NAME : MUHAMMAD ZULHAKIMI BIN SHAHPERI MATRIKS NUMBER : 29DUP22F2008
THE GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA, OFFICIALLY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA (MALAY: KERAJAAN PERSEKUTUAN MALAYSIA), IS BASED IN THE FEDERAL TERRITORY OF PUTRAJAYA, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH, WHICH IS LOCATED IN KUALA LUMPUR. MALAYSIA IS A FEDERATION COMPRISING THE 11 STATES OF MALAYA, THE BORNEO STATES OF SABAH AND SARAWAK, AND 3 FEDERAL TERRITORIES OPERATING WITHIN A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY UNDER THE WESTMINSTER SYSTEM AND IS CATEGORISED AS A REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA ADHERES TO AND IS CREATED BY THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION OF MALAYSIA, THE SUPREME LAW OF THE LAND. INTRODUCTION
C O N S T I T U T I O N A L M O N A R C H Y P A R L I A M E N T A R Y D E M O C R A C Y
THE PRESENT FORM OF CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY IN MALAYSIA DATES FROM 1957, WHEN THE FEDERATION OF MALAYA GAINED INDEPENDENCE. THE RULERS SERVE AS CONSTITUTIONAL HEADS OF THEIR STATES, WITH THE STATE EXECUTIVE POWERS EXERCISED BY STATE GOVERNMENTS ELECTED BY THE PEOPLE. THE RULERS ELECT AMONG THEMSELVES A FEDERAL HEAD OF STATE, THE YANG DI-PERTUAN AGONG, WITH THE FEDERAL EXECUTIVE POWERS EXERCISED BY AN ELECTED FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY HISTORY :
THE YANG DI-PERTUAN AGONG KNOWN AS THE SUPREME HEAD OR THE KING, IS THE CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCH AND HEAD OF STATE OF MALASYIA. THE PRIME MINISTER OF MALAYSIA IS THE INDIRECT HEAD OF GOVERNMENT (EXECUTIVE) OF MALAYSIA. THE PRIME MINISTER IS APPOINTED BY THE YANG DI-PERTUAN AGONG, THE HEAD OF STATE, WHO IN HIS MAJESTY'S JUDGMENT IS LIKELY TO COMMAND THE CONFIDENCE OF THE MAJORITY OF THE MEMBERS OF THAT HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES THE ELECTED LOWER HOUSE OF PARLIAMENT. HEAD OF STATE
MALAYSIA PRACTICES PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY WITH CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY AND HIS MAJESTY THE KING AS THE PARAMOUNT RULER. THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION WAS LEGISLATED WITH THE SETTING UP OF CONDITIONS FOR THIS SYSTEM TO EXIST. ONE OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PARLIAMENT DEMOCRACY IS THE SEPARATION OF POWERS INTO THREE PARTS WHICH ARE THE LEGISLATIVE, JUDICIARY AND EXECUTIVE. PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY HISTORY :
HIS MAJESTY THE FIRST KING, TUANKU ABDUL RAHMAN IBNI ALMARHUM TUANKU MUHAMMAD ENTERS TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN HALL DURING HIS CORONATION CEREMONY.
THE PRIME MINISTER TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN PRESENTS THE ROYAL ADDRESS TO HIS MAJESTY THE KING, TUANKU ABDUL RAHMAN IBNI TUANKU MUHAMMAD DURING THE OPENING OF PARLIAMENT, 11 SEPTEMBER 1959. PRESENT, HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, TUANKU KURSHIAH TUNKU BESAR BURHANUDDIN
MALAYSIA PRACTICES PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY WITH A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCH THAT ACTS AS A SYMBOLIC HEAD OF STATE. PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY IN MALAYSIA ; THIS MEANS THAT THE YANG DIPERTUAN AGONG EXERCISES HIS POWERS OUTLINED IN THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION ON THE DEVICE OF THE CABINET THE MALAYSIA PARLIAMENT IS AN IMPORTANT INSTITUTION IN OUR DEMOCRACY TO ENSURE ACCOUNTABILITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE DAY. MPS ATTEND PARLIAMENTARY SESSIONS TO DEBATE AND QUESTION THE CABINET'S PROPOSED LAWS AND POLICIES.
