DK Findout! Castles - Philip Steele

Inner ward ! REALLY?
Within the inner ward Krak des Chevaliers
were living quarters, could house a huge
stores, a great hall, garrison of about
and a chapel. 2,000 men.

Strong outer walls Water supply
This outer wall was Droughts were common
added in the 13th in Syria. An aqueduct
century, making it channelled water into
a concentric castle. an inner moat, which
also served as a reservoir
for drinking water.

Salah ad-Din Crusader king
This Kurdish sultan King Richard I of England was
of Egypt reigned known as the Coeur de Lion (“the
from 1174 to 1193. Lionheart”). He spent most of his
He was a military
commander who reign (1189–99) on the Third
won the respect Crusade or in captivity. He
fought against Saladin in
of many Europeans the Third Crusade.
with his brilliance.
They called Richard the Lionheart
him “Saladin”.
49
Saladin

End of an age

By the 1300s, the feudal system was breaking down
in Western Europe. Under the feudal system, power
had been based on how much land a person had rather
than on money. As trade became more important, a
banker could become richer than a king. During wars,
the mighty stone walls of castles couldn’t withstand
powerful new weapons.

Ruins of End of feudalism
Corfe Castle,
England In 1215, English barons forced King John to
give away many of his royal powers by putting his
seal on a document called the Magna Carta. This
began to break down the feudal system that was

so important in running castles.

King John and the
Magna Carta

What happened to the castles?

Some castles were “slighted” which means badly
damaged by the enemy so that they could not
be used. Some were abandoned. Few castles
were used after the 1650s and they fell into ruin.
50

The plague

In 1347, a plague arrived in
Europe. The “Black Death”
killed about 50 million

people, so there weren’t
enough left to work on the
land. Peasants could now

demand high wages,
instead of working for
the lord for free.

People bringing
out their plague

dead for burial

Rise of palaces

In 1360, King Charles
V of France converted
the Louvre Castle, which
defended Paris, into a
grand palace. Many kings
now deserted their damp,
draughty castles and
moved into luxurious
city palaces.

Louvre Palace, France

Gunpowder Mortar, Matchlock muskets, 1690s
1400s
Simple cannon were 51
being used in Europe in
the 1300s. By the 1460s,
they were powerful enough
to destroy stone walls.
Castles became useless, as
the people inside were no
longer safe from siege.

Japanese castles

Castles first developed in Japan during the
Middle Ages. From the 1400s to the 1600s,
powerful lords called the daimyo replaced
simple forts made of timber and mud with grand,
towering castles. These played an important part
in Japan’s history as rival clans battled for power.

Himeji castle “White Heron Castle”
Japan‘s largest castle, This name was given to
Himeji, was built in 1581 Himeji Castle because of
by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. its elegant white towers.
He was a famous warrior,
daimyo, and castle builder.

52

Sumptuous Samurai warriors
quarters
The upper level of The Samurai, or Bushi, were warriors
the castle contained who served a lord. From the 1100s to the
the lord‘s living 1800s they were elite troops with a high
quarters. They social status. They followed a strict code
would have been of honour, known as bushido.
very luxurious.
Horned helmet

War mask

Armour
Samurai armour, called
yoroi, was made up of iron
scales and plates, coated
in shiny lacquer and tied
together with cords of silk.

Armoured
skirt

Wakizashi

Katana

Shin guards Swords
Samurai carried
two very sharp swords,
a longer one called a
katana and a shorter
one called a wakizashi.

53

Fantasy castles

In the 1400s, kings, queens, and nobles liked to imagine
that they were living in magical castles with turrets and
spires. Their minstrels and poets told stories about
legendary castles. In the 1800s, some people actually
built romantic fairy-tale castles.

PresbeyntthdeayLoCihreâtreivaeur,dFeraSnacuemur,

Neuschwanstein
Castle

King Ludwig II of Bavaria,
Germany, was a dreamer who
loved music and architecture.
His ultimate romantic fantasy
was this hilltop castle, which

was built in 1869–86.

54

Camelot Castle

It is said that the legendary King
Arthur gathered together the
greatest knights in the land
at his castle, called Camelot.
He seated them at a round
table, so that everyone would
be treated as equals.

