CATS ENSYCLOPEDIA

THE SKELETON AND BODY FORM

SKULL

A domestic cat’s skull is broad with a short nose. ROUNDED, WEDGE- LONG, WEDGE- ROUNDED, FLAT ROUNDED, FLAT
It is made up of 29 bones that fuse together as a SHAPED FACE SHAPED FACE FACE (FRONT) FACE (SIDE)
cat matures and stops growing. The eye sockets,
or orbits, are very large and face forward, which the range of shapes and sizes in dogs. This Head shapes
allow hunters to judge distance accurately when is partly due to the fact that their function was Most cats resemble their wild ancestors, having a round
pouncing on prey. The lower jaw of the cat is solely pest control, whereas dogs were used head with a wedge-shaped face. Some breeds, however,
relatively short compared to their wild relatives, for many different purposes, such as hunting have an elongated wedge shape, while others have a
especially big cats such as the leopard and lion. and herding; and partly due to the fact that rounded, flat “doll face.”
It is connected to the skull by a hinge joint that the genes that control size are not as easy to
limits movement to the vertical plane and is manipulate. There are, however, some feline cross. Some variety does occur, however,
exceptions, such as the tailless Manx (see within the head (see above) and body (see
controlled by strong pp. 164–65) and the short-legged Munchkin below) shapes of domestic cats. Oriental
masseter muscles that (see pp. 150–51 and p. 233). The smallest cats, breeds, such as the Siamese (see pp. 104–09),
provide a powerful such as the Singapura (see p. 86), reach an tend to have a slender, highly sinuous build,
bite so that a cat can adult weight of 4–9lb (2–4kg) and the largest long, thin limbs and tail, and a wedge-shaped
maintain its hold on breeds, such as the Highlander (see p. 158), head. Western breeds, such as the British
struggling prey. range from 10–25lb (4.5–11kg). The adult Shorthair (see pp. 118–19), have a stocky
weight among dog breeds, on the other hand, shape, with a compact, muscular body,
movements and allows a cat to squeeze can range from 3–175lb (1–79kg). relatively short legs, a thicker tail, and a
effortlessly through gaps wide enough to rounder head. Of course, many breeds, such
accommodate its head. Like all carnivores, The relatively large size of some of the new as the Ragdoll (see p. 216), fall between these
three of the wrist bones are fused into what hybrid breeds may be influenced by the genes two extremes of body shape, and the head
is known as the scapholunar bone. It is from their wild cat ancestors. For example, and body forms can be combined in different
thought to be an adaptation for climbing the Savannah (see pp. 146–47) is derived from ways by the different cat breeders. Body
that appeared in the early ancestors of the a serval-domestic cat cross and the Chausie forms also tend to vary around the world,
group. Powerful, long hind limbs are attached (see p. 149) from a jungle cat-domestic cat depending on the climate of a region.
to the pelvis with ball-and-socket joints and
provide drive when running and pouncing.

BODY FORM
The body form of different types of cat
is remarkably uniform when you consider

Body shapes
Eastern breeds tend to have a
slender body shape best suited
to warm climates. They have a
higher surface area to volume
ratio to aid cooling. Western
breeds tend to be stocky and
prefer a temperate climate.
They have a low surface area
to volume ratio, which helps to
retain heat. Some breeds have
a body shape that falls between
these two extremes.

SLENDER ATHLETIC BODY INTERMEDIATE BODY STOCKY BODY

Tail shapes LONG TAIL RING TAIL BOBTAIL
Most cats have a long
tail, which they use for
balance and communication.
A few breeds, such as the
Manx and Bobtails (see
pp. 161–63), have a short,
stumpy tail or no tail at all.
One breed, the American
Ringtail (see p. 167), has a
curl in its tail.

49

FELINE BIOLOGY | SKIN AND COAT

Skin and coat

The skin is an organ, like the heart or liver. In fact, it is the largest organ of a cat’s body,
enveloping and protecting the animal from environmental threats and diseases. The soft
fur coat, which grows from the skin, is composed of different types of hair and also plays a
protective role. The ancestors of the domestic cat were shorthaired, but selective breeding
has produced other coat types, ranging from silky longhaired to almost hairless.

The cat’s skin has many roles: it acts as of movement. This looseness also helps four cells thick and consists of living cells.
a barrier against disease-causing agents, when fighting, because it allows a cat to These cells divide repeatedly to replenish the
or pathogens; it forms a waterproof turn to some degree and defend itself, outer layers, which are constantly shed from
layer, preventing vital fluids from leaking even when its skin is held. the body’s surface. The epidermis also
out of the body; its blood vessels help contains immune cells that fight pathogens.
regulate internal body temperature; and TWO LAYERS
it makes vitamin D, which is necessary for The skin has two layers: the outer layer The inner layer, the dermis, is more complex
healthy bones. Cats have loose skin that is called the epidermis, and the inner, the and contains connective tissue, hair follicles,
complements their natural flexibility dermis. The epidermis is mainly composed muscles, blood vessels, sebaceous and sweat
of layers of dead, flattened cells containing glands, and millions of nerve endings that
Skin structure a tough protein called keratin and water- detect heat, cold, light touch, pressure, and
This cross-section of a cat’s skin and coat shows the resistant chemicals. The hair and claws are pain. Cats do not produce sweat to cool the
outer protective epidermis, made of dead, toughened also made largely of keratin. The deepest, skin. Instead, they produce oily secretions
cells, and the inner dermis, rich in blood vessels, nerves, or basal, layer of the epidermis is only about from the sweat glands that condition and
glands, and hair follicles that form the coat. protect the skin and coat. A cat’s skin is
Tylotrich hair pigmented—except in areas where the fur
Awn hair is fine is a type of is white—and is the same color, although
secondary hair sensory hair slightly paler, as the hair that grows from it.
Glands in a cat’s skin also release a scent,
Down hair is Guard, or primary, hair which is a vital component in feline
soft and wavy forms the protective communication (see p. 281).
secondary hair layer of the coat
TYPES OF HAIR
Smooth Surface layer of dead, Cats have four kinds of hair: down, awn,
surface of skin keratinized cells guard, and sensory hair. Down hair is fluffy,
short, and thin and provides insulation for
Nerve carries Basal layer warmth. Awn hair is intermediate in length,
signals from produces cells has thickened tips, and provides warmth, but
skin and hair for surface layer is also protective. Guard hair forms the outer

Follicle Erector muscle
contains
Dermis is
many composed of
hair roots strong, elastic tissue

Sebaceous Capillaries Coat types HAIRLESS
gland supply blood Most cats are shorthairs, but
to dermis some have other types of coat.
secretes oil Hairless breeds, such as the
Sweat gland Sphynx, have almost no hair;
50 responds to rexed cats have curly hair; and
nerve signals longhaired breeds have hair
up to 5in (12cm) long.
Subcutaneous fat

SKIN AND COAT

Communicating by scent Cats spread scent Scent from upper back
Cats have a phenomenal sense of smell. They deposit scent from their heads during and rump is rubbed on
produced by sebaceous glands in the skin to communicate friendly greetings objects to mark territory
with other cats without meeting face to face. Scent, which
contains chemicals called pheromones, allows cats to Scent from anal glands coats
recognize friends and enemies, different territories, and feces to help mark territory
the sexual status of other cats.

coat, which protects the cat against the Cats deposit scent from
elements. These straight hairs, which taper paws when scratching
toward their end, are the thickest and longest
of the three types of coat hair. They are more coat does not contain any awn hairs; the UNDERSTANDING
dense on the back, chest, and abdomen. Cornish Rex’s (see pp. 176–77) coat does COAT COLORS
not have any guard hairs, just curly down
Whiskers, or vibrissae, are long, thick and awn hairs; and the apparently hairless Pigmentation in cat fur varies from an even
sensory hairs found on the cat’s head, Sphynx (see pp. 168–69) has a light covering distribution along the hair shaft, which produces
throat, and forelegs. These touch sensors of down, but lacks whiskers. a solid coat, to no pigment at all, which gives
help a cat to explore in the dark and to white fur. A solid coat’s color varies with
detect nearby objects (see p. 45). Other Coats come in a bewildering range of the density of pigment in the coat hairs. For
sensory hairs, called tylotrichs, are patterns and colors (see pp. 52–53). Coat example, dilute black gives blue. If just the end
scattered throughout the coat and have color is produced by two forms of the part of each hair holds color, the coat is tipped,
a role similar to that of the whiskers. pigment melanin: eumelanin (black and shaded, or smoke (see p. 52). Ticked shafts have
brown) and phaeomelanin (red, orange, alternating dark and light bands and give a color
Cats have compound hair follicles, which and yellow). Except for white hair, all called agouti.
means that many hairs, but only one guard colors are the result of varying amounts
hair, grow from a single follicle. This creates of these two pigments on the hair shaft.
a thick coat—one square millimeter of cat
skin can contain as many as 200 hairs. Hair
itself is made of overlapping scales, which
are the remains of keratin-packed cells. Each
follicle has a sebaceous gland, which produces
oil to waterproof and condition the coat,
and a small muscle that raises the hair when
the cat is angry or excited, making it appear
larger and more daunting to enemies.

The sensory hairs are by far the least
numerous of all types of hair. The other
types of hair occur roughly in the ratio
of 100 down: 30 awn: 2 guard hairs.
However, selective breeding has altered this
proportion and lengths in many breeds to
produce a variety of coats. For example, the
Maine Coon’s (see pp. 214–15) longhaired

Solid One-eighth
color holds color

One-
quarter

holds
color

SOLID TIPPED

Half of the Band of
hair holds color
color
Band
SHADED without

color

SMOKE TICKED

SHORT-COATED CURLY-COATED LONG-COATED

51

FELINE BIOLOGY | SKIN AND COAT TIPPED FUR
When just the tip of each hair is heavily
SOLID COLORS pigmented, the effect is known as tipping,
Black and red and their dilute forms, blue and cream, are known as Western colors chinchilla, or shell. The unpigmented
because they traditionally occurred in European and American breeds, such as the section of the hair is usually white, or
British Shorthair and Maine Coon. Solid-white and bicolored are also considered silver, although undercoats with yellow
Western. Coat colors traditionally found in breeds with origins east of Europe, such or reddish coloring can occur.
as the Siamese and Persian, are known as Eastern colors. They are chocolate and
cinnamon, and their dilute forms, lilac and fawn. All colors now occur globally.