IN CONCLUSION, THE MALAYSIAN GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IS A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY WITH A PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY. IT FEATURES A DIVISION OF POWERS BETWEEN THE FEDERAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS AND OPERATES THROUGH THREE BRANCHES: THE EXECUTIVE, LEGISLATIVE, AND JUDICIAL. OVERALL MALAYSIA'S GOVERNMENT SYSTEM REFLECTS A BALANCE OF POWER AND A SEPARATION OF POWERS BETWEEN THE THREE BRANCHES. IT AIMS TO ENSURE DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE, PROTECTION OF CITIZENS' RIGHTS, AND THE RULE OF LAW. CONCLUSION
THE MALAY ARE AUSTRONESIAN ETHNIC GROUP ORIGINATING FORM EASTERN SUMATRA THESE LOCATIONS TODAY ARE PART OF MALAYSIA, INDONESIA (SUMATRA, BANGKA BELITUNG ISLANDS, KALIMANTAN (KALIMANTAN) AND RIAU ISLANDS), THE SOUTHERN PART OF THAILAND (PATTANI, SATUN, SONGKHLA, YALA AND NARATHIWAT), SINGAPORE AND BRUNEI DARUSSALAM. INTRODUCTION
MALAY WORLD, HOME TO VARIOUS AUSTRONESIAN ETHNIC MALAYS SINCE THE LAST ICE AGE (ABOUT 15,000 TO 10,000 BC), EXHIBIT VARIATION ETHNICITY, LANGUAGE AND CULTURE. INDIGENOUS ANIMISTIC BELIEF SYSTEM, WHICH USES THE CONCEPT OF PASSION IN EVERY NATURAL OBJECT, IS DOMINANT AMONG THE ANCIENT MALAY TRIBES BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF DHARMIC RELIGIONS. HISTORY
HARI RAYA PUASA OR HARI RAYA AIDIL FITRI FALLS ON THE FIRST DAY OF THE MUSLIM MONTH OF SYAWAL . IS CELEBRATED ON THE 10TH, 11TH, 12TH AND 13TH DAY OF THE MONTH OF ZULHIJJAH EVERY YEAR. HARI RAYA AIDIL FITRI HARI RAYA AIDIL ·AIDILADHA FESTIVAL
BAJU MELAYU IS THE TRADITIONAL MALAY OUTFIT FOR MEN. MALAY MEN MUST WEAR BAJU MELAYU DURING HARI RAYA BECAUSE IT IS THEIR TRADITIONAL OUTFIT TO CELEBRATE THE OCCASION. THE BAJU MELAYU IS A LOOSELY FITTING SHIRT WITH LONG SLEEVES, WORN WITH LONG PANTS WITH A "SAMPING" WHICH IS WRAPPED AROUND THE MIDDLE OF THE BODY FROM THE STOMACH TO THE KNEE AND SOMETIMES LOWER. BAJU KURUNG IS FROM THE STATE OF JOHOR. THIS DRESS IS TRADITIONAL CLOTHING MALAY WOMEN. ACCORDING TO THE HISTORY OF THE EXISTENCE OF THIS DRESS, BAJU KURUNG IS SAID TO HAVE EXISTED TWO HUNDRED YEARS AGO. BAJU MELAYU BAJU KURUNG BAJU MELAYU BAJU KURUNG
NASI LEMAK IS A FAVORITE FOOD OF MANY. USUALLY IT IS MADE FOR BREAKFAST, BUT WITH THE PASSAGE OF TIME, NOW IT CAN BE ENJOYED AT ANY TIME. NASI LEMAK IS COOKED USING COCONUT MILK. IT IS ALSO TOPPED WITH SLICED SHALLOTS, GINGER AND LEMONGRASS. IN FACT, PANDAN LEAVES ARE ALSO INCLUDED TO GIVE A MORE SEDUCTIVE AROMA. PEOPLE USUALLY ENJOY MALAY NASI LEMAK WITH BOILED EGGS, FRIED ANCHOVIES AND SAMBAL. NASI LEMAK TRADITIONAL FOOD GLUTINOUS RICE IS A TYPE OF MALAY TRADITION FOOD THAT IS REQUIRED DURING THE HARI RAYA CELEBRATION. IT IS ONE OF THE FAVORITE FOODS OF MANY INCLUDING THE CHINESE, INDIANS AND SO ON. LEMANG IS MADE FROM GLUTINOUS RICE, COCONUT MILK AND A LITTLE SALT. IT WILL BE PUT IN BAMBOO SEGMENTS LINED WITH BANANA LEAVES, BEFORE BEING BAKED UNTIL COOKED. LEMANG
TRADITIONAL DANCE TARIAN ZAPIN MELAYU IS A TRADITIONAL FOLK DANCE. THIS ZAPIN DANCE IS BELIEVED TO ORIGINATE FROM ARABIA WHERE THE MOVEMENT IS FAST AND THERE IS NOT MUCH MOVEMENT OF THE DANCE FLOWERS. TARIAN ZAPIN TARIAN KUDA KEPANG KUDA KEPANG DANCE IS VERY POPULAR IN JOHOR, ESPECIALLY AMONG THE JAVANESE COMMUNITY. THIS DANCE IS CULT -LIKE BECAUSE THE DANCERS CAN BE UNCONSCIOUS. DANCERS USE BRAIDED HORSES MADE OF WOVEN BAMBOO. THE LEGLESS BRAIDED HORSE HAS ONLY A BODY, HEAD AND TAIL. THE PONY GROUP CONSISTS OF BETWEEN 15 TO 20 PLAYERS INCLUDING MUSICIANS. THE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS USED ARE GONGS, GAMELAN, TAMBOURINES, DRUMS AND BONANG.
DIKIR BARAT IS A KELANTAN STATE PERFORMANCE PRESENTED IN GROUPS. EACH GROUP IS USUALLY LED BY A TUKANG KARUT AND TOK JUARA WILL LEAD THE SINGING WHILE RECIPROCATING THE VERSES AND FOLLOWED BY THE CREW AS THE BACKGROUND VOICE WITH A LOUD AND RESOUNDING VOICE. THE GAME IS USUALLY PLAYED BY THE COMMUNITY AT THE RICE HARVEST AND ALSO AT WEDDINGS TRADITIONAL MUSIC : DIKIR BARAT
C o n g k a k B a t u S e r e m b a n C o n g k a kis a g a m e t h a t r e q uir e s pla y e r s t o fill ‘f r uit s’ in t o a r o w o f h ole s m a d e o n a pie c e o f b o a r d c alle d a c o n g k a k b o a r d. It isplayed by both menand women wherethenumber of players is onlytwo. T his g a m eis a g a m e w h e r e s m all s t o n e s a r e t o s s e d a n d t h e n c ele b r a t e d b a c k. Thegameinvolves at le a s t 2 pla y e r s a n d is u s u ally pla y e d b y f e m ale s. Thetooluse d in t his g a m e is 5 stones and it isusually played indoors.
