CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANISMS IN KINGDOM PLANTAE AND KINGDOM ANIMALIA MORPHOLOGY NAME : NUR AQILAH BINTI AHMAD FAKRUDIN RAZI
KINGDOM PLANTAE ANGIOSPERMS Plants with seeds are known as angiosperms. The root system, shoot system, and leaves make up the plant' s structure. They can be discovered in a variety of environments. An ovary that matures into a fruit houses the seeds. They display two fertilizations. Depending on the quantity of cotyledons found in the seeds, they are further divided into monocots and dicots. They go by the name flowering vegetation as well. They demonstrate the following traits: GYMNOSPERMS The bare-seeded plants known as gymnosperms developed before flowering plants. Root, stem, and leaves are separated from the sporophyte plant body. They consist of towering or medium-sized trees, as well as shrubs. The breeze always carries the pollens. Most gymnosperms produce both microspores and megaspores, and they are all heterosporous. The gymnosperms exhibit a diplontic life cycle with an alternation of reproduction. Other names for them include Phanerogamic Spermatophyta. (seed-bearing). They demonstrate the following traits:
KINGDOM PLANTAE PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA Cryptogamic, autotrophic plants are known as bryophytes. The stalk, leaves, and rhizoids make up the gametophytic plant body. These form the connection between pteridophytes and algae. These are primarily found in hills or sources of water that are moist, damp, and shaded. Although some of them have hydroids (like xylem) and peptoids (like phloem), which aid in the conduction of food and water, respectively, they do not have true vascular tissues. Bryophytes have multicellular reproductive organs. The female sex organ is known as the archegonium, and the male sex organ is known as the antheridium. They are referred to as the plant kingdom ' s frogs. They demonstrate the following traits: PHYLUM PTERIDOPHYTA Pteridophytes are arterial cryptogams without seeds. The stem, leaves, and roots make up the sporophyte plant structure. These plants were among the first to develop vascular structures. These are typically located in shady, cool, and moist environments. They have compound leaves with multiple lobes, or pinna. They exhibit heterospory, which in higher plants results in the seed behavior. They are regarded as the original land vegetation. They demonstrate the following traits:
KINGDOM PLANTAE Kingdom Plantae includes green, brown and red algae, liverworts, mosses, ferns and seed plants with or without flowers.
Practical 1 : Examining the morphology of Antophyta and Coniferophyta
ANGIOSPERMS (PHYLUM ANTOPHYTA) Introduction Taxonomy of Tabernaemontana Divaricata Morphology Reproduction Life Cycle 01 02 03 04 05
TABERNAEMONTANA DIVARICATA Common names: Crape jasmine, crape gardenia, pinwheel flower, East Indian rosebay, flowers-of-love, Adam’s apple, paper gardenia, single crepe gardenia. Native habitat: Northern India This plant may be grown in full sun or partial shade. It tolerates many different soil conditions, including some flooding. Location Size Crape jasmine is a fast growing, tropical shrub or small tree 8–15 ft high and about 6 ft or more wide. Prune lightly to shape and to maintain desired size. This round, evergreen is a large shrub native to India and southeastern Asia and widely cultivated throughout the tropics. The elliptic-oblong, thin, glossy, deeply veined, dark leaves are paired along the stems. Flowering occurs throughout the year with heaviest bloom in spring and summer. It has waxy, pure, white, ruffle-edged flowers, which are especially fragrant at dusk and after dark
CHARACTERISTICS Crape jasmine, also known as Tabernaemontana divaricata, is a flowering plant that is native to India and Southeast Asia The crape jasmine flowers produces clusters of showy, funnel-shaped flowers that are typically pink, white, or red. They are about 2-3 inches in diameter and have five petals that are ruffled at the edges. Flowers The fruit of the crape jasmine is a long, narrow capsule that contains numerous seeds. Fruit The crape jasmine is highly toxic to humans and animals if ingested. All parts of the plant contain a toxic compound called oleandrin, which can cause severe gastrointestinal and cardiac symptoms. Toxicity The leaves of the crape jasmine are long and narrow, with a leathery texture. They are arranged in whorls around the stem and are dark green in color. Leaves Size The crape jasmine can grow up to 6-20 feet in height and 4-10 feet in width. Habitat The crape jasmine is native to the Mediterranean region and is widely cultivated in other parts of the world. It prefers well-drained soils and full sun to partial shade.