Travelling to Camelot
Arthur’s knights came
to Camelot to sit at his
famous round table.

Château de Saumur

A painting from 1410 shows the
Château de Saumur, a real castle
with soaring white towers. This

is still the ideal castle seen in
modern fairy tales and films.

55

Myths and Robin Hood
legends
This legendary outlaw from
Every castle has its own amazing England “robbed the rich to pay
real-life story, but people love to tell the poor”. His greatest enemy
fanciful tales about them too. Some of was the evil Sheriff who lived
these are about knights and heroines, in Nottingham Castle.
some about magical beasts and
supernatural beings. Over time, the
true stories have become legends.

Vlad III Statue of Robin
Hood outside
Legend of Dracula
the castle wall in
A cruel medieval prince called Vlad III Nottingham,
lived in the castles of Bran, Poenari, and England.
Hunyadi in 15th-century Romania. In the
1800s, a writer called Bram Stoker based
his vampire Dracula on Vlad.

56

Dragon king

In Japanese folk tales, a
castle belonging to a dragon
called Ryujin lies under the
sea. One day spent in this
palace is the same as 100
years in the outside world.

The dragon Ryujin The princess is
rescued by
! WOW! her brother.

Robin Hood Laidley Wyrm
has featured in at
least 78 films and A king was living at Bamburgh
Castle when his wife died. He got
TV series. married again, to a witch. She
turned her new stepdaughter, the
princess, into a dragon called the
“Laidley Wyrm”.

The ruins of Tintagel, Cornwall, England. King Arthur

If Arthur ever existed, he
was probably a war leader
who died in about 537 ce.
In the later Middle Ages,
storytellers reinvented
him as a great king. They
said that the wizard
Merlin was there when
Arthur was born at
Tintagel Castle.

57

Facts and Most people in the Middle Ages went
figures without breakfast. The main meal of
the day was around mid-morning,
Castles impressed and intimidated
the world for hundreds of years. at about 10 or 11 o’clock.
Even though many of them are now From the 1490s,
in ruins, we still find them amazing.
Read on to learn facts and figures the medieval great
about castles. sword reached

SUITS OF ARMOUR were given as top extreme lengths.
prizes in tournaments. German armour Some could be as
was considered to be the finest and was gigantic as 1.4 m
stamped with armourer’s trademark.
(4.5 ft) long
and weigh
more than

2 kg (4.4 lb).

Beaumaris Castle BEAUMARIS
CASTLE
10,000
itanogoWb.uaIinlldes,toocdvoeasryts’asebmvoeounntce£eyn15ttuh,0rai0te0s
wmoilulilodnb(e2a0b.3oumt i£ll1io5n.8USD).

castles are recorded
to have been built in
Spain over the ages.
About 2,500 of them
still survive.

58

The word DUNGEON comes
from the French word donjon,
meaning keep. In English it
came to mean a grim prison
in a castle.

RumeIlsitaannCbauslt, lTeudrkuenygeon,

The medieval
longbow was up to

1.8 m (6 ft)

long and had a
range of over

315 m
(1033 ft).

The path to
knighthood

began with young boys who served
as pages, in the castle, then as squires
who assisted knights. When they learned
how to fight they finally became knights.

140 KG YEARS

boulders (310 lb) could be was how long it took
thrown by the Warwolf, the the Ottoman Turks
biggest trebuchet ever built. to win the Siege of
Philadelphia, in
modern Turkey.
It lasted from
1378–90.

59

While the walls protected a knight’s castle from attack, metal armour
and helmets protected his body during a battle or a joust.

Armour-plated Visor: A plate with a
slit to see through.
By the 1400s a full suit (or It was lowered to
“harness“) of plate armour could protect the face
protect every part of the knight’s in battle.
body. Each piece had a name.
12
KEY 5 3
6
1 Gorgets One or two plates that 4
protected the throat and neck.
7
2 Pauldron Plates that protected
the shoulder and upper arm. 8
9
3 Besagew A disc that protected
the armpit.