CUSTOMS AND TRADTITIONS THIS CUSTOM IS ALSO CALLED SURVEYING OR PEEKING. AFTER IT IS KNOWN THAT THE GIRL IS NOT YET MARRIED, THE MAN'S FAMILY WILL SET A DAY TO SEND AN ENGAGEMENT PARTY. AFTER THE DISCUSSION, AN ENGAGEMENT CEREMONY WILL BE HELD. THE MAN WILL BE REPRESENTED BY FAMILY MEMBERS AND CLOSE RELATIVES FOR THE ENGAGEMENT CEREMONY. PREPARATIONS WILL BE CARRIED OUT INCLUDING SETTING UP GUEST TENTS, PREPARING COUCHES AND BRIDAL ROOMS AS WELL AS PREPARING EGG FLOWERS. WEDDING CEREMONY IS ALSO KNOWN AS DIRECT DAY OR SIDE BY SIDE. IT IS THE CULMINATION OF THE WEDDING CEREMONY AND ON THIS DAY THE BRIDE IS CALLED THE KING OF THE DAY. WHISPER ENGAGEMENT WEDDING CEREMONY WEDDING TABOO PREGNANCY STOMACH INDIGENOUS PITCH IS ALSO CALLED SEND STOMACH (THE MALAY COMMUNITY IN THE NORTHERN PART OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA AND IN SOME PLACES IS KNOWN AS THE TIAN BATH. AS USUAL THE CONTENT AT THAT TIME WAS ENOUGH NINE MONTHS AND TEN DAYS. AZAN/QAMAT USUALLY A BABY BOY WILL BE CALLED TO PRAYER IN BOTH EARS. CIRCUMCISION / CIRCUMCISION THE CUSTOM OF CIRCUMCISION FOR A BABY GIRL USUALLY DONE WHEN THE BABY IS YOUNG, THAT IS A FEW DAYS AFTER BIRTH. PREGNANCY GIVING BIRTH AFTER BIRTH HAVE CHILDREN "DON'T SIT ON A PILLOW, IT WILL GET A BOIL ON YOUR BACK." "WOMEN SHOULD NOT SING IN THE KITCHEN, IF THEY SING IN THE KITCHEN THEY WILL GET AN OLD HUSBAND". ‘’PREGNANT PEOPLE SHOULD NOT HIT SNAKES, LATER THE CHILD BORN WILL BE DEFORMED OR IMPERFECT IN NATURE ". "DON'T EAT AT DUSK, LATER THE SPIRIT OF RICE WILL DISAPPEAR"
IN CONCLUSION, THE MALAY COMMUNITY IS A DIVERSE AND CULTURALLY RICH GROUP WITH A SHARED LINGUISTIC AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. WHILE THERE ARE COMMONALITIES WITHIN THE COMMUNITY, IT IS CRUCIAL TO RECOGNIZE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND EVOLVING SOCIETAL DYNAMICS. THE CONCLUSIONS DRAWN HERE ARE BASED ON AVAILABLE KNOWLEDGE UP UNTIL SEPTEMBER 2021 AND SHOULD BE SUPPLEMENTED WITH MORE RECENT INFORMATION FOR A COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMMUNITY. CONCLUSION
BABA NYONYA, ALSO KNOWN AS PERANAKAN OR STRAITS CHINESE, REFERS TO THE DESCENDANTS OF CHINESE IMMIGRANTS WHO SETTLED IN THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO DURING THE 15TH AND 16TH CENTURIES. THEY INTERMARRIED WITH THE LOCAL MALAY POPULATION AND DEVELOPED A UNIQUE CULTURE THAT BLENDS BOTH CHINESE AND MALAY TRADITIONS. INTRODUCTION
THE BABAS AND NYONYAS TYPICALLY FOLLOW CHINESE BELIEFS, SUCH AS TAOISM, CONFUCIANISM AND BUDDHISM THEY CELEBRATE CHINESE NEW YEAR (LUNAR NEW YEAR) AND MANY OTHER CHINESE FESTIVALS, WHILE ADOPTING THE CUSTOMS OF THE LAND THEY SETTLED IN, AS WELL AS THOSE OF THEIR COLONIAL RULERS FESTIVAL
INFLUENCE MALAY IN THIS ETHNIS CAN BE SEEN AT THEIR CLOTHINGS THAT SIMILAR WITH MALAY'S NYONYA MOSTLY ADAPTED MALAY'S IN CLOTHING. WHILE BABA STILL USED THEIR ORIGIN WAY IN CLOTHING KEBAYA NYONYA LOK CHUAN BAJU PANJANG KASUT MANK
NYONYA LAKSA KUIH PIE TEE a spicynoodlesoup made withcoconut milk, dried shrimp, and avariety of spices and herbs. acrispypastrycup filled witha mixture ofvegetables and prawns
DANCE FOR BABA NYONYA IS USUALLY BASED ON MALAY DANCE, WHERE THE MUSIC AND STEP ARE SIMILAR THE DANCER NORMALLY WILL DANCE WITH A ITEMS SUCH AS HANDKERCHIEF, TIFFIN CARRIERS, CHINESE FANS, CHINESE UMBRELLA OR EMBROIDERY FRAMES TO PRESENT THEIR LIFE AND CULTURE TRADITIONAL DANCE : PERANAKAN DANCE
THE DONDANG SAYANG IS A TRADITIONAL MALAY FORM OF ENTERTAINMENT WHERE BABA AND NYONYA SINGERS EXCHANGE EXTEMPORANEOUS MALAY PANTUN IT IS USUALLY SING AND DANCED BY GUESTS AT FUNCTIONS SUCH AS WEDDINGS, PARTIES TRADITIONAL MUSIC : DONDANG SAYANG
C H E R K I C O N G K A K C h e r ki, is o n e o f t h e c a r d g a m e t h a t B a b a - N y o n y a c r e a t e. T his g a m eis simila r t o w e s t e r n Gin R u m m y a n d C hin e s e M a h j o n g. Thisgamecanallow two to six peopleto playat thesametim e, and thereare 60 cards ina deck C h o n g k a kis a n o t h e r t y p e o f B a b a N y o n y a g a m e, t his g a m e als o c o m e s f r o m M ala y c ult u r e, b u t a d a p t b y B a b a N y o n y a c ult u r e. T his g a m e c a n o nly allo w t w o pla y e r s a t a tim e.
