatic weed was hydraulic conductivity, total porosity, etc.
controlled by Agasicles hygrophyla (flea beetle). are improved. The water holding capacity,
permeability, aeration and aggregation of
Fish : Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and soil are also enhanced with organic matter
chinese carp control aquatic weeds. application which is declining day by day
with ignorance.
Mammals : Manetee or sea cow is very
effective in controlling water hyacinth. 4. Improves soil chemical properties such as
supply and retention of soil nutrients and
Snails : Marisa sp. and other fresh water promote favorable chemical reaction like
snails feed on submerged weed like coontail cation exchange capacity. Particularly the
and algae. soil organic carbon is increased which is a
key nutrient (organic manures have high
Fungi : Water hyacinth can be controlled by CEC).
Rhizoctinia blight.
5. Improves biological activities like
Mites : A spider mite (Tetranychus sp.) is earthworms, insects, micro-organisms,
found to be useful in controlling prickly pear. enzymatic activity and biological nitrogen
fixation in the soil.
6. Organically grown crops are believed to
provide more healthy and nutritionally
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superior (good quality) food for human and minimizes environmental pollution,
animals than those grown with commercial degradation of soil, etc.
chemical fertilizers.
13. It helps to reduce the crop pest and disease
7. Organic farming helps to prevent incidence.
environmental degradation and can be used
to regenerate degraded areas (maintain 14. The cost of production of organic produce
ecosystem). is comparatively low.
8. It is low cost farming and controls erosion. 11.5 DEMERITS OF ORGANIC FARMING
9. It reduces human and animal health 1. Comparatively low production potential
hazards.
2. Lack of natural resources (limitations)
10. It helps in maintaining agricultural
production at the sustainable level. 3. More time is required for stabilization.
11. It ensures optimum utilization of natural Now, there is a need of ‘Organic
resources. Revolution’ after green revolution through
organic farming or IPNS.
12. It helps to maintain symbiotic relationship
or environmental factors related to soil, The components of Integrated Plant
Nutrient Supply (IPNS) are given further:
Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply (IPNS)
On Site Mobilization of Off Site Resources Resource Resource
Nutrient Integration Management
Resource Bioorganic Biological Mineral
Generation Resources
Wastes Organisms
Crop
Residues Compost Blue green algae Synthetic and Optimization of
Resource
Legumes Farm Yard Azolla Mineral Fertilizers Combination
Manure
Green Phosphate Pyrites Resource
Manuring Sewage and solubilizing Application
sludge microorganisms Gypsum Technique
Loppings
Agro- Mycorrhiza Gluconite/Schoe- Alleviation of
industrial Rhizobium nite/ Mica waste limiting soil
waste condition
Azotobacter Dolomite (acidity, salinity,
Animal compaction, etc.
waste Azospirillium Fly ash/ Flue dust
Vermiculture
Table 11.3 Components of Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply (IPNS).
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Exercise
Q.1 Answer the following questions. 3. Biological weed control involve use of
insects.
A. Select the appropriate alternative and
4. Organically grown crops provide
complete the following statements. nutritionally superior food.
1. Organic farming is the production system 5. The cost of production of organic produce
is comparatively high.
which avoid the use of ----------
Q.2. Answer in brief.
a. pesticides b. organic manures 1. Define organic farming.
2. What it the principle of health?
c. bio-agents d. none of these 3. What are the conversion requirements of
2. Principles of organic farming are releated organic farming?
4. List out any four physical methods of
with of ----------
weed control.
a. health b. fertilizers 5. What are the demerits of organic farming.
Q.3. Answer the following questions.
c. herbicides d. growth regulators 1. What are the objectives of organic farming.
2. Describe the types of organic farming.
3. Biological weed control involve the use of 3. What is a crop production plan.
Q. 4. Answer the following questions.
---------- 1. What are the major components of
a. pathogens b. herbicides integrated weed management.
2. Describe the duration of conversion period
c. chemicals d. none of these
in organic farming.
4. Hand weeding is an example of ---------- 3. How does contamination controll in
method of weed control. organic farming?
Q.5 Answer the following question in detail.
a. physical b. biological 1. Describe the principles of organic farming.
2. Write in detail about nutrient management
c. chemical d. none of these
in organic farming.
5. The examples of organic manure is --------. Q.6 Answer the following question in detail.
1. Describe biological weed control in
a. compost
organic farming.
b. urea 2. What are the merits and demerits of
c. single super phosphate organic farming?
d. muriate of potash Activity
B. Make the pairs. • Visit any agricultural farm and take
observations of organic as well as chemical
‘A’ Group ‘B’ Group inputs used.
1. Mulches a. Chemical weed • Obtain information regarding beneficial as
well as harmful effects of the inputs used.
2. Farm yard control
manure b. Physical weed control
3. Insects c. Organic manure
d. Biological weed
control
e. Nitrogenous fertilizer
C. Find the odd one out.
1. FYM, compost, sewage, dolomite
2. Rhizobium, azzola, azotobactor, gypsum
3. Ecology, care, fairness, vermicompost
4. Pyrites, gypsum, dolomite, sewage
D. State true or false.
1. Organic farming enhance long term soil
fertility.
2. Organic manures include compost.
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12. Agro Informatics
Can you recall? scanner, audio through microphone, analog/
digital through keypad or mouse. Capacity of a
You have a number of electronic gadgets computer to store information is just unlimited.
like cell phones, laptops, computers, etc., at It can process huge data within a fraction of a
home or at school. You are aware of their second. We can obtain output from computer
multiple uses in day to day life and in your by various ways like display on monitor,
studies. Do you know their use in the field of sound through speaker, hard copy from printer,
agriculture? visual from projector, etc. When a computer is
attached with internet system, it is empowered
12.1 AGRO INFORMATION by the ocean of information in the world wide
TECHNOLOGY web (www).
An huge amount of innovations are Computer can be used at each level in
awaiting adoption. Agriculture is at the peak the process of communication. At the source,
of research and development. Information a scientist or expert/ subject matter specialist
Technology is the best way for fast and effective can use computer to shape the information in
dissemination of agricultural technology. written, pictorial, movie or audio form. Then
it can be spread/ disseminated to the extension
Use of electronic gadgets and software workers through CDs, VCDs, micro SD cards,
for storage, analysis, transfer and retrieving USB storage devices or through internet in any
information is termed as informatics. audio, visual or audiovisual form. Extension
Informatics in agriculture has a tremendous worker can load the information in his computer
scope and potential in converting resources in to and use it in the process of communication with
prosperity. Agro-informatics is the application the farmers. If available, farmers can also use
in agriculture with innovative ideas, techniques their computers or any electronic gadget to
and scientific knowledge to expand horizons of store and use information. Computer is also
computer. It is information technology applied helpful to obtain feedback from the receivers at
to management and analysis of agricultural each level. Farmers can easily access required
data. It is well recognized that the digital information on crops, stored systematically
images and video clips of actual application using a network of computers. Some farm
of agriculture technology have greater impact management software can help farmers to
on the minds of the farmers than the textual maintain their farms more efficiently and
descriptions of the technology. increase productivity of inputs used.
Flow of information from the source Examples of operating systems are
to receiver should be faster, effective and Microsoft Windows, Ubuntu Linux and
economical. Modern devices and systems like examples of web browsers are Microsoft
computer, mobile (cellphone), internet, etc., Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google
are capable to store, process, communicate and Chrome, Apple Safari, etc.
regenerate the information at a highest speed
with lowest cost. B. Internet :
12.1.1 Meaning and use of modern devices Internet is a global network that
and systems in agriculture connects the computers across the globe. The
long form of Internet is international net work.
A. Computer :
It is a magic box which can accept Specially in the science of agriculture,
information through different input devices in there is a vast gap between advanced countries
various media like visual through camera and and that of undeveloped countries. Internet
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facilitates developing countries to get direct Some of the improtant websites useful
access to the research and experience of for the farmers are listed below try to open
developed countries and use it for improvement and get interesting information.
in the field of agriculture. Internet is also used in
searching market information about particular www.maharashtra.gov.in,
input as well as output of the agriculture. Online www.mahaagri.gov.in,
marketing has opened new horizons of national www.mcaer.org,
and international market down to bunds of the www.agricoop.nic.in,
farm. www.icar.org.in,
www.nhm.gov.in,
Internet facility can be availed/ obtained www.nhb.gov.in,
on the computer, laptop, tablet computer, www.apeda.com,
mobile (cellphone), etc. The devices can be www.vsisugar.com,
connected with internet by optical fiber cable, www.msamb.com.
telephone landline, WiFi, cellphone service
providers, etc. C. E-mail :
According to available device, compatible It is a process of sending and receiving
internet service can be used. Government messages in electronic (digital) form with or
agency- BSNL is providing internet through without attached files to other service user.
cable and cellphone on concessional rates, E-mail has high speed of communication
particularly to the rural community and and respondent can view or refer it at his
farmers. convenience and by multiple times. It saves
paper thus classified in eco friendly practice.