4 Cuirass The main armour that
protected the knight’s upper body.

5 Vambrace The parts that protected
the forearm.

6 Gauntlet An armoured glove with
a cuff to protect the hand and
the wrist.

7 Greaves Leg armour that protected
the shin and the calf.

8 Spurs Metal points or spiked
wheels called rowels could be
fixed to the heel to prod the
horse forwards.

9 Sabaton Armour shaped like a
shoe, which protected the foot.

60

Armour and helmets

Helmets SALLET

Helmets protected part or all of A dish-like helmet was used in the 1450s. It had a
the head and face in battle, and leather lining and was often worn with a bevor, a
sometimes the neck, too. They were metal plate protecting the lower face and throat.
made in many different shapes
over the ages.

MAIL COIF BARBUTE

The mail hood was fitted This one-piece helmet
with a flap called a ventail, looks rather like a helmet
which protected the chin. It from ancient Greece, but
was worn under a conical or it was worn from the 1350s
basin-type helmet. to the 1450s.

NASAL HELMET FROG-MOUTH
HELM
The conical helmet had
a bar called a “nasal” to The “great helm” was a
protect the nose. It was bucket-like helmet covering
worn by the Normans in the whole head and neck.
the 1000s and 1100s. This version with a front like
a frog’s mouth was popular
BASCINET from the 1390s.

This was a basic helmet CLOSE HELMET
with added neck protection
and a visor. Sometimes the This type of helmet from
visor was pointed like a the 15OOs included a
snout, to deflect a blow protective bevor and visor,
from a weapon. and was often topped with
a feather plume.

61

Timeline of the castle age
Follow the timeline to find out about
important events in the history of castles.

Walled city Stone castles

Huge walls are Motte-and-bailey castles are
built around rebuilt with stone keeps and
Constantinople. walls. These castles are built
The walls include all over Europe.
walkways, tower
forts, gatehouses, Orford castle
and moats. stone keep
Bigger
castles
Castles grow
Walls of Jericho
bigger, with
A defensive stone wall is
built around Jericho, in round towers
what is now Palestine.
and multiple

defences.

8000 bce 2700 bce 270– 300– 900 1000– 1095– 1200
400 ce 400 1100 1291
City of Uruk
First castles Motte
Massive stone walls,
gatehouses, and Castle building
a moat surround in northern Europe
the ancient Iraqi begins. Early castles
city of Uruk.
had mottes and
baileys, defended by

ditches and fences.

Bailey

Early forts Wars of religion
Romans build stone forts “Crusades“ are fought The Siege of Acre,
in what is now
to defend English Channel between Christians and Israel, lasted
coasts. Later, some were Muslims across Western from 1189 to 1191.
made into castles.
Ruins of Roman Asia and Europe.

Burgh Castle

62

French manuscript Disrepair and ruins Fantasy castles
showing building
of a castle. Many European castles Wealthy people
see their last military build fairytale-style
action, and begin to fall castles as homes.
into ruins.

Scarborough
castle ruins

Concentric design

Stone castles are perfected, using a
concentric design with double walls.
Castle builder Master James of St
George builds them across Europe.

Artillery in wars Hohenzollern Castle, Germany

Bamburgh Castle in
England is partly

destroyed by cannons.

1290 1300 1464 1470 1640– 1667– 1800 1900–
1650 1707 2000

First cannons Bastion forts Restoration

Cannons are first used Special forts designed Many castles are
in Europe, often hurting for artillery warfare restored and repaired,
their own side more than replace castles.
the enemy. Marquis de Vauban attracting historians,
engineers such forts. archaeologists,
and tourists.

The star-shaped
fort of Bourtange,
the Netherlands,

built in 1593.

Age of palaces

In Europe, the age of palaces
begins, as kings and nobles give up

their castles for luxurious homes.