BLACK CINNAMON LIGHT
CHOCOLATE
TIPPED

BLUE FAWN BLUE-TIPPED
SILVER

SHADED FUR SMOKED FUR TICKED FUR
The upper quarter of each hair is colored When about half of the uppermost hair The hair shafts have alternating pigmented
in shaded fur. Shaded fur appears darker shaft is colored, the coat is known as and paler bands in ticked coats. The tips
on the back, where the fur lies flat. When smoke. Cats with smoked fur often of each hair are always pigmented. Also
the cat moves, shading produces a rippling appear to have a solid coat. When the cat known as agouti, ticked fur occurs in
effect. A coat in which the shaded part of moves, however, the paler roots become many wildcats and other mammals
the hair is red or cream is called a cameo. more visible and the coat “shimmers.” because it provides excellent camouflage.

CREAM BLACK SILVER
SHADED SMOKE RED
CAMEO

SILVER BLUE RUDDY
SHADED SMOKE

52

SKIN AND COAT

PARTI-COLORS TORTIE COLORS POINTED
A parti, or parti-colored cat, has two or Tortoiseshell, or tortie, coats have patches Coats in which the extremities are dark
more colors in its coat. Partis include of black (or chocolate or cinnamon) and and the body paler are called pointed.
bicolor and tricolor cats and are found in red fur either closely mingled or in In the Siamese and Persian Colorpoint,
many breeds, both shorthair and longhair. distinct patches. Dilute forms of the this pattern is controlled by a heat-
Partis also include torties (see right) and coats also appear: blue, lilac, or fawn sensitive enzyme involved in producing
tabbies (see below, right) with white with cream fur. Patches of red or cream hair pigment. The enzyme works only in
patches. When torties have a high fur always have some tabby markings, the cooler extremities of the body, hence
proportion of white fur, the pattern is and if the other color patches are tabby, the darker fur. The pointed coat of the
described as “calico” or “tortie and white.” too, the cat is known as a patched tabby. Turkish Van, with dark fur on the head
Tortie cats are almost always female. and tail only, is a form of white spotting.
PARTI-COLOR
BRITISH ASIAN SOLID-POINTED
SHORTHAIR TORTIE SIAMESE

PARTI-COLOR BRITISH
RAGDOLL SHORTHAIR
TORTIE

TURKISH VAN

WHITE SPOTTING TABBY PATTERNS
Patches of white in a cat’s coat are produced Swirls, stripes, or spots of black, brown, silver, or red solid fur mixed with
by a dominant gene that suppresses the paler areas of ticked fur form tabby coats. There are four main patterns:
production of colored fur. The result spotted; classic (blotches or swirls); mackerel (striped); and ticked.
is a parti-colored coat (see above). The
patches vary from just one small area to
an almost all-white coat.

WHITE-SPOTTED
MAINE COON

SPOTTED MACKEREL

NONPEDIGREE
SHORTHAIR WITH
WHITE BIB AND
MITTENS

CLASSIC TICKED

53

FELINE BIOLOGY | MUSCLE AND MOVEMENT

Muscle and movement

There are about 500 muscles attached to a cat’s flexible skeleton. They allow the cat
to use various gaits (patterns of locomotion) and to make an amazing range of graceful
movements, suitable for an athletic hunter of small rodents and birds. The cat’s muscles are
adapted not only for the short bursts of speed necessary to chase down prey, or to escape from danger,
but also for the barely imperceptible movements the cat makes before pouncing on prey.

Muscles allow a cat to move, eat, breathe, called striated, or striped, muscle because of RETRACTABLE CLAWS
and pump blood around the body. Cats, and its appearance under a microscope. These
other vertebrates (animals with a backbone), muscles often work in antagonistic pairs Cats use the sharp, curved claws at the ends
have three types of muscle. Cardiac muscle across joints—one contracts while the other of their toes for fighting, defending themselves,
is found only in the heart and works tirelessly relaxes—allowing a body part, such as a gripping, climbing, and scratching to leave scent
to pump blood; smooth muscle occurs in the section of a limb, to alternately bend and flex. marks. Most of the time, they are hidden away
walls of many body structures, such as in protective flesh sheaths. To expose, or bare,
blood vessels and the digestive tract; and TYPES OF MUSCLE FIBER the claws, digital flexor muscles in the legs
skeletal muscle is attached to the bones by Skeletal muscle tissue is made of bundles contract, tautening tendons and ligaments
tendons and allows a cat to move body parts, of long muscle cells called fibers. There between the last two bones of the
such as the limbs, tail, eyes, and ears, and are three types of fiber, depending on how toes and pushing
maintains posture. Skeletal muscle is also quickly they work and tire. The most out the claws.
common type, “fast-twitch fatiguing” fibers
Striated muscles contract and tire rapidly, and are used for Claws out
Skeletal muscle is controlled by the nervous short bursts of activity, such as sprinting and At rest, a cat’s claws are
system. This muscle moves bones or parts of leaping. Much less common, “fast-twitch retracted, avoiding wear
the body, such as the eyes and tongue, or helps fatigue-resistant” fibers work similarly but and tear and remaining sharp.
a cat maintain posture. It usually works in pairs tire slowly, and are more prevalent in the Tautening the ligaments and
or groups across movable joints. tendons in the toes
forces the claws out.

Sartorius raises Gluteal
knee or rotates muscles
thigh outward extend hip

Trapezius draws Dorsals twist
shoulder up and curl torso

Facial muscles are
thin, limiting range

of expression

Jaw muscles are
capable of exerting
enormous pressure

Deltoid pulls Biceps Tail muscles
shoulder forward femoris flexes, swish and
twitch tail
Triceps straightens elbow, or bends, leg
drawing back lower leg
Oblique
Digital extensor abdominals hold
muscles extend toes
and claws in body organs

54 Gastrocnemius
extends lower leg

and points toes

Pectorals draw back
shoulder and forelimb

MUSCLE AND MOVEMENT

muscles of endurance hunters such as dogs. cat’s front legs touching down first, followed RIGHTING REFLEX
After a burst of running, a cat has to stop by the hind legs. When the cat stops, the front
and pant to cool down. “Slow-twitch” fibers legs act as brakes. If a cat loses its footing and falls from a tree, it
contract and tire slowly and are used for has the innate ability to twist the right way up
precise, stealthy movements when stalking Cats are adapted for short bursts of speed. before it lands. Within one-tenth of a second,
or remaining stock still before the pounce. Some domestic cats can run as fast as 30mph the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear, which
(48kph). By comparison, the fastest human monitors balance, senses disorientation. A
GAITS can manage 27.79mph (44.72kph). Cats are reflex reaction rotates the head so that the cat is
Unlike humans, who walk on their feet, not endurance hunters. The muscles in the looking downward. The front legs and then the
cats walk on their toes. This type of cat’s back legs are powerful, but they tire hindquarters twist round, too, and the cat arches
locomotion of a cat is called digitigrade quickly. They prefer to stalk their prey and its back. Soft paw pads and flexible joints act as
(Latin for “toe walking”) and enables them can remain motionless for long periods, shock absorbers as the cat lands.
to move quickly and quietly. The forward waiting for the right moment to pounce.
thrust for all of their gaits (walking, trotting, As the cat falls from
and running) comes from the powerful FLEXIBILITY a branch, head turns
muscles in the back legs. A highly flexible body and musculature
offer a range of other movements, too. to look downward
When cats walk, the limbs move The supple spine enables the cat to arch when
sequentially; right rear, Head turns followed
right front, left rear, left stretching (or when trying by front legs
front. The front legs to appear bigger, such
swing inward, with the as when threatened), Hindquarters rotate
paws landing one after or curl into a circle so cat is in correct
the other almost in a line when the cat is sleeping. orientation
under the cat’s body. The
hind limbs swing inward, Flexibility is useful for Cat prepares
too, but not to the same grooming, too—the cat’s for landing
extent. This gait enables paws and tongue are able by extending
a cat to walk along to reach almost all parts of its legs
branches or narrow the body. Landing safely
fence tops with Strong hind leg muscles The righting reflex allows cats to twist instinctively
confidence and ease. allow the cat to jump as high as their body around into a safe position for landing when
At such times, the tail 6½ft (2m) from a standing start, falling from a height. A cat’s flexible body amazingly
is held aloft, helping often twisting its body in midair to rights itself in midair, without anything to push on.
the cat balance. land safely. This movement is useful
for catching birds as they try to make
If the pace quickens an airborne escape.
to a trot, limbs that are When climbing trees, the cat uses
diagonally opposite, outstretched forelegs and claws like
such as the left forelimb crampons, while the hind legs provide
and right hind leg, the power, propelling the animal up
move together. the tree. Descending, however, is a
rather clumsy affair, with the cat
The floating forelimbs scrabbling down backward in order
(see pp. 48–49) have extra to allow the forward-curving claws
maneuverability, helping to be able to maintain a grip on the
to extend the cat’s stride. tree bark. The cat will finish the
When running, the cat descent by turning its head and
makes a series of bounds. dropping the last metre or so
The back legs push off
together, with the airborne to the ground.
Most cats do
Lithe body not like getting
The firm musculature and compact wet, but there
bone structure of the feline form are are some cats
always on display in hairless breeds,
such as the Sphynx (see pp. 168–69) that tolerate
and this Bambino (see pp. 154–55). swimming, their stroke similar
to doggy paddle.

55



Aiming high
Cats have a lot of muscle power packed
into a small but extremely supple frame.
Even when very young, they are able to
coordinate their movements with
impressive agility and grace.

FELINE BIOLOGY | HEART AND LUNGS

Heart and lungs

The heart and lungs make sure that oxygen is delivered—via airways and
blood—to every cell in the body. Oxygen, which makes up about 21 percent
of the air, reacts with nutrient molecules, such as the sugar glucose, in body
cells to release energy. This energy is then used to power biochemical
activities in cells. As air travels to and from the lungs, it passes through
the larynx, the source of a cat’s vocalizations, including its purr.