For operating the concerned websites It is an integral part of the concept – ‘paperless
through internet, softwares like - Microsoft office’.
Internet Explorer, Google chrome, Firefox,
Mozilla, etc. are used. If the name of a D. Cellphones :
particular website is not known, search engine
can be used. Commonly Google.com, Yahoo. Cellphone is a devise with access to
com, bing. com, msn.com, aol.com, etc. are a cellular radio system so it can be used over
opened and words related to the information to a wide area without physical connection to a
be searched are typed in the search box. The network. Cell phones are used to send or receive
search engine displays thousands of related phone calls, text messages, e-mails, photos and
websites. From which, we can select the most video as well as access the Internet, use GPS
relevent and reliable one and click it to open. for getting agriculture information.
The websites are provided by government Remember this
or non government organizations, private
companies or advertising agencies. Websites Cellphones are popularly used by most
can be classified based on their domain names. of the farmers and labourers. India is the
A domain name is the last part of the website second largest user of cellphones in the
e.g. com. gov.in, org.A com website is usually world. About 91.35 crores cellphones are
operated by a commercial company while used in India.
gov.in domain is operated by government
departments. Non government organizations E. Smartphone apps :
use org. domain. The domain name also helps
us in identification of the country e.g. in is Most of the farmers are now handling
reserved for India, nl is for the Netherlands smart phones. It is the easiest and cheapest
while .us is for USA. gadget of information technology. If used
wisely, a flow of knowledge will appear in the
hands of farmers. Need is to educate them how
to search information from reliable websites.
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Try this
Install some of these apps in a cellphone and see its utility. You can also guide a farmer
to obtain benefits through such apps.
Some of the most popular applications (Apps) and their uses
Sr. App Uses
No
1 Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Information regarding agricultural education and research. Different
training programs related to agriculture and allied business. ICAR has
different centers for research and education. for example, Central Institute
for Cotton Research (CICR). Relevant information can be obtained in
regional languages also.
2 NCDEX app has instant access to prices, news, updates, market data
and analysis for commodity of their choice. It helps dealers, investors,
traders, hedgers and corporate managers. This app provides real time
features/ spot prices and commodity news. It is a smart, more personalized
and intelligent tool to make it easier than ever for investors to stay in
touch with the market and with each other. The dealers and wider trading
community can now make important trading decisions anywhere and at
anytime on their devices.
3 Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board (Panan Mandal)
The Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board (MSAMB),
has done pioneering work in the field of Agricultural Marketing in the
State and achieved success in various areas. MSAMB has an important
role in developing and coordinating agricultural marketing system in the
State of Maharashtra.
4 “IFFCO” Kisan is an Indian farmer suvidha App. which helps the
Indian farmer/ Kisan to take informed dicisions by accessing customized
agricultural information related to their need. It has following features.
Weather : This section provides instant access to weather forecast for
next 5 days in the set preferred location.
Market or Mandal : Farmers can get instant access to mandi prices
for their produce, market status and prevailing trade prices along with
quantities.
Agricultural Advisories : This is a crop specific advisory service for
various agro-climatic zones.
Ask our Experts : Farmers can just take a photo of the plant or concerned
area/ disease and send it to the experts who will provide personalized
solutions through voice call.
Gyan Bhandar : An Agricultural information library for the farmer to get
neassary information.
Market Place : This feature is the buyer and seller meeting platform, where
a buyer or a seller can register his/ her buying or selling requirement/s. It
will help them to buy or sell faster, with higher profitablity
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5 Startup India : Startup India is a flagship initiative by the Government of
India, intended to build a strong eco-system for nurturing innovations and
startups in the country that will drive sustainable economic growth and
generate large scale employment opportunities. The Government through
this initiative aims to empower startups to grow through innovation and
design. This is the official mobile application for startup India developed
to assist users to easily source information from the official startup India
website at http://startupindia.gov.in. Be in touch with Startup India
initiative and get the latest news, events, information about Startups,
Incubators, IMB, State wise information, action plan and FAQs, etc.
right in your hand. The app will allow users to apply for Recognition of
Startups and Incubators and also allow users to validate Recognition of
Startups and Incubators.
6 Indian Meteorological Department : It is the National Meteorological
Service of the country and the principal government agency in all matters
relating to meteorology, seismology and allied subjects.
This app provides authentic information related to weather conditions,
forecast and alerts.
7 Weather Bug
Local weather conditions and predictions, alerts to take decisions in
planning of agricultural practices.
8 Accu Weather
Local weather conditions and predictions. Weather alerts to take
decisions in planning of agricultural practices.
9 Kisan Yojana
Information regarding the different schemes of government in the
field of agriculture.
10 Sehetkari Magazine
“Shetkari Masik” is one of the most popular low price monthly
magazine since 1965. The main purpose of ‘Shetkari Masik” is to provide
information about agriculture and agro-suite modern technology to reader.
It provides guidance for all field crops, animal husbandry, poultry, fishery,
forestry, agro industry, biotechnology and much more.
Core features
• Shetkari Masik App is available in ‘Marathi’ language.
• Downloaded magazine can be easily read anywhere, anytime and in
offline mode.
• All previous magazine editions are also available for download.
153
Try this GPS is a system that uses signals from
satellites to find out position of an object.
Call a farmer friend through video
call by cell phone or laptop. Discuss about Global Positioning System (GPS) is being
agricultural practices he is adopting now. applied in agriculture facilitating benefits
in geo-fencing, map-making and surveying. By
Very useful apps are made available by using GPS, one can prepare simple yet highly
government and private agencies. It facilitates accurate digitized map without the help of a
easy access to information, communication professional.
and expert advice, buying of inputs, trading of
agricultural produce and much more. Weather GPS enabled tractors, drones and much
reports and forecasting are other important more mechanisms are now manufactured in
facilities available on mobile apps. India and becoming popular in farmers. By
F. Video conferencing : GPS mapping, these machines can be used
without any operator. It enhances accuracy
It is an audiovisual communication and efficiency in automization of agricultural
between two or more persons from different practices.
locations through the videophone or Internet.
Devices required in this system are videophone Fig. 12.2 GPS Enabled Tractor
or cellphone (preferably with dual camera) or Wild animals are now being tagged with
computer/ laptop with web camera. Highspeed GPS tracker. When the animal crosses a geo-
Internet connection is required for clarity and fence, forest authorities are alerted by SMS,
smoothness in conferencing. they track the animal and scare them to protect
civilized as well as agricultural zone.
This system enables to obtain guidance of H. Geographic information systems
experts located at any place. As the expert has Geographic information systems, or GIS, are
no need to travel and be physically present at extensively used in agriculture, especially
the receiver’s location, it saves valuable time in precision farming. Land is mapped
of the expert and unnecessary expenses on digitally, and accurate and detail data such as
traveling and other facilities. topography and contours are combined with
Videoconferencing may be of two types- other statistical data for easier analysis of the
a. Farmers are called at a specific location soil. GIS is useful for planning such as what to
plant and where to plant using historical data
and time so that they can virtually see and and sampling.
discuss with the expert on screen. I. Agricultural clinics
b. Farmers are informed to call a particular Agricultural clinics are envisaged to provide
expert on predecided time. Here the farmers expert advice and service to farmers on various
are calling from different location and aspects to enhance productivity of crop/
expert is at specific place. animals and increase the income of farmers.
G. Global Positioning System (GPS) :
Fig. 12.1 GPS Receivers
154
Agricultural clinics provide support in the I. Agricultural Technology Information
following areas. Centre (ATIC)
1. Soil health
2. Cropping practices It is a “single window” support system
3. Plant protection linking the various units of a research institution
4. Crop insurance with intermediary users and end users (farmers)
5. Post harvest technology in decision making and problem solving
6. Clinical services for animals, feed and exercise.
fodder management Services provided by ATIC
7. Prices of various crops in the market.
• Diagnostic services for soil and water
A special training program is being testing, plant and livestock health
implemented by National Institute of
Agricultural Extension Management • Supply research products such as seeds and
(MANAGE). It is 45 days free of cost other planting materials, poultry strains,
residential training program. Candidates can livestock breeds, fish seed, processed
avail bank loan up to 20 lakhs with subsidy of products, etc, emerging from the institution
36% (for general category) and 44% (for SC, for testing and adaptation
ST category and women).