Luxembourg
Palace, Paris,

France

63

Glossary drawbridge Bridge that
could be pulled up to stop
Here are the meanings of some words that attackers from entering
are useful for you to know when learning all dungeon Castle prison,
about medieval castles. usually dark, damp, and cold
feudalism System where
armoury Place where chivalry Code of honour people owed loyalty to those
armour and weapons used by medieval European with more wealth and power
were kept knights fletcher Craft worker who
made arrows
bailey Also known as a ward, coif Close-fitting cap made garrison Group of soldiers
this was an open space inside of cloth or mail living in a castle
a castle’s walls concentric A type of castle halberd Type of long
battlement Walkway at the with inner and outer walls weapon used for both
top of a castle wall, designed crusade Religious war stabbing and cutting
to help with defence agreed to by a Christian pope heraldry Symbols and
Bushido Code of honour Daimyo Japanese feudal colours worn by a knight
used by Samurai warriors lords
butler Servant who took destrier
care of wine and ale Warhorse of
carpenter Craft worker who a medieval
made things out of wood knight

chapman Merchant or Embroidery of
salesman who went between a medieval
villages selling small items invasion

châtelaine Woman who took
care of a castle where there
was no lord

crossbow Medieval bow
that could fire short bolts
a long way

64

invasion Large-scale attack murder hole Hole in a castle
by a foreign army gatehouse that let defenders
jester Court servant who drop rocks on attackers
told jokes and silly stories nef Salt cellar shaped like
jousting Sport where a ship
knights tried to knock each oubliette Tiny prison cell
other off horses using long where prisoners might be
poles called lances forgotten about

keep Most secure and palfrey Ordrinary horses Heraldic shield
fortified part of a castle used for riding
knight Warrior who fought palisade Wooden wall built Samurai Japanese warriors
on horseback to protect a motte-and-bailey scabbard Sheath to carry
longbow Medieval bow that castle a sword in
could fire arrows a long way pantler Servant who took serf Medieval peasant who
lute Stringed musical care of food stores and was not paid for their work
instrument the pantry sumpter Horse that was
mace Hand weapon with a parapet Wall along the top used by merchants to
heavy or spiked head of a battlement carry goods
mail Links of metal pavise Large shield that surcoat Tunic worn by a
connected together to defended archers on knight over his armour
make armour the battlefield tapestry Woven decorative
motte Mound of earth that pole-axe Weapon with a cloth
made a good place to build long pole and a stabbing and trebuchet Giant catapult
a keep cutting blade on the end that could fire rocks
moat Ditch around a castle, portcullis Gate that could hundreds of metres (feet)
either dry or filled with water be lowered to cut off a
castle entrance

mummer Performer who pottage Thick vegetable or trencher Piece of bread used
travelled around villages meat stew eaten by peasants as a plate in medieval times
playing music for money

65

Index

A Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor embroidery 27
47 entertainment 11, 40–41
abbeys 42 European castles 44–45
Agincourt, Battle of 35 Château de Chillon 20–21
al-Andalus 46 Château de Gisors 9 F
Alhambra 46–47 Château de Saumur 54–55
animals 28, 30–31 Château Gaillard 44 falcons 31
archers 13, 17, 35 chess 41 fantasy castles 54–55
armour 32–33, 53, 58 children 26 farmers 23, 28–29
Arthur, King 55, 57 chivalry 37 favours 37
Christendom 42 Fénis Castle 45
B Church 22, 29, 42–43 feudal society 22–23, 50
clergy 22 fletchers 27
baileys 6, 12–13 clothing 24–25, 32–33 food 38–39, 58
bailiffs 22 coats-of-arms 37
banquets 10, 11, 39 concentric castles 12–13 G
battering rams 16 cooks 26
battlements 14 Corfe Castle 50 garrisons 5
Beaumaris Castle 12–13, 58 craft workers 8–9, 23 Goodrich Castle 8–9
Będzin Castle 45 Crécy, Battle of 35 Great Hall 10–11, 39
bees 30–31 crossbows 13, 17, 35 Grey, Lady Jane 21
belfries 17 Crusades 42, 43, 48–49 guilds 23
bishops 22 curtain walls 13 gunpowder 51
Black Death 51
blacksmiths 9 D H
Bodiam Castle 4–5
Bushido 53 daggers 34–35 halberds 34
butlers 27 dancing 11, 41 harvesting 28
defences 12–13, 14–15 helmets 33
C dogs 30 heraldry 33, 37
domes 46 Hideyoshi, Toyotomi 52
Camelot 55 Dracula 56 Himeji Castle 52–53
cannons 51 dragons 57 hoards 16
Carcassonne 43 drawbridges 6, 12, 15 Holy Land 48
carpenters 8 dungeons 5, 20–21, 59 Hood, Robin 56
Cathars 43 Dürnstein Castle 20 horses 30
cattle 28, 31 hunting 30, 31, 38
cavalry 34
chapels 43 E I
chapmen 29
Charles V of France 51 Edward I of England 18, 59 instruments,
El Cid 47 musical 40