The airways and lungs comprise the respiratory activity, and its resting heartbeat of 140–180 heart to be pumped around the body to all its
system. Air inhaled through a cat’s nose beats per minute is about double that of a organs and tissues in the larger circuit.
is humidified in the nasal passages and resting human. The heart pumps blood around
drawn along the trachea (windpipe), which the body in two separate circuits. The Arteries have muscular walls that expand
branches into two air passages called pulmonary circuit takes stale, or deoxygenated, and contract as bright-red oxygenated blood
bronchi, one for each lung. Within the lungs, blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen. This surges through them with each heartbeat.
the bronchi divide into smaller tubes called freshly oxygenated blood then returns to the This creates a pulse that can be felt at various
bronchioles, which end in tiny air sacs points of the cat’s body. Darker deoxygenated
called alveoli. Gas exchange occurs inside Frontal sinuses are
the alveoli. Oxygen diffuses across the cavities in the skull The heart and lungs
thin walls of the millions of alveoli into Trachea, or windpipe For bursts of activity, such as sprinting, a cat’s
tiny blood vessels called capillaries, where breathing rate increases to get more oxygen,
it is picked up by red blood cells. The waste Axillary artery via the lungs, into the bloodstream. At the
gas carbon dioxide travels in the opposite supplies forelimb same time, the heart beats faster to pump
direction, out of the blood and into the oxygenated blood to the cat’s muscles.
alveoli, to be exhaled. Lungs absorb
oxygen and expel Anterior vena cava
At rest, cats breathe in and out about carries used blood
20–30 times a minute. During exercise, carbon dioxide from head to heart
when the muscles need more oxygen, the
rate increases. Muscles between the ribs Pulmonary artery Aorta is main artery,
and a sheet of muscle below the rib cage, carries deoxygenated supplying body with
called the diaphragm, power breathing. oxygen-rich blood
blood to lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Caudal vena cava carries
The heart and the blood vessels form the deoxygenated blood
cardiovascular system. The cat’s heart is a from body to heart
four-chambered pump, about the size of a
walnut, made of special non-tiring cardiac Diaphragm
muscle. It beats between 140 and 220 times aids breathing
each minute, depending on the level of
Spleen stores
blood cells

Pulmonary vein Kidneys cleanse
carries oxygen-rich the blood

BLOOD TYPES blood to heart

The most important blood group system in cats Liver processes nutrients
has three groups, or types: A, B, and AB. The
percentage of cats in each group varies among Intestines absorb
breeds and geographies. Group A is by far the most nutrients from
common type. A few breeds, including the Siamese food and water
(see pp. 104–09), are exclusively type A. Type B
is relatively low in many breeds, but in some, Iliac artery
such as the Devon Rex (see pp. 178–79), it is supplies hind limb
25–50 percent. Type AB is rare in all breeds.

58

HEART AND LUNGS

Inside the lungs Aorta is body’s Pulmonary
Inhaled oxygen travels deep into the lungs to largest artery artery
the tiny air sacs called alveoli, from where it is
absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide travels Anterior Pulmonary vein
in the opposite direction. The total surface area vena cava
of the alveoli in a cat is about 215sq ft (20sq m). Left atrium
Right atrium has thinner
Arterial capillaries Venous Direction of walls than
capillaries blood flow ventricle

Pulmonary Right ventricle Atrioventricular
artery carries contracts, pushing valve controls
deoxygenated blood flow
blood deoxygenated
blood out through Left ventricle
pulmonary artery contracts to
push oxygen-
Alveolus Bronchiole Septum separates rich blood out
(air sac) (air tube) chambers through aorta

Alveolar duct Smooth Chambers of the heart Thick heart
muscle Deoxygenated blood from the muscle contracts
Pulmonary vein carries body enters the upper-right chamber, powerfully
oxygenated blood or atrium, passes into the lower-right
to the heart chamber, or ventricle, and is then Fatty deposit
pumped to the lungs to pick up oxygen.
Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs enters the
left atrium, passes into the left ventricle, and
is then pumped around the body via the aorta.

blood returns to the heart in thin-walled large vein that carries blood into the heart. through the larynx as the cat breathes in and
veins, which contain valves to maintain More recent research, however, suggests that out produces bursts of noise, 25 times a
blood flow in one direction only. A network it is produced in the larynx (voice box), which second, known as purring. Other cat species,
of microscopic blood vessels called capillaries connects the back of the throat with the such as the bobcat, cougar, and cheetah,
lies between the arteries and veins. Here, trachea. The vocal cords, two infoldings of can purr, too. Big cats of the genus Panthera,
oxygen and other molecules, such as glucose, membrane in the larynx, vibrate as exhaled such as lions and tigers, roar rather than
pass from the blood into surrounding cells air passes over them, to make vocalizations, purr. They can do this because of their
and tissues. Wastes, such as carbon dioxide, such as meows and screeches. During enlarged larynx. Folds in their vocal cords
pass in the opposite direction. purring, however, the muscles that control vibrate to produce sound, while the hyoid
the vocal cords vibrate, causing the cords to bone lowers the pitch and increases the
The brain makes up only 0.9 percent of a bang into each other repeatedly. Air passing resonance of the roar.
cat’s weight, but it receives up to 20 percent
of blood flow. Muscles at rest receive PURRING similar to that of the cry of a human baby, which may
40 percent of blood flow, but this amount help explain our willingness to feed an insistent cat.
can rapidly increase to up to 90 percent We associate the rhythmic chug of a cat’s purr
during short bursts of exercise. with contentment—and in many cases it is Among older cats, purring may also communicate
a sign of a happy cat. However, cats may also nonaggression, vulnerability, or a request from one
An averaged-sized cat of 11lb (5kg) has purr when they’re anxious, giving birth, or cat grooming another for it to stay still.
about 11fl oz (330ml) of blood in its body. By injured. Kittens learn to purr at about one
volume, blood is about 54 percent plasma, a week old (before their eyes open), and STROKING A CAT
watery liquid that carries food molecules biologists believe that it developed as a CAN MAKE IT PURR
such as glucose, salts, wastes, hormones, way for kittens to communicate to the
and other chemicals around the body. mother that she needs to be still
Biconcave, disk-shaped red blood cells, while they are feeding. The
which carry oxygen picked up from the lungs, mother may join in, too,
account for another 46 percent of volume. The to reassure her young.
remaining 1 percent contains white blood
cells, which fight infection, and cell Cats also produce an
fragments called platelets, which help blood urgent, “solicitous” purr,
clot at sites of injury. which they use when wanting
to be fed by their owners. This sound is a
VOCALIZATION PROCESS mixture of the low-pitched rumble of a regular
Purring was once thought to be the sound purr and a higher-frequency meow. Analysis of
of turbulent blood flow in the vena cava, the the meow element shows that its frequency is

59

FELINE BIOLOGY | DIGESTION AND REPRODUCTION

Digestion and reproduction

Strict carnivores, cats have a digestive system that has evolved to suit a diet of small
animals such as mice. They have sharp teeth designed to kill and cut up prey, and
relatively short intestines for digesting meat. The kidneys clean the blood, removing
wastes and eliminating them from the body. Queens tend to give birth in spring and
summer when food is likely to be plentiful for the kittens once they are weaned.

Cats have one of the narrowest diets of all relatively short, simple digestive tract humans several thousand years ago. Cats
carnivorous mammals. Their diet must compared to that of herbivores such as eat little and often. The transit of food—
include certain vitamins, fatty acids, and sheep and horses. from eating to defecating—takes about
amino acids, as well as a chemical called 20 hours. The first stage of digestion is the
taurine, which is found only in meat. Cats DIGESTION physical breakup of food in the mouth by
cannot make these nutrients, or taurine, The domestic cat’s digestive tract is a little the teeth. The mouth produces saliva
themselves nor get them from other sources longer than that of its wildcat ancestor. This to lubricate the food, which, on being
of food, such as plants, and they cannot suggests that the cat’s digestive system has swallowed, passes down the esophagus
survive without them. been adapting to the increased plant matter into the stomach, where further physical
in its diet (probably from scavenged scraps digestion as well as some chemical
Unlike vegetable matter, meat is relatively of human food containing both meat and breakdown by enzymes occurs. The strong
easy to break down into nutrients in cereal) since it first began to associate with acid in a cat’s stomach is powerful enough
the intestines. Cats, therefore, have a

Salivary glands make Stomach muscles Digestive system
saliva to lubricate food churn food Cats have a comparatively simple digestive system
adapted to a meaty diet. Physical breakdown of food
Stomach produces occurs in the mouth and continues in the stomach,
acids and enzymes where chemicals also help break up food. Further
chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine.
to digest food Nutrients are absorbed across the intestinal walls.

Teeth kill prey and Kidneys cleanse Ureters pass
chop up food wastes from blood urine to bladder

Thyroid and Large intestine
parathyroid glands absorbs water
from solid waste
Esophagus contracts,
pushing food Rectum stores
into stomach waste (feces) before
discharge from body
Esophagus stretches
easily as food passes Anal sphincter
relaxes to allow
Cardiac sphincter discharge of feces
opens to allow food

into stomach

Liver processes Pyloric sphincter Urethra
nutrients and releases food
makes bile Bladder
into duodenum holds urine
Pancreas secretes
digestive hormones and Duodenum
absorbs nutrients
the hormone insulin