• Sale of publications and communication
Do you know ? materials as well as audio-visual aids
produced by the research organisation
After completion of H.S.C. with
agriculture subject, you can participate AC ATIC in Maharashtra
and ABC training as mentioned above.
Minimum 55% aggregate marks are Name of ATIC Contact
necessary to qualify for admission. Details
Dr. Balasaheb Sawant
Konkan Krishi 02358280238
Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist.
Ratnagiri
Mahatma Phule Krishi 02426243861
Vidyapeeth (MPKV),
Rahuri, Dist. Ahmednagar 02426243373
Dr Punjabrao Deshmukh 07242259262
Krishi Vidyapeeth
(PDKV), Akola
Vasantrao Naik 02452223801
Marathwada
krishi vidyapeeth
(VNMKV),Parbhani
Fig. 12.3 Automization in agriculture
155
Exercise
Q.1. Answer the following questions. B. Make the pairs.
A. Select the appropriate alternative and 1‘.AG’PGSroup a) Inf‘oBrm’ Gatrioonupand
complete the following statements.
Communication
1. --------- is a process of sending and 2. ICT Technology
receiving messages in electronic (digital) 3. ATIC b) General post section
form with or without attached files to other
service user. c) Agricultural Technology
a. e-mail b. letter Information Centre
d) Global positioning system
c. document d. parcel e) Indian crop technique
2. For convenience of finding proper source C. Find the odd one out.
and information on the world wide web,
---------- are used. 1. Android, Lenux, Windows, Excel
a. search engine 2. SMS, Google, MMS, Email
b. email 3. ATIC, Computer, Laptop, Cellphone
c. MMS D. Write true or false.
d.internet explorer 1. Conferencing video is time consuming
technology.
3. The website of ---------- enables access
land records like 7/12 extract and property 2. Startup India is an app to encourage
card. Indians especially youngsters to take up
entrepreneurship as a career.
a. www. icar.org
3. Irrigation, fertilizer and pesticide
b. www. nhb.gov.in application, etc. are automized by using
micro processors or computers.
c. www. vsisugar.com
d. www.mahabhulekh maharashtra.gov. 4. Computer can process data within a
in. fraction of a second.
4. ---------- initiative aims to provide 5. Wild animals are now tagged with GPS
information to the farming community tracker which help in protection of fields.
through toll-free telephone lines
Q.2. Answer in brief.
a. shetkari magazine
1. Name any two most commonly used
b. kisan call centre search engines.
c. startup India 2. What are the advantages of using weather
d. none of these related apps ?
5. ---------- is an app providing information 3. Which web browsers are used to open web
pages on internet ?
regarding local weather conditions and
forecast. 4. Write the information about MSAMB
a. Startup India b. CICR app.
c. Accuweather d. ICAR 5. What is the use of information technology
in agriculture and allied fields?
156
Q.3. Answer the following questions. Q.5 Answer the following question in detail.
1. What are the uses of Internet in agriculture?
1. Write in brief about Geographic 2. Write the information on Global
Information System.
Positioning System (GPS) in agriculture.
2. Enlist the Agricultural Technology Q.6 Answer the following in detail.
Information Centres (ATIC) in
Maharashtra 1. List out most popular apps and give their
uses.
3. Write about IFFCO Kisan - mobile app
2. What are the uses of computer and internet
facilities in agriculture
4. Name any two Smartphone applications Activity
for farmers with their uses.
• Search websites of different agencies
5. List out important websites useful for providing information and services
farmers. related to agriculture.
Q.4. Answer the following questions. • Download the applications in
Smartphone which are useful for
1. Describe Computer and Internet. farming, weather alerts, etc.
2. What is an Agricultural clinic?
3. List out the services provided by
Agricultural Technology Information
Centre.
4. Write about start up india app.
5. Write in short about MSAMB
Agro information technology
157
13. Agricultural Marketing
Can you recall? Know the Scientist
1. The term agricultural marketing is Philip Kotler (May 27, 1931) was an
composed of two words agriculture and American Economist who studied at the
marketing. Hayward University and worked as a
Professor of International Marketing at the
2. Agriculture includes all primary University of Chicago. His famous book
activities of production i.e. from growing is on Marketing Management : Analysis,
or raising crops and live stock. Planning and Control (1967).
3. Marketing comprises a series of activities marketing is a process which starts with
involved in transferring the goods from a decision to produce a saleable farm
the point of production to the point of commodity, and it involves all the aspects of
consumption. It includes all activities market structure or system both functional and
involved in the creation of time, place, institutional based on technical and economic
form and possession utility. considerations, and includes pre and post
harvest operations, assembling, grading,
Remember this storage, transportation and distribution.
Market is the sphere within which price In a fast growing economy, the agricultural
determining forces like demand and supply marketing system provides strong linkages
operate. between farm and non farm sectors.
13.1 AGRICULTURAL MARKETING Agriculture means a bundle of activities
13.1.1 Definition : Philip Kotler has defined aimed at growing or raising crops and livestock
marketing as a human activity directed at by using natural resources with ultimate goal
satisfying the needs and wants through of society welfare. Marketing is a process of
exchange process. identifying human needs, wants, demands and
meeting, it at profit or the process of activities
American marketing association defined involved in moving the goods from the point of
marketing as the performance of business production to the point of consumption.
activities that directs the flow of goods and
services from producers to users. Agricultural marketing occupies a fairly
low place in agriculture development policies of
Agriculture marketing is the study of all developing countries. The National Commission
the activities, agencies and policies involved in on Agriculture (1976) had emphasised that it
the procurement of farm inputs by the farmers is not enough to produce a crop or an animal
and the movement of agricultural products product, it must be satisfactorily marketed.
from the farm to the consumers.
According to the National Commission
on Agriculture (XII Report, 1976) agricultural
Use your brain power
What are the opportunities in
agricultural marketing?
158
Observe and Discuss a. Primary Assembling :
Problems in Agricultural Marketing The produce is assembled in the villages
1. Large number of middlemen and primary markets as the farmers feel it
2. Small and scattered holding convenient in view of small quantities of
3. Forced sales produce, pressing demand for cash, lack of
4. Technologically developed problems in transport facilities, paucity of information on
the prices, etc., prevailing at other markets. The
farm production prominent functionaries are village merchants
5. Poor handling and packing and itinerant traders or merchants.
6. Lack of standardization and grading
7. Inadequate storage facility b. Secondary Assembling :
8. Malpractices in market
9. Multiplicity of market charges It succeeds primary assembling. It is
10. Lack of market information associated with greater concentration. These
11. Lack of farmers organization are initially found in the producing areas and
12. Inadequate means of transport then in the consuming areas. New functionaries
13. Communication problems like commission agents join in the secondary
assembling. These are the wholesale markets.
Do you know ? The percentage of marketable surplus that
arrives stands around 70 to 75 percent at
The marketing system gets completed this stage, before it is dispersed to different
only when the commodities are made consuming areas. In the secondary assembling,
available from the producers to the ultimate the role of commission agents is of paramount
consumers in his required form, at needed importance.
time and place of consumers.
13.2.2 Equalisation :
13.2 PROCESS OF AGRICULTURAL
MARKETING It is the adjustment of supply and demand
as per the requirements based on the time, place
There are three processes involved in and quantity. Equalisation though tends to be
Agricultural marketing. confined to the wholesale markets, but to some
degree or other, it is also found in marketing
1. Assembling (concentration), channels as well. With demand being spread
throughout the year, the supplies should
2. Equalisation be made available as per the consumption
requirements of the people. Storage has an
3. Dispersion (distribution) important function here to hold back the stock
for timely release. Also certain agricultural
13.2.1 Assembling : commodities are area-specific and there are
certain areas with abundant production and
Assembling begins with the collection some other areas with deficit production.
of surpluses of individual farmers. This Through the process of equalisation the
becomes essential in moving the produce to products are moved from surplus areas to deficit
the consuming markets in sufficient quantities areas. Transportation should be well developed
to permit efficient processing, transportation, in this regard. Adjustment of quantities as per
storage, etc. This process of concentration the requirements is another important aspect of
is called assembling. Assembling takes two equalisation. The requirements of one market
forms i.e., primary assembling and secondary to other market vary. Keeping this in view,
assembling. the required quantity should be moved from
assembling centres to the consumer markets.
159
3. Dispersion
The produce that is collected from Fig. 13.1 Village market
producing areas should be made available b. Primary market :
to the millions of consumers through the
consuming markets. From the major wholesale These markets are located in towns
markets the process of dispersion starts. near the centres of production of agricultural
Dispersion is seen through various marketing commodities. In these markets a major part of
channels. In respect of those products which the produce is brought for sale by the producer
need processing before they are suitable for farmers themselves. Transactions in these
consumption they are moved to processors. The markets usually take place between the farmers
processed products then are channeled to the and primary traders. Goods transacted are food
consumers. Commodities like paddy, cotton, grains, cotton, vegetable, etc.
sugarcane, etc., need to be processed before
consumption in the form of rice, yarn and cloth,
sugar or jaggery, etc., respectively.