CUSTOM AND TRADITIONS ON THE FIRST DAY OF THE WEDDING BEFORE DAWN, BOTH FAMILIES HAVE TO COMB THE COOL HAIR AT HOUSE, AND THE PERSON WHO COMBS THE HAIR MUST BE A BLESSING PERSON WHICH GIVING LUCK TO THE NEW COUPLE. THE BLESSING PERSON HAS TO REPEAT COMB THE COUPLE HAIR 4 TIMES WEDDING TABOO MARRIAGE TABOOS : THE PREGNANT WOMAN ARE PROHIBITED TO TOUCH THE GIFT, STUFFS AND WEDDING BED OR JOIN INTO THE PREPARATIONS OF WEDDING CEREMONY. DINING TABOO : SITTING AT THE CORNER OF THE DINING TABLE IS A BIG “NO-NO” AS THEY BELIEVE THAT THE TABLE CORNER IS LIKE A SHARP KNIFE POINTING AT THE PERSON WHO IS SITTING THERE. PICTURE TAKING TABOO : IT IS STRICTLY FORBIDDEN FOR THREE PERSON TO TAKE A PHOTO TOGETHER AS THEY BELIEVE THAT THE ONE WHO IS STANDING IN THE MIDDLE WOULD BE THE FIRST TO DIE. FUNERAL TABOO : WHEN ONE HAS JUST PASSED AWAY, HER/HIS FAMILY MEMBERS ARE ENCOURAGED TO COVER THEIR MIRRORS AND REFLECTING SURFACES AS THEY BELIEVE THAT THE DEATH PERSON WOULD CATCH THEIR SOUL TO ACCOMPANY IT TO THE UNDERWORLD. TABOO IS A PROHIBITION RESULTING FROM SOCIAL CUSTOM. IT IS ALSO CALLED “PANTANG-LARANG” IN BABA MALAY. BABA NYONYA TABOOS ARE ALMOST THE SAME AS CHINESE TABOOS PREGNACY PREGNANT NYONYA IS PROHIBITED TO GO OR JOIN ANY ACTIVITY THAT RELATED MARRIAGE, AND TO TOUCH ANY ITEMS THAT RELATED TO MARRIAGE (LIKE GIFT, WEDDING BED, ETC).
IN CONCLUSION, WE HOPE THAT THE BABA AND NYONYA ETHNIC CAN BE CONTINUOUSLY WELL PROTECTED, PRESERVED AND CONSERVED FOR THE NEXT FUTURE GENERATIONS. WE ALSO HOPE THAT MALAYSIAN PEOPLE WILL BE MORE INTERESTED AND APPRECIATED ABOUT THIS SPECIAL AND UNIQUE CULTURE OF BABA AND NYONYA. CONCLUSION
THE INDIAN COMMUNITY IN MALAYSIA IS ONE OF THE COUNTRY’S THREE MAIN ETHNIC GROUPS, THE OTHER TWO BEING MALAYS AND THE CHINESE. TODAY THE INDIAN COMMUNITY ACCOUNTS FOR ABOUT 7% OF MALAYSIA’S POPULATION AND IS CONSIDERED THE THIRD LARGEST SINGLE ETHNIC GROUP IN MALAYSIA. INTRODUCTION
MOST ARE DESCENDANTS OF THOSE WHO MIGRATED FROM INDIA DURING THE BRITISH MALAYA ERA FROM THE EARLY 19TH TO MID20TH CENTURIES. THE MAJORITY OF MALAYSIAN INDIANS ARE ETHNIC TAMILS; SMALLER GROUPS INCLUDE THE MALAYALEES, TELUGUS, PUNJABIS AND OTHERS. HISTORY
FESTIVAL DIWALI, OR DIPAWALI, IS MALAYSIAN INDIANS BIGGEST AND MOST IMPORTANT HOLIDAY OF THE YEAR. THE FESTIVAL GETS ITS NAME FROM THE ROW (AVALI) OF CLAY LAMPS (DEEPA) THAT INDIANS LIGHT OUTSIDE THEIR HOMES TO SYMBOLIZE THE INNER LIGHT THAT PROTECTS FROM SPIRITUAL DARKNESS.THEY CELEBRATE DEEPAVALI 5 DAYS. DEEPAVALI (FESTIVAL OF LIGHTS) PONGAL (HARVEST FESTIVAL) ON THIS DAY, THE SUN GOD IS HONOURED. COLOURFUL DECORATIVE FLOOR PATTERNS CALLED KOLAM ARE DRAWN AT THE ENTRANCE OF ONE'S HOME, AND EACH HOUSEHOLD COOKS A POT OF FRESH RICE WITH MILK AT AUSPICIOUS TIMINGS. AS THE MILK BOILS FREELY OVER THE POT ON THE 3RD DAY THIS IS FOLLOWED BY THE 'MATTU PONGAL' CELEBRATION ON THE THIRD DAY WHEN BULLS, COWS AND OTHER FARM ANIMALS ARE WORSHIPPED. THAIPUSAM (LORD MURUGAN FESTIVAL) THAIPUSAM IS A HINDU FESTIVAL CELEBRATED ON THE FULL MOON IN THE TAMIL MONTH OF THAI. DEVOTEES PRAY AND MAKE VOWS, WHEN THE PRAYERS ARE ANSWERED THEY FULFILL THE VOWS BY PIERCING PARTS OF THEIR BODY SUCH AS THEIR CHEEKS, TONGUES, AND BACKS BEFORE CARRYING A KAVADI ALONG A FOUR KILOMETRE ROUTE.