66

J N siege engines 16, 18
sieges 16–17, 59
Japanese castles 52–53 Neuschwanstein Castle 54 soldiers 5
Jerusalem 48 nobility 5, 10, 22, 23, 24–25, spices 39
jesters 41 squires 32, 59
John, King of England 50 28, 29 stags 31
jousting 32, 36 Normans 6, 9 stone castles 8–9
nurses 26 surcoats 33
K swords 33, 34–35, 53, 58
O
keeps 7, 8, 9, 13 T
knights 23, 32–33, 34, 36–37, oubliettes 21
oxen 30, 31 tapestries 11
43, 59 taxes 29, 38
Knights Hospitaller 48 P tiles 47
Knights Templar 42, 48 Tintagel Castle 57
Krak des Chevaliers 48–49 pages 59 toilets 26
palaces 46–47, 51 tournaments 36–37
L palisades 6 Tower of London 20–21, 28
pavises 16 towers 15
ladies 24–25, 27, 37 peasants 28–29, 38, 51 trebuchet 16, 18–19, 59
Laidley Wyrm 57 peasants’ revolts 28, 44 trenchers 38
land ownership 22, 24 pigeons 31 troubadours 40
longbows 17, 34–35, 59 plague 51 tunnels 17
lords 24–25, 29, 39 poleaxes 34–35
Louvre Palace 51 portcullises 14 V
power bases 4, 5
M Princes in the Tower 21 vassal lords 23
prisoners 5, 20–21 villeins 23
Magna Carta 50
mail 32–33 R W
Manzanares el Real 45
Marksburg Castle 44 religion 42–43 Warwick Castle 18–19
marriage 24 religious wars 43 water supply 12, 49
masons 9 Richard I (the Lionheart) of weapons 13, 16–17, 18–19, 27,
military support 23, 24
minstrels 40 England 49 33, 34–35, 51, 53, 58–59
moats 6, 13, 15, 17 Rumelian Castle 59 windmills 29
monarchs 22–23, 24, 29 Ryujin 57 windows 13, 17, 47
monasteries 42
Mont St. Michel 42 S
motte-and-bailey castles 6–7
mummers 41 Salah ad-Din (Saladin) 49
murder holes 15 Samurai warriors 53
musicians 11, 40 scabbards 33
Muslims 46, 48 Scarborough Castle 9
myths and legends 56–57 serfs 23
servants 10, 22, 26–27
shields 17, 33

67

Acknowledgements

The publishers would like to thank: Helen Peters for the index; Richard Leeney for photography; Dan
Crisp for illustrations; Jolyon Goddard, Sally Beets, Abi Luscombe, and Lori Hand for editorial help;
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thanks to Tom Chadwick for historical consultation.

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68

Test your knowledge about castles

Quiz and find out even more fun facts!
2

1 What was a destrier?
What would you 4
do with a trencher?
Who did Richard I fight
3 in the Third Crusade?

Who was a chatelaine?

5 6

What would you What was a mace?
do with a lute?

7 8

Where is the What was a
White Heron castle? murder hole?

9 10

What was a palise? What was a fletcher?

Turn over to discover the answers 69

Quiz answers

1 Eat out of it. Find out more about medieval
food on pages 38–39.

2 A warhorse. Find out more about
medieval animals on pages 30–31.

3 A woman who ruled a castle. Find out
more about noble ladies on pages 24–25.

4 Saladin. Find out about Saladin on page 49.
5 Strum it – a lute is a stringed musical instrument.

Find out more about medieval music on page 40.

6 A heavy weapon. Find out more about medieval
weapons on pages 34–35.

7 This is a nickname for Himeji Castle in Japan.
Find out more about Himeji on pages 52–53.

8 A hole that castle defenders dropped rocks
through. Find out more about defences on
pages 14–15.

9 A huge shield that protected archers. Find out
more about medieval battles on pages 16–17.

10 A person who made arrows. Find out more
about jobs in the castle on pages 26–27.

70

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