There are some petty traders generally
without shops, who move from village to village
with their carts, buy from the farmers and sell
in the near by markets. It is the continuous
activity for them.
c. Secondary wholesale markets :
Remember this These markets are located generally
at district head quarters or important trade
1. Agricultural market is the place where centres or near railway junctions. The major
the seller (farmer or trader) meets a transactions in commodities in these markets
buyer for exchange of agricultural take place between the village traders and
produce with money. wholesalers. These are specialized marketing
agencies performing different marketing
2. There are various dimensions of any functions, such as those of commission agents,
specified market, according to which brokers and weighmen in these markets. Goods
markets are classified. transacted are food grains, onion, potato,
flowers, etc.
13.3 TYPES OF AGRICULTURAL
MARKETS d. Terminal markets :
13.3.1. Types on the basis of location :
On the basis of location or place of These markets are located either in
operation, markets are of following types. metropolitan cities or at sea ports. Delhi,
Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Cochin are
terminal markets for many commodities.
a. Village market : A terminal market is one where the produce
is either finally disposed off to the consumers
A market which is located in a small or processors or assembled for export. Goods
village, where major transactions take place transacted are cotton, food grains, processed
among the buyers and sellers of the village is food, etc.
called a village market. Goods transacted are
milk, fruits, foodgrains, vegetables, etc. e. Seaboard markets :
These markets are located near the
seashore and are meant mainly for the import
160
and /or export of goods are known as seaboard Do you know ?
markets. These are generally seaport towns.
Goods transacted are edible oils, seeds, sugar, Specified market
tea, etc. These types of markets in India are Sangli - Raisins, Turmeric.
located in Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkatta and Kolhapur : Gul (jaggery)
Cochin. Lasalgaon (Nashik) : Onion
Nagpur : Orange
13.3.2 Types on the basis of area of
transaction : a. General market :
On the basis of the area from which buyers A market in which all types of commodities,
and sellers usually come for transaction, such as foodgrains, oilseeds, sugar, pulses,
markets may be classified into the following and other farm produce are bought and sold
four classes. is known as general market. These markets
deal in a large number of commodities. They
a. Local or Village market : are located in towns and cities and transaction
between farmers and traders takes place.
A market in which the buying and selling
activities are confined among the buyers and b. Specialized market :
sellers drawn from the same village or near by
villages. The village markets exist mostly for A market in which transactions take place
perishable commodities in small lots e.g. local only in one or two commodities is known
milk market or vegetable market. as specialized market. For every group of
commodities, a separate market exists. The
b. Regional market : example of specialized markets are foodgrain
market, vegetable market, cotton market, wool
A market in which buyers and sellers for market, animal market, etc.
a commodity are drawn from a larger area of
the local markets. e.g. A class towns. Regional 13.3.4 Types on the basis of public
markets in India usually exist for foodgrains. Intervention
c. National market : According to the extent of public
intervention, market is classified into two
A market in which buyers and sellers classes.
spread at the national level. Located at
metrocities and goods like Jute, Tea, Tobacco a. Regulated market :
are transacted.
These are markets in which business
d. World or International market : is done in accordance with the rules and
regulations framed by the statutory market
A market in which the buyers and sellers organization representing different sections
are drawn from more than one country or the involved in market. The marketing costs in
whole world. These are the biggest markets such markets are standardized and marketing
from the area point of view. These markets practices are regulated. Markets are located at
exist for commodities which have a world- taluka and district market places. Most of the
wide demand and /or supply, such as coffee, farm products are transacted here e.g. APMC
sugar, rice, row cotton, wheat, etc. market.
13.3.3 Types on the basis of number of b. Unregulated market :
commodities
These are markets in which business
A market may be general or specialized is conducted without any set rules and
on the basis of the number of commodities in regulations. Traders frame the rules for the
which transaction are completed.
161
Keep in Mind and ensure their credit eligibility for next
season. For this purpose, the Government of
e-trading of agricultural goods : India introduced many agricultural schemes
Government and non government agencies throughout the country like Pradhan Mantri
are operating the centres for e-trading. In this Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY).
system a farmer, franchise and traders are
required to be registered with the marketing Crop insurance refers to an insurance
agency e-trading of the agricultural produce which insure farmers and crop producers
may be of two types. Spot trading and Future against the loss of crops due to natural disasters,
trading. such as hail, drought and floods.
Agencies :
• NSEL, Mumbai Crop insurance is a type of protection
• Multi Commodity Exchange of India policy that covers agricultural producers
against unexpected losses of projected crop
Ltd, Mumbai yields or profits from produce sales at market.
• India Commodity Exchange Ltd, New
Crop insurance is purchased by
Delhi. agricultural producers and subsidized by the
federal grovernment to protect against either
Do you know ? the loss of their crops due to natural disasters,
such as hail, drought and floods.
Marketing channel : Remember this
Marketing channels are the routes or
1. Insurance is a contract, represented by a
ways through which agricultural produce policy, in which an individual receives
moves from producers to consumers. financial protection or reimbursement
against losses from an insurance
conduct of the business and run the market. company.
These markets suffer from many ills, ranging
from unstandardised charges for marketing 2. There are different types of insurance
functions to imperfections in the determination e.g. Life insurance, property insurance,
of prices. crop insurance, etc.
In these markets goods like fruits and Importance of crop insurance
vegetables are transacted.
1. Stability in income : It protects the farmers
13.3.5 Types on the basis of volume of a against losses caused by crop failure. It acts
transaction (size) : like a tool that allow farmers to manage
their yield and price risks.
a. Wholesale Market : In this type, commodities
are bought and sold in large lots or in bulk. This 2. Minimal Debts : Farmers are able to
type transaction generally take place among the repay their loans even during the time of
traders. crop failure with the support of the right
insurance partner.
b. Retail Market : In this type agricultural
goods are brought and sold to the consumers 3. Technological Advancement : Insurance
as per their requirement. Transactions in these companies work along with agri platforms
markets take place between retailers and who use latest technology. This helps
consumers. farmers to enhance agricultural practices
and reduce farmers losses as well as
13.4 CROP INSURANCE improve their crop production.
Indian agriculture is highly susceptible to
risks like droughts and floods. It is necessory
to protect the farmers from natural calamities
162
4. Yield protection : Crop insurance protect acknowledged immediately and would be
farmers against production loss for crops. It solved within 24 hours.
also offers preventive planting and replant
security of crops. Claim Process :
5. Provides awareness : Insurance companies If actual yield (AY) per hectare of insured
provide awareness campaigns which help crop for the insurance unit in insured season,
farmers to understand the effect of natural falls short of specified Threshold Yield (TY),
calamities and also protect their farms. all insured farmers growing that crop in the
defined area are deemed to have suffered short
13.4.2 Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana fall of similar magnitude in yield PMFBY seeks
(PMFBY) : to provide coverage against such contingency.
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana was 13.5 Kisan Credit Card (KCC)
introduced in 2016 replacing all the existing
crop yield insurance schemes in India. The The farmers in India have to face much
scheme has extended coverage under localized difficulty in arranging short term funds for
risks, post harvest losses, etc. and aims at the planting and harvesting season and to
adoption of technology for yield estimation, meet other agricultural needs. They are largly
through increased farmer awareness and low dependent on credit from the unorganised sector
farmer premium rates. such as money lenders who charge exorbitant
rate of interest. Realizing the need for such
Farmers can avail crop insurance services short-term credit, the kisan credit card scheme
using the revamped PMFBY portal. There is a was launched by the Reserve Bank of India
step by step process that farmers need to follow and NABARD. Kisan credit card is offered by
in order to get their crops insured. commercial banks, regional rural banks and
co-operative banks.
Step 1 : Insurance Premium Calculator
The kisan credit card is a credit scheme
The farmer can calculate the insurance introduced in August 1998 by Indian banks. The
premium themselves using the insurance model scheme was prepared by the National
premium calculator available on the PMFBY Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
portal homepage. (NABARD) on the recommendations of R. V.
Gupta Committee to provide term loans and
Step 2 : Policy Application for Crop agricultural needs.
Insurance
A kisan credit card works in similar ways
A policy application form has to be filled as a normal credit card. You can use it at ATMs
in order to avail crop insurance services. Policy and merchant post terminals. Under the Kisan
form for loanee farmers is filled automatically. credit card scheme, customer can avail two
types of credit i.e. cash credit and term loans.