Tabernaemontana Apocynaceae Gentianales Mangnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) Tabernaemontana Divaricata Plantae (Plants) Tracheophyta (Vascular plants) Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom TAXONOMY TABERNAEMONTANA DIVARICATA
MORPHOLOGY
LEAVES FLOWERS TRUNKS Leaf Arrangement: Opposite Leaf Venation: Pinnate Leaf Persistance: Evergreen Leaf Shape: Lanceolate Leaf Margins: Entire Leaf Textures: Glossy, Medium Leaf Scent: No Fragance Color(growing season): Green Color(changing season): Green Leaves are oval, 8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 in) long, dark glossy green, prominently veined and with a leathery texture. Flower Showiness: True Flower Size Range: 1.5 - 3 Flower Type: Cyme Flower Sexuality: Monoecious (Bisexual) Flower Scent: Pleasant Flower Color: White Seasons: Spring, Summer, Year Round The flowers are small and trumpet-shaped with five waxy white petals in a pinwheel formation. Number of Trunks: Multi-Trunked Trunk Esthetic Values: Not Showy, Smooth Woody, smooth-no hairs, dark brownish.
Petal Stigma Style Ovary Filament FLOWERS Flowers contain angiosperm reproductive structures. A typical flower has four main parts known as the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. The androecium is the sum of all the male reproductive organs, and the gynoecium is the sum of the female reproductive organs Anther Sepals Androencium (Stamens) Gynoencium (Carpels) The petals attract pollinators Support the flowers
Stigma Functions by supporting the anther. Filament It is the topmost part or receptive tip of carpels in the gynoecium of a flower. Parts of a Flowers The male reproductive organ and is also known as Androecium. It consists of two parts namely anther and filaments Stamen Producing and storing the pollens. Anther It is the long tubelike slender stalk that connects the stigma and the ovary. Style It is the ductless reproductive gland that holds a lot of ovules. It is the part of the plant where the seed formation takes place Ovary It is the long tubelike slender stalk that connects the stigma and the ovary.
If you have an established plant, can propagate crape jasmine by dividing the root ball. Carefully remove the plant from its container or dig it up from the ground, and gently separate the roots into two or more sections. Each section should have some roots and several stems. Replant each section in a container or in the ground and keep the soil moist until new growth appears. REPRODUCTION The easiest way to propagate crape jasmine is by taking stem cuttings in the spring or summer. Select a healthy stem that is at least 6 inches long, and make a clean cut just below a node. Remove any leaves from the lower half of the cutting, and dip the cut end in rooting hormone. Plant the cutting in a pot filled with well-draining soil and keep the soil moist. Place the pot in a warm, bright location but out of direct sunlight until the cutting roots and new growth appears. PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS PROPAGATION BY DIVISION
PROCESS OF DOUBLE FERTILIZATION The pollen grain germinates and enters into the female reproductive structure through a pollen tube that takes the male gamete from the stigma, through the style towards the ovary. The pollen tube penetrates the ovary and releases two male gametes inside the ovule. The unfertilized ovule has 7 cells and 8 nuclei, arranged in a 3+2+3 manner, where 3 cells are called the antipodal cells, 1 large central cell having 2 nuclei, 2 are the synergids, and 1 is the egg cell. Out of the two male gametes released by the pollen tube, 1 fertilizes the egg cell and forms a diploid zygote, whereas the other male gamete fuses with the central cell that already had 2 nuclei, and hence it results in a structure called the triploid endosperm Double fertilization is a process that occurs in flowering plants where two male nuclei within the pollen tube fuse with two female nuclei in the ovule to form the embryo and endosperm.
REPRODUCTION Tabernaemontana divaricata, also known as crape jasmine, is a flowering plant that undergoes double fertilization. DOUBLE FERTILIZATION IN TABERNAEMONTANA DIVARICATA In crape jasmine, the male nuclei in the pollen tube fertilize the egg cell and the central cell in the ovule. The fertilization of the egg cell results in the formation of the zygote, which develops into the embryo of the seed. The fertilization of the central cell results in the formation of the endosperm, which provides nutrients to the developing embryo. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed, and the ovary of the flower develops into a fruit. In crape jasmine, the fruit is a two-valved capsule that contains numerous small seeds. The seeds are dispersed by wind or animals, and new plants can grow from these seeds. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
LIFE CYCLE The life cycle of Tabernaemontana divaricata, also known as crape jasmine, is a typical angiosperm life cycle consisting of several stages: germination, vegetative growth, reproduction, and seed production. The life cycle of crape jasmine begins with the germination of the seed. When conditions are favorable, the seed will absorb water and swell, eventually cracking open to reveal the embryo inside. After germination, the crape jasmine plant enters a phase of vegetative growth, where it produces leaves, stems, and roots. During this stage, the plant develops its characteristic branching habit and grows larger over time. Once the crape jasmine plant reaches maturity, it will produce flowers. The flowers are fragrant, white, and starshaped, and they bloom in clusters at the ends of the branches. The flowers are pollinated by insects, and the resulting fertilized ovules develop into seeds. After fertilization, the ovules develop into seeds inside a two-valved capsule. When the capsule dries out and splits open, the seeds are dispersed by wind or animals. The seeds will remain dormant until conditions are right for germination, starting the cycle a new. REPRODUCTION SEED PRODUCTION VEGETATIVE GERMINATION GROWTH The life cycle of crape jasmine can be repeated many times throughout the lifespan of the plant, which can live for several years.