S A R E E T H E I N D I A N S A R E E I S A T R A D I T I O N A L D R E S S F O R I N D I A N W O M E N L E H E N G A I T S C A L L E D L E H E N G A C H O L I A R E T H E M O S T P O P U L A R G A R M E N T S F O R T H E B R I D E P U N J A B Y S U I T A K I N D O F I N D I A N S G I R L S T R A D I S I O N A L D R E S S S A R E E L E H E N G A P U N J A B Y S U I T
D H O T I D H O T I I S T H E T R A D I T I O N A L A T T I R E O F I N D I A N M E N. T H E S T Y L E S A N D A T T I T U D E S O F D H O T I W E A R E R S C H A N G E D E P E N D I N G O N T H E S T A T E O R P R O V I N C E. T H E P R E S E N C E O F D H O T I S C A N B E F E L T P R E V A L E N T L Y I N V A R I O U S F U N C T I O N S A N D P R O C E E D I N G S. KURTA A KURTA IS A LONG, LOOSE SHIRT COMMONLY WORN IN SOUTH ASIA. IN INDIAN CITIES, IT'S VERY COMMON FOR BOTH MEN AND WOMEN TO WEAR KURTAS WITH JEANS. D H O T I K U R T A
TRADITIONAL FOOD THE BANANA LEAF ACTS AS A DISPOSABLE PLATE AND IT IN ITSELF IS NOT CONSUMED. THE CHOICE OF BANANA LEAVES IS MAINLY DUE TO THE BROAD LEAVES AS WELL AS TO THE UBIQUITY OF THE PLANT IN INIDIAN, MALAYSIAN . TYPICALLY, ONLY VEGETARIAN GRAVY (E.G. SAMBAR (DHAL CURRY) WILL BE SERVED ON THE RICE AS IT IS MEANT TO BE A TRADITIONAL VEGETARIAN DISH. BANANA LEAF FOOD MURUKU MURUKKU IS TYPICALLY MADE FROM RICE AND FLOUR. THE FLOURS ARE MIXED WITH WATER, SALT AND EITHER SESAME SEEDS OR CUMIN SEEDS. THE MIX IS KNEADED INTO A DOUGH, WHICH IS SHAPED INTO SPIRAL OR COIL SHAPES EITHER BY HAND OR EXTRUDED USING A MOULD. TRADISIONAL SWEETS LADDO LADDU OR LADDOO IS A DEEPFRIED SPHERICAL SWEET FROM THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT MADE OF VARIOUS INGREDIENTS AND SUGAR SYRUP OR JAGGERY. IT HAS BEEN DESCRIBED AS "PERHAPS THE MOST UNIVERSAL AND ANCIENT OF INDIAN SWEETS."
TRADITIONAL DANCE ORIGINALLY A TEMPLE DANCE FOR WOMEN, BHARATANATYAM OFTEN IS USED TO EXPRESS HINDU RELIGIOUS STORIES AND DEVOTIONS. IT WAS NOT COMMONLY SEEN ON THE PUBLIC STAGE UNTIL THE 20TH CENTURY. THE DANCE MOVEMENTS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY BENT LEGS, WHILE FEET KEEP RHYTHM.
K a b a d di C h a t u r a n g a b a sic ally a c o m b a tiv e s p o r t, wit h s e v e n pla y e r s o n e a c h sid e;pla y e d f o r a p e rio d o f 4 0 min u t e s wit h a 5 min u t e s b r e a k ( 2 0 - 5 - 2 0 ) old I n dia n t w o - pla y e r b o a r d g a m e t h a t w a s invented at least 1,500 years ago and is believed to bethe earliestpredecessor ofthegame ofchess.