Step 3 : Report Crop Loss and Apply For A short term credit limit is offered on the kisan
Claim credit card for smaller agricultural needs. Term
loan can also be taken for cultivation, buying
If a crop gets damaged, farmers can equipment, irrigation, etc. Card holders can use
report crop loss and also apply for claim on the the kisan credit i.e. card for certain domestic
PMFBY portal. Once the claim gets approved needs as well.
the farmers receive the insurance amount
directly into their bank account mentioned in The farmers also receive a passbook which
the policy application form. contains all the relevant details of land holding,
credit limit, validity, etc. The repayment period
Step 4 : Complaints and Helpline in kisan credit card is upto maximum of 12
months and card is valid for a period between
Farmers can share their portal related 3-5 years.
grievances through the complaints option
present on the PMFBY portal. Complaints
registered by the farmers would be
163
Remember this Fig. 13.2 Kisan card
1. Cash credit is a facility to withdraw Do you know ?
money from a current bank account
without having credit balance but limited Top Banks offering kisan credit cards in
to the extent of borrowing limit which is India.
fixed by the bank. 1. National Bank for Agricultural and
2. The interest on this facility is charged Rural Development (NABARD)
on the running balance and not the 2. State Bank of India (SBI)
borrowing limit which is given by the 3. Bank of India (BOI)
bank. 4. Industrial Development Bank of India
13.5.1 Features of kisan credit card loan : (IDBI)
5. Axis Bank
• All the farmers are eligible for the benefit 6. Indian Overseas Bank (IOB), etc.
from the kisan credit card scheme. This
includes farmers who cultivate their own Keep in Mind
land and tenant farmers.
What is NAFED?
• The national crop insurance scheme covers National Agricultural Co-operative
the crops eligible for kisan credit card.
The scheme offers some protection to the Marketing Federation of India Ltd (NAFED)
farmers in a poor crop season. is an apex organization of marketing
co-operativesforagriculturalproduceinIndia,
• The biggest advantage of this scheme is the under Ministry of Agriculture, Government
simplicity of the credit process. Quicker and of India. It was founded on the birthday of
timely availability of funds for the farmers. Mahatma Gandhi on 2nd October 1958 to
promote the trade of agricultural produce
• There is minimal paperwork and and forest resources across the nation. It is
documentation involved. registered under Multi State Co-operative
Societies Act. NAFED is now one of the
• There is a lot of flexibility in the repayment largest procurement as well as marketing
tenure of kisan credit card loan. There agencies for agricultural products in India.
is also a possibility of extending the NAFED is the nodal agency to implement
repayment period in case of bad crop price stabilization measures.
turnout due to natural calamities. Farmers
are also offered subvention for timely and With its headquarters in New Delhi,
prompt repayments. NAFED has four regional offices at Delhi,
Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata, apart from
• It ensures assured availability of financial 28 zonal offices in capitals of states and
resources at affordable interest rates. important cities.
• It provides insurance coverage (personal
accident and asset) for the recipient of the
kisan credit cards.
• It provides a facility to withdraw cash as
per the farmers requirements.
• Specifically targeted at farmers as part of
the government scheme for kisan.
164
Exercise
Q.1 Answer the following questions. C. Find the odd one out.
A. Select the appropriate alternative and 1. Village market, Primary market, Terminal
complete the following statements. market, Regional market
1. ---------- has defined marketing as a human 2. World market, Regional market, National
activity through exchange process. market, Regulated market
a. Shekharo b. Philip Kotler 3. Assembling, Equalization, Dispersion,
Crop insurance
c. AMA d. Raman
4. General market, Specialized Market,
2. The markets meant mainly for the import Unregulated market
and export of goods near seashore are
called ---------- markets. D. Sate true or false.
a. Sea board b. retail 1. In regulated markets business is done in
accordance with rules and regulations
c. wholesale d. terminal framed by organisation.
3. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana was 2. In general market only one or two
introduced in the year ----------. commodities are transacted.
a. 2016 b. 2006 3. Kisan credit card is valid for a period of
one year.
c. 2018 d. 2008
4. Seaboard markets are involved in import
4. The Kisan Credit Card scheme introduced and export of goods.
in the year ---------- .
5. In National markets buyers and sellers are
a. 1975 b. 1990 drawn from more than one country.
c. 2000 d. 1998 Q. 2 Answer in brief.
5. Village markets exist mostly for ---------- 1. What are the differences between primary
commodities in small lots. market and secondary market?
a. Perishable b. Processed 2. Write a note on specialized market.
c. Unperishable d. all the above
3. What is the insurance claim process for
B. Make the pairs. PMFBY?
‘A’ Group ‘B’ Group 4. Complete the following chart.
1. Terminal market a. District place Process of Agriculture marketing.
2. Local market
3. Regional market b. ‘A’ class towns
c. Sea ports Assembling --------- ---------
d. Buyers and sellers
from more than
one country
e. Same or nearby
village
--------- ---------
5. Write a note on the World or International
Market
165
Q. 3 Answer the following questions. Q. 5. Answer the following question in detail.
1. What are the different steps to be followed
1. What are the problems in Agricultural
marketing? in application of crop insurance?
2. Describe the types of agricultural market
2. Explain process of Assembling in
marketing. on the basis of location
Q6 Answer the following question in detail.
3. What is the importance of crop insurance? 1. Write in detail process of agricultural
4. Write a short note on kisan credit card marketing.
loan scheme. 2. Define crop insurance and write its
5. Describe terminal markets. importance.
Q. 4. Answer the following questions. Activity
1. What are the characteristics of wholesale Visit the nearby Agriculture Produce
markets? Market Committee (APMC) and know about
regular activities in the market yard.
2. What are the important features of kisan
credit card loan?
3. What are the different marketing channels
for food grains?
4. Write a note on regulated market.
5. Write a note on Pradhan Mantri Fasal
Bima Yojna (PMFBY)
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri
166
14. Preservation
Can you recall? handling food at any stage of manufacturing,
processing, packaging, storage, transportation,
Food is one of the basic necessities distribution of food, import, food services,
for sustenance of life. Fresh, clean, pure, entering services, sale of food or food ingredients
hygienic and healthy food is highly essential fall under the preview of this Act. The FSSAI
for protection and maintenance of health of is an independent statutory Authority with
the people. Therefore, it is the responsibility its headquarters in New Delhi, administered
of Government to provide regulatory systems by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,
for food safety and consumer protection. operates through four Regional offices in New
Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and four
14.1 FOOD LAWS AND REGULATIONS sub-Regional offices in Lucknow, Chandigarh,
Guwahati and Cochin.
Earlier, the regulatory frame work involved 14.1.1 Regulatory Mechanism : FSSAI
was of multiple agencies with overlapping (Food Safety and Standards Authority of
functioning which prevented a smooth and India) responsible for the enforcement of
co-ordinated execution. Various acts and various provisions of the Act. They monitor
orders for food safety in India are in vogue and verify whether the relevant requirements
viz. Prevention of Food Adulteration Act 1954, are being fulfilled by food business operators.
Fruit Products Order, 1955, Meat Products They maintain a system of control including
Order, 1973, Milk and Milk Products Order. public communication on food safety and risk,
1992, Edible Oil Packaging (regulation) Order, food safety surveillance and other monitoring
1998. Standard of Weights and Measures Act activities covering all stages of food business.
and Rules 1956, Essential Commodities Act
1955, etc. These were governing food products Organization structure of FSSAI
regulations.
Chair Person FSSAI
Considering the food adulterations, food
borne illness, food handling hazards and Chief Executive Officer FSSAI
World Trade Organization mandate it became
imperative for the local food business operators State Food Authority Central Food
to match up to the International Food Standards Food Safety Authority
of food commodities. Commissioner
Therefore, the Government of India Regulation Licensing FSSAI
enacted a comprehensive Act, The Food Safety Authority Authority (Headquarters)
and Standards Act(FSSA) in August, 2006.