ADAPTATION ABILITY TO RESPROUT The crape jasmine is able to resprout from the roots after being cut back or damaged, which is an adaptation that allows it to survive wildfires and other disturbances. The crape jasmine has natural resistance to many pests and diseases, which is an adaptation that helps it to survive and compete with other plants. PEST RESISTANCE REPRODUCTIVE ADAPTATIONS The crape jasmine has adapted to reproduce through both sexual and asexual means. It produces abundant seeds that are dispersed by wind and water, as well as vegetative shoots that can develop into new plants. DROUGHT TOLERANCE The crape jasmine is adapted to survive in regions with hot, dry summers and limited water availability. It has deep roots that can reach underground water sources and its leaves are leathery and waxy, which helps to reduce water loss through transpiration. SALT TOLERANCE The crape jasmine is able to tolerate salty soils and coastal environments, which is an adaptation that allows it to grow in regions where other plants may not be able to survive.
GYMNOSPERMS (PHYLUM CONIPHEROPHYTA) Introduction Taxonomy of Araucaria Heterophylla Morphology Reproduction Life Cycle 01 02 03 04 05
Growing best in full sun locations, this tree thrives on a variety of soils and is moderately salt tolerant. Young plants should be watered well, especially during periods of drought. Be sure to prune out multiple trunks or leaders as they should be grown with one central leader. The tree would grow taller, but lightning frequently limits height growth in the eastern U.S. The dark green, 1/2-inch-long, individual leaves on young trees are lanceolate and look somewhat like spruce or fir needles at first glance Introduction This large evergreen has a single upright trunk, tiered branching habit, and a narrow pyramidal or columnar shape. Eventually reaching a height of about 80 feet, the tree possesses a rapid growth rate.
CHARACTERISTICS Araucaria heterophylla, commonly known as the Norfolk Island pine, is an evergreen tree that is native to Norfolk Island, a small island in the Pacific Ocean. The trunk of the Norfolk Island pine is straight and cylindrical, with a greyishbrown bark that is scaly and furrowed. Trunk The Norfolk Island pine is dioecious, meaning that male and female flowers are borne on separate trees. The female cones are large, round, and woody, and can reach up to 20 cm in diameter. The male cones are smaller and cylindrical. Reproduction The Norfolk Island pine prefers well-drained soils and is tolerant of salt spray, making it suitable for coastal areas. It is often grown as an ornamental tree in gardens and parks, and can also be grown as a houseplant. Habitats Adaptation The leaves of the Norfolk Island pine are needle-like, green, and arranged spirally on the branches. They are about 2-3 cm long and have a sharp tip. Leaves The Norfolk Island pine can grow up to 60 meters in height in the wild, but typically grows up to 30 meters in cultivation. It has a conical or pyramidal shape with a symmetrical, tiered branching pattern. Size The Norfolk Island pine is adapted to survive in areas with strong winds and salt spray. Its deep root system and sturdy trunk help it to withstand these conditions.
Araucaria Araucariacae Pinales (Pine) Pinopsida (Conifers) Araucaria HeterophyLla Plantae (Plants) Tracheophyta (Vascular plants) Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom TAXONOMY ARAUCARIA HETEROPHYLA
MORPHOLOGY
LEAVES FRUITS TRUNKS & BRANCHES
LEAVES FRUITS Leaf arrangement: spiral Leaf type: simple Leaf margin: entire Leaf shape: linear, needle-like (filiform) Leaf venation: parallel Leaf type and persistence: evergreen, needled evergreen Leaf blade length: < 2 inches Leaf color: bright green Fall color: no color change Fall characteristic: not showy Fruit shape: oval, cone Fruit length: 5 inches Fruit covering: dry or hard; spiny Fruit color: green to brown Fruit characteristics: does not attract wildlife; showy; fruit/leaves a litter problem
TRUNKS AND BRANCHES Trunk/branches: branches don't droop; not showy; typically one trunk; no thorns Bark: gray brown and smooth, becoming darker, rougher, and breaking into small, scaly plates with age Pruning requirement: little required Breakage: resistant Current year twig color: green, brown Current year twig thickness: medium Wood specific gravity: unknown BARK Bark Color: Dark Brown Bark Description: Rough dark brown bark
REPRODUCTION MALE AND FEMALE CONES Like most conifers, Araucaria heterophylla produces both male and female cones. Male cones are smaller and less noticeable than the larger, woody female cones. POLLINATION Pollination occurs when the male cones release pollen, which is carried by the wind to the female cones. The pollen fertilizes the female cones, and a seed is formed. SEED DEVELOPMENT SEED DISPERSAL GERMINATION SEEDLING GROWTH The female cones of Araucaria heterophylla take around two years to develop fully. Once the seeds are mature, the cones begin to open up, allowing the seeds to fall to the ground The seeds of Araucaria heterophylla are winged, which allows them to be carried by the wind to other locations. The trees can also be propagated through cuttings or grafting. As the seedlings grow, they will produce a taproot, which helps them to establish a strong anchor in the soil. The trees grow relatively slowly, and it can take several years before they reach maturity Once the seeds reach the ground, they may take several weeks to germinate. The seeds require warmth and moisture to germinate, and will usually begin to sprout in the spring.