CUSTOM AND TRADITIONS INDIAN WEDDINGS ARE TRADITIONALLY MULTI-DAY AFFAIRS, AND INVOLVE MANY INTRICATE CEREMONIES, SUCH AS THE PAINTING OF THE HANDS AND FEET OF THE BRIDE CALLED A MEHNDI. GARLANDS ARE PRESENTED TO GUESTS OF HONOR INSTEAD OF CORSAGES, AND LOTS OF FLOWER OR ROSE PETALS ARE THROWN FOR GOOD LUCK. WEDDING TABOO INDIANS DON'T CUT THEIR NAILS AT NIGHT ITS BECAUSE ONE OF THE REASONS WHY IT WAS FORBIDDEN TO CUT NAILS POST-SUNSET IS THAT PEOPLE USED LANTERNS AND LAMPS FOR LIGHT AND HAD NO ELECTRICITY THOSE DAYS. THEREFORE, PEOPLE FOUND IT CHALLENGING TO CUT THEIR NAILS WITHOUT PROPER LIGHT AND PREVENTED THE POSSIBILITY OF INJURING THEMSELVES. SAYS SWEEPING AT NIGHT CAN BRING BAD LUCK. “IN ANCIENT TIMES, WHEN THERE WAS NO ELECTRICITY, BROOMING AT NIGHT WITH MINIMAL LIGHTING MIGHT ALSO SWEEP AWAY EXPENSIVE ITEMS LIKE RINGS, EARRINGS, AND CHAINS OUT OF THE HOUSE, IT IS FORBIDDEN TO CUT HAIR ON TUESDAYS, THURSDAYS AND SATURDAYS ITS BECAUCE THIS IS BECAUSE THE ELDERS BELIEVE THAT ON THOSE DAYS, THE PLANET EMITS RAYS THAT CAN HARM A PERSON'S HEALTH AND WELL-BEING. PREGNACY PREGNANCY RITUAL HAS BEEN FOLLOWED SINCE THE VEDIC AGES: AN EVENT CALLED SIMANTHA, HELD IN THE 7TH OR 8TH MONTH. THE MOTHER-TOBE IS SHOWERED WITH DRY FRUITS, SWEETS AND OTHER GIFTS THAT HELP THE BABY'S GROWTH.
THE INDIAN CULTURE IS FULL OF VARIETY AND DIVERSITY. TRADITIONS AND CULTURES ARE DIFFERENT FROM WHAT WE ARE USED TO. HOPEFULLY WITH OUR PRESENTATION YOU'VE GOTTEN A BETTER GLIMPSE OF AN UNFAMILIAR WORLD CONCLUSION
MALAYSIAN CHINESE ARE THE SECOND LARGEST ETHNIC GROUP IN MALAYSIA. THE CHINESE ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR DILIGENCE AND KEEN BUSINESS SENSE THE HOKKIEN (THE NORTHERN ISLAND OF PENANG) THE CANTONESE (CAPITAL CITY KUALA LUMPUR) THE MANDARIN SPEAKING (IN THE SOUTHERN STATE OF JOHOR) IN SARAWAK MADE UP OF A MIX OF DIALECT GROUPS INCLUDING FOOCHOW, HAKKA, HOKKIEN, TEOCHEW, HAINANESE AND PUXIAN MIN SABAH THE POPULATION OF CHINESE DROPS TO AROUND 10 PERCENT WHO PREDOMINANTLY SPEAK THE HAKKA LANGUAGE. THE THREE SUB-GROUPS WHO SPEAK A DIFFERENT DIALECT OF THE CHINESE LANGUAGE ARE: INTRODUCTION
THE ARRIVAL OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE TO MALAYA CAN GO BACK TO THE 5TH CENTURY AD, THROUGH THE HISTORICAL RECORDS OF THE TANG DYNASTY. HOWEVER, THE ARRIVAL OF CHINESE SOCIETY MORE BLATANTLY OCCURRED IN THE 15TH CENTURY AD, DURING THE MING DYNASTY. THE CHINESE CAME TO MALAYA SINCE THE 15TH CENTURY AS A RESULT OF THE OPENING OF MALACCA AND THE TRADE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MALACCA AND CHINA AND ALSO DUE TO TRADE DEVELOPMENTS IN PENANG AND SINGAPORE. THEY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN TRADING THROUGH EXTENSIVE SEA TRADE NETWORK. SOME CHINESE SOCIETY ALSO CAME TO MALAYA TO AVOID WAR AND POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN CHINA. HISTORY
FESTIVAL CHINESE MALAYSIAN COMMUNITIES CELEBRATE CHINESE NEW YEAR ON THE FIRST DAY OF THE CHINESE CALENDAR IN JANUARY OR FEBRUARY EACH YEAR. THE RED LANTERN DECORATIONS OF VARIOUS SIZES AND SHAPES OFTEN FILL THE RESIDENTIAL AREAS OF THE CHINESE COMMUNITY. IT SHOWS THAT THE CELEBRATION WILL BE CELEBRATED QUITE FESTIVELY. CHINESE NEW YEAR CAP GOH MEH CHAP GOH MEI, WHICH IS THE HOKKIEN TERM FOR THE 15TH NIGHT OF THE LUNAR NEW YEAR, IS ALSO KNOWN AS YUAN XIAO JIE, OR LANTERN FESTIVAL. THIS MARKS THE FINAL DAY OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE NEW YEAR CELEBRATIONS, AND NEW YEAR DECORATIONS ARE USUALLY TAKEN DOWN ON THIS DAY, REPLACING WITH RED LANTERNS TO CELEBRATE THE FIRST FULL MOON OF THE YEAR. QING MING QINGMING FESTIVAL IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT TRADITIONAL FESTIVALS IN CHINA. IT FALLS ON APRIL 4TH OR 5TH. QINGMING FESTIVAL IS ALSO CALLED TOMB SWEEPING DAY AS IT IS THE TIME FOR CHINESE PEOPLE TO SHOW RESPECT TO THEIR ANCESTORS BY CLEANING THEIR ANCESTORS' TOMBS AND PLACING OFFERINGS.