City Designated Regional and
The food may be processed, partially Municipal Officers Zonal Officers
processed, unprocessed, genetically modified corporation,
or engineered. Primary food, the produce of Food Safety
agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, Town Officers
dairying, or aquaculture in its natural form, Panchayat,
unless with a farmer or fisherman are also
covered under this Act. Main focus of this Act Gram
is to ensure safety and quality across the food Panchayat
chain. Therefore, every food business operator
167
Administration at state level
State Food Safety Commissioner
Referal Designated Adjudicating
Laboratory Officer Officer
Accredited Food Safety Food Safety
Laboratory Officer Appellate
Tribunal
Fig. 14.1 Preserved fruit products
Food Special 14.2.1 Principles of preservation :
Analyst Courts
In general fruits and vegetables deteriorate
14.1.2 Food Safety Standards Regulation : It in quality or get spoiled mainly because of
encourages self-regulation by Food Business biochemical action of enzymes in the fruits
operators (FBO). FSSAI has to perform the and vegetables or of those that are affected by
following regulations (Act and Orders) moulds, yeasts and bacteria; or purely chemical
action or by physical means like bruising,
1. FSS – Licensing and registration of food moisture loss or gain, temperature extremes,
Business, Regulations 2011 absorption of foreign colours and attack of
insects and rodents. Preventing all these should
2. FSS – Food Products Standards and Food be the basis of food preservation.
Additives, Regulation 2011
William C. Frazier (1894-1991), a food
3. FSS – Production and Restriction on Sales microbiogist, outlines the principles underlying
the various methods of food preservation as
Regulations 2011 follows:
4. FSS – Food Product Standards and Food 1. Preservation or delay of microbial
Additives, Regulations 2011 decomposition :
5. FSS – Contaminants, Toxins, and Residue a. By keeping out micro-organisms by
Regulations 2011 sanitary handling (asepsis)
6. FSS – Laboratory and Sampling Analysis b. By removal of micro-organisms e.g. by
filtration.
Regulations 2011
c. By hindering the growth and activity of
14.2 PRESERVED FRUIT micro-organisms by low temperature,
PRODUCTS drying, anaerobic conditions or chemicals.
Do you know ? d. By killing micro-organisms, e.g., by heat
or radiations.
The present processing level of fruits
and vegetables into value added products a. Asepsis : Avoiding micro-organisms is
in our country is about 23%. However it aimed at preventing initial spoilage. Natural
was around 2 - 3% in the year 2002-03. protecting cover around the food is provided
The significant increase is due to the by shells of nuts, by skin or peels of fruits and
promotional schemes/projects launched by vegetables, the husks of ear corn, the shells of
the Ministry of Food Processing Industries, eggs and the skin, membrane or fat on meat or
Govt. of India. The level of processing of fish. In advanced packaging technology, food
fruits and vegetables in other countries material packed in loose cartons or wrapper to
are at about 80% in Thailand, 78% in a hermetically sealed (aseptically) container
philippines, etc. for canned foods.
168
Do this spoilage is significantly controlled. Canned
and retortable pouch processed food are best
1. Study the different types of fruits and examples.
vegetables available in the local market.
2. Preventionordelayatself-decomposition
2. Group them according ot their shape, of the food :
type, fruits, vegetables, taste, colour, etc.
a. By destruction or inactivation of enzymes
Sanitary methods of handling food from the e.g. blanching
source of production to the final point of use
coupled with the control of environmental b. By destruction or delay of purely chemical
factors to inhibit microbial multiplication of the reactions such as preventing oxidation by
few contaminants will result in the preservation means of an antioxidant.
of the food.
a. By destruction or inactivation of enzymes:
b. Removal of micro organisms may not
be very effective but helpful in reducing the The method used to control the activity of
contaminants. Rinsing raw food with potable microorganisms usually are effective against
water removes most of the soil organisms on self-decomposition of the food which is brought
the surface of fruits and vegetables. After this about by enzymes. For example, the blanching
treatment, sanitary handling of the food is of fruits and vegetables in boiling water
necessary to prevent re-contamination. The inactivates the enzymes and is particularly
surface of the rinsed food should not be left an important pretreatment for freezing and
moist as this encourages growth of whatever dehydration.
organisms may be left behind.
a. Preservation or delay of purely chemical
Trimming away the spoiled portions of reactions :
a food may help in reducing the amount of
contaminants that can proliferate and cause Decomposition of refined oil (rancidity),
spoilage of fruits and vegetables. non-enzymatic browning or amino-aldehyde
reaction, oxidation of ascorbic acid (vit. C)
are examples of purely chemical reactions.
Temperature, moisture and oxygen favour these
chemical reactions. The use of antioxidants
c. Hindering the growth and activity of (BHA) and oil containing antioxidant (vit. E)
micro organisms used to control the activity of will prevent the problem.
microorganisms are in fact methods that alter 3. Prevention of damage by insects, rodents
environmental conditions like temperature, and mechanical causes :
moisture, oxygen and pH of the food to a
state unfavourable for microbial spoilage. This requires the use of packaging and
Refrigeration and freezing slow down or stop sanitary storage measures with moisture and
microbial growth in chilled and frozen food. temperature control to protect the food from
Drying reduces the level of moisture in food damage caused by insects and rodents. Careful
which is unfavorable for growth of micro handling, proper packaging will check the
organisms. Evacuation or vacuumization food mechanical damage of fruits and vegetables.
pack will limit the oxygen and thus hinder the
growth of micro-organisms. 14.2.2 Preparation of value added products :
d. Killing microorganisms by heat is the I. Jam : Jam is prepared by boiling the fruit
application of pasteurization or mild heating pulp with a sufficient quantity of sugar to a
and sterilization with a more intense heating reasonably thick consistency, firm enough to
will reduce micro organisms by killing most hold fruit tissues in the mass. In its preparation
of them. Coupled with improved packaging about 20.4 kg of fruit pulp should be used for
in hermetically sealed containers, microbial every 24.9 kg of sugar. It should contain not less
than 68.5 percent soluble solids as determined
169
by refractometer (expressed as degree brix) Fig. 14.2a Fruit Jam
when cold. As per the FSSAI (FPO,1955)
specifications, jam may be prepared from one
kind of fruit or from combination of two or
more fruits.
The fruit used shall be mature, ripe,
fresh, firm, sound, clean and free from
fermentation and mould. Pectin derived from
any fruit may be used when necessary. The
other substances added are sugar, essence,
permitted colours, citric acid and preservatives.
No artificial sweeteners shall be added.
A jam is more or less concentrated fruit
having a fairly thick consistency and firm
body. It is also rich in flavour because of ripe
fruit, which has developed full flavour, used
in its preparation. Pectin present in the fruit
gives it a good setting. High concentration of
sugar facilitates preservation due to its osmotic
pressure.
Recipe for fruit jam : Fig. 14.2b Fruit Jam
Ingredients Weight (kg) Final check points
Mango Pineapple Apple
Fruit pulp 1 1 1 • Pulp- 45%
Sugar 1.2 1.2 1.2 • Sugar- 55%
Citric Acid 6-8 gm 4-6 gm 5-6 gm • Citric acid - 0.6 to
Pectin Powder 10-12 gm 7-10 gm 10-12 gm 1.0% of pulp taken
• Pectin- 0.5-1.0% of
pulp taken
Essence 2 to 4 ml 5 ml pine 5 ml (ap- • Final pH-3.6
mango apple ple)
Colour • Final TSS-68.5° brix
3-4 gm orange 3-4 gm 3-4 gm
Preservative (Potassi- red yellow apple red • Final acidity 0.4-0.6%
um meta-bi-sulphite) (as citric acid)
100 mg 100 mg 100 mg
Yield (approx) 2 kg 2 kg 2kg
1. Selection of fruits : Select fully ripe, good and obtain fine, thick pulp, free of fibrous
colour, firm, rich aroma fruits. Rinse the threads.
fruits and blanch them before use.
3. Addition of sugar : As per the recipe
2. Preparation of fruit/extraction of pulp given above, weigh the fruit pulp, and take
: Remove peels, seeds, stone, unedible the sugar accordingly. Add sugar at the
portion, stalk, and then cut fruits into small rate of 0.75 to 1.20 kg per kg of fruit plup
pieces. Put into fruit pulper/food processor
170
according to sweetness of the pulp. Weigh Process flow chart
the other ingredients also. for preparation of Fruit Jam
4. Cooking : Take the pulp in a thick bottom Selection of fruit
vessel (having copper base), add sugar into (ripe, deep coloured, high pectin,
it and start cooking on a medium flame; stir rich flavour, free from insects, pest,
it occasionally with long handled spatula disease, damage and any blemishes)
or wooden scoop, add citric acid, mix
well, check the TSS, finally add the pectin Clean, rins, grade
powder in the mixture after mixing it with
little sugar, allow it to boil; Do not stirr Blanch
it continuously. Check the TSS by using (Dip in boiling water whole fruit for 4-5
hand refractometer. It should be around min. followed by cooling in cold water)
68.5° Brix. Stop cooking. Add the colour,
essence and preservative separately in Removal, cutting, removal of
different containers. Then slowly add, one seeds, peels, stones, etc.
by one in the whole mixture, stirr well.