60

DIGESTION AND REPRODUCTION

FSH carried in Female reproductive system Male reproductive system
blood to ovaries Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) When a male cat’s vomeronasal organ detects the scent of a
Nerve signals made by the pituitary gland induces female in heat, luteinizing hormone (LH) is released from the
sent to brain the ovaries to make eggs and the pituitary gland in his brain. The hormone travels in the blood
hormone estrogen. Estrogen to the reproductive organs, priming him for mating.
Uterus has is released in urine and the scent
two “horns” Spermatic Penis
(see below) attracts males. Sexual intercourse cords has barbs
stimulates the release of eggs
Cervix opens from the ovaries. Bulbourethral gland
during mating
Ovary Prostate gland
produces semen

to carry sperm

Bladder Bladder Epididymis
Vagina stores urine stores sperm

LH carried in Testes respond to
blood to testes LH by producing
sperm

Female scent
detected by
vomeronasal

organ

to soften swallowed bones. (Any bones, molecules. Water is absorbed in the colon, organ holds up to 3½fl oz (100ml) of urine,
hair, and feathers that cannot be digested and waste matter is passed out through which exits the bladder through the urethra.
are usually regurgitated later.) the anus as feces. The urine of unneutered cats can be especially
pungent and is used to mark territory and
Partly digested food leaves the stomach ELIMINATION OF WASTES advertise sexual status.
through the pyloric sphincter and enters Besides solid feces, waste from the liver is
the first section of the small intestine, the processed by the kidneys. Their major role REPRODUCTION
duodenum, where most of the chemical is to cleanse the blood, removing potentially Cats usually become sexually mature between
digestion takes place. Bile, produced by harmful metabolic wastes, such as urea. 6–9 months, although in some Oriental
the liver and stored in the gall bladder, and The kidneys also control the composition breeds it may be earlier. As daylight hours
a mix of enzymes from the pancreas enter and volume of fluids in a cat’s body. Waste increase during spring, hormonal changes
this small loop of intestine and digest fats, substances leave the kidneys, dissolved in in an unaltered female, or queen, make her
proteins, and carbohydrates. Nutrients are water as urine. The urine flows along narrow receptive to finding a mate. She is then said
then absorbed across the wall of the small ureters—one from each kidney—to be to be “in heat” or “in season.” She produces
intestine into the bloodstream. They travel stored in the bladder. This balloonlike scents that attract intact males, or toms, and
to the liver to be processed into useful she may also call to them. Sexual intercourse
Upper molars is painful for the female. A tom’s penis has
TEETH a band of 120–150 backward-pointing
Upper hooks that abrade the female’s vagina as he
Kittens have 26 milk teeth, which erupt before canines withdraws, causing her to yowl loudly and
2 weeks of age and begin to fall out at about lash out. However, this does not seem to have
14 weeks. Cats have 30 permanent teeth. Small Upper Lower molars a lasting effect because she mates many times
incisors at the front of the jaws are used for incisors Lower premolars while in heat, often with several toms.
grasping prey, while the canines, or fangs, kill
prey by severing the spinal cord. Cats cannot Upper The pain also triggers the release of eggs
chew very well; instead, their back teeth chop up premolars from the ovaries about 25–35 hours after the
food into smaller pieces before it is swallowed. first mating. The eggs travel along the two
The carnassial teeth (the upper jaw’s back Lower “horns” (see above) of the uterus. The period
premolars and the lower jaw’s molars) are incisors of heat then eases off. If no pregnancy occurs,
especially effective in slicing through food with the queen will go into heat again a couple of
a scissorlike action. When eating, the cat’s rough Lower canines weeks later. If mating is successful, pregnancy
tongue—which is covered in little barbs—can lasts for about 63 days. The average litter size
rasp meat from the bones of prey animals. Keeping clean is 3–5 kittens and can be as many as 10.
A cat’s teeth are naturally cleaned by the bones of its prey,
which scrape the teeth as the cat eats. Unless owners
regularly brush their cats’ teeth, they are vulnerable to decay.

61

FELINE BIOLOGY | THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

The immune system

Cats are at risk of infection from bacteria, viruses, and other infectious agents.
To keep healthy they have a powerful immune system with protective white
blood cells that recognize “foreign” invaders, quickly destroying them before
they multiply. Sometimes the immune system reacts inappropriately, causing
allergies or autoimmune disorders. The immune system weakens as a cat ages.

PROTECTION AT BIRTH antibodies cross the wall of the kitten’s ■ B-lymphocytes, which produce proteins
When kittens are born, their immune intestine and are absorbed into the called antibodies that attach to and
systems are not fully developed and they are bloodstream. Thereafter, the kitten’s neutralize pathogens.
at risk of infections. They do, however, body loses the ability to absorb antibodies ■ Eosinophils, which target parasites and
receive help from their mother’s milk, passed on from the mother cat. are also involved in allergic responses.
specifically the first milk she produces after ■ Macrophages, which engulf and digest
the kittens are born. This thick yellowy milk A CAT’S IMMUNE SYSTEM the pathogens marked out by other
(colostrum) is made for only about 72 hours The immune system includes any part of a white blood cells.
after birth and is rich in external antibodies cat’s body that protects it against infection.
that protect the kittens against infections to The body’s surface—the skin and mucous ALLERGIES, AUTOIMMUNITY,
which the mother is already immune. This membranes—acts as a physical barrier to AND IMMUNODEFICIENCY
protection lasts for 8–10 weeks, by which disease-causing germs (pathogens). The Cats can suffer from allergies, producing
time kittens are able to make their own strong acid in the cat’s stomach kills many a range of symptoms, including itchy skin
antibodies. Recent research has shown that of the germs that enter through the mouth (and redness if the cat has been persistently
receiving colostrum is crucial in the first 18 or nose. Those that do manage to enter the scratching itself), sneezing, asthmatic
hours of a kitten’s life. During that time, the body through a cut or tear face attack from wheezing, vomiting, diarrhea, and bloating.
the major component of the immune system: Allergies occur when the immune system
Exposure to infection white blood cells, also known as leucocytes. overreacts to a foreign substance, usually
Outdoor cats are at greater risk of infection than indoor Millions of white blood cells, made by bone harmless, leading to the release of
cats because they can pick up parasites through contact marrow, are found in the bloodstream and an inflammatory chemical such as histamine
with other outdoor cats. They are also at risk of swallowing in the lymphatic system. This system is a in the body. Common triggers include:
poisons, attacks from other animals such as dogs, and network of vessels throughout the body fleabites; food—usually proteins in meats
traffic accidents. that collect and drain a watery fluid called such as beef, pork, or chicken; airborne
lymph from body organs. Its vessels are
dotted with small nodes packed with white STRESS
blood cells. The nodes filter the lymph, and
the white blood cells attack any trapped Cats are easily stressed. A change at home
germs. The tonsils, thymus, spleen, and is often the cause, such as the arrival of a
the lining of the small intestine are also new pet or baby, or even the rearrangement
part of the lymphatic system. of furniture. Stress causes the release of
hormones such as epinephrine (adrenalin)
There are several types of white blood cell, and cortisol (see p. 43). In the short term, these
each with a different role. They identify and hormones increase awareness and energy but
attack pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, if their release is prolonged, they dampen the
fungi, protozoa, and parasites, as well as any immune system, impairing a cat’s ability to
harmful chemicals (toxins) they may produce. protect itself against infections and cancer
White blood cells include: and to recover speedily after illness.
■ Neutrophils, which engulf and destroy
bacteria and fungi at the site of the Chemicals called endorphins are released
infection, such as a wound. by the brain when a cat is highly excited, such
■ T-cells, or T-lymphocytes, which have a as during a fight with another cat or animal.
variety of roles, including the regulation of In such cases, endorphins have a protective
B-lymphocytes and attacking virus-infected role because they are natural painkillers,
and tumor cells. lessening the discomfort of any teeth and
claw wounds inflicted.

62

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

particles such as pollen; and contact with the immune system, making the cat vulnerable
a substance such as wool or detergent. to other infections and cancer. Such pathogens
The surefire way to treat an allergy is to include the feline immunodeficiency virus
remove the trigger, but it may be difficult (FIV), which attacks certain T-cells, and
to find the exact cause. A vet may prescribe feline leukemia virus (FeLV), which may
antihistamines, which relieve itchy skin. Pest cause cancer of white blood cells.
control is necessary if fleabites are the cause.
VACCINATIONS
Autoimmune disorders are caused by an Immunization can help protect the cat against
overactive immune system, which attacks some infectious diseases. Vaccinations trigger
the body’s own tissues. Although rare in the production of antibodies against certain
cats, they include a group of skin diseases microorganisms, making a cat immune to
known as pemphigus complex and the many diseases without causing the symptoms
multisystem disorder systemic lupus of the disease. For example, cats can be
erythematosus (SLE). The immune system vaccinated against feline infectious enteritis,
may also be underactive or weakened with feline herpes virus, and feline calcivirus.
age. Certain feline infections attack cells of

Tonsils defend Lymphatic system Immunization
against inhaled is a network of A vet will advise which vaccinations are appropriate
or ingested germs vessels and nodes for the region and the cat’s lifestyle (for example, if
it is an indoor or outdoor cat). Initial vaccinations
Intestinal walls contain should begin when cats are kittens, with annual
lymphatic tissue boosters for the rest of their lives.

A cat’s immune system
The immune system is made up of a defensive network
of cells, tissues, and organs spread throughout the body.
White blood cells, found in the lymphatic system and
bloodstream, have the greatest role in fighting infection.

Lymph nodes
filter lymph

Skin and
coat act as a
barrier to germs

Spleen contains
white blood cells

Bone marrow
produces white

blood cells

63

FELINE BIOLOGY | UNDERSTANDING BREEDS

Understanding breeds

Like other domesticated animals, there are different breeds of cat. Well-known breeds
include the Siamese, Abyssinian, Manx, Persian, and Maine Coon. Cats began to be categorized
into breeds in the 19th century with the advent of cat shows. Today, there are over 100 cat breeds
and varieties recognized by one or more of the official cat registries. Most pet cats, however, do
not belong to any breed; they are random-bred, or just ordinary house cats of mixed breed.