I T I S A K I N D O F S H I R T A N D T R O U S E R S T H A T B O T H M E N A N D W O M E N C A N W E A R I N E V E R Y D A Y L I F E S I T U A T I O N S. T H I S T R A D I T I O N A L C H I N E S E D R E S S C O N S I S T S O F L O O S E S H I R T S A N D T R O U S E R S M A D E O F S O F T, S I L K Y F A B R I C S. SAMFOO, W H I C H H A S B E E N W O R N S I N C E T H E C H I N G D Y N A S T Y, I S V E R Y P O P U L A R A M O N G M I D D L E - A G E D W O M E N A N D O L D E R O R M A R R I E D M E N. SAMFOO S A M F O O
CHINESE WOMEN IN MALAYSIA WEAR CHEONGSAM (MEANS ‘LONG DRESS’) DURING FESTIVALS AND FORMAL EVENTS. CHEONGSAM, ALSO CALLED QIPAO, IS A SILK ONE-PIECE DRESS WITH A COLLAR AND CLASPS AT THE WAIST, EITHER IN THE CENTRE OR ON THE SIDE. ANOTHER POPULAR TRADITIONAL OUTFIT IS WORN BY CHINESE WOMEN IN MALAYSIA IS HANFU, WHICH IS A COMBINATION OF A LOOSE BLOUSE AND A LONG SKIRT AND A BELT SASH. C H E O N G S A M H A N F U
TRADITIONAL FOOD THE EVERGREEN NUMBER ONE CHINESE MALAYSIAN FOOD, HAINANESE CHICKEN RICE IS COOKED AND LOVED BY THE CHINESE ALL OVER THE WORLD. THE DISH IS CLAIMED TO ORIGINATE FROM MALAYSIA, EVEN THOUGH IT BEARS THE TITLE HAINANESE- A PROVINCE IN CHINA. MANY TYPES OF CHICKENS THAT CAN BE USED FOR THIS DISH, FROM POACHED WHITE CHICKEN TO ROASTED CHICKEN. AMONG ALL, ROASTED CHICKEN REMAINS THE MOST WIDELY USED. HAINANESE CHICKEN RICE WAT DAN HOR WAT DAN HOR IS A TYPICAL LOCALIZED CHINESE NOODLE DISH. IT IS PREPARED BY FIRST PAN-FRYING THE FLAT RICE NOODLE CALLED KEOW TEOW WITH SOY SAUCE OVER INTENSE HEAT. KEOW TEOW IS ALSO CALLED HOR FUN IN SOME PLACES, HENCE THE NAME WAT DAN HOR. POPULAR AMONG THE CANTONESE AND, AND IT IS THEREFORE CALLED CANTONESE-STYLE FRIED NOODLES AS WELL. BAK KUT TEH A GENUINE CHINESE MALAYSIAN FOOD, BAH KUT TEH WAS ORIGINALLY CREATED IN KLANG, WHICH IS NOT FAR FROM THE CAPITAL OF MALAYSIA, KUALA LUMPUR. IN ORDER TO PREPARE THIS DISH, THE CHEF WILL SIMMER THE PORK RIBS ALONG WITH A SOPHISTICATED BROTH OF SPICES AND HERBS WHICH COMPRISES OF CINNAMON, STAR ANISE, FENNEL, CLOVES, DANG GUI AND GARLIC. IT IS EASILY AVAILABLE IN MAJOR TOWNS, ESPECIALLY IN CHINESE POPULATED AREAS.
DANCE LION DANCE IS A FORM OF TRADITIONAL DANCE IN CHINESE CULTURE AND OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES IN WHICH PERFORMERS MIMIC A LION'S MOVEMENTS IN A LION COSTUME TO BRING GOOD LUCK AND FORTUNE. LION DANCE DRAGON DANCE DRAGON DANCE IS A FORM OF TRADITIONAL DANCE AND PERFORMANCE IN CHINESE CULTURE. THE DANCE IS PERFORMED BY A TEAM OF EXPERIENCED DANCERS WHO MANIPULATE A LONG FLEXIBLE GIANT PUPPET OF A DRAGON USING POLES POSITIONED AT REGULAR INTERVALS ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE DRAGON. FAN DANCE CHINESE FAN DANCES START OUT AS CEREMONIAL RITUALS WHEREAS THE DANCE MOVES HAVEN’T CHANGED, THE DANCE USES HAVE. FAN DANCES REPRESENT BEAUTY, GRACE, SKILL, TRADITION, DELICACY AND HISTORY. EXPRESS FEELINGS OF JOY AND FANS ARE RECOGNIZED AS GOOD LUCK CHARMS AND EXPRESSIONS OF GENEROSITY.