Continue cooking for about 5 minutes. Extraction of pulp using
pulper/food processor
5. Judging end point (done stage) :
Strain/sieve through sieve
a. Sheet or flake test : A small quantity of
jam is taken from the mixture with the weigh the pulp, place it in an
spoon, cool slightly and allow it to fall aluminium vessel
down, it should flow in a sheet or flake not
like a drop or thread. Addition of sugar (pulp: sugar
ratio 45:55)
b. Total soluble solids (TSS) : is measured
by using hand refractometer (range 58- Cook using gas/steam
92° Brix) by taking small quantity of
the cooked mass, put it on the prism and Weigh of other ingredients as
observe the reading through eye piece, it per the above recipe
should be around 68.5° Brix (%)
Addition of citric acid 0.6 to 1.0% of pulp
c. Temperature test : When the temperature taken, cook the mass up to ½ volume
of cooking mass reaches to 103-106° C,
the jam is considered as ready. Addition of pectin powder 0.5
to 1.0% of the pulp taken.
d. Ball formation test : Place a drop of
cooked jam in a glass of water, if a firm Cooking by intermitant stirring
ball is formed at the bottom of glass, it will
show that the jam is ready for setting. Check end point
1. Total soluble solids 68.5° Brix
e. On the basis of weight : the finished jam 2. Temperature 103-106°C
should be ½ of the initial volume/(wt). 3. Sheet formation Test
4. Ball formation Test
Remember this 5. Colour-deep orange red
6. Final stage shows excessive
Analysis of Jam : Determination of invert
sugar (glucose) : by titration method (using frothing in the vessel
Lane and Enyon method) - 50 - 80% degree
of inversion.
Estimation of acidity as citric acid : 0.5 to
0.7%.
171
Addition of preservative mainly consist of vinegar extract of various
(Sodium meta-bi-sulphite 100 mg flavouring materials like spices and herbs.
jam+colour 3-4 gm+essence 2-5 ml/kg
Tomato sauce is the thick sauce. A sauce
jam) which does not flow freely and which is highly
viscous is called a fruit sauce. The thick
Fill the jam in sterilized hot jam type sauces contain sugar, acid (acetic), and fruit
wide mouth glass bottles upto mouth or vegetable pulp. It should contain 1.2 to 3
percent acetic acid to ensure keeping quality.
leaving 1/4” space from the top The acidity should not exceed 3.4%. The sugar
content may usually vary from 15 to 30 percent
While filling the hot thick mass in the according to the kind of sauce made. Usually
bottle allow to flow slowly using long malt vinegar is used.
neck stainless steel funnel to avoid In India, tomatoes are grown round the
bubble formation year. A large number of hybrid and selected
varieties are grown every year. For processing
Seal with plastic ring using hot purpose, the tomatoes should contain TSS>6°
air or pour on it melted wax, brix, thick pulp, less seed and peels, less poly-
allow to cool over night phenol oxydase enzymes and deepred tomato
colouring pigments with characteristic flavour.
Fix with screw type lid
Amongst, the tomato sauce, thick, pungent
Label (as per FSSAI standards) hot, spicy is preferred by a large population.
The FSSAI (PFA) has given the specifications
Storage for tomato sauce are as under:
Tomato sauce having acidity 1.2%,
Quality evaluation (physical, chemical, TSS > 150 brixfree from fungal attack or
microbial, sensory, etc) blemishes, added only fruit pulp, juice, sugar,
spices, salt, vinegar, citric acid, acetic acid,
6. Filling and sealing : Hot jam mass is malic acid, onion, garlic, permitted colours,
filled in wide mouth sterilized hot glass etc.
bottles upto mouth. Place the hot bottles on
a wooden plank while filling the hot jam. Fig. 14.3 Tomato sauce
Allow them to cool to room temperature.
Pour melted wax on the top of the jam at
the mouth of the bottles. Cool it for over
night or fix with plastic lid on the bottle
mouth and seal it firmly using hot gun.
Label it and store in a cool dry place.
7. Quality testing : Take out the samples
periodically during storage period
for observing the changes in quality
parameters such as physical, chemical,
microbial and sensory attributes.
II. Preparation of Tomato sauce :
Sauces are generally of two kinds and
they are the thin and thick sauces. Thin souces
172
Process flow chart for tomato sauce • Taste - Spicy, pungent, little hot, sweet-
Selection of fruit (fully ripe, free of insect, sour
pest, disease, damages/injuries). • Salt - 1.3-3.4%
Blanch the fruits in boiling water for 5-7 min • Colour - Tomato red with bright luster
(we get cracks on tomato peels)
• Consistency - Thick (thickening agent
0.1-0.2% by weight.)
Removal and extraction of hot tomato pulp Add preservatives
using pulper i) Sodium benzoate @ (100mg/kg)
ii. Acetic acid 2 - 3 ml/kg
Weigh the pulp and other ingredients as per
recipe (1/3rd sugar and salt 1 to 4 ingredients) Fill hot in sterlized hot glass bottles upto neck
Place in aluminium-copper based vessel Capping/Sealing
Cook at medium flame Dip in boiling water for about 25-30 min
Continue stirring intermitantly to avoid Removal, Cool under tap water
charring at the bottom
Label and storage
Grind the onion shreds, garlic, ginger in to fine
paste, add all spices powder (garam masala) 6 Recipe : Tomato sauce
to 11 ingredients No Ingredients Qty
1 Tomato pulp 1.000 kg
Tie the mixture in a muslin cloth piece loosely.
2 Sugar 75-100 gm
Dip it in the cooking vessel, to get spicy taste
3 Salt 10-12 gm
Add the remaining sugar, salt and mix well
(continue cooking) 4 Chilli powder red 3-5 gm
Concentrate the mixture up to 1/2 of the 5 Ginger cut pcs 2-3 gm
volume
6 Onion chopped 5-10 gm
Add guar gum @ 2-4 gms/kg, mix well
7 Cinnamon 1-3 gm
Check the done stage
• Check TSS >150 - brix (minimum) 8 Cardamom (spicy) 3-5 gm
• Acidity - 1.2% (acetic acid)
9 Cumin 3-5 gm
10 Black pepper 3-5 gm
11 Cloves 3-5 gm
12 Acetic acid/vinegar 2-3 ml/125
ml
13 Sodium benzoate 100 mg
(Preservative)
14 Guar gum (thickening 2-4 gm
agent)
Process - Follow the steps given in the above
flow chart
173
III. Pickles pickles; some portion of oil is used for
sauting of the spices before mixing them
The process of preservation of food in in pickles.
common salt or vinegar is called pickling.
Spices and edible oil also may be added to the 6. Vinegar/ acetic acid Vinegar contains
product. Pickles of various kinds are knows acetic acid up to 3-5% and used in pickles
well throughout India and many parts of the to improve taste, check the growth of
world. Some of the typical Indian pickles are micro-organisms (spoilage), added just
made from mango, lime, turnip, cabbage, before filling the pickle in containers, it
cauliflower etc. and have become popular in acts as preservative.
several counties. Pickles have also good export
market. 7. Preservative Sodium benzoate is added in
pickles for checking the growth of micro-
Pickles are good appetizers and add to the organisms, after dissolving the powder,
palatability of a meal. They aid digestion by it forms benzoic acid which has more
stimulating the flow of gastric juice. The food efficacy against the micro organisms,
value of cucumber pickle exceeds that of eggs, used @ 250 mg/kg pickle.
rice, onion and tomatoes.
Recipe - Mango Pickle
The Indian pickles are prepared with
oil. Mustard, rape seed and sesamum oils are Mango (raw) pieces 1 kg
generally used.
Salt 226 g
Preparation of Mango Pickle :
Fenugreek ground powder 28 g
Raw Materials : Raw materials used in pickling
should possess certain definite characterstics. Turmeric powder 28 g
1. Salt : The common salt is most suitable, Red chilli powder 28 g
preferably use the crystal salt.
Black pepper 15 g
2. Fruit pieces Firm, mature, raw mango
fruit, light acidity, low in poly phenol Fennel seed 28 g
oxydases enzymes causing browning, high
starch, less sugar. Garam Masala 28 g
3. Sugar Cane sugar or jaggery can be used Acetic acid 1-2 ml
a little to taste.
Sodium Benzoate 2-3 g
4. Spices The spices used depend on the
taste and liking of the people. However Mustard 50 g
in general the mix spices used are clove,
coriander seed, pepper, mustard seed, Asafoetida 5g
cardamom seed, mace, ginger, onion,
garlic, cinamon, all spices, etc., in the form Remember this
of powder-mixture, (commonly known as
garam masala). Pickles are added with red Methods of Preservation :
chilli powder, turmeric powder, etc. 1. Moisture Removal - Drying
2. Heat Treatment -Pasteurization
5. Oil The oil is used to improve taste, 3. Low Temperature - Freezing
keeping quality and appearance of pickles. 4. Chemical Preservatives -Class I &
Refined oil of any edible seed may be used.