WHAT IS A BREED? CHARACTERISTICS long coat of the Maine Coon (see
A breed is a type of domestic animal Cat breeds are defined by their appearance: pp. 214–15), which is indispensable for
that is bred in a controlled way to their coat—its color, pattern, and length; cold, northern winters.
produce offspring with consistent head and body shape; and eye color.
features. This holds true for most Unusual features, such as absence of tail, In small, isolated populations, a trait caused
breeds of cat, but sometimes outcrossing short legs, and folded ears, also define by a genetic mutation—which would probably
(mating with another breed) is allowed certain breeds. Coat colors and patterns only rarely appear in a larger population—
for health reasons or to introduce or are particularly varied (see pp. 50–53), can become common over generations of
refine a feature such as the coat. Cat with some breeds, such as the Chartreux inbreeding. This genetic influence is called
breeds have been developed relatively (see p. 115), having just one color, and the “founder effect” and accounts for the
recently. As cat fancy took off in the others, such as the British Shorthair taillessness of the Manx (see pp. 164–65),
19th century, registries were established (see pp. 118–19), being permitted many coat for example. Breeders exploit the founder
to keep records of show cats and their colors and patterns. effect to create new breeds from cats with
genealogies. These registries define the novel characteristics caused by a mutation.
characteristics, or “breed standards,” HOW BREEDS DEVELOP Such breeds include the Scottish Fold
of each breed. Major ones include the Some breeds, such as the British Shorthair, (see pp. 156–57), Munchkin (see pp. 150–51),
Cat Fanciers Association (CFA) and developed naturally from isolated groups and Sphynx (see pp. 168–69).
The International Cat Association of cats, their restricted gene pool resulting
(TICA), the Fédération Internationale in a typical appearance. Other natural THE ROLE OF GENETICS
Féline (FiFe), and the Governing breeds arose because they had a characteristic Breeders of pedigree cats use their
Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF). that helped them survive, such as the understanding of genetics to pinpoint
characteristics that are caused by dominant

DOMESTIC CAT HYBRIDS Crossing servals with FELIDAE
domestic cats produced
■ The diagram shows the relationship the Savannah breed. An experimental breed
between the domestic cat and other known as the Caracat is
members of the cat family, particularly SERVAL the product of breeding
the small cats that have been crossed caracals with domestic cats.
with the domestic cat to produce new
breeds such as the Bengal and Chausie. CARACAL OCELOT & RELATIVES BOBCAT
The closer a wild species is to the
domestic cat on this diagram, the more
closely they are related.
■ A domestic cat's genetic material, or
DNA, is carried on 38 chromosomes
(19 pairs), as it is in several of the wild
felids. It is therefore possible to cross
domestic cats with small wildcats
despite differences in gestation periods
between the species. Often, the fertility
of early generations, particularly first
crosses (F1 generation), is considerably
reduced, but by backcrossing this
can be improved.

64

UNDERSTANDING BREEDS

DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE TRAITS MOTHER (BB Dd) receiving two copies of the fold mutation,
Dd because such kittens suffer from a debilitating
Cats with a dark coat have at least one copy disease affecting bone development.
of the dominant dense pigment gene known FATHER (BB Dd) BB DD BB DD
as D. This gene produces hair that is packed dD HYBRIDS AND FUTURE BREEDS
with pigment. The recessive form of this gene, In recent decades, domestic cats have been
called d, reduces the level of pigment in the BB Dd BB dd crossed with other species of small wildcats
hair, diluting the color of the cat’s fur when to create new breeds, usually with striking
two copies are present. If two black-coated “exotic” coats. These hybrids include the
cats, both with two copies of the black coat Bengal (see pp. 142–43), Chausie (see p. 149),
gene (B), have one copy of the dense (D) gene and the Savannah (see pp. 146–47).
and one copy of the dilute (d) pigment gene,
there is a one-in-four chance that their kittens New breeds—arising purely from other
will have blue (diluted black) fur. domestic cats—are always being developed,
but it can take years for them to be accepted
or recessive genes. They can then predict to develop new breeds, such as longhaired by cat registries. Pipeline breeds include the
how the offspring of different parents will versions of shorthaired breeds. Arctic Curl—a shaggy-haired cross between
look. Dominant genes require just one copy the Selkirk Rex (see pp. 174–75 and p. 248)
from either parent to produce an effect. For Outcrossing is also and the Angora (see p. 229)—and the
example, the gene that produces a tabby coat necessary for the health Benedictine, a longhaired Chartreux with
is dominant over the gene causing a non-tabby of certain breeds; for DNA from the Persian (see pp. 186–205).
coat. Recessive genes need two copies—one example, Scottish Folds
from each parent—to have an effect. Long are usually a cross
hair is another recessive characteristic. between a Fold and
a British or American
OUTCROSSING Shorthair with normal ears.
Cat registries stipulate in their breed This pairing keeps kittens from
standards what outcrosses, if any, are
permissible for each breed. Crossbred Handsome hybrid
kittens are registered according to their A 21st-century designer cat, the Savannah
appearance. Outcrossing is also used was developed from a cross between a
Siamese (see pp. 104–09) and a serval,
and has retained the huge ears, long
legs, and spotted coat of the serval.

The Bengal breed is the The African wildcat
result of crossbreeding is the closest relative
between leopard cats of the domestic cat.
and domestic cats.
Crossbreeding domestic cats
with jungle cats produced the
Chausie breed.

LYNX LEOPARD CAT JUNGLE CAT AFRICAN WILDCAT DOMESTIC CAT

65

FELINE BIOLOGY | CHOOSING THE RIGHT CAT

Choosing the right cat

The needs of cats vary depending on the breed. For example, slender breeds, such
as the Siamese, are usually very active and love being part of a family; stockier breeds,
such as the British Shorthair, tend to be more laid-back and prefer a quieter life. One
way to find a pedigree is to contact a reputable breeder. Pedigrees can sometimes
be found in rescue shelters, too, but most cats in such places will be non-pedigree.

A particular breed may be desirable purely SIZE AND BUILD Highlander (see p. 158), which can reach
for its appearance: for example, the rich Unlike dogs, cat breeds do not vary greatly an adult weight of 25lb (11kg). Other
brown coat of the Havana (see p. 102) or in size, but some variety among the breeds large breeds include the Maine Coon
the thick blue-gray fur of the Chartreux does exist. If the cat is to remain indoors (see pp. 214–15), Turkish Van (see pp.
(see p. 115) are captivating to many. Some in a flat or small home, try one of the 226–27), and Savannah (see pp. 146–47).
cat lovers are drawn to the ancient mystique smaller breeds. The smallest breeds are These large cats need plenty of space and
of the Egyptian Mau (see p. 130) or the the Singapura (see p. 86), Lambkin Dwarf are not suitable as exclusively indoor pets.
eye-catching wild look of the Bengal (see p. 153), and Bambino (see pp. 154–55),
(see pp. 142–43). Size, temperament, and all of which have the short stature of the ACTIVE OR DOCILE
coat length are also important factors when Munchkin (see pp. 150–51). These cats have Different breeds have different temperaments.
choosing a breed. an adult weight of as little as 5lb (2kg). Sleek-bodied Oriental cats, such as the
Other small breeds tend to have a slender Siamese (see pp. 104–09), Tonkinese
Alternatively, an owner may be happy Oriental build and include the Bombay (see p. 90), Burmese (see pp. 87–88), Sphynx
with a non-pedigree cat, which will be (see pp. 84–85), Havana, and Cornish (see pp. 168–69), Bombay, and Abyssinian
easier to find (more than 95 percent of cats Rex (see pp. 176–77). At the other end of (see pp. 132–33), are more active, playful,
fall into this category) and significantly the scale, the heavyweight of breeds is the and inquisitive than othercat breeds. These
cheaper to buy.

Making new friends
If kittens have been socialized from
a young age, they will be friendly and
playful, rather than aggressive and fearful,
when meeting new people or other pets.

66

CHOOSING THE RIGHT CAT

Rare breeds after, as well its “spin-off” breeds. breeder or be breeders themselves. The
Some cats are popular in the region These include the curled ear local vet may also be able to recommend
where the breed developed, but are not Kinkalow (see p. 152), the curly breeders in your area.
well-known elsewhere in the world, such coated Skookum (see p. 235)
as the Kurilian Bobtail (see pp. 242–43), and Lambkin Dwarf, the hairless The breeder will be able to answer questions
which is popular in Japan and Russia, about your chosen breed and its needs, and
but rare in other countries. Bambino, and longhaired you should be able to meet and observe the
Napoleon (see p. 236). kitten and its mother before buying it. A
breeds are generally Cats with a beautiful coat good breeder will question a prospective
thought to be more that resemble the pelt of small owner about provision and care of the kitten
intelligent and more wild cats (see pp. 8–9) are also and, if all goes well, arrange for the new owner
likely to learn tricks or increasingly popular. Some to be able to collect a socialized, wormed, and
to be trained to walk on of these breeds, such as the vaccinated kitten when it is 12 weeks old.
a harness and leash. California Spangled (see p. 140),
Many of these breeds are Egyptian Mau, and Sokoke (see Many excellent pets may be found in
noisy, or “talkative,” too. p. 139), arise purely from domestic rescue centers or cat shelters, and it is
cats; others, including the Bengal, worth looking at these places, too, especially
More laid-back, quieter breeds are Savannah, and Chausie (see p. 149), were when searching for an older cat with an
generally those with a thickset, or stocky, developed from hybrids of the domestic established personality. These mostly
body form, such as the British Shorthair cat and other feline species. Hybrids are nonprofit organizations usually charge an
(see pp. 118–28), Persian (see pp. 186–205), generally active and may bully other cats. adoption fee, which helps cover food and
and Norwegian Forest Cat (see pp. 222–23). veterinary costs for the cats that are housed
The Ragdoll (see p. 216) and Ragamuffin GETTING A CAT there. Pedigree cats, especially the more
(see p. 217) are particularly docile. These are Whatever breed you choose, the first step is to popular breeds, sometimes turn up in
wonderful to pet, but should be treated with find a reputable breeder. To find a pedigree rescue centers, but these places are ideal for
care, since they may not let you know when kitten, begin by contacting a cat club or a those not particularly interested in owning
they are in discomfort. breed registry, or visit a cat show where the a pedigree cat; most of the cats housed are
people showing their cats may suggest a random-bred (see pp. 182–83 and pp. 252–53),
LONGHAIR OR SHORTHAIR? but all are in need of a loving home.
Cat breeds are broadly divided into shorthairs
and longhairs. Shorthairs, which include
the Siamese, Russian Blue (see pp. 116–17),
and the Bengal, need grooming just once
or twice a week. Longhairs, especially the
doll-faced Persian with its long, silky fur,
are a greater commitment, requiring daily
grooming to keep their coat free of mats and
tangles, which become a health risk if left
unattended. Other well-known longhairs
include the Birman (see pp. 212–13),
Ragdoll, and Siberian (see pp. 230–31).