IN MALAYSIA, CHINESE ORCHESTRAS EXIST NATIONWIDE IN URBAN AREAS WHICH HAVE LARGE CONCENTRATIONS OF CHINESE MALAYSIANS. THEY'RE SPONSORED LARGELY BY VARIOUS CHINESE ORGANIZATIONS INCLUDING SCHOOLS, CLAN ASSOCIATIONS AND BUDDHIST SOCIETIES, A TYPICAL ORCHESTRA CONSISTS OF BETWEEN 12 AND 50 MEMBERS. THE HUA YUE TUAN "CHINESE ORCHESTRA, " IS MADE UP OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND SOME WESTERN INSTRUMENTS. THE MUSIC ITSELF COMBINES WESTERN POLYPHONY WITH CHINESE MELODIES AND SCALES. TRADITIONAL MUSIC
GAMES MAHJONG IS A GAME THAT ORIGINATED IN CHINA, PLAYED BY FOUR PLAYERS (WITH SOME THREE-PLAYER VARIATIONS FOUND IN KOREA AND JAPAN). THE FOUR PLAYER TABLE VERSION IS NOT THE SAME AS THE SINGLE PLAYER TILE MATCHING GAME MAHJONG SOLITAIRE. IT IS SIMILAR TO THE WESTERN CARD GAME RUMMY, MAHJONG IS A GAME OF SKILL, STRATEGY AND CALCULATION AND INVOLVES A CERTAIN DEGREE OF CHANCE. MAHJONG GO GO IS A BOARD GAME FOR TWO PLAYERS THAT ORIGINATED IN CHINA MORE THAN 2,000 YEARS AGO. THE GAME IS NOTED FOR BEING RICH IN STRATEGY DESPITE ITS RELATIVELY SIMPLE RULES. XIANG QI XIANGQI IS A CHINESE BOARD GAME PLAYED BY TWO PLAYERS. PRESENT FORM OF XIANGQI ORIGINATED IN CHINA, SO IT IS KNOWN AS CHINESE CHESS. THE GAME WAS FOUND TO HAVE STARTED PLAYING AS EARLY AS THE 4TH CENTURY AD IN CHINA. XIANGQI IS ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR BOARD GAMES IN THE WORLD. UNIQUE FEATURES INCLUDE THE UNIQUE MOVEMENT PAO,
CUSTOMS AND TRADTITIONS ON THE NIGHT BEFORE, A “GOOD LUCK WOMAN” OR THE MOTHER OF THE BRIDE WILL DRESS THE BRIDE’S HAIR IN THE STYLE OF A MARRIED WOMAN WHILE UTTERING AUSPICIOUS WORDS. INSTEAD OF STYLING THE HAIR, A MORE COMMON PRACTICE NOW IS JUST COMBING THE HAIR. THE PROCESSION FROM THE GROOM’S HOUSE TO OBTAIN THE BRIDE IS ACCOMPANIED BY LOUD FIRECRACKERS AND GONGS. HENCE THESE DAYS, THE ENTOURAGE WOULD DRIVE IN FRONT OF THE BRIDE’S HOUSE AND HONK LOUDLY ON THE AUSPICIOUS WEDDING DAY CHOSEN BY THE COUPLE’S FAMILIES. TEA IS SERVED AS A SYMBOLIC GESTURE OF ASKING FOR PERMISSION AND EXPRESSING ONE’S GRATITUDE TO THEIR PARENTS FOR BRINGING THEM UP HAIR DRESSING RITUAL PICK THE BRIDE (“JIP SAN LEONG”) TEA CEREMONY WEDDING TABOO PREGNANCY CHINESE PRE-NATAL BIRTH OBSERVANCES INVOLVE BOTH RITUALS OF AVOIDANCE AND PROTECTION SO AS TO ENSURE THE SECURITY OF THE MOTHER AND UNBORN CHILD. EXPECTANT MOTHERS ARE, THEREFORE, STRONGLY DISCOURAGED FROM MOVING FURNITURE OR RENOVATING THE HOUSE DURING THEIR PREGNANCY. IN ADDITION, THEY ARE URGED TO AVOID ACTIVITIES SUCH AS DIGGING, SLAUGHTERING, HAMMERING AND LOOKING AT UNSIGHTLY IMAGES AS THESE WOULD LEAD TO UNDESIRABLE CONSEQUENCES. EXPECTANT MOTHERS SHOULD ALSO REFRAIN FROM UTTERING WORDS THAT ARE CONSIDERED TABOO OR OFFENSIVE TO DEITIES AND SPIRITS. ACCORDING TO CHINESE TRADITION, GOOD THINGS COME IN PAIRS. THEREFORE ODD NUMBERS ARE AVOIDED FOR BIRTHDAY CELEBRATIONS AND WEDDINGS. TO AVOID BAD THINGS HAPPENING IN PAIRS, ACTIVITIES SUCH AS BURIALS AND GIFT GIVING ARE NOT PERFORMED ON EVEN NUMBERED DAYS. IT IS A CHINESE TABOO TO SHARE STORIES ABOUT DEATH AND DYING AND GHOST STORIES DURING SPECIAL OCCASIONS AND HOLIDAYS. DOING SO IS CONSIDERED EXTREMELY UNLUCKY. THE FIFTH LUNAR MONTH IS CONSIDERED AN UNLUCKY MONTH. IT IS A CHINESE TABOO TO DRY BLANKETS IN THE SUN AND BUILD HOUSES DURING THIS TIME. NUMBERS H0LIDAYS FIFTH LUNAR MONTH
IN CONCLUSION, THE CHINESE COMMUNITY IN MALAYSIA HAS A RATHER UNIQUE CUSTOM OR TABOO. THEIR DAILY LIFE INFLUENCED BY THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT CAUSES THEM A LOT TO DEPEND ON LUCK. IN VARIOUS MATTERS, THE SCULPTOR HAS A GREAT ROLE AS A REFERENCE SPECIALIST IN MATTERS OF BIRTH, MARRIAGE AND DEATH. CONCLUSION