Mustard oil is used for red colour; refined Class II
cotton seed oil for checking rancidity in 5. Asepsis - Advanced packaging
6. Irradiation - gamma rays
7. Removal of air - Vacuum
8. Fermentation - Acetic acid
174
Process flow chart : Fig. 14.4b Mixed pickle
Selection of raw mango
wash, clean, grade
Cut into desired size pieces, weigh
Weigh all ingredients, clean and grind
Take little oil in clean vessel/pan, heat it
and add mustuerd seed, turmeric powder, all
garam masala powder, fenugreek, mustard
dal, stop heating
Put the cut mango pieces, add salt, mix well
Add sodium benzoate, acetic acid (vinegar),
mix well lightly, add all oil, again mix
Check the test for sourness, pungency, salt,
oil, consistency, colour, etc.
Fill in the sterilized glass/standy pouch/china
containers upto neck, press it, store at clean
dry place as such for about 25-30 days
Mix lightly and take out sample for cut out
test (colour, taste, flavour, consistency)
Fig. 14.4a Mango pickle
175
Exercise
Q. 1 Answer the following question. C. Find the odd one out.
A. Select the appropriate alternative and 1. Jam, Jelly, Pickle, Juice
complete the following statements.
2. Guava, Papaya, Mango, Tomato
1. The Govt. of India enacted a comprehensive
food act known as ............... 3. Sodium benzoate, Acetic Acid, Citric acid,
Guar gum
a. PFA b. ISO
4. Cinnamon, Cumin, Clove, Sugar
c. FPO d. FSSA
5. Sheet test, Flake test, Ball test, Sweet taste
2. Preservation of food can be achieved by
keeping out micro-organisms by sanitary D. Write true or false.
handling known as ................
1. The principle underlying in keeping out
a. pasteurization b. asepsis micro-organisms by sanitary handling is
known as asepsis.
c. sterilization d. canning
2. Preparation of value added products from
3. The growth and activity of micro-organisms agricultural commodities will reduce the
(spoilage) in tomato sauce is controlled by post harvest losses.
use of .................
3. Total soluble solids (TSS) in jam
a. irradiation b. filtration preparation is measured by thermometer.
c. sodium benzoate d. salt 4. Packaging of fruit juices by tetra pack
technology helps in preservation.
4. In fruit jam making process the preservation
action is carried out by using............. 5. The food products order, 1955 regulation is
concerned to fruit and vegetable preserved
a. SO2 gas b. high sugar products, now it is under FSSA, 2006.
c. pectin powder d. citric acid
Q. 2 Answer in brief.
5. In pickle making preservation is mainly
achieved by addition of ........... 1. Enlist the various principles of food
preservation.
a. salt b. sugar
2. List the various methods of preservation of
c. colour d. water food.
B. Make the pairs. 3. What is the full form of FSSAI.
Group ‘A’ Group ‘B’ 4. Write in brief about quality testing of fruit
1. Mango pickle a. Pectin rich fruit jam.
2. Tomato sauce b. Citric acid
3. Fruit jam c. Sulphuric acid
d. Vinegar
e. Salt and oil
176
Q. 3 Answer the following questions. Q. 5 Answer the following question in detail.
1. Write the importance of preservation
1. Give the process flow chart for preparation
of fruit jam. of food by checking/ killing the micro-
organisms and enzymes.
2. What are the functions of FSSAI. 2. Write flow sheet for preparation of mango
jam.
3. Enumerate the method of preparation of Q.6 Answer the following questions in detail.
tomato sauce. 1. Explain the principles of preservation.
2. Write in detail complete procedure of jam
4. List the various ingredients required for preparation.
mango pickle preparation.
Activity
5. What are the various methods of judging
end point of fruit jam. Prepare Pickles at your home.
Q. 4 Answer the following questions.
1. What are the ingredients used for making
fruit jam ?
2. What are the ingredients used for making
tomato sauce ?
3. What are the steps in making pickles ?
4. List the various preservatives used in food.
Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani
177
Agriculture Science and Technology
Practical Syllabus
Std - XII
List of Practicals
1. Calculation of plant population for given area.
2. Calculation of actual quantity of fertilizers for different crops and calculation of unit val-
ue (cost of fertilizer per kg)
3. Practicing different methods of fertilizer application for wheat, paddy and soybean.
4. Practicing layout of sugarcane planting and set treatment.
5. Practicing asexual methods of propagation viz: cutting, layering, budding and grafting.
6. Emasculation and pollination in cotton.
7. Prepartion of cropping scheme and calender of operations.
8. Practicing various nursery operations.
9. Evaluation of seedlings after germination and calculation of seed germination percentage.
10. Seed treatment with chemicals and biofertilizers.
11. Use of computer, internet and smart phones for collection and communication of agricul-
tural infromation.
12. Preparation of mushroom pickle.
13. Practicing various green house operations.
14. Prepartion of jam, sauce and pickles.
15. Practicing post harvest operations in handling of agricultural produce.
16. Study of cost of cultivation of some crops.
17. Awareness in purchasing, storage and application of agricultural inputs.
18. Preparation of crop cafeteria and writing of reports in journal.
Visits
• At least four visits from the following list should be conducted.
• Separate section of visit report should be written in the journal.
1. Visit to tissue culture unit.
2. Visit to hightech nursery.
3. Visit to seed processing plant/seed testing laboratory.
4. Visit to polyhouse.
5. Visit to Agrotourism centre.
6. Visit to organic farming unit.
7. Visit to agriculture produce market committee (APMC).
8. Visit to allied agriculture enterprises (Sugar factory, Jaggery plant, Dal mill, Oil extraction
plant, Processing industry).
Project work
Complete any one of the following projects.
1. Prepartion of seed album.
2. Collection of farm records.
3. Prepartion of seedling for transplanting.
4. Collection of mushroom samples.
5. Prepartion of album of diseased plant parts.
178
Agriculture Science and Technology
Specimen question paper (Practical) std - XII
Time - 3 hrs Marks - 30
Q. 1 Identification 6
A. Identify
B. Subquestion
Note : In all 6 Specimens should be kept, each carrying 1 mark (1/2 mark for
identification and 1/2 mark for correct answer of subquestion)
Q. 2 Solve any two of the following. 6
A. Mathematical problem from practical syllabus
(viz. plant population/seed germi nation percentage)
B. Mathematical problem from practical syllabus
(viz. quantity of fertilizers/unit value of fertilizers)
C. Theoractical question from practical syllabus.
Q. 3 Practical exercise (any one) 6
A. Layering/budding/grafting
B. Emasculation and pollination in cotton
C. Fertilizer application
D. Evaluation of seedlings after germination
E. Use of computer or smart phone and internet.
F. Layout of sugarcane planting or set treatment
G. Seed treatments with chemicals and bio-fertilizers
Q. 4 A. Viva-voce - 02 6
B. Journal - 04
Q. 5 A. Project report - 03 6
B. Visit report - 03
Any one report on project and the visit actually given by the student during the aca
demic year.
179
List of Reference Books
1. Introduction to Agronomy and Soil and 21. Manures and Fertilizers - K. S. Yawalar, J.
Water Management - Dr. V. G. Vidya, K. P. Agarwal, S. Bokde, Agri-Horticultural
R. Sahasrabuddhe, Continental Prakashan, Publishing House, Nagpur.
Pune - 411030
22. Commercial Production of Horticultural
2. Crop Production and Field Experimentation Crops - H. N. Samaddar, Naya Udyoy,
- Dr. V. G. Vidya, K. R. Shasrabuddhe, Dr. Kolkata.
V. S. Khuspe. continental Prakashan, Pune -
411030 23. Basic Horticulture - Jitendra Singh, Kalyani
Publishers, Ludhiyana.
3. Agronomy- S. C. Panda, Agrobios (India)
Jodhpur - 342002. 24. Vegetable Crops- T. K. Bose, K. Kabir et. al.,
Naya Prokash Kolkata.
4. Principle of Agronomy - J. Yellamanda
Reddy, G. H. Sankara Reddy - Kalyani 25. Introductory Ornamental Horticulture - J. S.
Publishers. Arora, Kalyani Publishers.
5. Principle of Crop Production, S. Reddy, 26. A Class Book of Botany - A. C. Datta, Oxford
Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiyana. Publication.
6. Hand Book of Agriculture, I. C. A. R., New 27. Agriculture Science and Technology, Std XI
Delhi. and Std XII, 2018, Maharashtra State Board
Secondary and Higher Secondary Education,
7. Principles of Agriculture, Ashok S. Jadhav, Pune.
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