REPRODUCTION Araucaria heterophylla, commonly known as the Norfolk Island Pine, reproduces sexually through the production of seeds. The male cones produce pollen, which is carried by the wind to the female cones. The female cones contain ovules that are fertilized by the pollen, leading to the production of seeds. The seeds can then germinate and grow into new trees. In addition to sexual reproduction, Araucaria heterophylla can also reproduce asexually through a process called vegetative propagation. This can occur when a branch or section of the tree is removed and planted in soil, and it develops new roots and begins to grow into a new tree. Vegetative propagation is often used in horticulture to produce new plants that are genetically identical to the parent plant, which can be useful for maintaining desirable traits.
LIFE CYCLE Seed production: The life cycle of Araucaria heterophylla begins with the production of seeds. The tree produces cones that contain ovules, which contain the female gametes. Male cones produce pollen that is carried by the wind to the female cones, where it fertilizes the ovules. Seed germination: Once the seeds have fallen to the ground, they may take several weeks to germinate. The seeds require warmth and moisture to germinate, and will usually begin to sprout in the spring. Seedling growth: As the seedlings grow, they will produce a taproot, which helps them to establish a strong anchor in the soil. The tree grows relatively slowly, and it can take several years before they develop into a small tree. Vegetative growth: Once the tree has established its root system, it will enter a phase of vegetative growth. During this stage, the tree will produce leaves, branches, and a thicker trunk, becoming taller and more sturdy. Reproduction: As the tree reaches maturity, it will produce cones, and the cycle starts again. The male cones will produce pollen, which will fertilize the ovules in the female cones, resulting in the production of seeds. The Norfolk Island pine can live for several hundred years and reach heights of up to 200 feet. The life cycle of the tree is a continuous process, with the tree producing seeds and new trees growing from these seeds.
LIFE CYCLE OF GYMNOSPERMS
ADAPTATIONS CONICAL SHAPE The conical or pyramidal shape of the tree helps it to shed snow and ice more easily, reducing the risk of damage to the branches and trunk. The Norfolk Island pine has a tiered branching pattern that allows it to capture sunlight efficiently and maximize photosynthesis. TIERED BRANCHING PATTERN ADAPTATION TO FIRE The cones of the Norfolk Island pine have a thick protective layer that helps to withstand fire. The tree also has the ability to resprout from its trunk and branches after a fire. DEEP ROOT SYSTEM The Norfolk Island pine has a deep root system that helps it to anchor firmly in the soil and withstand strong winds and storms. SALT TOLERANCE The tree is tolerant of salt spray and can grow near coastlines. Its needle-like leaves have a thick waxy coating that helps to protect them from salt damage. ADAPTATION TO LOW-NUTRIENT SOILS The Norfolk Island pine is adapted to grow in soils that are low in nutrients by developing a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi, which help to increase the absorption of nutrients from the soil.
DISCUSSION The four sections of the Kingdom Plantae are Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms. Two different plant varieties were seen in this experiment, and their morphologies were categorized. The Tabernaemontana divaricata plant, which I discovered in my neighborhood, belongs to the phylum antophyta of the angiosperms, and the Araucaria Heterophylla plant, which belongs to the phylum coniferophyta of the gymnosperms, which I discovered in Bukit Banyan, Kedah. It is crucial to take safety and environmental protection measures when conducting these studies. Avoiding harming or killing the plant is one of them. Avoid picking or harming this plant while you are watching it.
Whether a plant is poisonous or not is another important consideration because some plants, like poison ivy and poison oak, can result in allergic responses or other health issues. When working with plants, gloves and long arms are recommended. Therefore, be cautious of any potential dangers like sharp cliffs, slippery rocks, or uneven ground when viewing plants in their native environment. To prevent the spread of invasive plant species, we must keep our shoes and apparel clean both before and after accessing natural habitats. In our ecosystem, plants are essential because they give other organisms sustenance, oxygen, and a place to live. In addition, they are employed in manufacturing, agriculture, and medicine. To comprehend the natural world and our position in it, it is crucial to comprehend the diversity and traits of Kingdom Plantae.
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