DESIGNER CATS Rescue me
Novelty, or designer, breeds are becoming It is worth checking rescue centers when buying a
increasingly fashionable, but are expensive— pedigree cat, especially when looking for an adult pet.
kittens may cost up to and over $1,500. Pedigrees needing a new home sometimes find their
These breeds include: cats with unusual ears, way into these centers, and they are usually considerably
such as the Scottish Fold (see pp. 156–57) cheaper to buy than from a breeder.
and American Curl (see pp. 238–39); hairless
breeds, such as the Sphynx and Peterbald Special care
(see p. 171), which need to live in a centrally Many of the cats in rescue centers are elderly, having
heated home in temperate or cold regions; survived the death of their owner, for example. If you
and cats with kinky or curled fur, such as choose an elderly or disabled cat, the center may help
the American Wirehair (see p. 181), LaPerm pay for the pet’s ongoing health care.
(see pp. 250–51), and various Rexes. The
short-legged Munchkin is much sought

67



CATALOG CHAPTER 4
OF BREEDS

Natural hunter
The Abyssinian’s sleek coat is ideally
suited for a hunter in warmer climates.
The dense fur offers enough insulation
and protection, but allows the cat to
move unhampred through tall grass.

SHORTHAIRS

SHORTHAIRS

Most cats have short hair, whether they are large or small, wild or domestic. This is an evolutionary
development that makes sense for a natural predator relying on stealth and the occasional burst
of speed. A hunting cat is more efficient in a short coat because it can glide unhampered through
dense terrain and move freely for a lightning pounce in a tight corner.

DEVELOPING THE SHORTHAIR in Europe through crosses with the have wavy or crimped coats. Among
Siamese. They have short, close-lying, the best known of these are the Devon
The first cats to be domesticated, fine coats with no woolly undercoat. Rex and the Cornish Rex.
possibly over 4,000 years ago, had
short hair, and their sleek-coated look Other much-loved shorthaired cats EASY MAINTENANCE
has been popular ever since. In a short include: the Burmese; the plush-furred
coat, colors and patterns are clearly Russian Blue, which has a very short A great advantage for owners of
defined and the feline form appears to undercoat that lifts the top guard shorthaired breeds is that the coat
full advantage. Dozens of shorthaired hairs away from the body; and the requires little grooming to keep it
breeds have been developed, but Exotic Shorthair, which combines in good condition, while parasites
there are three main groups: British, unmistakably Persian looks with and injuries are easy to see and treat.
American, and Oriental Shorthairs. a shorter, more manageable coat. However, keeping a shorthaired cat
does not guarantee hair-free carpets
The first two are essentially ordinary Short hair is taken to extremes in and sofas. Some breeds shed
domestic cats refined by decades of several hairless breeds, including the heavily, especially during seasonal
breeding programs. They are sturdy, Sphynx and the Peterbald. These cats loss of thick undercoats, and even
round-headed cats, with short, dense, are usually not totally hairless—most single-coated varieties such as the
double-layered coats. The strikingly have a fine covering of body hair with Orientals always lose a certain
different Oriental group has little the feel of suede. Another variety of amount of hair.
to do with the East, being created short hair is seen in rexed cats, which

71

Familiar face
The Exotic Shorthair’s face clearly
shows the large eyes, flat face, and
full cheeks that it has inherited from
the Persian breed. It also has a thick
coat that is unique among shorthairs.

Exotic Shorthair

ORIGIN US, 1960s GROOMING 2–3 times a week
BREED REGISTRIES CFA, FIFe, GCCF, TICA COLORS AND PATTERNS Almost all colors
WEIGHT RANGE 8–15lb (3.5–7kg) and patterns.

CUDDLY TEDDY This affectionate breed, which has an endearing nature,
is a low-maintenance version of the longhaired Persian cat.
With its rounded, plush-furred body, snub
nose, and big eyes, the Exotic Shorthair lives The first Exotics were bred in the US Exotics combine the Persian’s round-faced
up to its popular nickname of the “teddy bear in the 1960s, and by the 1980s there was
cat,” and most breeders do not fail to make a popular British version as well. These look and quiet temperament with a thick,
the comparison in their advertisements. The cats were created through breeding
extra-soft, thick double coat is quite unlike that programs that crossed the Persian soft, but short coat that requires less
found in any other shorthaired breed. It has an with the American Shorthair (see
underlayer of long downy hairs, inherited from p. 113) to improve the coat of the grooming than its longhaired counterpart;
the Exotic’s Persian forebears, that lifts the latter. Later, crosses were also done
topcoat away from the body. with the Burmese (see pp. 87–88), for this reason they are sometimes
Abyssinian (see pp. 132–33), and
British Shorthair (see pp. 118– 27). called “the lazy man’s Persian.”
Early breeders aimed to create a
shorthaired cat with a silvery These gentle cats have the quiet,
coat and green eyes, like a
Persian; later, the goal was to docile nature of their Persian
breed cats with a Persian-type
face and body but short hair. ancestors. They are happy as

indoor pets and are always pleased

to have someone around to play

with or offer a lap. They have

soft voices and rarely make a

noise, but they love attention,

and many will sit in front

of people and gaze up

KITTEN beseechingly for a hug.

Small ears, Round head Short, snub nose
rounded at tips with broad skull with distinct break

Flat face with between eyes
full cheeks
Huge, round
Soft, dense, shaded eyes set
golden coat
wide apart

Short, thickly Stocky, deep-
furred tail chested body is
typically Persian
Large,
rounded paws Silver
tortie classic

tabby coat

Short,
sturdy, heavily
boned legs

Thick
undercoat

73

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SHORTHAIRS

Khao Manee

ORIGIN Thailand, 14th century GROOMING Weekly
BREED REGISTRIES GCCF, TICA COLORS AND PATTERNS White only.
WEIGHT RANGE 6–12lb (2.5–5.5kg)

An extroverted and intelligent breed, this cat is highly Tail is same
curious and will eagerly explore its surroundings. length as body
and tapers to tip
The “white jewel,” as the name translates, Breed” status. This aristocratic cat is
is native to Thailand. Cats apparently of noted for its variety of eye colors: it Wide, wedge-
this type are recorded in Thai poetry as may have both eyes the same color, shaped head
early as the 14th century, and were described have odd-colored eyes, have eyes the
as pure white, having “eyes of clear mercury.” same color but of varying shades, or
Khao Manees were favorites of the Thai even have eyes that are each bicolored.
royalty (see panel, right) and not seen outside The coat is all white, although some
their native country until the 1990s, when a kittens are born with a dark spot on
US breeder imported a pair. Now they are the head. Khao Manees are bold, friendly,
attracting attention elsewhere, especially mischievous, and also sometimes loud-
in the UK and the US. In 2013, The voiced. These extroverts are said to enjoy the
International Cat Association (TICA) company of humans, whether playing with
granted the Khao Manee “Advanced New their family or meeting visitors to the home.

Sparse hair
on ears

Chiseled face Shiny white coat
with high has a slightly
cheekbones loose texture

Prominent nose
with pink leather

KITTEN

Muscular, well
proportioned body

74

ROYAL FAVORITE SHORTHAIRS

For most of their history, Khao Manee cats Odd-colored
were considered so special that they could eyes
be owned only by royalty. In Siam (now
Thailand), one of the country’s greatest Pink skin
rulers, King Chulalongkorn, known as around eyes
Rama V (1868–1910), gave his son
permission to start developing the breed.
Many generations of these cats were kept
guarded within the royal palace, and it is
said that a Khao Manee was ceremonially
carried in a coronation procession in 1926.

Broad, level back

Paw pads are pink

75

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SHORTHAIRS

Korat GROOMING Weekly
COLORS AND PATTERNS Blue only.
ORIGIN Thailand, c.12th–16th century
BREED REGISTRIES CFA, FIFe, GCCF, TICA
WEIGHT RANGE 6–10lb (2.5–4.5kg)

This enchanting cat has a long and proud history and makes Large ears
a good family pet, but it can be strong-willed and assertive. flare at base

Few cat breeds can truly be described as until the mid-20th century, when a breeding
being of ancient origin, but the Korat from pair was sent to the US. This graceful,
Thailand is one of them. It appears in a book silvery blue cat makes a very special pet.
titled The Cat Book Poems, which dates Usually highly active, the Korat has its
back to the Ayudhya period (1350–1767), in peaceful moments, too, and is gentle
what was then Siam. Long prized in its native and affectionate with its owners. With
country as a symbol of good fortune, the heightened senses, the breed is easily
Korat was virtually unknown in the West startled by loud noises or abrupt handling.

THE FOUNDATION OF THIS Oval paws
BREED IN THE US WAS
A PAIR FROM THAILAND Very large, round,
NAMED NARA AND DARRA. green eyes

Lithe, Distinctive
muscular body heart-shaped head

Nose leather is
heart shaped

Close-lying, Silver-tipped
blue coat with coat hairs
no undercoat

76

Chinese Li Hua

ORIGIN China, 2000s GROOMING Weekly
BREED REGISTRIES CFA COLORS AND PATTERNS Brown mackerel
WEIGHT RANGE 9–11lb (4–5kg) tabby only.

One of the earliest known breed of domestic cat, this perky
cat needs an active owner and sufficient space to roam.

Cats fitting the description of the Li Hua, muscular build and a beautifully marked Black spot Long,
or Dragon Li, as it is also called, appear to tabby coat. Although not particularly at corner straight nose
have been common in China for centuries. demonstrative, it makes a friendly and of mouth
In the wider world, however, this cat is a faithful pet. This active cat, which has Lower jaw
newcomer, recognized as an experimental a reputation as a clever hunter, needs slightly shorter
breed only since 2003, although it is space to exercise and is not suited than upper
beginning to attract international interest. to a confined life in
The Chinese Li Hua is a large cat with a an apartment.

IN CHINA, ONE OF THESE Sturdy, Lighter hairs on belly Bright
CATS WAS TAUGHT TO FETCH rectangular body yellow eyes
THE MORNING PAPER. Ticked hairs form
mackerel pattern

Tail has ring marks
and black tip

Straight, Unticked
muscular legs beige hairs on
chin and chest

77

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SHORTHAIRS

Asian—Burmilla

ORIGIN UK, 1980s GROOMING 2–3 times a week
BREED REGISTRIES FIFe, GCCF COLORS AND PATTERNS Many shaded colors, including lilac,
WEIGHT RANGE 9–15lb (4–7kg) black, brown, blue, and tortie, with silver or golden ground color.

An enchanting cat with delightful looks and temperament, Broad-based ears,
this breed gets along well with children and other pets. slightly rounded at tips

When the accidental mating of a lilac also occurs. Although still uncommon, this Graceful, elegantly
Burmese (see p. 87) with a Persian Chinchilla charming and intelligent breed is becoming proportioned body
(see p. 190) in 1981 produced a litter of increasingly popular. It possesses something
kittens with exceptionally beautiful coats, of the zany character of the Burmese,
their owner was encouraged to experiment modified by the quieter nature of
with further breeding. The result was the the Chinchilla. The Burmilla
Burmilla, a cat of elegant Asian proportions, enjoys games but will readily
with large, appealing eyes and a delicately settle on a lap for a
shaded or tipped coat; a longhaired version peaceful snooze.

Lilac shaded
silver coat

Lilac shaded
coat

Face and legs Slight dip
may have in nose
slight shading

Large, expressive
green eyes

Silky textured,
close-lying coat

Medium-to-long, Silvery white
slightly tapered tail ground color with
chocolate tipping
78
Vestigial tabby
markings

Slender but
strong legs

Asian—Smoke

ORIGIN UK, 1980s GROOMING 2–3 times a week
BREED REGISTRIES GCCF COLORS AND PATTERNS Any color topcoat,
WEIGHT RANGE 9–15lb (4–7kg) including tortie, with a silvery undercoat.

This inquisitive, playful, and intelligent breed is responsive Black Large
to attention, and it may be friendly with strangers. smoke coat eyes slant
toward nose
Originally known as the Burmoire, this graceful cat is a cross between the
Burmilla (see opposite) and the Burmese (see p. 87). The Asian Smoke has Wide jaw
one of the most attractive coats of all the Asian breeds: a deep, often solid tapers to a
color on top, the fur ripples apart when the cat moves or is stroked to reveal blunt muzzle
glimpses of a gleaming, silvery undercoat. An athletic, playful cat with
an outgoing personality, the Asian Smoke is highly curious and loves to
investigate everything. Asian Smokes are happy kept as indoor cats as long
as they have plenty of human companionship, amusement, and affection.

Tail tapers to tip THIS BREED OF THE ASIAN HAS THE
INHIBITOR GENE, WHICH RESTRICTS
THE COLOR IN THE HAIR SHAFT.

Strong, Silvery rings
straight back around eyes

Medium-to-large
ears, rounded at tips

Slender, Brown smoke
muscled body with silvery
white undercoat
Chocolate
smoke coat Neat, oval paws

Hind legs longer 79
than forelegs

Happy accident
The unintended mating that created the
Asian Burmilla resulted in a cat that is
extroverted but easygoing, exotic but
not extreme, and equally happy to have
boisterous fun or quiet quality time.



CATALOG OF BREEDS | SHORTHAIRS

Asian—Solid and Tortie

ORIGIN UK, 1980s GROOMING 2–3 times a week
BREED REGISTRIES GCCF COLORS AND PATTERNS All solid colors
WEIGHT RANGE 9–15lb (4–7kg) and various torties.

Alert and active, this loving cat will appeal to people Obvious nose break
looking for a loyal and devoted companion.
Medium to large ears
with rounded tips

The result of experiments to create what history. The Asian Solid may be less inclined
is essentially a Burmese cat (see pp. 87–88) to create an uproar in the household than its
with different coat colors, this British breed Burmese relation, but it can nevertheless make
includes an all-black version known as the its presence known with an insistent voice
Bombay. The latter is easily confused with an when it wants attention, which is most of the
American-bred black cat also called Bombay time. This friendly, affectionate cat likes to
(see pp. 84–85), which has a different breed follow its owner around with doglike devotion.

Medium-long tail THE SOLID-COLORED KITTEN
carried gracefully ASIAN BREED HAS NO
TABBY MARKINGS. Short, fine,
close-lying
Golden eyes Straight back from red coat
set wide apart shoulders to rump

Pink nose leather

Cream sepia
Burmese
variant

Elegant, firmly Neat,
muscled body oval paws

Hind legs
slightly longer
than forelegs

82

Asian—Tabby

ORIGIN UK, 1980s GROOMING 2–3 times a week
BREED REGISTRIES GCCF COLORS AND PATTERNS Spotted, classic, mackerel,
WEIGHT RANGE 9–15lb (4–7kg) or ticked tabby patterns, in various colors.

This charming cat has a friendly disposition, making it a good Medium to large
choice for a family home, despite its inquisitive nature. ears set well apart

This member of the Asian group of cats bands of color. Like all its relations, the KITTEN
comes in four different tabby patterns: classic, Asian Tabby has the graceful, muscular Blunt, wedge-
mackerel, spotted, and ticked. The variety lines and extrovert personality of the Burmese shaped head
of stripes, swirls, rings, and spots occur in cats (see pp. 87–88) used in its development,
a wide range of beautiful colors. The most blended with the quieter nature of the Persian
commonly seen pattern is the ticked tabby, Chinchilla (see p. 190). This breed makes a
in which each individual hair has contrasting lovely family pet and is growing in popularity.

Prominent
cheekbones

Amber eyes
set at a slant

Short, thick, glossy, “M” marking
brown mackerel on forehead
tabby coat

Straight-backed,
muscular body

Rounded chest

Delicate,
oval paws

83

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SHORTHAIRS

Bombay

ORIGIN US, 1950s GROOMING Weekly
BREED REGISTRIES TICA, CFA COLORS AND PATTERNS Black only.
WEIGHT RANGE 6–11lb (2.5–5kg)

This pint-sized “black panther” has glossy fur and striking PERFECTLY BLACK
copper eyes; it is not as vocal as other Asian cats.
Achieving perfection took Nikki Horner, original
Created specifically for its appearance, sociable. Bombays are intelligent and American breeder of the Bombay, through many
the Bombay is a cross between a sable easygoing; they want to be with their owners attempts and failures. The deep copper eye
American Burmese (see p. 88) and a black all the time and are likely to mope if left alone color that she sought to set off the gleaming
American Shorthair (see p. 113). Sleek black fur proved particularly elusive. Even when
and glossy, this breed comes too long. Having inherited the inquisitive Horner’s dream cat had finally been created, it
only in black, with large, and playful nature of the Burmese, these was many years before the Bombay was given
gold or copper-colored eyes. cats are no couch potatoes. Bombays official recognition and the breed was permitted
The Bombay may look like a enjoy games and are ready to be to compete in official show classes.
panther, but it is a true homebody entertained—or to entertain their
and few cats are more loving and owners. They get along well with
children and other pets.

KITTEN Wide-set
Full face eyes are
copper color

Head with softly
rounded contours

Coal-black coat
has deep sheen

Tip of nose Round-tipped
slightly rounded ears tilt forward

Broad, Nose has
rounded muzzle moderate stop

Sturdy, muscular body

Rounded feet

84

Not shy
The lithe and gleaming Bombay is a cat
that feels confident in company. This
breed is prepared to make overtures
to anyone who is likely to provide
entertainment or a lap to sit on.

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SHORTHAIRS

Singapura GROOMING Weekly
COLORS AND PATTERNS Sepia agouti: seal
ORIGIN Singapore, 1970s brown ticking on ivory ground color.
BREED REGISTRIES CFA, GCCF, TICA
WEIGHT RANGE 4–9lb (2–4kg)

This friendly cat loves to be the center of attention and
will always be there with you to welcome your guests.

The distinctive ticked coat of this little cat taking an interest in this cat. Singapuras Sepia agouti
caught the eye of an American scientist, Hal are now known worldwide, although coat paler on
Meadow, while he was working in Singapore they are still very rare. Small in size but chin, chest,
in the 1970s. Meadow and his wife started a big in personality, these cats are prying and underbelly
breeding program for the Singapura, which and mischievous, happiest when
they carried out both in Singapore and the exploring the world at a high level
US. By the 1990s, British breeders were also from a shelf or an owner’s shoulder.

Large, deeply Long, strongly
cupped ears muscled legs

Enormous almond-
shaped eyes, set
wide apart

Firm, muscular body Each hair of its fine,
silky coat has alternate
light and dark banding Dark facial
markings on
cheekbones

KITTEN

Medium-long,
slender tail
has dark
seal-brown tip

Darker barring
on inner

forelegs and
hind legs

86

European Burmese

ORIGIN Burma (Myanmar), 1930s GROOMING Weekly
BREED REGISTRIES CFA, FIFe, GCCF, TICA COLORS AND PATTERNS Self and tortie colors include blue,
WEIGHT RANGE 8–14lb (3.5–6.5kg) brown, cream, lilac, and red. Always in sepia pattern.

Confident and inquisitive, this cat thrives on companionship Head slightly
and will be happy to participate in everything you do. rounded at top and
tapers to blunt wedge
This breed was first developed in the body than its American counterpart, and it
US in the 1930s, using a foundation cat comes in a greater variety of colors. This Yellow eyes,
introduced from Southeast Asia. In the sweet-natured cat has plenty of affection set well apart
late 1940s, several Burmese cats were sent to offer and needs to be a full member and slanting
from the US to the UK, where the breed of a loving family. A Burmese is not well toward nose
acquired a different look. The European suited to a home where it will be left to
Burmese is slightly longer in the head and its own devices for long periods.

Very fine, satiny
chocolate coat

THE FIRST BLUE BURMESE
IN THE WORLD WAS BORN
IN ENGLAND IN 1955.

Nose with
noticeable stop

Elegant, Back level from
muscular body shoulders to rump

Wide cheekbones

Strong jaw
and chin

Slender legs with
small, oval paws

Lilac coat

KITTEN

87

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SHORTHAIRS

American Burmese

ORIGIN Possibly Burma (Myanmar), 1930s GROOMING Weekly
BREED REGISTRIES CFA, TICA COLORS AND PATTERNS All solid and tortie
WEIGHT RANGE 8–14lb (3.5–6.5kg) colors in sepia pattern.

Always ready to give and receive affection, these cats
will seek out warm laps and gentle petting and stroking.

There are several conflicting accounts Burmese cats were all a rich brown in
of how the Burmese cat came to the West. color. Later, further colors were accepted,
All that is known for certain is that a although not as many as in the European
Southeast Asian cat of this type, belonging version of this breed, which also has a more
to a Dr. Thompson, appeared in the US Oriental appearance. The Burmese is a
in the 1930s and was used to found a new lovely family pet that can never have
breed. The first recognized American enough company and attention.

Sturdy legs with Visible break
round paws on nose

Slightly
tapered tail

Wide-set, round,
golden eyes

Strong, Richly colored, Full, round face
compact body close-lying
lilac coat

Short,
rounded muzzle

Underparts reveal
lighter sepia patterning

88

Mandalay GROOMING Weekly
COLORS AND PATTERNS Many solid colors
ORIGIN New Zealand, 1980s and patterns, including tabby and tortie.
BREED REGISTRIES FIFe
WEIGHT RANGE 8–14lb (3.5–6.5kg)

This glossy-coated beauty is playful and fearless and Top of head is
may be seen attempting feats beyond its capabilities. slightly rounded
Strong,
In the 1980s, two breeders in New Zealand Burmese but a greater variety of coat colors. round chest
discovered independently that accidental Sleek, glossy, and golden-eyed, this lovely
matings between Burmese cats (see pp. 87–88) cat is best known in its native country. The Large amber eyes
and domestic cats produced promising kittens. Mandalay is very alert and active, and its lithe slant toward nose
From these litters, they both went on to frame is packed with muscle. It is warmly
develop what is now known as the Mandalay, affectionate toward its own family but
which has the same breed standard as the inclined to be cautious with strangers.

Tail tapers THE MANDALAY IS A HIGHLY
very slightly INTELLIGENT CAT KNOWN FOR
to rounded tip ITS STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE.

Back level from
shoulders to rump

Wide jaw
and firm chin

Short, black,
satiny coat

Neat,
oval paws

89

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SHORTHAIRS

Tonkinese GROOMING Weekly
COLORS AND PATTERNS All colors except cinnamon
ORIGIN US, 1950s and fawn, in patterns including pointed, tabby, and tortie.
BREED REGISTRIES CFA, GCCF, TICA
WEIGHT RANGE 6–12lb (2.5–5.5kg)

A chic and sleek but strongly muscled cat with plenty of Brown
substance, this breed is perfect for people who want a lap cat. shaded coat

This hybrid cat, created by crossing has an independent spirit and would rule the
the Burmese with the Siamese, blends the household if it could, but it also has a loving
coloring of both breeds but has a more nature and is gratifyingly eager to climb
compact body than many cats of Asian on laps. Playing games, socializing with
ancestry. It has achieved considerable other pets, and welcoming strangers
popularity both in the US, where it was to the home are all things that the
created, and in the UK. The Tonkinese Tonkinese loves to do.

THIS BREED WAS Darker
DEVELOPED UNDER THE brown legs,
NAME GOLDEN SIAMESE. tail, and face

Almond-shaped
deep-colored eyes

High
cheekbones

Well-balanced Sleek, close-lying
body, neither chocolate tortie coat

long nor stocky darkens with age

Blunt muzzle Slight stop
on nose
Round-tipped
ears set to

sides of head

Lilac coat

Patterning Slender legs
continues with oval feet
into belly

90

Oriental—Foreign White

ORIGIN UK, 1950s GROOMING Weekly
BREED REGISTRIES CFA, FIFe, GCCF, TICA COLORS AND PATTERNS White only.
WEIGHT RANGE 9–14lb (4–6.5kg)

This dainty, aristocratic cat with a sparkling white coat Almond-shaped
is very loving, making it an active and loyal companion. blue eyes

Development of this breed began in the and the cat is regarded as a solid-colored Neat oval paws
1950s, with crosses between the Siamese variant of the Oriental Shorthair, known
and white shorthaired cats. In the UK the as the Oriental White. This striking breed
first of these hybrids had either orange or has the characteristic elongated lines and
blue eyes, but selective breeding produced vibrant personality of the Siamese. Many
cats with blue eyes only, which were given blue-eyed white cats have a genetically
the name of Foreign White. Elsewhere, linked tendency to deafness, but the
either green or blue eyes are permitted, Foreign White is free from this defect.

THE FOREIGN WHITE IS THE ONLY Wedge-shaped,
ORIENTAL BREED THAT CANNOT tapering head
BE BRED WITH OTHER ORIENTALS.

Very large,
pointed ears

Long, Short, fine,
lithe body close-lying coat

Long, thin tail Taut abdomen Pink nose
points at end leather

Slender legs

91



Attractive hybrid
The Tonkinese is midway between
the ultra-lean Oriental cats and the
typically stocky shorthair. In early
breeding programs, it was first
known as the Golden Siamese.

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SHORTHAIRS

Oriental—Solid

ORIGIN UK, 1950s GROOMING Weekly
BREED REGISTRIES CFA, FIFe, GCCF, TICA COLORS AND PATTERNS Colors include brown
WEIGHT RANGE 9–14lb (4–6.5kg) (known as Havana), ebony, red, cream, lilac, and blue.

Fine-boned but Bred to combine Siamese lines with traditional solid colors,
muscular body this cat is highly curious and loves to explore its surroundings.

Solid-colored Oriental Shorthairs were years, these cats were used to develop a separate

developed in the 1950s, initially by crossing breed (see p. 102), called the Havana Brown, in

Siamese cats (see pp. 104–09) with other the United States. Decades of further selective

shorthaired cats to eliminate the typical Siamese breeding introduced a wide range of other solid

Lilac coat colorpoint pattern. The first of the Oriental colors to the Oriental Shorthair, starting with a

Shorthairs had coats in a rich dark shade of dilute version of the Havana referred to as lilac

brown and were known as Havanas. In later in the UK and lavender in the US.

Slightly slanting
green eyes

Long,
straight nose

Pink nose
leather

Color is uniform
from root to tip

of each hair

Long,
elegant neck

Red coat has
satiny texture

Hips should not be
wider than shoulders

Hind legs longer
than forelegs

94

Oriental—Cinnamon and Fawn

ORIGIN UK, 1960s GROOMING Weekly
BREED REGISTRIES CFA, FIFe, GCCF, TICA COLORS AND PATTERNS Cinnamon and fawn
WEIGHT RANGE 9–14lb (4–6.5kg) with no trace of white.

This beautiful, intelligent, and agile cat with a doglike Long, whiplike, Fawn
devotion comes in two unusual color versions. thin tail coat

These variations of the Oriental Shorthair are rare because it has proved difficult
for breeders to produce their subtle colors. The first Cinnamon was a kitten born in
the 1960s to a male Abyssinian (see pp. 132–33) and a female seal point Siamese
(see pp. 104–05). The attractive and unusual shade of this kitten’s coat—a
lighter, reddish-tinged version of the rich brown Oriental solid-coloring
known as Havana—inspired its breeder to develop a new line. Fawn
Orientals, which were developed slightly later, are an even more diluted brown
and their coats have a mushroom-pink or rosy tint, especially when seen in sunlight.

Vivid green eyes

Typical Oriental
body shape; lean

and muscular

THE COAT OF CINNAMON
REFLECTS THE LIGHT
REDDISH-BROWN COLOR
OF A CINNAMON STICK.

Fine, close-lying Color of nose leather
cinnamon coat coordinates with coat
Fawn coloring
Long, has warm
slender legs pinkish tinge

Dainty paws 95

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SHORTHAIRS

Oriental—Smoke

ORIGIN UK, 1970s GROOMING Weekly
BREED REGISTRIES CFA, FIFe, GCCF, TICA COLORS AND PATTERNS Oriental solid colors
WEIGHT RANGE 9–14lb (4–6.5kg) and tortie and patterns.

A combination of curiosity and intelligence, this striking Vivid green
Oriental is always prepared for a good chase. eyes slant down
toward nose
In 1971, a cross between a shaded silver be either a solid color—including
hybrid cat and a red-point Siamese produced blue, black, red, and chocolate—or “Ghost” tabby
a litter of kittens in mixed colors. One tortoiseshell; beneath this, the hair is markings
kitten, which had the coat pattern known very pale or white for at least one-third
as smoke, inspired breeders to create a of its length. The pale hair shows through Slender,
new-look Oriental. Each hair of a Smoke’s the darker color and is particularly graceful neck
coat has two color bands. The top band may noticeable when the cat moves.

Long, Ears with rounded tips
tapering tail continue wedge-

shaped line of head

Black smoke coat is
short, fine, and glossy

Hind legs longer Taut belly Legs with same
than forelegs color tone as face

96

Oriental—Shaded

ORIGIN UK, 1970s GROOMING Weekly
BREED REGISTRIES CFA, FIFe, GCCF, TICA COLORS AND PATTERNS All colors
WEIGHT RANGE 9–14lb (4–6.5kg) and tabby patterns, except white.

This delicately patterned cat with an unusual beauty Almond-shaped
is a natural entertainer, full of energy and enthusiasm. green eyes
Long neck
The chance mating between a chocolate- pattern, in which the darker markings
point Siamese (see pp. 104–05) and a Persian occur only on the upper ends of the hairs. Contrast between
Chinchilla (see p. 190) produced a litter that These markings, which can appear as tipping and light
included two kittens with shaded silver ticked, spotted, mackerel, or classic tabby ground color
coats. This aroused breeders' interest and patterns, may be quite pronounced in
so began the slow progress toward a new kittens, but as the cat matures the Distinct outline
range of Oriental cats. In a shaded Oriental, pattern becomes less distinct and around eyes
the coat is essentially a modified tabby in some cats is barely visible.

A SHADED CAT HAS A WHITE Huge ears very
UNDERCOAT AND THIS IS wide at base
ONE OF OVER 300 COLORS
OF THE ORIENTAL CAT. Wedge-shaped muzzle

Chocolate silver
tabby coat has

glistening sheen

Tabby markings more
pronounced on tail,
legs, and face

Small, oval paws Silvery-white
throat

97

Oriental style
With its svelte body and striped or
spotted coat, the Oriental Shorthair
tabby has more than a touch of the
jungle about it. All the traditional
patterns and colors are accepted.